Identification of Liquid substances Through Their

Physical Properties

Prepared by:
Rodney Pujada
rodneyperu@yahoo.com
Department of Chemistry
Los Angeles Trade Technical College
400 Washington Blvd, Los Angeles CA
March 29th, 2010
 Rodney Pujada
Chemistry 101/ Section 4075
Instructor: Hans Lee
Days of class: Tuesday and Thursday
Time of class: 6.00 – 9:10 pm
Date Due : October 5th,2010

Report No 4
Identification of Liquid
substances Through Their Physical Properties
Name: Rodney Pujada
Lab Partner: Armin Vossooghi
I. Introduction

In this experiment, we identify a compound by its physical properties.

These properties are known as intensive properties (density, solubility, boiling
point, and other) and extensive properties (entropy, enthalpy, mas, volume,
and energy). The most physical properties are solubility, boiling and melting
point, and the solubility of the substance in water, alcohol, and methanol.
Most substance is likely to be soluble in another substance if the two
substances have similar structural feature or have comparable electronic
properties. As a result, we compare ionic and very polar covalent substance
will disolve in water.

Also, we identify the substance by density that is expressed in grams

per militer, and the boiling point that is the temperature at which it is
converted from liquid to gas. As a result, these intensive properties give us
the identification of the substance.

II. Material

Thermometer, two test tubes, test tube rack, 10 rnL graduated cylinder,
analytical balance, utility clamps, iron ring, test tube with sidearm, rubber
hose, and wire gauze.

III. Procedure

3.1. Solubility:

a. Add 2 mL of the unknown liquid in two test tubes.

b. Add 2 mL of ethanol en un test tube and 2 mL water in the other
test tube.
c. Shake them, and observe if the unknown is soluble,
insoluble, or partially soluble; and record the results.
3.2. Density:

d. Measure the mass of 10 mL graduated cylinder.

e. Add 6 mL into the graduated cylinder.
f. Weight the mass of the graduated cylinder with the
unknown liquid.
g. Record your results.
 3. Boiling Point

h. Use a test tube with a sidearm. Clamp the test tube to a ring
stand using a utility clamp.
i. Add 2 mL the unknown liquid with small boiling-chip into the
liquid.
j. The test tube is either suspended in 400 mL beaker filled with
water (hot water bath) in the hot plate at 250 °C.
k. Insert a thermometer into the rubber stopper, which is used to
cap the test tube. The thermometer is above the liquid and is not
touching the liquid.
l. Turn on the hot plate and warm the test tube with the water
bath.
m. Record the temperature that will start rising as the liquid boils.
After a certain period oftime. ft will reach a maximum value and stay at
this value.

IV. Data and Calculation

Unknown sample: No 19 Run #1

1. Mass empty graduated cylinder 41.2583 g
2. Mass graduated cylinder and liquid 45.9440 g
3. Mass of unknown liquid 4.6857 g
4. Volumen of unknown liquid 6 mL
5. Density of unknown liquid 0.7809 g/mL
6. Boiling Point of unknown liquid 65°C
IV.1 Compare the solubility

Data:

First Test tube with water: …………………………….Solubility with water

Second Test Tube with ethanol: ………………………Solubility with ethanol

IV.2 Calculate the density of the unknown liquid

Data:

Volumen of unknow liquid : 6 mL

Mass of the empty 10 mL graduated cylinder = mgrad cyl = 41.2583 g

Mass of the graduated cylinder and unknown liquid = mgrad cyl + known liquid
= mgrad cyl + known liquid = 45.9440 g
Mass of the unknown liquid: = ( munknown liquid = mgrad cyl + known liquid -
mgrad cyl) = 41.2583 - 45.9440 = 4.6857 g
munknown liquid = 4.6857 g
 Density:

Density = mass / volumen

Density of unknown liquid = 4.6857 g / 6 mL

Density of unknow liquid= 0.7809 g/mL

IV.3 Calculate the boiling point of the unknown liquid

Data:

Temperature of boiling point Temp = 65°C

V. Conclusions:

We test the solubility of unknown liquid in two different solvents. We find the
density (0.78g/mL) of the liquid using a small 10 mL graduated cylinder with a
margen of error; however, the solubility test and boiling point test (°65) help us to
identify the substance in the figure No1.

This experiment shows any the physical properties of methanol. The methanol is
soluble in water and etanol; its density is 0.79 grams per militer, and its boilig point is
65° C.
Intensive properties are extremely important, and they do not depend on the
amount of matter present in a substance, also they help us to identify substances.
Appendix:

Report No 4: Identification of Liquid Substances Through Their Physical

Properties
Substances can be identified through their physical properties, such as solubility,
melting point, boiling point, density, electrical and magnetic properties, physical
state, and a variety of other physical properties.

In this experiment you will use only three physical properties, namely the density,
the boiling point (because it is a liquid), and its solubility in two different solvents, to
identify a compound.

Pure substances always have a sharp and fixed melting point for solids and a fixed
boiling point for liquids. These temperatures are carefully measured and
documented, thus making the measurement of melting or boiling point a powerful
tool for identification purposes.

EQUIPMENT

Thermometer, test tubes, test tube rack, 10 rnL (or 25 mL) graduated cylinder,
balance, utility clamps, iron ring, test tube with sidearm, rubber hose, and wire
gauze.

Make a sketch of the boiling point aparatiis (this must appear on the left hand side
of the notebook).

PROCEDURE

I. Solubility

Test the solubility of your unknown in two different solvents.

• 1 Place two of your dry and clean test tubes in a test tube
rack, then mark them in terms of the solvent used.

1.2 Add a small volume (about 1 or 2 mL) of each solvent in the

corresponding test tube, then add an equal volume of the
unknown liquid to each test tube.

1.3 Shake your test tubes for a few seconds (do not use your
finger to cover the test tube — ask your instructor for
directions), then observe if the unknown is soluble, insoluble, or
partially soluble.

1.4 Record your observation.

2. Density

Find the density of the liquid using a small graduated cylinder (10 mL or 25 mL).

2.1 Measure the mass of a dry and clean graduated cylinder.

2.2 Pour your unknown liquid into the graduated cylinder to at least half high.

2.3 Read the volume of the liquid.

2.4 Measure the mass of the graduated cylinder with liquid.

2.5 Record your results.

3. Boiling Point

3.1 Use a test tube with a sidearm. Clamp the test tube to a ring stand using a
utility clamp.

3.2 Add a small volume of the unknown liquid (2 or 3 mL), then drop a small boiling-
chip into the liquid.

3.3 The test tube is either suspended in a beaker filled with water (hot water bath)
or placed on the wire gauze directly above the flame of the burner (you will be
instructed what to do).

3.4 Insert a thermometer into the rubber stopper, which is used to cap the test
tube. Make sure the thermometer is above the liquid and is not touching the liquid.

3.5 Attach a rubber hose to the sidearm and direct it away from the proximity of the
flame.

3.6 I leat the test tube with a very low flame. You will notice that the temperature
will start rising as the liquid boils. After a certain period oftime. ft will reach a
maximum value and stay at this value.

3.7 Record this temperature, which is the boiling point of the liquid

RESULTS

(These results must be recorded on the right hand side of the notebook)

1. Solubility in Water Ethanol

(circle the answer) s i sl.s s i sl.s

* s soluble; i insoluble; sl.s = slightly soluble.

2. Density

Mass of cylinder plus liquid _______________________________________

Mass of empty cylinder _______________________________________

Mass of the liquid _______________________________

Volume of the liquid ________________ ________

Density of the liquid ______________________ ________

3. Boiling Point ___________ ______________

IDENTIFY THE UNKNOWN SUBSTANCE

Your unknown is one of the substances given in the following table of physical
properties. Compare the set of properties that you measured to the substances
listed in the table and identify your unknown.

CALCULATIONS

Perform your calculations on the right hand side of your notebook.

CONCLUSIONS

Give your unknown number and name your unknown. Use the left hand side of your
notebook.
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/physical-properties-of-matter.html
Physical Properties of Matter

Physical properties of matter are categorized as Intensive Properties and Extensive Properties.

Intensive Properties
Intensive properties are extremely important and they do not depend on the amount of matter present in a substance.
In short, it is a property independent of the amount of mass. This is because every kind of matter possesses a
distinctive set of intensive properties that distinguishes it from the other kind of matter. These include:

• Color
• Odor: Signifies Smell
• Boiling Point: The temperature at which the liquid boils at sea-level
(generally atmospheric pressure)
• Freezing/Melting Point: The temperature below which a liquid turns into
a solid at atmospheric pressure
• Density: The mass of a substance divided by its volume (D=M/V)
• Luster: A shine on a substance
• Malleability: The property of a substance to be beaten into thin sheets
• Ductility: The malleability of a substance drawn into threads, wires into
thin sheets
• Conductivity: The ability of transmitting the flow of energy, electricity and
sound
 • Hardness: The property of a substance being rigid and resistant to
pressure

These are some of the common examples of intensive properties.

Extensive Properties
Speaking of extensive properties, these depend on the amount of matter present in a substance. That is, they vary
directly with the mass, volume, etc. These include:

• Mass: An amount of matter in a specific object

• Weight: A vertical force exerted by a mass on an object as a result of
gravity
• Volume: A substance occupying an amount of space in a given area
• Length: An extension of a substance from beginning to the end