Scribd Logo
Încărcați

Bine ați venit la Scribd!

  • Peters Et Al - JAircraft 95

    Încărcat de

    Harry Smith
    167 vizualizări10 pagini
    A new finite state aerodynamic theory is presented for incompressible, two-dimensional flow around thin airfoils. The aerodynamic states are the coefficients of a set of induced-flow expansions. The model can be taken to as many states as are dictated by the spatial texture and frequency range of interest.

    Descriere originală:

    Titlu original

    Peters et al - JAircraft 95

    Drepturi de autor

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Formate disponibile

    PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd

    Vi se pare util acest document?

    Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

    Raportați acest document
    A new finite state aerodynamic theory is presented for incompressible, two-dimensional flow around thin airfoils. The aerodynamic states are the coefficients of a set of induced-flow expansions. The model can be taken to as many states as are dictated by the spatial texture and frequency range of interest.

    Drepturi de autor:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    167 vizualizări10 pagini

    Peters Et Al - JAircraft 95

    Încărcat de

    Harry Smith
    A new finite state aerodynamic theory is presented for incompressible, two-dimensional flow around thin airfoils. The aerodynamic states are the coefficients of a set of induced-flow expansions. The model can be taken to as many states as are dictated by the spatial texture and frequency range of interest.

    Drepturi de autor:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 10
    Det 16, drag to: om ived sing led and onal a, or m Ser SAF Ther and ond JOURNAL OF AiRcRAr Vol, 32, No. 2, March April 1995 Finite State Induced Flow Models Part I: Two-Dimensional Thin Airfoil David Washington University, A. Peters* , St. Louis, Missouri 63130 ‘Swaminathan Karunamoorthy* ‘St. Louis University, Cahokia, Mlinois 62206 and Wen-Ming Cao} Washington University ‘Anew finite state acrodynamie theory is presented for incompresble, two-dimensional Now ‘derived directly from potential flow theory with no assumption on the Une history of sicfis. The theory St. Louis, Missouri 63130 round thin taken toas many states sare dictated by the spatial texture and frequene) range of lterest with no intermediate ‘numerical analysis. The st of first-order state equations is easily coupled with stractare and control equations tnd can be exercised in the frequency or Laplace domain aswell ein the ne domain. Comparisons are given with Theadorsen theory, Wagner Nomenclature {A} = matrix of acceleration coefficients, Eq. (35) [B] = eigenvectors of [A] b= Semichord, m Bo coefficients of expansion, Appendix C Theodorsen function vector of length N. Eq. (31) matrix, Eq. (20) vector of length N, Eq. (31) generic function f(s) = a(n) generic function ‘entity matrix index taken as, @, reduced frequen Til per unit length divided by 2p5V° pitching moment about midchord over Dapb2V i... = normalized moment about quarterchord m lee W N sibs of inflow states he index oN y= pressure differential on airfoil, nondimensional tn pV" OI] = finetiona, Eq (18) $= Laplace variable T= eigenvalues of [A] 1° fedced time, normalized on semichord and freetream = Feomponent of induced velocity, normalized on V * Y= freestream velocity, mis Received Sep. 3, 1993; revision received May 23,1984; accepted for publication June 17, 1994. Copyright © 199 by the American Trttute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, In, All rights reserved "Professor and Director, Center for Computational Mechanis, Campus Box 1129. Fellow ATA “Associate Profesor, Deparment of Aerospace Engineering, Parks College. Member ATAA. ‘Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Mechanical Engh neering. Campus Box L185. ors, and other methods. Excelent results are found with only few sates. » {y component of induced velocity, normalized on = Wagner function = total induced downwas, coefficients of w expansion, Eq. (22) Cartesian coordinates normalized on b = weighting function wake variable, e-" total bound vorticity divided by BV = normalized vorticity, [2m vorticity density divided by V bound vorticity density = expansion coefficients of vorticity and velocity, Eqs. (11) and (12) wake vorticity density elliptical determinant, Appendix A Laplace operator impulse function = residual ertor, Eq. (43) = induced flow due to shed vorticity divided by V = expansion terms for A, Eq. (17) complex representation of A, = streamwise direction P= density of air, kgim* 5, = pressure expansion coefficients, Eqs, (13) and ay, ®, acceleration potentials, Appendix A ¥, velocity potentials, Appendix A. Saperserpas A from acceleration term Tr transpose = trom velocity term = ~aay . evaluated on upper Surface of airfoil Subscrips 2 = asymmetric potential L lower surface S$ —= symmetrie potential u upper surface aa PETERS, KARUNAMOORTHY, AND CAO: TWO.DIMENSIONAL THIN AIRFOIL Introduction Background NSTEADY aerodynamic models that are useful for roelastic analysis are usually of four general types. First, there are K-type aerodynamic theories in which the ‘motions, presse, and induced flow undergo only simple har- monic motion, ¢%, These ate often used in the -g method but, srictly-speaking, they are accurate only at the stability boundary. A second category of model has p-type (oF Laplace- domain) aerodynamics in which the aerodynamic variables undergo exponentially grossing (or decaying) harmonic mo- tion. This type of mode! is utilized in eigenanalysis in which aniteration on p (1... ons) is performed for every eigenvalue Of interest. A third type of aerodynamic model 8 indicia, in which a Green's function isuilized witha convolution integral to give arbitrary motion response, This is useful in time. ‘marching. In principle, these three types of aerodynamics are equivalent and can be derived from one another through La- place and Fourier transforms, ‘A fourth type of unsteady aerodynamics is the elass of finite state models. In a precise sense, 1vo-dimensional unsteady aerodynamics has no finite state representation, but is an infinite state process [e.g.,s/(s) terms appear in the tansfer function}. Nevertheles, useful finite state approximations have been derived. There are several advantages of finite state models. First, finite state modeling allows one to cast the aerodynamics in the same state-space context as the structural ‘dynamics and controls, This allows the full complement of control theory and systems theory 10 be brought to bear on the problem of aero-servo-elastic control and design. Second, the existence of explicit states eliminates the necessity to it. erate on solutions (as in V-g and p-k methods). Instead, the entire solution can be obtained in one pass, Thitd, a state space model is Nexible in that it can be exercised in the fre: quency domain, Laplace domain, or the time domain as de sired, There are several types of finite state models. Vorter-latice and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods can be cast, as finite state models with the number of states being the order of the number of lattice nodes or CFD gr points. This, however. is usually such a large number of states that con ventional control-theory applications are precluded. Instead, ‘most applications of finite state models to aeroelastiity have utilized a relatively few approximate states. The disadvan: {ages ofthis are that such states have no direct physical int pretation and that they cannot be systematically improved in a hierarchical manner. It would seem, therefore, useful to have a more general finite state model Previous Work In 1925, Wagner published the indicial function for the lift response of a twoximensional, Mat-plate airfoil in incom: pressible flow. In 1935, Theodorsen presented the lift fee- {quency response for the same conditions.» Garrick then showed that the two were related (and mutually consistent) by means fof Fourier transform,’ The use of Laplace transform (p> sion aerodynamics) was suggested by Jones." and applied to some problems by Sears,” Jones! obtained an approximate Laplace transform of the Wagner function.” but Jones” was the first to generalize the Theodorsen function formally for p-type motions. At that time, the major mathematical concern was whether or not this generalization was applicable for de- ‘aying motion (negative real part of s)." This skepticism pre- vaited despite the arguments from analytic continuation.” Thus, work on time domain unsteady aerodynamics was ata stand sill Some 25 years later, interest was renewed in tin domain methods. Hassig used rational functions in the Laplace do. main. Vepa'' introduced the method of Padé approximants to give a finite state representation of any aerodynamic fre 4quency-domain lift funetion,"" as did Dowell. The authors of Refs. 13 and 14 attacked the problem for two-dimensional compressible and incompressible flows. Their work is in the Laplace domain and builds on the work of Seats. I utilizes numerical methods to locate the poles and to perform the inverse Laplace transform by contour integration. "* Work further developed for the three-dimensional case (finite wing)" but that isthe subject of Part I, the sequel to this anil. In rotorcraft aeroelasticty, the development of time-do- main (father than frequency-domain) unsteady aerody- namics is particularly crucial due to the existence of periodic Coefficients and nonlinear stall, which preclude superposi- tion of Fourier or Laplace solutions. The fundamental fre- aqueney-domain result was derived by Loewy," It is an ex tension of the Theodorsen theory and assumes layers of vorticity below the airfoil to account for the returning wake. However, its application is limited co linear problems of hover and climb. Dinyavari and Friedmann used Padé approximants of both Theodorsen and Loewy functions in fonder to accommodate some unsteady aerodynamics into periodic-coefficient Floquet stability analysis, Most dy- namic stall models for rotorcraft (e-g., Ref. 19) utilize the Wagner function in a convolution integral to account for the time variation in induced flow due to the vorticity shed from stall, One exception is the ONERA dynamic stall ‘model in which a lirstorder differential equation pro- vides a singlestate approximation to the Theodorsen func tion. (This is in contrast (0 the normal two-state approxi- mations. Refs, 8 and 18.) In Ref. 21, the ONERA model is generalized as a vorticty-based model, but stil with a ‘one-state Theodorsen model, In Ref. 22, the one-state model is replaced by a hierarchical finite state inflow model for rotors. Present Approach Inthis article we offer new type of finite state aerodynamic ‘model. The model offers finite state equations for the induced flowfield itself. These equations are derived directly from the potential flow equations (either velocity or acceleration po- tential). Thus, no intermediate steps are invoked in which restrictions are placed on blade motions; and the theory is an arbitrary-motion theory from the outset. In contrast (o CFD. dnd vortex lattice methods, the states represent induced flow expansion fields rather than velocities at discrete nodes. AS a result, the states are hierarchical, and the equation coefti- tients ate known in closed form. No numerical fitting of fre- ‘queney-response of indicial functions is needed. Furthermore, the induced-flow expansion implies that only a few states are needed, and the number of states can be {chosen a priori based either on the texture requited in the induced flowfield or on the frequency range of interest. The resultant equations are easily coupled with structural oF con: ‘ot equations and ean be exercised inthe frequency-domain, Laplace domain, or time domain, The above approach can be followed either in two- oF three: mensional flow. In this article, Part I, we consider two: limensional flow about a finite strip (i.e. airfoil) and apply the nonpenetration condition to recover thin airfoil theory Inthe sequel, Part If we will apply the approach to the three dimensional flow about a disk (Le., rotor). The disk is taken as penetrable (an actuator dise) for application to rotorcratt rather than circular wings. For flow near the blades, Part IT Utilizes the lift equation of Part 1, but with the three-dimen- sional induced-flow model. Thus, ths article forms a basis for rotor inflow as well s for two-dimensional aerodynamics, ‘Theoretical Background Fluid Mechanics The airfoil lies on the segment y = 0, -1 Ty o ‘We then define special potential functions Y and ie a ee = @ ‘The continuity and momentum equations are then fulfilled if Band 0 satisfy oso =o (Ga) v2OY = Ups = FO = (Gb) ‘The velocity field may be found from * by wef Ma ofa @ ‘The only pressure discontinuity allowed is across the airfoil, and specification of the time history ofthis discont fines the pressures and velocities everywhere. For the case of edgewise flow (f = x), we have Seg Pa gf ae wena orf Ma, of Mar o-m42f oa xl. oor ef ovar o It follows that there is a strip of concentrated vorticity existson y = 0, ~1 =x <=, On the aiffoil (-1<2< +1) it is the hound vorticity y%: and behind the airfoil (1 = x <2) itis the wake vorticity From the definition of vorticity and the integration around 2'smal loop across this strip, one can relate 7, ©, and P,, (the pressure actoss the vorticity sheet): ye OL~ Oh Py =o o From Eq, (6b) we then hve the pressure-vortkity elation rr= mt Zp nae (ea) ony tree yar (60) rf nde = =f" eae © {TWO-DIMENSIONAL THIN AIKFOML ais (with 2er0 initial conditions), It follows that Pe MH , aiaiacieae (10a) 0 = Bes (108) yet) = P= 1) (106) Clearly. the velocity is discontinuous across the vortex sheet; bbut the normal velocity v is continuous. Thus, 0 is disco tinuous, but b*/ax is continuous. Equations for Bound Vortcty In order to obtain a set of state-variable equations for the induced flow. we can treat the circulation-based equations in the previous section with an expansion. To begin, we consider the induced flow due only to 74. This induced flow is inde: pendent ofthe time history of yy. Thus, due to the asymmetry bout y = 0, we can write © (and y,) as expansions in the potential functions of Appendix A -D ye,» wo 23 yb, an where j takes on the values 4, 1.2.3.4... . and” implies ‘evaluation on the upper surface, ‘The velocity field from this bound vorticity then follows either from the Bot-Savart law” cr from Eq. (4b) downwash = yh; 2) ‘Thus, the y represents both bound vorticity coefficients and downwash coefficients, which ate exactly the Glauert velocity ‘expansions, Returning to the dynamic case, we see that these downwash coefficients can be related to the airfoil differential pressure bby Eq, (8a). Thus. if we expand the pressure ina series similar to that for vorticity CL ee then we obtain rom Eq. (8) Ln Doh + Eady os However. from Appendix A we see that the W, can be uniquely expressed in terms ofthe This allows a baancing of cock ficients in Eq. (14), since the , are linearly independent. The result ofthis balancing isa se of ordinary differential equa tons hat flat the velo cece 9, a he presse HOKE (asa) ete (150) C21 = Hed + = te = QE n= 23.4, (156) where P is the normalized total bound vorticity Perae= +i TO) Wake Vortcty “The next step in the devivation is to find equations for the induced flow due to-shed wake vorticity A. From Ref. 23, we 36 PETERS, KARUNAMOORTHY, AND CAO: “TWO-DIMENSIONAL THIN AIRFOIL see that this component of downwash can be expanded (on the airfoil) in similar fashion as w, Bq. (12) AnD ies a where A, = Ay of Ref. 21 and A, is not used since ¥{ = 0 on x= 41. Reference 23 provides formulas for A, in terms ‘of the wake vorticity. For simplicity, we write these as func tionals: are) Ale 2 L patnsinen dn [rane t= Fon $0 [sas] ~$2 ae) ah ol als | We note that the above formulas imply that a differential equation for this functional can be obtained based on Eq. (160) and integration by parts oy = 4) pe ae ain = 2 yaya) Lf a O1pl = 2ff0) + 0 {2 ofl a9) When Eq, (19) is applied to the A, functionals in Eq. (18), ‘one must insuee that g(0) = f(1) is finite, Therefore, we use Ayo ~ Aye, as the left side of Eq. (8), which gives a g(n) of the for ala) = feo — eH YRinh y= 2-0) “The resultant differential equations are Att a=ab (2AM, ~ Av) +A, = (Qn) = 2,3,4 ‘The similarity with the, equations [Eqs. (15), is Boundary Conditions It's especially interesting to use Eqs. (15) and (21) to form differential equations forthe total induced flow w (downwash ‘due to bound plus wake vorticity). If we expand w as wo Sw pts tay fas 2) then, by addition of Eq. (1S) and (21), we have 8, = it my (MI 4 ~ Wyo) Fy = I (23) ‘These equations can also be obtained from a direct application of the acceleration potential, Appendix B and Ret. 24 I is important to note in Eq. (23) that w (the total down- swash) is completely determined by the nonpeneration bound- ary condition. Thus, for small aitfoil deformations y(x, 1), Slexc4l ey “Therefore, the only unknown in the entire airfoil loading (r) is A,. OF particular interest are the normalized lift L, the ‘normalized pitching moment about midehord Af, and the mo- ment about the quarterchord Nf, =n tin Matty My 8 for WC). The minimum error for the augmented least squares occurs at N= 8. and is 1% for CB) sis PETERS, KARUNAMOORTHY, AND CAO: TWO-DIMENSIONAL THIN AIRFOIL a wasn econo? a wan smco0 » wa o ean Fig. 1a) Real part of Ci), = 45) imaginary part of Cb), = 4sand o) Wagner function, N and 1.3% for W(). The binomial expansion (with smaller factorials than the augmented least squares) begins to diverge after N= 50 for C(k) and N= 16 for W(e). (Recall that cigenvalue problems are more sensitive than are matrix in- Yersions.) The minimum estor is 0.7% for C{K) (N = 50) and, 5% for Wr) (N = 16). Quadruple precision would extend the accuracy of either method. “Table f provides a suramary ofthese errors and compares them with those from Jones" approximation (wich has two ® 28) 4%; by imaginary part of C(k), = states), and with Padé approximants with two and three states. respectively. Note that the Fones' method, which is based on fit of the Wagner function, has a lower error norm for (7) than it does for C(k). Conversely, the Padé resuls, based on a least-squares fit of C{K), have a lower error norm for C(K) than they do for W(e). It is at first puzzling to see that one inceds four to six inflow states with the augmented method to ‘obtain the same accuracies as can be obtained with only two to thrce states for Jones’ and Padé methods. The reason for » i) ‘Table 1 Beror norms Methods “Theodorsen Wagner Garver Jones 23% 1886 Pade. N = 2 2% 388 Padé. N= 3 12% 348 Augmented wed ase sos o9e 18% tow 13% 10.3% Isa Sh 1.1% 2a So 138 a O66 » " Fig. 3 Error norm for a) Vike GP + thm CP and b) VWF. this phenomenon is found in a study ofthe eigenvalues of the system. The accuracy of the finite state model is obtained almost entirely from the fitst evo to thtee eigenvalues (which are real), even for N = 50. Thus, only a few states are te- quired; but they are a combination of many of the Glauert states. One might suspect. therefore, that a change of variable could improve the convergence ofthe finite state results. Conclusions AA finite state induced flow model has been developed from first principles (as opposed to numerical fits of Theodorsen TWO-DIMENSIONAL THIN AIRFOIL 39 for Wagner functions). The method is hierarchical, and the Sates Tepresent the classical Glauert induced flow coeffi ienls. The resultant, closed-form equations for the inflow and states give excellent correlation with Theodorsen and ‘Wagner functions with four to nine states included. This finite slate type of aerodynamic analysis is very useful in aeroelas {icity because it can be used inthe Frequency domain, Laplace domain, or the time domain. Furthermore, the method is ‘more rigorous than other finite state methods in that itis based on firstprinciple fluid mechanics rather than on curve- fiting specialized response functions; and the method is more ‘computationally direct than methods based on extensions in the complex plain that require extensive numerical analysis. ‘The weakness of the method is that convergence is not as rapid as is theoretically possible. An appropriate change of variable in the inflow expansion could eure this, Appendix A: Potential Functions with Elliptical Coordinates Coordinates We define an x, y coordinate system with postive x down- stream and positive y in the dizection of positive lift. AIL lengths are nondimensional on b, such that the airfoil is on the line segment ~1

    S-ar putea să vă placă și