Pathophysiology

Precipitating Factors:
 exposure to radiation
Predisposing
ETIOLOGY: and certain chemicals
Factors:
Age Unknown  having a sibling with
Gender leukemia
Race  HTLV-1 virus
Family HIstory  genetic abnormalities
Somatic mutations in  chromosomal
the DNA translocations

Activate oncogene/
deactivate tumor-
supppresor gene

Malignant transformation
of lymphoid stem cells

s/sx:
Uncontrolled proliferation bone pain Treatment:
of lymphoblast in the bone joint pain Analgesic
marrow

Diagnostic Treatment:
Test: Lymphoblast replace the  Remission
BM aspiration normal marrow elements Induction
BM biopsy Therapy
 Consolidation
and Maintenance
Therapy
 BM
Transplantation
 Diagnostic Leukopenia Decreased production of s/sx: Treatment:
Test: 9 normal blood cells  presence of  Blood
(↓4.36 x 10 /L)
CBC petechiae transfusion
Decreased production  bruise &  Epoetin and
of normal blood cells bleed easily hemapoetic
Spillage of lymphoblast  anemia stimulants
s/sx: Infection into the bloodstream  fatigue
fever, chills  dizziness
seizure  palpitations
 dyspnea
Organ infiltration
If treated: If not treated
Antibiotic
Ig
Leukapheresis
Septicemia

Prevention of Death
complications

Diagnostic CNS
Kidneys Test:
s/sx: Liver / Diagnostic
s/sx: MRI
h/a, weakness, blurred Spleen Test:
 Little/ no vision, balance difficulty, Ultrasonography
Renal failure UO Treatment: leukocyte cells vomiting, lethargy
 ↑RR Intrathecal impairs the
Flank pain Extra cells
 chemotherapy circulation of
cause the
 Restless CSF s/sx: s/sx:
liver/spleen
 n/v ↑ CSF hepatomegal
to rupture
 legs and leukocytes y
feet Diagnostic splenomegaly
swelling Test: leukocyte cells elevated ALT
compresses s/sx: bleeding (81 u/L)
Spinal Tap
spinal/ cranial cranial nerve palsies
nerves confusional states
optic neuropathy Hypovolemic s/sx:
cerebellar dysfunction shock hypotension
papilledema tachypnea
Progress to coma
tachychardia
 Physical
Overgrown s/sx: Exam Lymph
thymus shortness of Diagnostic nodes
breath test:
cough Lymph node
suffocation biopsy
Compress Mediastinal
the Superior lymphadenopathy
Vena Cava
s/sx:
lymphadenopathy
Bronchial/tracheal
SVC syndrome obstruction

Treatment: s/sx:
s/sx:  O2 cough, wheezes, Esophageal
 swelling of administration respiratory tract compression
head, neck  Bronchodilator obstruction
and arms s
 obstruction of
Erosion of node
blood flow s/sx: into a bronchus/
dysphagia trachea

s/sx: Severe
hemoptysis hypoxia

DEATH