Goniometry

Motion Tested/ endfeel Position/ normal range Axis

Shoulder flexion/ Firm Supine 0-180 Lateral greater tubercle

Shoulder
Supine  0-60 Lateral greater tubercle
Extension/ Firm
Shoulder abduction/ Firm Supine 0-180 Anterior acromion

Supine with arm abducted

and elbow flexed both to 90
Shoulder Internal and degrees 
External Rotation/ Firm Olecrannon process

ER 0-90
IR 0-70
Lateral epicondyle of the
Elbow flexion/ Soft Supine 0-150
humerus
Lateral epicondyle of the
Elbow extension/ Hard Supine 150-0
humerus

Sitting, elbow flexed 90 Laterally and proximally

Forearm pronation/ Hard or degree, arm abducted at to the ulnar styloid
Firm side 0-80 process

Sitting, elbow flexed 90

Medially and proximal to
Supination/ Firm degree, arm abducted at the ulnar styloid process
side 0-80

Pronation off the edge of

Wrist Flexion/ Firm Triquetrium
table 0-80

Wrist Extension/ Pronation off the edge of

Triquetrium
table 0-70

Firm

Wrist ulnar deviation/ Firm Pronation 0-30 Dorsal side capitate

Wrist radial deviation/ Hard Pronation 0-20 Dorsal side capitate

Thumb Flexion (CMC)/ Soft

Sitting/ supination 0-15 Palmar CMC joint
or Firm
Thumb Extension (CMC)/ Sitting/ supination 0-20 Palmar CMC joint
Firm
Thumb Abduction (CMC)/
Neutral 0-70 Radial styloid process
Firm
Thumb Flexion (MCP)/ Hard Dorsal side of 1st MCP
Supination 0-50
or Firm joint
Thumb Extension (MCP)/ Dorsal side of 1st MCP
Supination 0
Firm joint
Thumb flexion (IP)/ Firm Supination 0-80 IP joint

Thumb Extension (IP)/ Firm Supination 0-20 IP joint

Digits 2-5 Flexion (MCP)/

Neutral 0-90 MCP joint
Hard or Firm
Digit 2-5 Extension (MCP)/
Neutral 0-45 MCP joint
Firm

Finger Abduction (MCP) Pronation MCP joint

Digit 2-5 Flexion (PIP)/ Hard Neutral 0-100 Dorsal PIP joint

Digit 2-5 Extension (PIP)/

Neutral 0 Dorsal PIP joint
Firm

Digits 2-5 Flexion (DIP)/ Firm Neutral 0-90 Dorsal DIP joint

Digits 2-5  Extension(DIP)/ Neutral 0 Dorsal DIP joint

Firm
Hip Flexion/ Soft Supine 0-120 Greater trochanter
Hip Extension/ Firm Prone 0-20 Greater trochanter
Hip Abduction/ Firm Supine 0-45 Same side ASIS
Hip Adduction/ Firm Supine 0-30 Same side ASIS

Short sitting
Hip internal rotation/ Firm Anterior patella

0-45

Short sitting
Hip external rotation/ Firm Anterior patella

0-45

Knee Flexion/ Soft Supine 0-135 Lateral epicondyle of tibia

Knee extension/ Firm Supine; prop up ankle 135-0 Lateral epicondyle of tibia

Short sitting knee flexed 90

Ankle Dorsiflexion/ Firm Lateral malleolus
degrees 0-20
Short sitting knee flexed 90 Lateral malleolus
Ankle Plantarflexion/ Firm
degrees 0-50
 Short sitting Anterior leg between the
Inversion/ Firm
malleoli

0-35

Short sitting Anterior leg between the

Eversion/ Firm or Hard
malleoli

0-15
Movable arm Stationary arm

Midline humerus Parallel to midline

Midline humerus Parallel to midline

Midline humerus Parallel to sternum

Lower arm Perpendicular to floor

Radial styloid Midline humerus

Radial styloid Midline humerus

Dorsal aspect of the

forearm just proximal to Anterior midline of the humerus
the styloid processes of the
radius and ulna

Ventral aspect of the

forearm just proximal to
the styloid processes of the Anterior midline of the humerus
radius and ulna

Midline 5th metacarpal Lateral midline ulna

Midline 5th metacarpal Lateral midline ulna

Dorsal midline Dorsal midline of 3rd metacarpal

Dorsal midline Dorsal midline of 3rd metacarpal

Anterior midline of  1st

Radial styloid process
metacarpal
Anterior midline of  1st Radial styloid process
metacarpal

Midline of 1st MCP joint Lateral side of 2nd metacarpal

Proximal phalange metacarpal

Proximal phalange metacarpal

Distal phalange Proximal phalange

Distal phalange Proximal phalange

Midline proximal phalange Dorsal midline  metacarpal

Midline proximal phalange Dorsal midline  metacarpal

Midline proximal phalanx Dorsal midline metacarpal

Dorsal midline of distal Dorsal midline of proximal

phalange phalange
Dorsal midline of distal Dorsal midline of proximal
phalange phalange

Midline distal phalange Midline middle phalange

Midline distal phalange Midline middle phalange

Lateral epicondyle Midline trunk

Lateral epicondyle Midline trunk
Midline patella Other ASIS
Midline patella Other ASIS

Midline lower leg Perpendicular to floor

Midline lower leg Perpendicular to floor

Lateral malleolus Greater trochanter

Lateral malleolus Greater trochanter

Parallel to 5th metatarsal Fibular head

Parallel to 5th metatarsal Fibular head

Midline of 2nd metatarsal Tibial tuberosity

Midline of 2nd metatarsal Tibial tuberosity