Carl G. Hempel, Philosophy of Nanural Science, Englewood Clift, Ni: Prentice-Hall, 1966, pp. 1-18 SCOPE AND AIM OF THIS BOK 1 “he lent anche fie ing sy be ied nt two snap oupr the cal snd the nonenpial Saenss The foet Seek to elo to drs, to expan ato edit the ec in the ward ne Ine im The sthcmentstheeere mua be checked agaist the fas fon exprene, an thy ae secepable en ity 26 pops supe by empnesl een Such een obaned in any drt was by ements, y yma ose, by intense ays, by poles oral ttg, yet ‘caination of ecumen’s cipton cane cheep ic, and So eth, This dependence on empl evident dating the cw Pika Sines frm the neem Spins of lope snd pure Iutevats, wove popaitons ie posed without ese elesens to empisl Sdn “The empl cece in tuna often dred nto he mat sens and the sce sence The etn far th don iach ies ler than tat whith Stings empl om venga inquiry andthe no gene agremet on prsely whe the di ing tine tobe draw, Usual, the atl sence Se wanton to fe ny ems, yan hat Ever ene ed Scenes se tle to comps oo, poi sence asta, fconomic, hatoegrpiny nd tated eins. Prpcoloy 8 one times asigned to one Bl, sometimes othe thr not egy Ties ova bth, ‘nthe preset see of book. the ioopy of he nat ence andthe piloophy ofthe socal sues afe det wih Set ‘lames Tis eprton of topes fo save the aca parr of2 Span Ain fT Book stig or ated hela fe plop EPgenog iis not mended to rejege the qoston whether the dv SOTIEL echt adda fe se el aes Se ects i te mater te ee cpt Ta ee we me base oes ae EEE ban iy stamens vet geal’ Ahsan te Sms ees = cg ala of he ml ves Se a ie ac eae dt ie ime: Norton ou cae ee ih one ne Fo om tne ee intima te pay fe ml occ ne lave oe st er fone eel sao ede Sa Say rte cme eh SI at ay sot wel te st care Pa wah bean scene wil here oie be ed scene ingens bt wen em incu toca cj ay nod ible in wg nde tobe aing vos the mpl eng 1a tn Nun ech of cope ie he coe ee ent ed iain mh peo Se este to hit eset Pe See a ete ue pba saloon ofa Sete Em ting an hi ee fe co er eon nent iockr answer dsintersted, bat es ey saat ae uso ae Lomi ad er se anderstaning ofthe word n wich he Sy ume 10 the Se anc ct ce wth pe! oct of Sen te Ad Wen came ow Me ny Totti nh eng we yl con SiS ow scence cpuns opal ats 20d what Kt a undestnd Seicalefieense atone se Eat sin wre el poem encerang he Pe Trois sed be its of sae gy, scentse mowed, ad etd SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY: INVENTION AND TEST a Shoe Asa simple duration of some important apes of sientie seran ny let coder Somelncs’ werk on chdbed lee Iga ‘monne Serchlit of Hogan bt dd is work doe the yess fom betta 1888 9 he Vicona Cee Hog As tment of the medal sta ofthe Fist Matenity Dison athe Tsp, Semmelwas was dren to Sd Ht sige propation of Ahewomen whe wee deer fc bai ais dnen Conte 4 sc and often fatal nes Inown as pope! fever or cdbed foyer 19H, aman 8 260 out of 3.157 motets nthe Ft Dison, (83 px cent ed ofthe dies: or 183, the death te nas 68 ent nd for 146 it was IM 4 per eet. Te Spe wae alle ‘mor laming bese In the adjacent Second Matrnty Divison ef the sae hop, whch secommodstel alms any omen ye Fut the deh ol fom chided eer our mach ler 23,30; and 2px cent forthe same yer Ina buck tate wot nts the ‘awaton and the prevention of chidbe fee, Semele deen Tse to env the edt pcre! “He begin by coidring vastus explanations that were corent the time: ime ofthese he fered ost of Rand a fncmpotle ‘eles fact oes he sje fo sec ta cmc Pat ii Wk abe eT ema Sos Pon cpm ps Sea wig Ate et fe ER Ere Uaertes Eo Na = jee agi SoeciaS” ule nando Con ‘PLa0 Knat Me gat Dat (New You Haroun, Beas & Wend oe, 1532).os wy ase uel he age of el fe wage Ne abe met le a a ne Sic se end cor SIRS Sate nncent, Bot how, Semmens ras, ae a ae hi Bron tr yr td cea uh ens oa wt cel wh he eee ee ee mayne mel bry» oe ft it eh pe on ca ere se Foal Stes a ne te Ht Dios ng fae Fe ee a er on he oy St ha es Ye a i ete ave ie Sat Be in ce ote an em at ge Ft cs er ag ag cof mali inthe Fit Dien Re ees wn a a tte Sowing te an at Sem a yaa aah ot oe Se erent he moon Pot rn fo ens a ers ku ee eet yang et Festa ee cette io ag wet encod pte os ‘In 1846, a commission that had been appointed to investigate the me nate nies eet See a Se yao fe eng ta enc eg Bs, Sen ee te aa aan eee ong so a Rename nos ses ae ee ee seem) Ge maven we tM et Dense! ns ple n ‘Soar ut ete pe aa he a wae mera nil Se ropes iecommi eeee n he a deine we wir toca oe Fos Sep pnts we ate, Oe of then ace neta ang ase a Caan nese eesti nro: Me es nc acne oe poe Sa cn toe ve rin er Dg aed 0 aah om oe ester Sapeice te ecra ioe We ae Ta weg lead ea Seca sc ee a Neonat come bys sounaboat out and witht singing ofthe Bln der {ovat thes chamber slaty and wnbacva But the musty So the Fint Dieion dil not decree ‘Ann enn gested Selby the latin tat in the Fit Bras the wine wet deve ng on heb Scond ison, on thei. ‘Though he thought tun te Scat “thes Sowing non cic ot ate at hee is Sites i pocele wae gic He intadoced the we ofthe inten posto ate Fist Dro, bu pain the ty venaaed sed ° Ata, ety in 187, am accident gave Somme the deine cto fr ston ofthe Poem, A cling of ie Kaleo, ‘eccved«pncte sown nthe Gog, fom fe salpel of «stad ‘rth whoo he wa estvming an spi, ad ed ar sn agoninng ne rng which be aed he ame smptons at Semmes ‘dotenel nthe vitinetchbel fee Albough he leo mr xg Such fection ta ot jet Been fecognzed a the ie, ‘Srnec tat eadavese mater” which the moder spl ‘ed Introd to Kolledss Hood stem bad ote bs Ieagot fat Moa, Aod the sais etwas the cue of ol lets dase and that of the momen in he ine fed Senses tendon ht hn do ot he nen Bod ‘toning. hey hr cllengen and the met sade Bd een te ‘Etc fh cos Rater fr bea i sts aed come tear dey Som petoming cnc in he pt {nd xmie the women sb af oni saperaly ing thee Mindtehih ein ibeds thectaste aloe "Asin, Smet pot ids toto He sooed that Se sci ther cdi feral be pent by chem eto Jngthe nats matlab to hc bade He estore asd 30 ‘rk eqoing al medal tents to wath thc ands ston ated lie bere mshing an amination, Te mari fom ‘died foes peneply began Yo dose tnd oe the yar 1810 R ico 1.27 pr on nthe Bist Dron ompred to 133 Inthe Scone Ts ter spp of ideo ot Ryotens a we wil ao ‘ay, melon that across the malty inthe Sond Dison one was sto Toner: the pets thee werent by mv when tang ot eae Sra ‘clinton by dination of ade “The hypathess slo epsine! the lower mot among “eet bit men who aie thes i ms wee Forel amid Sic alton atid 1 Retr chance of ping fotonSiniay, the hypothe acounted for the fact tat the itn of ‘litdbel fee among the nonborn babi were all among those whove totes ad contact the dense daring aor fo then the infection ould be tanvmted to the by Before beth, though the common Blowtstteam of mtr and eh, wheres this as impose when the ‘note emaived be "orthr cna experiences soon led Sernmeines to ron bis lypothess On or cots, fr ample, he ad his ast, having ‘rely iifeted ther bands, ezmned ist a woman in labor who tras afering from a fistring ceria cane, then they proceeded t0 Gomine tvahe ote women nthe same foom, afer only routine ‘Suing ithout renewed dais, Eleven of he twelve patient did Ut poopeat fers, Seameine conciaded tat cildbed eve cn be {aubed not only by cadaveric mater, Dut ao by “puted mater eve fom lng ous” We have sen ho, in ig sarch for the eae of eid foes, ‘Stnumelncs come vaso pothens that had been suggested posse aware Hw soc bypoteses ae arved a nthe Est ces an guing ston wh we wl conde ter, owes let tr examine how # pothesis once proposed, i te Sometimes the pocecue gute dec. Consider the conjctes that dienes in coving rind, of in geneal eae account for the difewcace in moray Hetwern the tee dvisns. As Semmelweis polts ont toe confit with real obvenable facts. There ate m0 Ich ifecenes Beowor he dion, the hypothe are therefore tej ae ‘at esa he est wil be es simple and staightforua, Take the hypothesis attnbating the high setaty in the Fist Dison to the {hd cwke by the appearance ofthe pie with is attendant. The fensty of that dread; sod pecially eect upon ehilded fee, ae nto deli aneriainble ae dfleencs in owding on et, Gnd Seomelves sit an inert method of fetiag. He ms himself ‘Ne thee any rndly sbueable ees tha shoud ocur the ispoth- (Sis wore te? And he restona Ifthe Inpotess wee tm, them a8 Spmopite change inthe pes’sprocedare shoud te followed By a ‘deans in faites He choke th mpl by 2 simple experiment Sin Ende fle, apd be therfore recs the bypass. ‘Silay, 1 test his conjecture about the poston ofthe women Awing deve, he rnsone Tf thi conetare shoud Be trey the ‘Mpion of the lial postion inthe Fist Diviion vel edoce the ‘morality. Aes, the impo shown false by is expen, ard he contre dnd Inthe ust woe thet sed oman gue to the let thatthe contemplated hypothe say H, true, hen cetin sie SS cents (egy deine fr monly) shuld eer woe pelcd estes (ee pit tas rom walking though ew, rif fe nomen ne dared wn teal poston) or ity i tn te we fa tata! Eng Ihe aber oe rent to be epee. For convene fer wy tat Cs feel ‘Sriapi Handi ool fe ptt of te pth scr (We ul ter ges ore stunted othe eatin ‘between I and H.) ° or "Ts ors tro examples, expetinnts show the et impiaton to te fae and the hypothe seofingy rejected The reson tat ads ote etn maybe heated a fle WaT stro, then oie 24)_Bat (athe eee hows) To Ti notin. ‘Any sgument of this form, eld modus tlt in togig? de ‘etl that i fits premise sentens stove the ax Tne) ate ta, then is coneteien (the sentence teow the horcotal lin) efaingy tue a wel Hence, if te premise of (25) ae prope exblnie, the hypothesis H ft eg ted most deed Brtgeced ‘Net ew consie the case where observation ot experinent tears ‘oat the txt inpliaton 1 From hs bypoters that cikbel fever |sbleod posoning produce by essere nutter, Sonmebwes inf tat Suitable snp meaires wil dae ft rom he diese, Tht time experiment shows the et iplton fo be te, Bit ths favorable coiteome dos not condusely prove the hypotheses, forthe ner ‘sing argent would ve the fom CH ste, then 2a) (Aethe eso owe) Lis re, Hime ‘And this ode of ening, hich refered to the falar of of ring th cman dccty mh ht ye ono ay be fae even ff preminsste te” Ths win ft sated by Senmeue oun eons’ The ina enon of hi sean hl bed ever form oon psoning presented ine wi ne ‘mite een ye oe al on soe of he dsr ad he ws {hn roi at fur ppethen old be oe the econ “Ep Siterray age hee em as 2038