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pressure in SI was expressed in units such as N/m². Atmospheric pressures are usually
stated using kilopascal (kPa), or atmospheres (atom),
TYPES OF PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES:
Pressure can be measured by different type of devices
There different types are
1. Different type of manometers.
2. Different types of barometers.
3. McLeod gauges
4. Bourdon gauges.
EQUATION DERIVATION:
A "U"-Tube manometer
Pressure in a continuous static fluid is the same at any horizontal level so,
If the fluid being measured is a gas, the density will probably be very low in comparison
to the density of the manometric fluid i.e. rman >> r. In this case the term can be
neglected, and the gauge pressure give by
EQUATION DERIVATION:
Pressure difference measurement by the "U"-Tube manometer If the
manometer is arranged as in the figure above, then
We know from the theory of the "U" tube manometer that the height different in the two
columns gives the pressure difference so
TILTED MANOMETER:
The pressure difference is still given by the height change of the manometric fluid but by
placing the scale along the line of the tilted arm and taking this reading large movements
will be observed. The pressure difference is then given by
EQUATION:
The sensitivity to pressure change can be increased further by a greater inclination of the
manometer arm, alternatively the density of the manometric fluid may be changed.
BAROMETER
A Barometer
You probably realize that as we use a vacuum pump to remove the air from one side of
the U tube, the liquid is going to shift away from the open tube and toward the pump.
This is due to atmospheric pressure in the open tube pushing down on the liquid further,
the liquid will continue to rise toward the pump until the atmospheric pressure simply
cannot push it up any more. The actual height to which it will go depends upon the liquid
being used. For mercury, the liquid will rise until the upper level is about 30 inches above
the lower level. The reason it's a barometer is because the difference in height between
the two columns is proportional to the atmospheric pressure. As the pressure goes up, the
difference in height will increase. The reading of this barometer will be in inches of
mercury, and will be very nearly 30 in/Hg.
Water barometer
Water can be used as the liquid to make a pretty good
barometer, but there is a practical difficulty in that the arms of the U tube need to be
about 34 feet long. That is, atmospheric pressure is able to push a column of water
upward a distance of 34 feet above the level at which the pressure is applied. The first
barometer was developed by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643, in the era of Issac
Newton. One of his earlier models used water as the liquid. After Mr. Torricelli had
developed a workable and portable mercury barometer, he and his friends read the thing
very carefully while down in the valley, and then carried it up to the top of a nearby
mountain. Ahh ha! The barometer indicated a lower pressure at the top of the mountain
than it did down in the valley. This gave the first indication that the atmosphere of the
earth had a finite depth rather than extending upward forever. Now, at the beginning of
this article, we said that for every 34 feet a diver goes down into water, the pressure
increases 14.7psi.Do you see the relationship? That is the equivalent of atmospheric
pressure and the height of the corresponding water column:
Atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi = 30 in/Hg = 34 feet of waterAll these numbers
are approximate, of course
Aneroid barometers
Most barometers we encounter use a mechanical mechanism of some sort
rather than columns of liquid to sense atmospheric pressure. These are called aneroid
barometers. The word "aneroid" somehow means "without liquid." A typical aneroid
barometer utilizes a bellows made of thin metal that expands or contracts as the air
pressure changes. The movement of the bellows is communicated to the indicator needle
by an intricate linkage that also provides for adjustment and calibration. In fact, the
altimeters on our planes are aneroid barometers with a few modifications.
3. McLeod gauge.
A McLeod gauge isolates a sample of gas and compresses it in a modified mercury
manometer until the pressure is a few mmHg. The gas must be well-behaved during its
compression (it must not condense, for example). The technique is slow and unsuited to
continual monitoring, but is capable of good accuracy.
4. Bourdon guage:
A Bourdon gauge uses a coiled tube, which, as it expands due to pressure increase causes
a rotation of an arm connected to the tub
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