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There are six stages that have been identified in the model:
• 1) Precontemplation - the person is unaware of the
problem or has not thought seriously about change;
• 2) Contemplation - the person is seriously thinking
about a change (in the near future);
Individual (Intrapersonal) Health
Behavior Models/Theories
2. Stages of Change Model or Transtheoretical Model
Concept.
There are six stages that have been identified in the model:
• 3) Preparation - the person is planning to take action
and is making final adjustments before changing
behavior;
• 4) Action - the person implements some specific action
plan to overtly modify behavior and surroundings;
• 5) Maintenance - the person continues with desirable
actions (repeating the periodic recommended steps
while struggling to prevent lapses and relapse; and
• 6) Termination - the person has zero temptation and the
ability to resist relapse.
• In relapse, the person reverts back to old
behavior which can occur during either
action or maintenance. This model is a
circular, rather than a linear model.
• In fact, it is more of a spiral as the person
may go through several cycles of
contemplation, action, relapse (or recycle)
before either reaching termination or
exiting the system without becoming free
of the addictive behavior.
• Prochaska has used a "revolving-door
schema" to explain the sequence that
people pass through in their efforts to
become free from addictions. People do
not go through the stages and graduate;
they can enter and exit at any point and
often recycle several times.
• Other studies indicate that individuals
often go through these same changes
whether they use self-help or self-
management techniques, seek
professional counseling or attend
organized programs.
Individual (Intrapersonal) Health
Behavior Models/Theories
3. Consumer Information Processing Model
• It was developed out of the study of human
problem solving and information processing.
• Information processing has been one of the
dominant paradigms in social psychology for
quite a while, even though CIP is still relatively
new.
• This model was not developed specifically for
health related behavior, but it has many useful
applications in the area of health education.
Individual (Intrapersonal) Health
Behavior Models/Theories
3. Consumer Information Processing Model
• Information is a necessary tool in health
education. However, just as knowledge is
necessary but not sufficient for behavior
change, information is necessary but not
sufficient for knowledge.
• There are limits to any person's information
processing capacity. This is defined as the
limitations upon individuals in the amount of
information they can acquire, use and
remember.
Individual (Intrapersonal) Health
Behavior Models/Theories
3. Consumer Information Processing Model
Concept:
• Health educators can examine why people use or fail
to use health information, and then design
informational strategies that have better chances for
success.
• The search for information is the process of
acquiring and evaluating information. This process is
affected by the person's motivation, attention and
perception at that point in time. In general, consumers
tend not to engage in extended information searches.
Individual (Intrapersonal) Health
Behavior Models/Theories
3. Consumer Information Processing Model Concept:
• There are two central assumptions of CIP.
• First, individuals are limited to how much information
they can process (the information processing capacity
referred to earlier).
• Second, in order to increase the usability of information,
individuals combine little pieces or bits of information
into "chunks" and make decision rules or heuristics to
make choices faster and more easily. These are the
rules of thumb which are developed and used to help
consumers select more easily among alternatives.
Consumer Information Processing
Model Concept
• James Bettman created one of the best known models of
CIP which is shown previously. It shows a cyclical
process of information search, choice, use and learning,
and feedback for future decision-making. There are
several feedback loops throughout the model. The
consumption and learning processes involve internal
feedback based on the outcome of choices and their use
in future decisions.
• James Bettman's version of this model has now been
extended to consider that the information environment
affects how easily people obtain, process and use
information. This includes the amount, location, format,
readability, and ability to process relevant information.
Consumer Information Processing
Model Concept
• There are some basic CIP concepts that can be
applied to health education. Before people will
use health information, it must be:
• 1) available,
• 2) seen as useful and new, and
• 3) processable or in a friendly format.