Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2000 11
Chang-Sung Seok*
(Sungkyunkwan University)
Fracture toughness HC and KIC tests were performed on ASI6 Or70 carbon steel plate at the
temperature ranging from -160'C to 600'C, and test results were analyzed according to ASTM
E 813 and ASTM E 399. Unloading compliance J-integral tests were performed on ITCT
specimens. The relation between the J Ie value and the test temperature was obtained. It was
concluded that the temperature ranging from -IS'C to 600'C is the upper shelf region of
ductile-brittle transition temperature, and in this temperature range, fracture toughness J re
values decreased with increasing temperature. The ductile brittle transition temperature of the
material may be around -30·C. In the region near -30'C, the tendency of J Ie to decrease with
decreasing temperature was significant.
all tests were performed in stroke control on of tests and reductions were carried out in accor-
dynamic universal testing machine at test tempera- dance with the ASTM E 813 and ASTM E 399.
ture. The test loading was regularly interrupted
by 10% unloadings(Smith and Doig, 1986; Neal 2.3 Test results
and Priest, 1986) and autographic records ofload Test results with the high temperature exten-
versus load-line displacement were obtained. At someter at temperatures ranging from 20'C to
the end of each test, specimens were completely 600'C are as shown in Figs. 6-12. Results with
unloaded, heat-tinted at about 300'C for 10 the COD gage at -15'C, O'C, 20'C and IOO'C are
minutes and broken open. The fatigue crack as shown in Fig. 13-16. Table 3 shows J le values
length and final crack extension were measured and constants C, and C 2 of R-curves [J= C,(t.a) C2]
directly from the fractured surface. All procedures obtained from the test.
HIGH At temperature ranging from -160'C to
dWPERATlm
-30'C, all specimens fractured in a brittle man-
oj ENSG'1ETER
ners during loading without stable crack exten-
K
I'
"
Il.
sion. In these cases, the areas (A) under the P-o
curves were determined from which the J Q was
SPECIMEN
JQ=~(2+0.522~) (I)
Fig. 3 Measurement of load-line displacement where b is the remaining ligament.
with high temperature extensometer
500
<400
i'
~ 380
~
~
zoo
-\ Te.p. : 10'C
1110
J,< : 114 kN/.
o I Z 3
CRACKEXTENSION I_I
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of high temperature Fig. 6 J-,1a curve for A516Gr70 steel with high
J,e testing system temperature extensometer at 20'C
500
408
I 380
o
~
~
1110
-\ Temp. : 100'C
100 J,< : 103 kN/m
•o 1 1
CRACKEXTENSION I_I
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of low temperature Fig. 7 J-,1a curve for A516 Gr70 steel with high
testing system temperature extensometer at lOO'C
14 Chang-Sung Seok
500 580
400 40Q
I 300
I 300
~ ~
0
1:1 1:1 o
101 100
~
100
~.:,
T•• p. , 108·C T•• p. : 500·C
100 100
J,e , 91 tNt. J,e: 85 kNt..
a 0
0 1 1 3 1 1 3
CRACKItXTINSIONl - l CRACKItXTINSION<-l
Fig. 8 J-~a curve for A516 Or70 steel with high Fig. 11 J-~a curve for A5l6 Or70 Steel with high
temperature extensometer at 200·C temperature extensometer at 500·C
400 400
I 300 I 34MI
I~
~
o
~
0
o
o 1 1 3 0
0 1 1 3
CRACKItXTINSIONl - l
CRACKEXTENSION (....l
Fig. 9 J-~a curve for A516 Or70 steel with high
temperature extensometer at 300·C Fig. 12 J-~a curve for A516 Or70 steel with high
temperature extenso meter at 600·C
5OOr----r-rr------,------,
500
400
400
o o I 300
~
~
T••p. : 400·C 100
J,e: ,. tNt.
Te.. p. : -15·C
180
J,c: 113 tNt..
1 1 3
CRACKEX'1'I'.NSION l - l 8
1 1
Fig. 10 J-~a curve for A516 Or70 steel with high
CRACKEXTENSION l - l
temperature extenso meter at 400·C
Fig. 13 J-~a curve for A5l6 Or70 steel with COD
~lila
4811 119
I 380
I. 90
e e 0 0 o
I 100
108
Te.p. : O'C
J,c: 118 kN/.
~ 60
30
9
9
El WIlH
100
COD GAGE
(;)WITH HIGH TEMPERATURE
EXTENSOMETER
ZOO 300 400 500 600
I TEMPERATURE ("C)
1 1 3
CRACK EXTENSION e.m) Fig. 17 The effect of temperature on the lIe of the
Fig. 14 J-l!.a curve for A516 Gr70 steel with COD upper shelf region of DBTT
gage at O'C
5OO,..---r-rr--------,-----, 3. Discussion
4811
Experimental results show that the load-line
I 308
displacement can be measured successfully by the
~
~
high temperature extenso meter. Figs. 6, 15, and
100 also Figs. 7, 16 are the Jrc test results for the same
! 101
Te.p. : lO'C
J,c : 118 kN/m
temperature of 20'C and lOO'C, respectively, but
the different load line displacement sensor. That
is Figs. 5 and 6 are obtained with the high temper-
1 1 ature extensometer while Figs. 15 and 16 with the
CRACK EXTENSION emm> COD gage. The J,c values and R-curves deter-
Fig. 15 J-l!.a curve for A5l6 Gr70 steel with COD mined by the high temperature extenso meter well
gage at 20'C agreed with those determined by the COD gage at
that temperatures.
500..---.....,....,.,...-------,------, Figure 17 shows that the elastic plastic fracture
toughness, J rc values at the upper shelf region of
400
ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) de-
I
~ 300
creased with increasing temperature. The J IC value
and the test temperature can be correlated as
~ ZOO
follows:
Te.p. : 100'C
100 flc=-O.06T+ 115 (3)
J. c : 103 kN/.
Test Method
Temperature R-Curve [j= CdLla) C,]
rc: 11C<kN/m) C I C2
-rrrrrr.:
TlTTI{soo"C
-15 123 185 0.34
0 118 199 0.44 -nT!t400"C
With COD
10 121 192 0.40 Q.
gage
20 118 197 0.56 ~
9
100 1103 187 0.50
20 114 224 0.59
100 103 188 0.51
7 7 7 I I 7~OO"C
With high 200 98 178 0.50 7 7 77 / T 2O"C
temperature 300 98 178 0.50
LOAD U NE DISPLACEMENT. c5
extensometer 400 90 160 0.47
Fig. 18 P-8 curve for A516 Or70 steel at several
500 85 153 0.49
test temperature
600 80 135 0.45
noted contrary to the earlier researcher's observa-
Table 4 Test results of J IC and Klc tions in A533B steel and pure iron. (lung and
]IC Test Results K,c Test Results Murty, 1988 ; Murty, 1999 ; Murry and Mah-
Temperature
mood, 1990)
«» ]IC or JQ(kN/m) Validity KQ(kN/m312) J(~) (kN/m)
For O°C and 20'C tests, stable crack extension
20 118 0 58800 15
was observed as shown in Fig. 14 and Fig. 15,
10 121 0 60400 16
and the JIC values were valid by ASTM standard.
0 118 0 57600 15
For the J IC test result at -IS'C as shown in Fig.
-15 123 x 59800 16
13, stable crack extension was not large enough to
-30 63 x 62300 17
be valid by ASTM E 813. At low temperatures
-50 51 x 68600 20 below -30'C stable crack extension was not long
-100 40 x 74000 24 enough to evaluate J IC based on ASTM standard,
-130 18 x 63900 18 and J Q calculated from maximum load revealed
-140 18 x 64200 18 transition from brittle to ductile fracture.
-150 12 x 52800 12 In order to meet the ASTM validity require-
-160 12 x 52500 12 ment for the thickness of K lc specimen, specimen
thickness B should be greater than 2.5 (KQ/ O'Y) 2.
value. None of the three parameters reveals any But in this study, the requirement was not satis-
discernible effect of DSA. However, the load- fied.
displacement curves seem to reveal DSA effects. The variation of the elastic-plastic fracture
At temperatures of 200'C and 300'C, the maxi- toughness parameter J IC and K IC versus tempera-
mum load attained on the reloading of the speci- ture at the range below room temperature is
men after the small unloading to determine the presented in Fig. 19. At temperature range below
crack length is higher than that just prior to the - IYC, the JQ values are invalid because the
unloading as shown in Fig. 18. The phenomenon stable crack extension of the specimen was not
exhibits serrations in load - displacement curves, sufficient, but it is obvious that the values are
and the temperature might be influencing the critical values of J at onset of fracture. So the
magnitude of this effect and the J IC values. The value may be used as a reference fracture tough-
strain aging may be suspected, (Miglin et a\., ness value. The K1C values at the temperature
1986) however, no dips in the DSA range were range of -130'C to - 160°C are useful in spite of
Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Toughness of A516 Gr70 Steel 17