BOOK TWO

CRIMES AND PENALTIES

Title One

CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS

Chapter One
CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

Section One. — Treason and espionage

Art. 114. Treason. — Any person who, owing allegiance to (the United States or) the
Government of the Philippine Islands, not being a foreigner, levies war against them or
adheres to their enemies, giving them aid or comfort within the Philippine Islands or
elsewhere, shall be punished by reclusion temporal to death and shall pay a fine not to exceed
P20,000 pesos.
No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses at least to
the same overt act or on confession of the accused in open court.
Likewise, an alien, residing in the Philippine Islands, who commits acts of treason as defined
in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be punished by prision mayor to death and shall pay a fine
not to exceed P20,000 pesos. (As amended by E.O. No. 44, May 31, 1945).
Art. 115. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason; Penalty. — The conspiracy or
proposal to commit the crime of treason shall be punished respectively, by prision mayor and
a fine not exceeding P10,000 pesos, and prision correccional and a fine not exceeding P5,000
pesos.
Art. 116. Misprision of treason. — Every person owing allegiance to (the United States) the
Government of the Philippine Islands, without being a foreigner, and having knowledge of
any conspiracy against them, conceals or does not disclose and make known the same, as
soon as possible to the governor or fiscal of the province, or the mayor or fiscal of the city in
which he resides, as the case may be, shall be punished as an accessory to the crime of
treason.
Art. 117. Espionage. — The penalty of prision correccional shall be inflicted upon any
person who:
1. Without authority therefor, enters a warship, fort, or naval or military establishment
or reservation to obtain any information, plans, photographs, or other data of a
confidential nature relative to the defense of the Philippine Archipelago; or
2. Being in possession, by reason of the public office he holds, of the articles, data, or
information referred to in the preceding paragraph, discloses their contents to a
representative of a foreign nation.
The penalty next higher in degree shall be imposed if the offender be a public officer or
employee.