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they don't
move). Batteries are used in many applications such as AC and DC uninterruptible power
supply (UPS) systems, solar power systems, telecommunications, emergency lighting,
etc. Whatever the application, batteries are seen as a mature, proven technology for
storing electrical energy. In addition to storage, batteries are also used as a means for
providing voltage support for weak power systems (e.g. at the end of small, long
transmission lines).
Sizing a stationary battery is important to ensure that the loads being supplied or the
power system being supported are adequately catered for by the battery for the period of
time (i.e. autonomy) for which it is designed. Improper battery sizing can lead to poor
autonomy times, permanent damage to battery cells from over-discharge, low load
voltages, etc.
The calculation can typically be started when the following information is known:
Calculation Methodology
The calculation is based on a mixture of normal industry practice and technical standards
IEEE Std 485 (1997, R2003) "Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for
Stationary Applications" and IEEE Std 1115 (2000, R2005) "Recommended Practice for
Sizing Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications". The calculation is based
on the ampere-hour method for sizing battery capacity (rather than sizing by positive
plates).
The first step is to determine the loads that the battery will be supporting. This is largely
specific to the application of the battery, for example an AC UPS System or a Solar
Power System.
Refer to the Load Profile Calculation for details on how to construct a load profile and
The autonomy time is often specified by the Client (i.e. in their standards). Alternatively,
IEEE 446, "IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for
Industrial and Commercial Applications" has some guidance (particularly Table 3-2) for
autonomy times. Note that IEEE 485 and IEEE 1115 refer to the load profile as the "duty
cycle".
The next step is to select the battery type (e.g. sealed lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, etc).
The selection process is not covered in detail here, but the following factors should be
taken into account (as suggested by IEEE):
Next, find the characteristics of the battery cells, typically from supplier data sheets. The
characteristics that should be collected include:
Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) don't suffer from damaged cells due to over-discharge. Typical
EODVs for Ni-Cd batteries are 1.0V to 1.14V per cell.
The most common number of cells for a specific voltage rating is shown below:
Rated Lead-
Ni-Cd
Voltage Acid
12V 6 9-10
24V 12 18-20
48V 24 36-40
125V 60 92-100
250V 120 184-200
However, the number of cells in a battery can also be calculated to more accurately match
the tolerances of the load. The number of battery cells required to be connected in series
must fall between the two following limits:
(1)
(2)
The limits are based on the minimum and maximum voltage tolerances of the load. As a
maximum, the battery at float voltage (or boost voltage if applicable) needs to be within
the maximum voltage range of the load. Likewise as a minimum, the battery at its end of
discharge voltage must be within the minimum voltage range of the load. The cell
charging voltage depends on the type of charge cycle that is being used, e.g. float, boost,
equalising, etc, and the maximum value should be chosen.
Select the number of cells in between these two limits (more or less arbitrary, though
somewhere in the middle of the min/max values would be most appropriate).
The minimum battery capacity required to accommodate the design load over the
specified autonomy time can be calculated as follows:
Select a battery Ah capacity that exceeds the minimum capacity calculated above. The
battery discharge rate (C rating) should also be specified, approximately the duration of
discharge (e.g. for 8 hours of discharge, use the C8 rate). The selected battery
specification is therefore the Ah capacity and the discharge rate (e.g. 500Ah C10).
Temperature correction factors for vented lead-acid cells (from IEEE 485)
Worked Example
The loads and load profile from the simple example in the Energy Load Profile
Calculation will be used (see the figure right). The design energy demand calculated for
this system is Ed = 3,242.8 VAh.
Vented lead acid batteries have been selected for this example.
cells
cells
Given a depth of discharge kdod = 80%, battery ageing factor ka = 25%, temperature
correction factor for vented cells at 30 deg C of kt = 0.956 and a capacity rating factor of
kc = 10%, the minimum battery capacity is:
Ah
Computer Software
Some battery manufacturers (such as Alcad) also provide software programs to size
batteries using basic input data such as load profiles, autonomies, etc. The software will
size the batteries and will often also provide details regarding different battery rack (or
enclosure) dimensions.
What Next?
Using the results of the battery sizing calculation, the approximate dimensions of the
batteries can be estimated based on typical vendor information. This will assist in
determining the size, number and dimensions of the battery racks or cabinets required,
which can then be used as input into the equipment / room layouts. Preliminary budget
pricing can also be estimated based on the calculation results.