1.

Trigonometric Identities
sin−=−sin
cosec −=−cosec 
cos−=cos 
sec −=sec  
tan−=−tan 
cot−=−cot
sin±=sin  cos ±cos  sin 
cos ±=cos  cos ∓sin sin 
tan ±tan 
tan ±=
1∓tan tan 
sin2 =2sin cos 
cos 2=cos 2 −sin 2 =2cos2 −1=1−2sin 2 
2tan 
tan2 =
1−tan 2 
1
sin 2 =  1−cos 2 
2
2 1
cos =  1cos 2  
2
sin−sin =2sin    
−
2
cos

2

cos−cos =−2sin    
−
2
sin

2
Using the polar coordinates for a circle, we get the following relation:
2 2 2
x  y =r where r = radius
Polar coordinates of the circle are:
  x=acos , y=bsin
For a circle a=b=r , giving:
2 2
cos sin =1
Thus, the following relationships hold:
1−sin 2 =cos 2 
1−cos 2 =sin 2 
2 2
1tan =sec 
1cot 2 =cosec 2 

2. Triangular relationships
Given a triangle abc, with angles A, B, and C, where a is opposite to A, b 
is opposite to B, and c is opposite to C:
 a b c
= = Law of Sines
sin A  sin B sinC 
a 2=b2 c 2−2 b c cos A 
b2=a2c 2−2 a c cos B Law of Cosines
c 2=a2b2−2 a b cosC 
A−B
tan  
a−b 2
= Law of Tangents
ab AB
tan  
2