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Myself Kamal Preet Singh Saluja acknowledge sincere

devotion for valuable guidance provided to me in
Chemistry by my Chemistry teacher, “Miss. Anjubala
Madam”. Her suggestion and guidance provided me to
form this project. I am also thankful to Mr. N.L. Sharma
who was yet affective source of inspiration. I also
acknowledge to other staff members who directly or
indirectly contribute in my work. At last I take
opportunity to express my thanks & gratitude for all my
friends.

Name: Kamal Preet Singh Saluja

Class: XI Science
Roll No. : 11338

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This is to certify that Ma. Kamal Preet Singh Saluja, student of
class XI-Science, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, NEEMUCH
has satisfactorily completed the chemistry project entitled:

“ Formation Of Biodiesel ”
himself and under my guidance The progress of the project has
been continuously reported and has been in my knowledge
consistently.

Internal Examiner Principal Sir

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Chemistry Investigatory Projects ( -
Chemistry Investigatory Projects ( -
 Biodiesel refers to a non-
petroleum-based diesel
fuel consisting of short
chain alkyl (methyl or
ethyl) esters, made by
transesterification of
vegetable oil or animal fat
(tallow), which can be used
(alone, or blended with
conventional petrol diesel)
in unmodified diesel-engine
vehicles. Biodiesel is distinguished from the straight-vegetable
oil (SVO) (sometimes referred to as “waste vegetable oil”
“WVO” “used vegetable oil” “UVO” “pure plant oil”, “PPO”)
used(alone, or blended) as fuels in some converted diesel
vehicles. Biodiesel is standardized as mono-alkyl ester and
other kinds of diesel-grade fuels of biological origin are not
included.

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 Fuel-cells have power-generation
applications that could utilize biodiesel. Biodiesel can be used
in backup systems where the substantial reduction in
emissions really matters: hospitals, schools, and other
facilities usually located in residential areas. It can also be
used to supplement solar power in off-the grid homes.

Fuel cell vehicles turn hydrogen

fuel and oxygen into electricity.
The electricity then powers an
electric motor, just like
electricity from batteries
powers the motor of an electric
vehicle. Fuel cells combine
oxygen from the air with
hydrogen from the vehicle's fuel tank to produce electricity.
When oxygen and hydrogen are combined they give off
energy and water (H2O). In fuel cells this is done without any
burning (combustion).

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 Biodiesel has been tested as
potential cleaning agent for shorelines contaminated with
crude oil, and has been found to increase the recovery of
crude oil from artificial sand columns (i.e. the beach). It’s also
been used in commercial biosolvents shown to be effective in
coagulating crude oil and allowing it to be skimmed off the
surface of water.

All diesel fuels are

required to reduce their sulfur concentration from 500 ppm
to 15 ppm. Since sulfur provided most of the fuel’s lubricity, a
substitute is required to keep diesel engines functioning
properly and avoid premature injection pump wear (i.e.
failure). Biodiesel naturally has less than 15 ppm sulfur
concentration anyway, and adding just 1 to 2% biodiesel can
restore the lubricity to diesel fuel.
Apart from these uses, biodiesel can be used in heating our
homes, cleaning up tools & grease, removing paint and
adhesives, can extend the life of catalytic converters, can be
used as the best alternative for the other fuels as it doesn’t
produces toxic &harmful substances as compared to other
fuels.

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  Vegetable Oil
 Antifreeze (Methanol)
 Lye (NaOH)
 Blender
 Scales
 Plastic Containers
 Funnels
 Plastic Bottle with lid
 Duct Tape
 Thermometer

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 Measure out 200 ml of antifreeze and put it in one
plastic container.
Add in lye so that the antifreeze is absorbed.
Cover container and mix well by shaking it. It is
mixed when it starts to feel warm and is foamy. The
mixture has now become sodium methoxide.
Blend 1 liter of vegetable oil with the sodium
methoxide in a blender for 20 minutes.
Pour mixture into a bottle and wait 8 hours until the
byproduct, glycerin, separates form the biodiesel. The
glycerin will be on the solid on the bottom.
Separate out the biodiesel by pouring into a glass
bottle.
Prepare a wash bottle by poking a small hole in the
corner of the bottle and covering it with duct tape.

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 Wash the biodiesel by pouring it into the wash bottle
and adding in ½ a liter of water. Roll the bottle
around to mix it and then remove the duct tape and
drain the water.
Repeat the washing process until the biodiesel is clear.
This may need to be done numerous times over the
course of a week to complete the process. Store the
biodiesel in a glass container until ready to use.

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 Jatropha
Seed

Oil Extraction Unit Oil Cake Manure

Animal
Lamp/ Jatropha curcas Detoxification
Stoves Feed
oil

Alcohol & Transesterification Crude Glycerol

Catalyst Reactor

Crude Biodiesel Refined Glycerol

Soap/Candle

Water Washing Tank Washed water

Pure Biodiesel

Diesel Engine

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 
One of the major advantages is the fact that
Bio Diesel is much
it can be used in exiting engines & fuel injection
cleaner fuel than any
equipment (no modification required) without negative
impact to operating performance. conventional fossil-fuel
petroleum diesel
Virtually the same
It burns up to 75%
MPG rating as petrol-diesel & the only alternative fuel
cleaner and reduces
for heavyweight vehicles requiring no special
dispensing & storage equipment. unused hydrocarbons to
a larger extent than any
Can be done at home other petrol-diesel fuel.
(wasted veggie oil) & farms (virgin oils from seeds),
being the only alternative fuel that can boost of a zero Sulphur dioxide
total emissions production facility. By selling the eliminations are
simultaneously produced glycerol, the cost of BD is eliminated.
basically the same cost of the oil used to make it.

Its exhaust is not

Readily blends & stays blended with
offensive & doesn’t cause
petrol-diesel so it can be stored & dispensed wherever
diesel is stored or sold. eye irritation.

Biodiesel has a very

high flash point (300⁰F) making it one of the It adds no CO2 to the
safest of all alternative fuels. atmosphere.

The only alternative fuel that can With slight variations,

actually extend engine life because of its performance and fuel
superior lubricating & cleaning properties. The
economy with biodiesel is
present “low Sulphur” diesel fuel is badly wearing
the injection pumps of not protected diesel same with petrol-diesel.
engine.

Biodiesel fuel can generally be used in
existing oil heating systems and diesel engines
without modification, and it can be distributed through existing diesel fuel pumps.
Biodiesel provides almost the same energy per gallon as petroleum diesel.

The use of biodiesel reduces the following emissions:

carbon monoxide, ozone-forming hydrocarbons, hazardous diesel particulate,
acid rain-causing Sulphur dioxide, lifecycle and carbon dioxide.

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  Biodiesel is currently about one and a half times more expensive
than petroleum diesel fuel. Part of this cost is because the most
common source of oil is the soybean, which only is only 20% oil.
However, the costs of biodiesel can be reduced by making
biodiesel from recycled cooking oils rather than from new soy
beans, or by making it from plant matter with higher oil
content.

 It takes energy to produce biodiesel fuel from soy crops,

including the energy of sowing, fertilizing and harvesting.

 Biodiesel fuel can damage rubber hoses in some engines,

particularly in cars built before 1994. You should check with the
manufacturer before using biodiesel to see if you need to replace
any hoses or rubber seals.


Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine. This dirt then collects
in the fuel filter, which can clog it. Clogging occurs most often
when biodiesel is first used after a period of operation with
petroleum diesel, so filters should be changed after the first
several hours of biodiesel use.

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All the information is gathered from the internet.
Websites Referred:
htpp://www.icbse.com/
http://www.sciencedaily.com/
http://www.biodiesel.org/
http://www.gas2.org/
http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/
http://www.digg.com/

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