Practical 1: INTRODUCTION OF DDL STATEMENTS IN SQL

CREATE COMMAND

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY, EMP_NAME VARCHAR(20),

EMP_CITY VARCHAR(20));
TABLE CREATED.

INSERT COMMAND
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(12345, 'SAURABH','DELHI');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY');
Enter value for EMP_ID: 15455
Enter value for EMP_NAME: ASHISH
Enter value for EMP_CITY: NOIDA
old 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(15455,'ASHISH','NOIDA')

1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY');
Enter value for EMP_ID: 15423
Enter value for EMP_NAME: HAMID
Enter value for EMP_CITY: GURGAON
old 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(15423,'HAMID','GURGAON')

1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY');
Enter value for EMP_ID: 13524
Enter value for EMP_NAME: VIJAY
Enter value for EMP_CITY: FARIDABAD
old 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(13524,'VIJAY','FARIDABAD')

1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY');
Enter value for EMP_ID: 12525
Enter value for EMP_NAME: CHANDAN
Enter value for EMP_CITY: GHAZIABAD
old 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(12525,'CHANDAN','GHAZIABAD')

1 row created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_CITY
---------- -------------------- --------------------
12345 SAURABH DELHI
15455 ASHISH NOIDA
15423 HAMID GURGAON
 Practical 1: INTRODUCTION OF DDL STATEMENTS IN SQL

13524 VIJAY FARIDABAD

12525 CHANDAN GHAZIABAD
CREATE AS COMMAND

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE_2 AS SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

TABLE CREATED.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE_2;
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_CITY
---------- -------------------- --------------------
12345 SAURABH DELHI
15455 ASHISH NOIDA
15423 HAMID GURGAON
13524 VIJAY FARIDABAD
12525 CHANDAN GHAZIABAD
RENAME TABLE

SQL> RENAME TABLE EMPLOYEE_2 TO EMPLOYEE;

TABLE RENAMED.

DROP TABLE

SQL> DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;

TABLE DROPPED.

ALTER TABLE

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD EMP_PHONE NUMBER (10);

TABLE ALTERED.

IF WE WANT TO INSERT VALUES TO COLUMN EMP_PHONE, FOR AN EMPLOYEE HAMID, IT CAN

BE UPDATED AS:
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET EMP_PHONE = 26346928 WHERE EMP_NAME = 'HAMID';

1 ROW UPDATED.

INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS

PRIMARY KEY

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID NUMBER (10) PRIMARY KEY, EMP_NAME

VARCHAR(20), EMP_CITY VARCHAR(20));
TABLE CREATED;

FOREIGN KEY
 Practical 1: INTRODUCTION OF DDL STATEMENTS IN SQL

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE_2(EMP_ID NUMBER(10), EMP_SAL VARCHAR(20), FOREIGN

KEY(EMP_ID) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID));
TABLE CREATED.

UNIQUE KEY

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID VARCHAR(20),, EMP_NAME VARCHAR(20), EMP_CITY

VARCHAR(20), UNIQUE(EMP_ID));
TABLE CREATED.

NULL VALUE

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID VARCHAR(20), EMP_NAME VARCHAR(20));

TABLE CREATED.

SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES('12345',NULL);

1 ROW CREATED.

SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES('12525','');

1 ROW CREATED.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP_NAME ='';

NO ROWS SELECTED

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP_NAME IS NULL;

EMP_ID EMP_NAME
-------------------- --------------------
12345
12525

This is because oracle has now changed its rules so that empty strings behave as null values.

NOT NULL CONSTRAINT

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID VARCHAR(20),EMP_NAME VARCHAR(20),EMP_CITY

VARCHAR(20), EMP_DOB DATE NOT NULL);
TABLE CREATED.

CHECK CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID VARCHAR(20),FNAME VARCHAR(20), MNAME
VARCHAR(20),LNAME VARCHAR(20), MP_DOB DATE, CHECK(EMP_ID LIKE'C%'),
CHECK(FNAME=UPPER(FNAME)),
CHECK(MNAME=UPPER(MNAME)),CHECK(LNAME=UPPER(LNAME)));
TABLE CREATED.
Practical 1: INTRODUCTION OF DDL STATEMENTS IN SQL