0 evaluări0% au considerat acest document util (0 voturi)
2K vizualizări4 pagini
The document provides an overview of the biological bases of behavior, including neural processing and the endocrine system. It discusses neurons and neural communication, including the parts of a neuron and how they send signals. It describes the nervous system and different types of neurons. It also outlines the endocrine system and how hormones are used to communicate. The document then shifts to discussing the structure and function of the brain, including older brain structures like the brainstem and cerebellum. It also mentions tools used to study the brain like EEGs, CT scans, PET scans and MRIs.
The document provides an overview of the biological bases of behavior, including neural processing and the endocrine system. It discusses neurons and neural communication, including the parts of a neuron and how they send signals. It describes the nervous system and different types of neurons. It also outlines the endocrine system and how hormones are used to communicate. The document then shifts to discussing the structure and function of the brain, including older brain structures like the brainstem and cerebellum. It also mentions tools used to study the brain like EEGs, CT scans, PET scans and MRIs.
Drepturi de autor:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formate disponibile
Descărcați ca ODT, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
The document provides an overview of the biological bases of behavior, including neural processing and the endocrine system. It discusses neurons and neural communication, including the parts of a neuron and how they send signals. It describes the nervous system and different types of neurons. It also outlines the endocrine system and how hormones are used to communicate. The document then shifts to discussing the structure and function of the brain, including older brain structures like the brainstem and cerebellum. It also mentions tools used to study the brain like EEGs, CT scans, PET scans and MRIs.
Drepturi de autor:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formate disponibile
Descărcați ca ODT, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
I. Introduction A. biological- having to do with the body B. phrenology- theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal out mental ability and character traits. C. biological psychologists- concerned with the links between biology and behavior D. subsystems- smaller parts of a system,which is part of an even larger system i. biopsychosocial- (what humans are a part of) to understand our behavior, we need to study how biological, psychological, and social- cultural systems interact II. Neurons & Neural Communication A. Types of Neurons- nerve cell, basic building block of the nervous system i. Sensory- carry information from sensory receptors to the brain and the spinal cord. ii. Motor- carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands iii.Interneurons- neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. B. Parts of a Neuron i. Dendrites- bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body ii. Cell Body- contains nucleus iii.Axon- extension of a neuron, ending in the branching terminal fibers, thorough which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands iv.Myelin Sheath- layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons, enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next C. Action Potential- a neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon D.Resting Potential- when a positive charge outside and an axon and negative charge inside axon. The axon is selectively permeable, meaning that it's selective about what it decides to let in E. When a neuron fires, the axon opens its gates and the positively charged sodium ions flood through, which depolarizes the axon and allows its next channel to open. F. Neuron Signals i. Exitatory- signals that “push a neuron's accelerator” ii. Inhibitory- signals that “push a neuron's brake” iii.Threshold- level of stimulation to required to trigger a neural impulse G.All or None Response- either a neuron fires or it doesn't H. Synapse- the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite o the cell body of the receiving neuron i. Synaptic Cleft- the tiny gap at the junction between the axon tip of one neuron and the dendrite of another. ii. Sir Charles Sherrington noticed that neural impulses were taking a long time to travel a neural pathway and decided that there was an interruption in transmission (synapse) I. Neurotransmitters- chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse i. Atoms flow in channels unlocked by neurotransmitters and excite or inhibit the receiving neuron's readiness to fire. ii. Top Five Most Common Neurotransmitters a) Acetylcholine (Ach)- plays role in learning and memory. Messenger at every junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle J. Reuptake- a neurotransmitter's reabsorbtion by the sending neuron. K. Endorphins- “morphine within”, natural opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure L. How Drugs and other Chemicals Alter Neurotransmission i. An Agonist molecule may be similare enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor and mimic its effect. ii. An Antagonist iii.Receptor sites- where neurotransmitters bind to iv.Opiate- lessens pain and boosts mood a) Heroin b) Morphine v. Curare- South American poison that makes neurotransmitters unable to affect muscles, leading to paralysis III. The Nervous System A. Nervous System- the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network consisting of all nerve cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems i. Central (CNS)- the brain and spinal cord ii. Peripheral (PNS)- the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body a) Somatic- controls body's skeletal muscles, glands, and sense organs b) Autonomic- controls glands and muscles of the internal organs, such as the heart. • Sympathetic- arouses the body, mobilizing it's energy in stressful situations • Parasympathetic- calms the body, conserving its energy B. Neural Networks- work groups made up of clusters of the brain's neurons. C. Reflexes- simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli, such as the knee-jerk response (which can be exhibited without feeling a tap) i. Neural activity excited by heat travels via sensory neurons to interneurons in the Spinal Cord ii. Sensory information must reach the brain to produce Pain IV. The Endocrine System A. Endocrine System- the body's “slow” chemical communication system made up of a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. B. Hormones- chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues C. Adrenal Glands- pair of endocrine glands that secrete Epinephrine and Norepinephrine that help arouse the body in times of stress D.Pituitary Gland- the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the Hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
3B- The Brain
I. The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined A.Lesions- tissue destruction (Brain lesion= naturally or experimentally caused brain tissue destruction) i. Clinical Observations revealed brain-mind connections B.Electroencephalogram (EEG)- an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. Measured by electrodes that are placed on the scalp C.CT Scan- series of x-ray photos taken from different angle and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body (CAT scan) D. PET Scan- visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes when the brain performs a given task. E. MRI- uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. (Shows brain anatomy) F. fMRI- reveals bloodflow and brain activity by comparing sucessive MRI scans. (Shows brain function) i. Researchers watch the brain “light up” with increased oxygen- laden bloodflow while person performs mental functions II. Older Brain Structures A.Brainstem- oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. Responsible for autonomic survival functions B.Medulla- base of brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing. Sits under Pons. C.Reticular Formation- nerve network in brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal D. Thalamus- the brain's sensory switchboard (for all except smell), located at top of brainstem. Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla. E. Cerebellum- “little brain” at the rear of brainstem. Processes sensory input, coordinates movement output and balance F. III. The Cerebral Cortex IV. Our Divided Brain V. Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain VI. The Brain and Consciousness