FUNCTION

AUTOMATIC METRO
TRAIN
Synopsis
Submitted To
Rajiv Gandhi Prodyougiki
Vishwavidyalaya
Bhopal

In Partial Fulfillment of
Requirement for the
Degree of Bachelor of
Engineering
In
Electronics & Communication

By
Abhishek Kr. Garg
Abhishek Richhariya
Atul Rathore
Prawal Pandey
FUNCTION

Department of Electronics &

Communication

SCOPE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

Bhopal

2009-2010

AUTOMATIC METRO TRAIN

Synopsis
Submitted To
Rajiv Gandhi Prodyougiki Vishwavidyalaya
Bhopal

In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the

Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics & Communication

By
Abhishek Kr. Garg
Abhishek Richhariya
Atul Rathore
Prawal Pandey
FUNCTION

Under the guidance

Of
Mr. Abhinay Gupta
(Lecturer)

Department of Electronics & Communication

SCOPE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Bhopal 2009-2010

INDEX

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Status of technology

1.2 Justification
1.3 Objectives

2 Literature Survey

3 Technical Programme and Technical Details

4 Components used

4.1 Working Principle

4.2 Circuit Diagram
4.3 Block Diagram

5 References
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INTRODUCTION

STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY

This project is designed so that students can understand the technique. Now a
day’s train accidents are comman in railway system. To Protact train accidents every
country are developing systems .And it is used in most of the developed countries like
Germany, France & Japan etc... These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control
the train.. Every signal is also equpied with CPU on the path ; The Signal dectectsb
TRAIN and make signal according RED,GREEN,YELLOW. In this project we try to
give the same prototype for this type of signal. We are using ATMEL AVR
Microcontroller as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Geard Motor, for
displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The
proto type is designed for one signal
There are indicators, which are used to show the train running.If train dects RED signal
the train stops by applying the brakes . It describes a prototype that has been developed
to demonstrate the concept of integrated gaming and simulation for incident management.
Architecture for the purpose was developed and presented at the last conference. A
hypothetical emergency incident scenario has been developed for demonstrating the
applicability of integrated simulation and gaming. A number of simulation and gaming
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modules have been utilized to model the major aspects of the hypothetical scenario. The
modules demonstrate the values of utilizing simulation for incident management `

WHAT IS EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY

Embedded technology is software or hardware that is hidden embedded in a large device or

system. It typically refers to a fixed function device, as compared with a PC, which runs
general purpose application. Embedded technology is nothing new. It all around us and has
been for years. An early example of embedded technology is the engine control unit in a car,
which measures what setting to give the engine. Your coffee maker has embedded
technology in the form of a microcontroller, which is what tells it to make the coffee at 6 a.m.
the vending machine has it too. Overall, billions of devices woven into everyday life use
embedded technology. In the past embedded technology existed in standalone device vending
machines and copiers that did their jobs with little regard for what went on around them,. But
as technology has learned to connect device to the internet and to each other, embedded
technology potential has grown. Suddenly it is and what actions those connections let them
perform. Cell phone companies figured that out a long time ago, which is why cell phones are
cheap and the service, plans are expensive. It is not the phone itself that matters, but the
connectivity to a vast network of other phones, other people and the internet. Until you
download software that lets you find a local restaurant or mange your finances. When it
brakes the customer calls a service person, who probably comes from somewhere other than
your company. But let us say that freezer knows that it is about to go on the fritz. Let say
three refrigerator alerts the customer before it breaks. Better yet, let us say the freezer alerts
the manufacturer and you are able to send a service person to do preventative work and save
a lot of haagen- dazs from melting. Embedded technology allows all of that to happen. You,
the freezer company have transformed yourself from a product company to product and
services company. The possibilities go beyond that programming device to communicate
with businesses can eliminate the need for costly call centers. Copy machines that can order
FUNCTION

their own replacement cartridges will save businesses time and money. Remember, the fact
the technology is embedded is not what important, and neither is the device.

JUSTIFICATION

This Project is useful in developing countries & this project has a bright future as it is
being used in countries like Germany, France & Japan. This project helps us to control
train without a driver and the stations are shown on the LCD so the passenger doesn’t has
any difficulty. This project will lead to increase in technological trends & this will help
the people in many ways.
It also includes an emergency brake system due to which the train stops as soon as the
brakes are applied and resumes journey when the emergency situation is over.
These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control the train. The train is programmed
for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and
distance between the two stations is predefined.
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LITERATURE SURVEY

In fact, it should have started with , the invention of microprocessor. Intel

introduced a single-chip processor, the 4004, in 1971. It was a 4-bit
microprocessor, with whopping processing speed of 100 thousand operations
per second, and was meant for an electronic calculator. There is a lot of 4-bit
processing in calculators, especially if the software is based on BCD
arithmetic. Later Intel introduced the 8-bitter 8008 and it's grown-up
brother - the famous 8080 (which then was perfected by an ex-Intel employee
as Zilog Z80, one of the best 8-bit microprocessors of all times). In 1976, Intel
introduced its first microcontroller, 8048. It integrated the processing core
with code and data memory and certain peripherals. The code memory was a
1kB mask ROM (defined by the last metallization mask during the chip
processing) or EPROM (after all, Intel invented EPROM), the data memory
was 64 bytes of RAM (including the 8-level stack and two pages of eight
general purpose registers). Besides general-purpose I/O (see below),
peripherals included a timer and an external interrupt (plus the necessary
interrupt system). Although the 8048 is clearly an 8-bit architecture, it is said
to be an ancestor of the 4-bit 4004 rather than the 8080. Also it is said to bear
remarkable similarities to Fairchild F8 microprocessor. Today, it is hard to
say whether something of this is true, but one thing is sure, the 8048 has a
couple of strange features. Using four of its general purpose input/output
ports, and adding one or more 8243-type chip - and the I/O expand into
another four 4-bit ports. This expansion has not only support in the
FUNCTION

hardware - dedicated pins on 8048 - but also in the instruction set, having
dedicated instructions for I/O operations (including AND and OR(!)) via the
expander.

APPLICATIONS of embaded system

Telecom
Mobile phone systems (handsets and base stations), modems, routers

Automotive application
Braking system, Traction control, Airbag release system, Management units, and Steer-by-
wire systems.

Domestic application
Dishwasher, television, washing machines, microwave ovens, Video recorders, Security
system, Garage door controllers, Calculators, Digital watches, VCRs, Digital cameras,
Remote Controls, Treadmills Robotic Fire fighting robot, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic
arm .

Aerospace application
Flight control system, Engine controllers, Autopilots, Passenger entertainment system

Medical equipment
Anesthesia monitoring system, ECG monitors, Pacemakers, Drug delivery systems, MRI
scanners
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Defense system
Radar systems, Fighter aircraft flight control system, Radio system, Missile guidance systems

Office automation
Laser printers, Fax machines, Pagers, Cash registers, Gas pumps, Credit /Debit card readers,
Thermostats, Grain analyzers.

COMPONENTS
List Of Components

Sr.No. Equipment Quantity

1. IC Atmega 16L MC 1
2. IC L298 1

4. Voltage Regulator 7805 1

5. 2 line LCD display 1
6. Motor 4
7. Crystal Oscillator 110592Hz 1
8. Switch 1
9. LED 6
10 . Resistors(220Ω,4.7kΩ,10kΩ) 10
11 . Capacitors(33pf,ceramic disk) 2
12 . Diode 2
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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

1) MICRO-CONTROLLER Atmega 16L

Overview

The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR

enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock
cycle, the ATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1MIPS per MHz allowing
the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.\
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction
executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while
achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC
microcontrollers.
The ATmega16 provides the following features: 16K bytes of In-System
Programmable Flash Program memory with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512
bytes EEPROM, 1K byte SRAM, 32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose
working registers, a JTAG interface for Boundary-scan, On-chip Debugging
support and programming, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes,
Internal and External Interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte oriented
Two-wire Serial Interface, an 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential input
stage with programmable gain (TQFP package only), a programmable Watchdog
Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and six software selectable power
saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the USART, Two-wire
interface, A/D Converter, SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system
to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register contents
but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next External
Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the Asynchronous Timer
continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the
device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O
modules except Asynchronous Timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during
ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running
while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with
low-power consumption. In Extended Standby mode, both the main Oscillator and
the Asynchronous Timer continue to run. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s
high density nonvolatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface, by
a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program
running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any interface to download the
application program in the Application Flash memory. Software
FUNCTION

in the Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application Flash section is
updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC
CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
ATmega16 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and cost-
effective solution to many embedded control applications. The ATmega16 AVR is
supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: C
compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators,
and evaluation kits.

Features Of Atmega 16L Microcontroller

• High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
– 16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– 512 Bytes EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– 1K Byte Internal SRAM
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG
Interface
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Four PWM Channels
– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels
7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
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– Programmable Serial USART

– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby
and Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
– 32 Programmable I/O Lines
– 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF
• Operating Voltages
– 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L
– 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16
• Speed Grades
– 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L
– 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16

Pin Descriptions
VCC
Digital supply voltage.

GND
Ground.

Port A (PA7..PA0)
Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.Port A also serves as an 8-
bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide
internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When
pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source
current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Port B (PB7..PB0)
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
eachbit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16.
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Port C (PC7..PC0)
Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sinkand source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally
pulled low will sourcecurrent if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins
are tri-stated when a resetcondition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI),
PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activatedeven if a reset occurs. Port C also serves
the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of theATmega16 .

Port D (PD7..PD0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
eachbit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16.

RESET
Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will
generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given
in Table 15 on page 35. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.

XTAL1
Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.

AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

About Code Examples

This documentation contains simple code examples that briefly show how to use
various parts of the device. These code examples assume that the part specific
header file is included before compilation. Be aware that not all C Compiler vendors
include bit definitions in the header files and interrupt handling in C is compiler
dependent. Please confirm with the C Compiler documentation for more details.
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TECHNICAL PROGRAMME

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ·

Phase resistance (Ohms): 75

· Current (mA): 150
· Phase Inductance (mH): 39
· Detent torque (g-cm): 80
· Holding Torque (g-cm): 600
· Mounting hole space diagonal (in.): 1.73
· Mounting hole (in.) 0.11
· Shaft diameter (in.): 0.197
· Shaft length (in.): 0.43
· Motor Diameter (in.): 1.66
· Motor height (in.): 1.35
· Weight: 0.55 lbs.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE

METRO TRAIN MODEL is a microcontroller based device. It is used in driverless metro

train, which is used in most of developed countries. These trains are equipped with CPU,
which control the chain. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on
the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is
predefined. Basically it has four parts
1. POWER SUPPLY
2. ATMEL AVR MICRO
3. DISPLAY UNIT
4. MOTOR

The 230 AC supply is converted into 9 volts by the power supply section in which 4 .
Elements are used.
1. TRANSFORMER
2. 7805 REGULATOR
3. DIODES 4007 (in bridge shape)
FUNCTION

4. CAPACITOR OF 100 MICRO FARADS & 470 MICRO FARAD

The 230 volts is attenuated by 9 volts by transformer. Then it is rectified by the bridge
rectifier made up of diodes. Then the 9 v is regulated by 7805. 1000 micro farad capacitor
is used to filter the DC voltage. The LED attaches to check the correctness of power
supply. In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are
using microcontroller 8051 as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper
Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two
lines. The train is designed for three stations, named as Mandideep, Misrod & Habibganj
and time between two consecutive stations is 6 Sec.

SOFTWARE USED

An QBASIC language program should be converted to machine language for execution

by processor. Embded a program written in mnemonics to its equivalent machine codes.

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

A high level language like C may be used to write programs for processor software called
compiler converts this high level language program down to machine code. Ease of
programming and portability.
FUNCTION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit Diagram of Metro Train Model

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Block Diagram of microcontroller

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REFRENCES

1. Collins, J.; Pymm, P, “Replacement of the station data logger at Hunterston B

nuclear power station”, ‘Retrofit and Upgrading of Computer Equipment in
Nuclear Power Stations, IEE Colloquium’ on 11 Mar 1991 Page(s):11 - 15.

2. Engel berg, S.; Kaminsky, T.; Horesh, M.; “Instrumentation notes - A USB-
Enabled, FLASH-Disk-Based DAS”, Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine,
IEEE,

Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2007 Page(s):63 – 66.

3. Erdem, H, “Design and implementation of data acquisition for fuzzy logic
controller” ‘Industrial Technology, 2002. IEEE ICIT '02. 2002 IEEE International
Conference’ on 11-14 Dec. 2002 Page(s):199 - 204 vol.1.

4. Kuchta, R.; Stefan, P.; Barton, Z.; Vrba, R.; Sveda, M, “Wireless temperature
data logger”, ‘Sensors and the International Conference on new Techniques in
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research, 2005 Asian Conference’ on 5-7 Sept. 2005
Page(s):208 – 212.

5. Lee Tat Man, “Recording power demand characteristics and harmonic pollution
by a general-purpose data logger”, ‘Advances in Power System Control, Operation
and Management, 1991. APSCOM-91., 1991 International Conference’ on 5-8 Nov
1991 Page(s):737 - 743 vol.2.

6. Luharuka, E.; GAO, R.X., “A microcontroller-based data acquisition for

physiological sensing”, ‘Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference,
2002. IMTC/2002. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE’, 21-23 May 2002 Page(s):175 - 180
vol.1.
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PIN CONFIGURATION
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3) VOLAGE REGULATOR

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators
are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic
protection from excessive current (over load protection) and overheating (thermal
protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads. They include a hole for
attaching a heat sink if necessary.

DESCRIPTION
These voltage regulators are monolithic circuit integrated circuit designed as fixed voltage
regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card regulation. These
regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-area compensation.
With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in excess of 1.0 A. Although
designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltage and current.
FUNCTION

FEATURES

• Output current in Excess of 1.0 A

• No external component required
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Internal short circuit current limiting
• Output transistor safe-area compensation
• Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance
• Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages
• Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a junction temperature range
of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.
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LCD DISPLAY

DESCRIPTION OF LCD DISPLAY This is the first interfacing example for the
Parallel Port. We will start with something simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-
directional feature found on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if not all Parallel
Ports. It however doesn't show the use of the Status Port as an input. These LCD Modules are
very common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all the logic required to run
them is on board.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output.
While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which don't.
Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable
for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. We
make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W
line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As
a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has
accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting
known delays into our program. The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD
panel. Nothing fancy here. As with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can
use a bench power supply set to 5v or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-
coupling capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly. The 2
line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of manufacturers and
should all be compatible with the HD44780. The diagram to the right shows the pin numbers
for these devices. When viewed from the front, the left pin is pin 16 and the right pin is pin 1.
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DIODE
The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the flow of the
current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward bias

When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it is in forward bias. The Zener diode
is used in reverse bias function i.e. N to P direction. Visually the identification of the diode`s
terminal can be done by identifying he silver/black line. The silver/black line is the negative
terminal (cathode) and the other terminal is the positive terminal (cathode).
FUNCTION

APPLICATION

• Diodes: Rectification, free-wheeling, etc

• Zener diode: Voltage control, regulator etc.

• Tunnel diode: Control the current flow, snobbier circuit, etc

RESISTORS
The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many
respects to mechanical friction .this opposing force is called resistance of the material .in
some electric circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of resistor. Resistor used
fall in three categories , only two of which are color coded which are metal film and carbon
film resistor .the third category is the wire wound type ,where value are generally printed on
the vitreous paint finish of the component. Resistors are in ohms and are represented in Greek
letter omega, looks as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit require resistors to
make them work properly and it is obliviously important to find out something about the
different types of resistors available. Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is
an omega ohm. 1 ohm is quite small for electronics so resistances are often given in kohm
and Mohm. Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1 ohm or as high as
10 Mohm
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