Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Learning Outcornes:
o Identify the problems that could be faced by multicellular organisms in obtaining
their cellular requirements and getting rid of thejr waste products
o Suggest how these problems are overcome in multicellular organisms
Problems Faced by Multicellular Organisms in Obtaining Their Cellular Requirements
and Removing Their Waste Products
1. Big size - the total surface area to volume 2.Cells are often 19.S9.tS.-d.
zllea-sr'*.
Sarnple Question 2 PaPer 3
The fate of gxqhqnge of SUbEtances in an organigm depends on the sr;face area that is
in contict with the surroundings. However, the amount of substances the organism
requires also depends on the volume of organism, The ability to meet these
iqqqlrgmqnts depends an the tqta! surtuce area tA vglume ratig.
Base on the above statement, design a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of
total suface area to volume ratio on the rate of diffusion of substances.
Objective To investigate the effect of total sudace area to volume ratio on the rate of
diffusion of subtances.
Problem What is the effect of total surface area to volume (TSA/V) ratio on the rate of
of Statement diffu sion of substances?
Hypothesis The larger the total surface area to volume ratio, the higher the rate of diffi]sion
of substances.
rd
Variables MV: size of potato cubes /total surface area to volume raUo (of the potato cube)
Teehnique Measure and record area stain with colored solution by using grid
(transparen cy) lt calculate and record the rate of diffusion by using formula :
4
r
1"
Procedure 1. Cut the potatoes into cubes with side 1cm, 2cm and 4cm respectively.
2. Immerse the three potato cubes into the beaker, of colored liquid for 30
minutes.
3. After 30 minutes, remove the potato cubes from the beaker, the outer
surface of the cubes are dried with filter paper
4, Cut each potato cube into half
5. The colored area in each cube is estimated by using grid (transparency)
6. The percentage of eoloured area and the rate of diffi-tsion of each cube is
calculated and the results are recorded in the table.
C[r
Result
Size Total Volume Total Percentage Rate of
of surface (cmt) surface of colored diffusion
cubes area area I area (o/o) (% min-l)
(cm) (c*') volume
(cm-1)
1
2
3
Conclusion The larger the total surface area to volume raUo, the higher the rate of diffusion
of substances
LI
(r
Answer
p
1.2 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Learning Outcomes:
o State what a circulatory system is
o State the three components of the circulatory system in human and animals
o State the medium of transport in humans and animals
o State the composition of human blood
o Explain the function of blood and haemolymph in transport
o Describe the structure of human blood vessels
o Explain how blood is propelled through the human circulatory system
o Explain briefly how blood pressure is regulated
o Compare and contrast the circulatory system in the following: human, fish
and amphibians
o Conceptualise the circulatory system in human
1' .
A.'ti.r.tglf ..
blood
(plasma, blood
lnvertebrates
. h.e.::l3.llPf.h. c.sPi*31i.?.*
Functions as a
m.Y.f.e.}J.9l. p..Y.$P
It creates the
V= 54 aodatubular heart p.t.9.:LT.19... that
27
cells and
platelets) forces the b.l.?3-d...
through the blood
haemolymph vessels throughout
the whole body of
the organism.
6l@EK
1.2 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
;l Learning Outcomes:
o
o
o
o
o
State what a circulatory system is
State the three components ol the circulatory system in human and animals
State the medium of transport in humans and animals
State the composition of human blood
":l o
o
Explain the function of blood and haemolymph in transport
Describe the structure of human blood vessels
Explain hbw blood is propelled through the human circulatory system
o Explain briefly how blood pressure is regulated
o
*'' o
Compare and contrast the circulatory system in the following: human, fish
and amphibians
Conceptualise the circulatory system in human
T1]
3 a) Medium of transport/ B!.?.9S... b) Blood vessels
1' .
A nr lflQlS
n..,.....4;..
blood
(plasmi
rsma, blood
lnvertebrates
. h.3.:.39.1rrr.b.
c arteries
. csPll\*li.?.f....
. veins
Functions as a
m.Y.-s.9.Y.19.
It creates the
!.. p. -u.$f
6I@:EY
r
Composition of Human Blood D
Pt9.ls.l9.ts.. Le.{s.e}ls:
(wBC)
. .
Platelets are
fragments of large cells /--\ n
(,,.)}t
Nutrients (e.g: glucose, amino
acid)
. lr,rinir"ut salts (eg .+S].,..lLpi.l.
I
from the bone marrow.
. They have no nucleus \.-/ U .cl \
'..' '.. .... '..,
. .
*
Eosinophils * Neutrophils - Monocytes Lgtl.Pt'9.9J.+.9:
-controll - most -Origin from -produce
allergic abundant bone marrow antibodies
WBC -neutralize
responses
.f*no
toxins.
r.- *:
3)
immobile
Notes: . Phagocytes ='cell eater' mobile
8a- Sca'tz
Differentiate Red Blood Cells and White Blood Cells
. Complete the table below:
1. Shape a)Eryth rocytes are b.lSSl.9g.Y.* discs, Leucocytes have nll.-c.t9.Y.1. uut oo
SETVES not have h s.9IP.qP.!9.f.1. f h"/"r"
.lncrease s!t#9.9.-e... a.trg-.S. to volume larger than erythrocytes and do
ratio for diffusion of gases across its not have fixed shape.
plasma membrane.
4. Number of
blood cell/mm3 5 million/ mm3 6000-'10000/ mm3
5. Lifespan 120 days A few days
ellea-s,*.
Fu
Functions of Blood in Transport
./
{n"tion"ore}
.Jt'ansoo|
3) Transport of carbon dioxide 7) Transpoft of absorbed food materials
. Cel u la r resoi
I
'
ration releases c.-q.L9.-o.?...... . Soluble digested tood, v.itgfil.Jano mineral
dr:e.?:{S.9..... are absorbed into the c.3fi.ll:.ll9f. of the villi
in the small intestine. For examples:
Glucose + Oz ----> Energy + COz + water
o stl*tl3.... s.YgS.l.. e.g glucose
. Carbon dioxide is transported from cells o amino acids
to the lungs/alveolus in the form of o water soluble vitamins ie ..Y.i*..P..
o hd.9.{99.9.?.. c.9.qh9391:.. ions in o mineral salts
plasma . Thgy are transported by the hgf$t.*. p9ltgl
o b.sl..b..l.t'll.::ghs.s.n99lghiliin RBC) v.g.il.. frorn slR-q.!I. i.T'.*.*ilg to the liver and
o Dissolves directly in the blood then to the heart.
plasma . Other food materials are absorbed into the
. When the blood reaches the lungs, the 1.99.t331+..... in the villi. For examples:
carbon dioxide is released and. diffuses o fattyg ceFol acids
out of the blood into the aLy.igli....... rrl
^v Y.....r...'...1r
o vitamins A, D, E and K( fat soluble
vitamin)
What is transported? r They are then transported by the l.{.{lPh. into
From where? the blood circulatory system via the left
subclavian vein.
To where?
For what?
ollea-s,,*
Fulnction of Haemolymph in Transport
I Bio-brain
Complete the table below to show where certain substances enter and leave
the blood
Urea
Skin
Heat
lollEio-
I l--
se*.
Structure of Human Blood Vessels
There are three types of human blood vessels: artery, c.g.Pi]].SLy... and vern
Capillary Venule
Arteriole I
Artery
-t
r* I
t--
J
deoxygenated biood
Elastic tissue
Note:
. Artery branch out into smaller vessels called arterioles
r Afierioles branch to form capillaries.
. Capillary ioin with one another to form venules.
. Venules join together to form vein
ttlle;.-s, ".
3. The differences between arteries, capillaries and veins
dothe
Diagram
Single layer of
epithelialcells
Elastic fibre
muscle muscle
Direction of blood Transport blood away Connect Transport blood from the
flow from ihe h.egLt.. to the a.r*9ri9l.ff to tissues to the heart
tissuesicells venules
thickness (thinnest
wall)
- Pulse '. The wave oTpressure on artery due to pumping action of the heart
121@:8,"*.
r'
\//a,,
..e.e.:t.9...
il\lr
Pulmonary- -
arterY
superior Pulmonary
vena cava vein
&rr.!m
Right atrium
Left atrium W*Ii
neill'litiT Ii,F
Bicuspid valve
F-il'qtlt r:
inferior *
Chordae tendinae -:i- -
-
vena cava
Right ventricle Left ventricle
heart muscles able to contract and relax automatically (auto rhythm) throughout life and
are not controlled by the nervous system. E*:a:
d) The r.r.9Jtt. p.9.TP....... forces deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left pump forces /hnrswr
6c4'>e444
--e p;mping of the heart
- bicrispid'&
tricuspid
l valves opened
- semilunar
valves closed
''"
I ffihsr an'e SAN and AVN? Mark the position of SAN and AVN on the diagram (a) above.
I
rnd
E*r ain vihy the left ventricle is thickdr and more muscular than the wall of the right ventricles?
les Answer: The left ventricle needs tb generate grelater p.r..e.f.).19,.1o pump blood to all. p9rti
d the bgC.V. white the right ventricle pumps blood to the l.Y.l.$f ... only. '
141 6@'>c444
a
. When the body moves, the s.t3l9l9]. m$f .9.1f. around the veins contract and press on the
veins. The veins cCn*l..fi*.. and the blood pressure increases, to open the valves and
push the blood towards the heart.
Upper valve
t
I
Blood flow
towards the
heart
6. The sin9.-ai.fj.9.l. node can initiate the heartbeat on its own. But the heart rate may be
modified by certain external factors. The sJ.$f91.!.9.1J:. nerve carrying impulse to the hear
can increase the heart rate and the parasympathetic nerve can sJ.9.f... it down.
7. The heart rate increase when:
(a) an increase in the secretion of hormone (e.g aC.l9L9.llL9....l while a person is e.L9.it3*..,
(b) an increase in partial pressure ot c3199.?..... d1.9.T.1.9S.. in the blood. ,,tE :
(c) body 1.9.'1f9.q9.t5.? is elevated.
F':
6.0- >cd4e
grriatory Mechanism of Blood Pressure
E,E,r€i pressure'(bp) is the f.o..r199.. of the blood exerted on the w.-q.lt.. of the arterial blood
ing the *p-s.s€lS. Normal bp for an adult is 120/80 mmHg.
r;:ei'ial blood pressure is highest during ventricular s5ff.9J.9. (120 mmHg), and lowest during
dt*?.'l-4.!:. (80 mmHg) ie resting phase at the heart.
rr-e biood pressure is regulated by b9.T.9.I9.*l!9!swhich is located in the walls of the asl.t9
a,-J cg.lStl'.9. arteries branch out from the aorta to the head"
rgh the Ssnematic diagram for regulatory mechanism of blood pressure:
i..., the
'e Blood pressure stretches b.9'I9!::::ffTs
(stretch-sensitive recePtors)
; on the
r lmpulses are sent to the cardiovascular
es and
control centre in the m.9.9.Y!J.9 o.hl.?.1.9.?.1'9
de: Blood pressure can increase because of increase in heart beat, resistance of blood
lmel, viscosity of blood and stress.
rcll&b-s*,1
,-
I i'
Complete t.q'.s9P.el.9f9
e.g human e.g amphibian
*,,&/1. I
complete cYcle.
ll ll&i"-
lF.-
Scon"
Girculatory SYstems in Diagram
: -:-lation sYstem.
-
| --: blood contains *ower,levels of oxygen but is
r heart : -- cient. to meet the cellular requirements - of
=-ahibians.
hla nr m als'- Gom plete dou ble closed ci rculatory
st'Stem ..
1
r --nans have a four:chambered heart: two at'tl'9"'
remocoel
a - : two vgntl.i:i.9.{...
, --e four-chambered heart pt'-e'I.9.tlt.l.'.' the mixing of
Gill
'capillarie
::e oxygenated and deoxygenated blood'
, --rinans have a d9.9.q19.. clp.f.?.-d.
"irg.y't:'*ll
sgf't9{?"
:omplete cYcle.
rcllf,a.-sro*
I l---
a
Figure shows schematic diagram of the circulal.-,ry sysiem in human. C.:flnr
a) Draw Pulmonary circulatory system with
Systemic circulatory system with --€
Y:..'ii:til::)
b) Draw Oxygenated blood as V':il]//.4|11
Deoxygenated blood as
tl
Jugular veln Carotidartery
Head and neck
Sub-clavian Sub-clavian
vein bheiY
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
vein
% HePatic artery
Left veniricle
Hepatic
Small intestine
5ao- >co4a
Gmnnpanison between the Circulatory System in Fish, Amphibian
and Human
Similarities
Differences.
D,ragram of closed
;rculatory sYstem
lncomplete Complete
Three F.9.-.'.f.
Number of heart Two
chambers
Two Two
Number of atria o.t.-e..
zollsi"-sr ".
t-
Learning Oulcomes:
o Explain the necessity for blood ciotting at the site of damaged blood vessels.
o Explain lhe mechanism of blood clotting
o Predict the consequences of impaired blood clotting in an individual
Vitamin K
When you get cut, blood vessels around the wound immediaiely constrict to reduce blood loss.
The platelets in the blood exposed to air become sticky and clump together to plug the wound.
Thrombokinase and other clotting factors are released by platelets.
ln the presence of c919i.Y.T. ions, thrombokinase converts prothrombin into thrombin. Prothrombin
is synthesized in the liver and requires .Y.itS.T.il..K..
. Thrombin converts soluble plasma protein, f:.!.fi.?9991. into insoluble t:.h.fi.L. form a
ztlle,b'Sr*.
Consequences of an lmpaired Blood Clotting Mechanism
. problems related to blood clotting include haemophilia and thrombosis.
Haemophilia
. Haemophitia is a h9!:9.-q.:.19.f.Y.. dl:€.9S.9.9.. due to the lack of certain gene for the
production of certain clotting factors (eg: factor Vlll)
rgh the minor cuts and bruises because blood clotting cannot take place.
Bio-brain:
The figure shows a human heart.
OSS
a)complete the table to show whether the blood in vessels w, X, Y and
Z is oxygenated or deoxygenated, and under high or low pressure.
to pass through the. capillary walls into the between the cells and constantlY
i nt S lc.9.tl y.|.9.1. s p.S. 9.9f.. . .. between the cel|s. t bathes the cells.
I
(3). .
90% Qf the . lAok.of the interstitial fluid that
interstitial fluid has not been r.9.iF.fp.':b.9.{.... into
diffuses back into the bloodstream goes into the
blood capillary tp. PR!'...... c9.?i.rlsllsl once
nl@:8,*"
rrTme{rs-iitlaI Fluid
can pass through the capillary wall o Excretory wflitS. p.*S.Y.9.ti (carbon
and can be present in the interstitial dioxide and ureq) di.t8.+.fi o.-ql' of the
iuid. cells into the interstitial fluid.
lnterstitial Fluid
i::l
'^"1
__l
2al@:8,-*,
F
Lymphatic System
a) Structure of the Lymphatic $ystem
. The lymphatic system is a oft€-w9.$. s,9S.t9{?... consisting of a
ill
Lymphatic vessels I
1
\\ I}
. The lymph capillaries are bJr'.F.9...-en.9.9.d-
t.'tb.g.q.. located in the spaces between the
cells.
'not
The interstitial fluid that l-tas been
t
reabsorbed into the bloodstream goes into 'l'il
the' ts.flPh. '69ni!l9l'.igf. Once inside the
lymph capillaries, the fluid is known as
lfmP.h... Lymph is the colourless fluid found
i n the I x:Tlr.b.:ll:9.... v.gf.i.9LL. lr
I lJ
a\
i1
r Lymph capillaries converge into larger \
lymphatic vessels. t,^
r
{l
'l i\;
r. I
Lymphatic vessels form two main lymphatic ,\t
vi
1r
/\ t,
ducf -right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct 1t
\]' t(
\ 'l t
ll
\,/.
r Located at intervals along the lymphatic
vessels are lymph nodes. The lymph nodes
produce lrnp.!'-g.s*r..19-s. tfrat involve in the body Enlargement of Lymph node
defence against infections.
r Hence lymph contains a higher number of
lymphocytes than blood.
Valve
o Within the lymphatic vessels are one-way
valves to ensure the c9'f1l:r.)l-c.-'1.9.. f.19.9 of the
lymph to prevent the b.9.95f J.9* of the lymph.
a one-way valves
8' - Seo'rz
! Tiie Relationship between the Lymphatic System aitd Circulatory System
Blood CirculatorY
. The right lymphatic duct transport lymph from the System
-tTi,+g.
of the head and chest into the r.i9.b.f
s.itb.9.l?.Y,l3l v.ci.tr..
. The movement of lymph along lymphatic vesselis aided by hydrostatic pressure, one
way
squeeze the
\i valve, contraction of surrounding skeleton muscles and respiratory movement
I
vessels.
t nt-€.i$.tj.t-ql f t .,{.i9.
zallEa-sco*
t F-.#
r
Role of the Lymphatic System iri Transport
. Coilects the i.r.,.t.9:fi.1:.1.. t.l:f J.i. and returns it to the blood circulatory system.
" F.9ii9 ,agiC..", g1999.191....... and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbedinte through 'mg
l.-q.99.?,|.{, in villus and transported to the blood circulatory system.
. The LYaPh n99.9.s.. produces phagocytes and lymphocytes.
(i) Phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign particles.
(ii) Lyrnphocytes produce anil..5.9$.i9f.. which aid in the destruction of pathogens
and the neutralization of toxins. Hence, lymph nodes filter out pathogens and the tu
foreign particles and protects our body from diseases.
B!.ood lnterstitialfluid
Composition
*WBC may escape frorn blood capillary and goes into intercellular space
zzllSa-s,'*.
rgh
ROLE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEIS IN THE BODY'S DEFENGE SYSTEM
Learning Outcomes:
. stute another function of the circuiatory system besides transporl.
: Identify the the body's three lines of defence mechanisms'
: Describe the process of phagocytosis.
3ns :, State the meaning of antigeii and the antibdy.
the
iil'dI s Defence Mechanisms
ies oes transport function, our circulatory system also defends the body against disease abolition
:"' :*e disease-causing microorganisms or pathoqens.
: : -" aodies have three lines of defence against pathogens:
: First line of defence - prevention of pathogens entering the body'
:, Second line of defence - killing the pathogens that entered our body by action of
Phasocvtic white blood cells.
: Third line of defence - killing the pathogens by means of antibodv actions.
. Useful product of
digestion is then
absorhed and
assimilated by
phagocyte
29
---.::ci line of defence is a sF9.9.i.f:.9... O.g.f.g.1:9..... because when a specific antigeir
- .-:s the bociy, lymphocyte rs stimulated and produces specific antibody to destroy
-..= scecific antigens.
--: -esponse is known as i.T.P.Y.IS....... r.9i.P.911.f9.... because it resists ihe body from
lEe.
-:jens or diseases.
: ; "-
--:-an rnfection, some lymphocytes remain in ihe body as m'9'T.9.|X"...-' c'9ll-{-'.. which
* ast for several months or years. This memory cells help to defend the body against
:es move
= "
-:,. infection by the same aniigen. During this period, someone is said to be
)xample
-T:1.!.9.9. .. for that particular disease.
--=-:fore, the word 'immunitl refers to the g|l.t'iY..9.t.:1..919.:.1:-"'T..t9..9.:tsl9'.t::tl
ae3 ! lt.{. ir.f
. .9.q1 i 9.1. .h .9 . .P.: i. f,.g.e.9.rls. ..
Bacterium
= Antibody molecule
Y
Learning Outcomes:
o State the meaning of immunit and immunization'
o Relate antigen and antibody to immunity to immunity'
o Name and give examples of various types of immunlty'
Types of lmmunitY
disease.
1. lmmunity is the body resistance to p9.th.o.?.9lll which cause a specific
production of anij.P.93jli.,.
2. lmmunity depends on the presence of lymphocytes and the
whjch give a specific immune response'
3. There are various tYPes of tmmunitY:
Graph
vlls,b- s,,,1
Types Graph
=rerefore, for the coming invasion of the . Finally, we can say that the body has
:athogenic microorganisms, the body is acquired immunity throug h v.qS:j.qSJi9l.
: b e to d estroy them i.fl .T.9.1j:.L91.Y. ... ...
. Examples. BCG vaccine againsi
I
zzllgi"-sr"*.
Graph
3, Time taken to achieve Body needs time to synthesise Ready made antibodies give
lmmunity antibodies. i.l?.T91i: L?..... i.n.p.v. ril. H.. .
zzllg,a- s,*z
*ear-ning Outcomes:
Slate the effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HiV) on the body's
c:lence mechanisn^s.
Describe the transmlssion of HIV'
: suggest ways to prevent the spread of Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS).
-.:quired
HiV virus
d
The Effects of HIV Transmission Methods
' -'q :,:- --cef fs are essential to activate . Therefore, HIV can be transmitted
s+ll€,n-s,,*.
7
Ititllliurrulltr
CCIUSCS
Ull
Lumen
fr
I Cardiovascular
Disorders The heart has to
pump harder
6@- >c442
T THE TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES IN PLANTS
Learning Outcomes:
o slate the necesslty for transport of substances ln leaf'
plants.
o Identify the vascular tissue in the stem, root andof substances'
o state the role of vascular tissue in the transporl
o Describe the structure of vascular tissue'
o Relate the structure of xylem to transport'
€ nos;s o Relate the structure of phloem to transport
o Predlct the effect of removlng a ring of phloem tissues from a plant'
ratio and a
r 3-all multicellular plants such as m9.S.{9f.,.. and liy'9'l:.qLtshave a large TSAA/
--l s ir.g,rL........ distance for diffusion of substances. Therefore, they do not
requtre transport
a i
:-. -r:em.
-:to and gf.9-qt9.f.-.... distance for a diffusion of substances. Hence, they require an
;,;
""1 -:ernal transport system in their body'
I
)
ll
'
rscular Tissues in Plant
ransportation of substances in plant is carried out by v'9'eS'I!':'1""
t'i:'f'Y':""""
il I
i
-here are two types.of vascular tissue: xJl9f..-... and p.b)'93T""""' tissues'
o.,item transports w.9L9!1...,.. and di.qf'?l'Y9-9... m!'lr.9l9'!"" s'?'t't'l"""' absorbed by roots
:: the upper parts of the plants. lt also gives s.Y.P.P.gtl'.-.' to the
plant'
l
plant'
: I agram 1 shows the locations of vascular tissues in a dicotyledonous
l
l
6@'>aa44
F:
F..9:1..... storage
Arranged in the
Vascular around the pith.
bundle Xylem and phloem separated
by c.?.TFI.YS...... tissue
(b) Cross-section
of a Root Root hair A specialised eP.i.*T.T3l, cell
lncrease the s.Y!T9,9S
a.f93..... for water absorption.
,tr Epidermis Does not have c.Y.{i.9.1.9........
t' Absorbs water and i9.?.f..........
,i'
t) from soil.
1
Endoderm Single layer of cells
\
ricycle Consists of sg.l.9.f.l.?l)lCItissue
which provide mechanical
support to the root
Phloem
Consists of vascular tissue and
pericycle
Xylem radiates from the centre
si.9f....... shape.
forming
o Phloem fills the area between
Diagram 1
xylem.
6.4- >c444
$1,r)",:;*-e of Vascular Tissue Related to the Transport
educe
Sieve tubes
Companion cett
I Phloem
Fibre
I
)
=tI
>s that
ose in
XYLEM PHLOEM
Also consists of 4 types of cells, i.e. sieve tube,
)I" :r' t.;.i.., parenchyma ano t.ih.1.9....... cs.q1P.Lli9.l.... c.3.\t...,, fibre and parenchyma.
cuticle jr :- ',,eSsel 1. Sieve tube
r f - ?iti vessels are long, hollow and . Cylindrical in shape, consisting of elongated
ltion.
sJ,?.Y.9..... c.9.!1....., arranged end to end.
chg rn o : er.1i l.Y.?)'l:....... tubes.
. The end wall of each cell are perforated to form
r and . D F..q.9..... c.9J19...., no protoplasm
r inner si.9L9..... p.t:1S.... and allow food
: - :asier the flow of water.
substances such as s.:t9.Pf9.. and ani.1.9...
stem. r -3 ceil walls are strengthened by a.9.i9..... to pass from one cell to another.
ch$rno r,?.lll., deposited in various patterns . The sieve tube is a living cell but during
Companion cell
-"::heid
ll. cell
i
. Normal cellwith nucleus, cytoplasm and many
\6 r - sc dead cells and hollow but more mitochondria.
;il;; :nger and smaller than xYlem . They are adjacent and closely related to with
. ^^^^l /,\\
=55Ut. the sieve cell.
dtJ*
. tcrnted end and pitted.
ll,11 . lt provides ATP to help the food transPort in
LS of tracheid d) I:l$
the sieve tube. Sieve plate
ItQ.r^^..^
.. Ll55UC
:::anchyma and fibres ffi
il1lJ
chanical . =arenchyma stores food. \/ Parenchyma and fibre. o
_o
between
(Patterns of
lignin deposited)
4
HEH
Pit spiral r! Companion cell
6c4- >c442
1.8 TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES IN PLANTS
Learning Outcomes:
o State what translocation is,
o Explain the importance of translocation in plants'
o Describe the process of transpiration.
o Explain the importance of transpiration,
o Describe the pathway of waler from the soil to the leaves
o State external conditions affeciing transpiration
o Design experiments to study factors affecting the rate of transpiralion
o fxpliin the role of cohesion and adhesion of water in the movement of water in plants.
o Conceptualise the transport mechanism in plants'
anO a.!'li!.|9..... a.Si$...... from the leaves to other parts of the plants.
(b) By using a knife, remove a whereas the one (b) This disrupts the flow of
complete ring of bark, about 2cm below the ring organic substances from the
3sllgb-s,*1
--ansport of Water and Mineral lons
' ::cm the soil, water enters the root by of.3.9.liL. whereas mineral ions by agliy9t.fq.l.f Pgfl
- -.,e presence of root hairs increase the siilflS.9.... a.f9.1...... for absorption.
-re movement of water from the root
(c) TranspirationalPull
:: the leaves is aided by three factors
. During the day, water eY93'?'tSI9':
I
from the
a) Root pressure
mesophyll cells into ihe intercellular space in
c) Capillarity ( capillary action )
the leaves.
c) Transpirationalpull . From here, the water vapour diffuses to the
surrounding air through the stoma.
]-EAVES . The loss of water from the leaves to the
d. This water concentration gradient existed in the cortex creates a force called r,9'9'f".'."
p.{9.*.Y.1.1....... to push water into xyiem.
6@- >c442
1.9 Water Loss from the Plants (Transpiration)
1. Definition: The loss of water in the form of w9t9f ... v.9t99.f. from a plant to the atmosphere.
Atmost (99%) of the water taken by ptants is e.Y3 f 9.i9.n9.. by transpiration, only 1% is used
for p.ti9.tliy.lfl.q:.i:.. and io remain t"Y'l:J.1""""
2. About 90% of transpiration iakes place through the s.*1.?.t3. .....,|oh through the cllll3.l9
and 5% evapoiated from the 1.9.?:j'?.?,''{..... of the stem'
(a) Creates a tfg,?fP.iL:.1:L:]... p.:.11.....,. that sucks water and dissolved mineral salts
from the soil. Mineral salts are used for cell activities while the water is used for
photosynthesis and keeps the cells turgid to give support to the leaves-
(b) Maintains oS.T.9l,iL.... p.f9Li.Yl,9... in the cells due to elimination of excessive water
in.plant bodY.
(c) Gives c9.qli|r.?....... ef.f.9.9.t... due to absorption of latent heat by water to evaporate.
Rate of = DistanceXtoY(cm)
water loss time
6.4- >c442
:rr:irr-s Affecting the Rate of Transpiration
aro
Explanation Graph
sed '' i, r-.3( vapour that diffuses out of stomata
a .9 3.'l.T .Yl.?.1 9:.. . .. arou nd the leaf surface.
ic,lQ
- ','l--ving air carries water vapour away. This c)
(o
c.[.93.t9.f.... the concentration gradient between t
c
o
-',aier vapour inside the leaf and outside the leaf.
'- Cg
U)
-lence, the rate of transpiration is increased. c
rlts F
- -re rate of transpiration increases when the
Air movement
rcvement of air is increased.
1. Each stoma consists of a pair of kidney shapecl git9.*.. c9.l!.{ surrounding st.qt9'19 p.9f'9"
Unlike other celts, guai"d ceils are sP.3.9j3.1*93 epidermal cells with a thicker inner
ceilwall
2. rlll
Opening Closing
E.Fi9:tT.3.'.... ;.ii* \\
-'ii;)
-ffi
v.:.9.q.9J.e....... d(<-
;il;,..ii.;
Thin outer cel! wall-fiF1t,U\ i, , i Jl');n,
#;;i::'ff
Nucleus -r YV;r-
ctornqtel
v..... n oF€
t'"'..'"'
(a) t-* * *" tr"*t,r"tis "*r't a) ln the dark, photosynthesis does not
guard cells and produce
g.t'Y.n9.{9. occur. Sugar and amino acid are
translocated out of the guard cell !t
curve outward, the stomata open' (e) The guard cells become fl.?.3.1i.1.".. and
the stomata closed.
(f) Hence, water vapour diffuses out from the
sub stomata air space to the surrounding' (f) Water vapour cannot diffuse out to the
surrounding. Transpiration stops.
6.4- >c442
dQuestion 1 paper 3
was carried out by a few Form Four students to investigate the effects of air movement
6l1i i;-anspiration in Hibiscus plant. The set up of the apparatus is shown in Diagram
1.1(a)'
mffapparaius is left on the laboratory table. The stopwatch is started when the fan speed as
ffifnm lmutiat air bubble position are set at 0 as in Diagram 1.1(b). The tirhe taken for
the air
llibiscus plant
^K+ i
-\il bubble
(l:rpillalv tube
'50 cm
DIAGRAM 1 .1 (a)
Scirle
45d1
I
l\{inute
Initiirl Position .N n
of irir bubble, krt 30 Ei
DTAGRAM 1.1(b)
1 1 Slow
? Moderate
2
? tr Fast
Table 1.2(a)
++ll9i"-sr*1
!f"''
Condition Fan speed Observation Time taken (min
f.ss
*so
so s\
10"
4s ,P 15 3+
-4o ,/
1 1
20 -
kfr 30 21;l
{sa 60 s'\
'50 1oa
4s\ls a3
2 3
-49 \ eo_
\"lu 30 'tg
50 10
3 5
4s oliu le
40 20
Fsoz{
Table 1.2(b)
1. When the fan speed is ..1.,... the air bubble takes ..?.1.. minutes to move from P to Q
2. When the fan speed is ..f.....tne air bubble takes ...i?.... minutes to move from P to Q
1. Speed fan 1 is a 1.9.*... speed, the water loss from the Hibiscus plant is s1.93.......
2. Speed fan 5 is a hi9.h... speed, the water loss from the Hibiscus plant is f.9.f1.......
2, Write down the time taken for the air bubble in the potometer to move a distance of PQ for the
differcnt fan speed respectively in table 1.2(b).
n
t#
tf
tl
r*
il
+sl!e:f,"*.
l:,-: ele Table 'i.3 based on this expertment
: -;aied variable
Use d.r$e-q9.Lt.. tan speeds which are
.peed
speed1,3and5.
:,::: : rding variable
M99S.Y.19.. and record the time taken
--e :.i.T.9..... taken for the air
for the air bubble to move a distance
: - :: 3 to move a o l.i t3?.99. ..,
from P to Q by using a sIffl.'H:*'i..
'::r:- = iO Q
- : -:'ciled variable
*-- F.H......the type of Plant that is
tJP9........ of plant
Hibiscus plant.
Table 1.3
4 i :r:: :'e hypothesis for this exPeriment.
,
Tth,* * J!9i.tfre fan speed, the sltg.r)fL the time taken for the air bubble to move from P to Q
g l.sed on Table 1.2(b), construct a table and record the results of the experiment which
r: -de the following asPects:
: -he fan speed
: r'-ne time taken for the air bubble to move from P to Q
- The rate of transpiration of Hibiscus plant (cm/nin)
Tqe pon sPeed 'lifne fqKen fon*h€ elr bubbt€ The Fote oF +naosPilo+ion
sam P lani ( /m;o)
*o move f rom P to q cmin)
orn
of gol
toQ
toQ
o-ei
I for the
le o.6J
plant
r Fi-omthe table ln S(i) aOoue, Ora* tne g-rph of the rate of transpiration of Hibiscus
against the fan speed.
:-:m the table in 5(i) above, explain ihe relationship beiween the fan speed, the time
taken for
$ Hibiscus plant.
:-e air bubble to move from P to Q and the rate of transpiration of
*\,ren the fan speed is hi.?1t9.1,.., the time taken for the air bubble to move
from P to Q is
atmosphere
r.t:,.".i.ti.1., if..r" rat" of transpiration is h.LQlr.9.f...caused more water loss to the
46llF,,b-S*f