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TGKP+YRJ GUFKG(GHO

&JRYUR @(JRKYRJ GUFKG(GHO TGKP+YRJ


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TGKP+YRJ GUFKG(GHO
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TGKP+YRJ GUFKG(GHO

&JRYURJ TI(KYUPJUHO
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"Tg9i> ¢> ¡-ª/ *yui> •> ¢-•}
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Y(YTJH G%GIO

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&JRYUR GKFGHJH G%AFU


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&JRYUR IO XGKG:G(KYUJ TGLYUGH


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g
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eyny9h gn 3tfvjh ghi=/ ™¢ Orgu ghyhv> ≥G]7r = jt g9juhr, hy]9 yu3kjh g9juho, y9 io
pgwyuj 4gkf9y?u lgtg9/ ™∞ Q4tg]9kg;=r io 7g7kg9g9ft 6fbj> œGri= fk2
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&JRYUR IO DYU$GI+ :FK(YRJ YU(GVYUTO


"Tgkp> ™§> £¡-£∞/ *yui> ™™> £¡-£¢/ &ysl> ¡£> £§-£•}

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bg9hft, yu yc3g9hf9o ;jkj v9yujh / ™• Eg7v 7g9yupjuh g5hfn=r fk2m 6fbt= g5ga
;jkj f9pgt Dgnjnfg÷/ ™ª :fk9yr orgu ghy9> ≥P=fu eyny9h gn dg7pgi8jh, efrm
ehg]umm÷/ £º &jryur orgu ghy9> ≥Q4tg]9kg;=r io 7g7kg9g9ft 2fbj> œXyuh g]7r19, g7r
dj4f9 jri, xf5 g2g8g8o f9iyu ghdgt cighcg0m f9f]2 ghdgt ;jkj yu9ghgr bjr ÷/
£¡ :fk9yr gufnj io ;hx=9 yu i'or=9> ≥Hy7hjri fp= ;=k2 onng7 y9 2fbj lfk tf5hjt,
ehg]u ;jkj cyu9ghgt 2fb÷/ Hy]7h;=r i'or=jh eyny9h gn/

&JRYUR I'G*ºP+ DFPRFTGHJJ T+A


"Tgkp> ™§> £§-¢§/ *yui> ™™> £ª-¢§}

£™ Figh sg79 tom y9yuh ghyuho Dfprftghj =9, fu orgu j9 g4gif9khf9yuh> ≥Ly]r
hrkfv=2m tjhcfu y9 fr g81pft÷/ ££ J9fh lfk g5hfnys :fk9yro, &giyeyrh yu
&yslghh=ro, rirgu rgrkji g7ng7njn fu 4gk s4kghgn/ £¢ Lfkfugeg9 orgu ghyhv>
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£∞ @jc to g5afu f9pgnysm jhigu dfkjh, j9 f9frjh s9g7, fu g81pfv, y9 fp= ig9fnj =m
g7x zgto ghvhj j9t=/ £§ Gh orgu> ≥Geeg], Lg]79, gt=h egh ig9fnj = 2fbj> lf5gvy]u9
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&JRYURJ ^F(EGIGNYUPJUHO
"Tgkp> ™§> ¢¶-∞§/ *yui> ™™> ¢¶-∞£/ &ysl> ¡•> £-¡™}

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2glghg7g;fkjh 0g5g7jh fu 3nfv ghy9 gighao/ ¢• &jryur orgu ghyhv> ≥Je9 p=
gugbgij. x=t dfig2m ryu9f9ys yu ej9f9ys e5hfnyu bjr/ ¢ª Gt=]h 19 6f9 2ys =j fu
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f9jkgrg9xhf9o e5hfvjh bg7h/ ∞™ Gh gn 6dfv ikguo, fu tf9i wg3gu ghyhvt=/

&JRYUR @GLGHG&G:FKJH FU GKFGHJH G%AFU


"Tgkp> ™§> ∞¶-§•/ *yui> ™™> ∞¢-∞∞, §£-¶¡/ &ysl> ¡•> ¡£-¡¢, ¡ª-™¢}

∞£ Kg9jh &jryuro 2glghg7g;fkjh, fu ghy9 2ys lgtg3teyufvgh eyny9


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i9gijh 2ys/ ∞∞ @glghg7g;fkhf9o fu gtey8a gkfgho sig7yupjuh io whk5=jh
&jryurj x=tm y9;=rbj tf5vhfh bg7h, yu c=jh dkhf9> ∞§ y9yslfkfu 4gkf9 ryuk
sig7yupjuh iyu kg7jh ghy9 x=t, eg7v sig7yupjuhhf9o lgtghtgh c=jh/ ∞¶ Ytgh2 gn
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gh6f5gif9km f9f2 19yugh t=a ÷/ ∞ª Eg7v g]7x;=r gn j9fhv sig7yupjuho lgtghtgh
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;gkgr3ghfr> j.hc io sig7fh gryh2 2fbj x=t÷/ §¡ Eg7v gh nyu5 io ifhg9 yu ycjhc
io ;gkgr3gh=9/ @glghg7g;fko xg96fgn lg9vyuv ghy9> ≥Xy.uh fr @9jrkyro,
19lhfg?n Grkyu0y7 Y9xjh÷/ §™ &jryur orgu> ≥F]r ft> fu ;jkj kfrh=2 tg9xyu Y9xjhm
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;gk5fv j9 lghxf96hf9o fu orgu> ≥G]n j.hc ;=k2 yuhjh2 sighf9yu/ §¢ Nrfvj]2 gky9

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TG(IYRJ GUFKG(GHO
lg7ly7yupjuho> j.hc io pyuj 6fbj÷/ Eyny9o xgkg;g9kfvjh bg7hm p= tglg;g9k =/
§∞ Ytgh2 rirgh p2hfn ghy9 s9g7, 0g0ifn ghy9 f9fro, i5wglg9fn bg7h fu orfn
ghy9> ≥Tg9dg9=gvj]9÷/ Jri r;grguy9hf9o g;kgi io bg9h=jh ghy9/

:FK(YR I'YU(GHG& &JRYURO


"Tgkp> ™§> §ª-¶∞/ *yui> ™™> ∞§-§™/ &ysl> ¡•> ¡∞-¡•, ™∞-™¶}

§§ :fk9yr sg9om dgujph =9/ @glghg7g;fkjh g8g3jhhf9=h t=io figu, §¶ yu


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p= j]hc io 31rjr÷/ F9e xyu9r fngum hg3gdgujpo, g2g8g8o ighcfv/ §ª G8g3jho
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gn io htghj÷/ ¶¡ Eg7v gh rirgu hbysfn yu f9xyut ohfnm orfnys> ≥Cft qghchg9 g7x
tg9xom y9yuh tgrjh io 31rj2÷/ ¶™ Jriy7h f9i9y9x ghdgt g2g8g8o ighcfv/ :fk9yr
7j4fv g7h 31r2om y9 &jryur orf9 =9 j9fh> ≥Xf5 g2g8g8o f9iyu ghdgt cighcg0m xyuh
f9f]2 ghdgt ;jkj yu9ghgr bjr÷> fu rirgu ngn/

&JRYUR :J*GKYRJ G%AFU


"Tgkp> ™¶> ¡-™, ¡¡-¡¢/ *yui> ™£> ¡-∞/ &ysl> ¡•> ™•-£•}
¡∞
G5kyuhm jriy7h 2glghg7g;fkhf9o, f9=vhf9yuh yu x;j9hf9yuh lfk, hgfu gtey8a
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:j8gkyr lg9vyuv ghy9> ≥Xy.uh fr L9fghf9yuh pgdguy9o÷/ Gh gn ;gkgr3ghfv
ghy9> ≥Xy]uh i'orfr÷/ £ Jri 2glghg7g;fkhf9o i'gtegrkgh=jh bjh2 4gk eghf9ys/
¢ :j8gkyr xg96fgn lg9vyuv ghy9> ≥Ycj.hc io ;gkgr3ghfr> hg7=], y?92gh io
sig7fh 2fbj x=t÷/ ∞ &jryur kgigujh ycjhc io ;gkgr3gh=9, g7h;=r y9 :j8gkyr
bg9tgvgu/

&JRYUR IO XGKG:G(KYUJ TGLYUGH


"Tgkp> ™¶> ¡∞-™§/ *yui> ™£> ¡£-™∞/ &ysl> ¡•> £ª-¡ª> ¡§}

§ K1hjh gkfho eghkg9ifgn to i'g96gi=9 ghyhv, y]s y9 yub=jh/ ¶ T=io ig9m


Eg9geeg iycyug0, ig;yug0 j9fh lfk g;rkgtey8hf9yuh lfk, y9yh2
tg9xgr;ghyupjuh dy90g0 =jh g;rkgteyupfgh gkfh/ • Egbtyupjuhom dy5gnysm
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:j8gkyr gnm wgwg2fnys dylgvhfn egbtyupjuhom Eg9geegh g96gifv ghyhv, yu
TG(IYRJ GUFKG(GHO
3g9gbghfnys &jryurom 7gh6hfv ghyhv y9;=rbj 3gcyu=9/

BJHYUY(HF(O IO )G*(FH &JRYURO


"Tgkp> ™¶> ™¶-£¡/ &ysl> ¡ª> ™-£}

¡§ Bjhyuy9hf9o hf9r kg9jh bg7hm dgujpo, g7rjh2hm ig5gsg9jcjh ;gngko, fu


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i'f9i9;gd=jh ghy9/ ™º F9e 0g89fvjh bg7h, lghfvjh s9g7=h 0j9ghjh, lgdvyuvjh
ghy9 j9 lghxf96hf9o, yu xyu9r kg9jh bg7hm y9;=rbj 3gcfh/

&JRYUR IO DGTYUJ #GCJH S(G&


"Tgkp> ™¶> £™-¢¢/ *yui> ™£> ™§-¢£/ &ysl> ¡ª> ¡¶-™¶}

™¡ Rkj;fvjh t=iom Rjtyh Iju9fhgvjh, G8f2rghx9yrj yu %yuwyrj lg79o, y9 gki=


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xyuh 2fb fu jaj]9 3gc=h÷/ £¡ Htghg;=r 2glghg7g;fkhf9h gnm x;j9hf9yuh lfkm
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&JRYURJ TGLO
"Tgkp> ™¶> ¢∞-∞§/ *yui> ™£> ¢¢-¢ª/ &ysl> ¡ª> ™•-£º}

££ F9e sfvf9y9x zgto lgrgum 3gug9 f8gu gtey8a f9i9jh s9g7, tjhcfu jhhf9y9x
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g
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TG(IYRJ GUFKG(GHO
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y9yh2 ghy9 lfk fng0 =jh F9yurg8=t/

&JRYURJ PG*YUTO
"Tgkp> ™¶> ∞¶-§¡/ *yui> ™£> ∞º-∞§/ &ysl> ¡ª> £•-¢™}

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dny9fv df9fbtghjh xyu5o/ ¢¶ Tg9jgt Tgdxg8fhgvjh, fu &ysr=rj tg79om Tg9jgt, io
hg7=jh p= y]u9 io xh=jh bg7h/

&JRYURJ &G(YUPJUHO
"Tgkp> ™•> ¡-•/ *yui> ™¢> ¡-¡™/ &ysl> ™º> ¡-¡º}
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lyr c=/ Glg] g7h kf8om yu9 x9jh bg7h/ ¶ Yu9fth dgv=]2, or=]2 ghy9 g4gif9khf9yuh yu
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orgu 6fbj÷/ • Ghyh2m xy8ys fu ljgvyutys lgtgiyug0m gxyu9r fnghmm yu wg3gh
df9fbtgh=h, fu y]c t=i egh orjh yfu= t=iyuh, 2ghj y9 io sg3hg7jh/

&JRYUR I'F(FUHG& TG(JGT TGDXG*FHGVJJH


"Tgkp> ™•> ª-¡º/ &ysl> ™º> ¡¡-¡•}

ª &jryurm T=i4gepj g5kyuh 7g9yupjuh g5g0m hg3 f9fuvgu Tg9jgt


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jh2 kfrg0 = bg7h, clgugkgvjh/

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&JRYUR GKFGHJH G%AFU


"Tgkp> ™§> ∞ª-§§/ Tg9i> ¡¢> ∞∞-§¢/ &ysl> ¡•> ¡ª-™¢}

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&JRYUR :J*GKYRJ G%AFU


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&JRYUR IO DGTYUJ #GCJH S(G&


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&JRYUR IO XGKG:G(KYUJ TGLYUGH


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R!*YR IO @G(YB+ XGTGRIYRJ T+A

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&yuh>m ty9pyufnj2
:!*YRJ HGTGIO L%YTG&FVJHF(YUH

GRKYUG) FU J( OHK(FGN ZY*YSYU(XO


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Q4tg9kyupjuho i'orft @9jrkyrys yu cft rkf9, "jt 38qtkgh2r gn io sig7= jh0j
Ryu9e Lydjys,} ™ p= tf0 k9ktyupjuh yuhjt, fu rj9kjr t=am 7g9gkfu vgu/ £ @ghj y9
i'o86g7j fr jh2r hbysyug0 onngn @9jrkyr=, jt f8eg79hf9yurm tg9tjhj giy8t=h
gbdgighhf9yur lgtg9, ¢ y9yh2 Jr9g7fngvj fh/ Ghy]hvh fh y9xfd9yupjuho, wg52o,
yu3kf9o, 19=hrx9yupjuho, ;g4kgtyuh2h yu 3yrkyuthf9o/ ∞ J9f]hvh fh hg3glg79f9o>
j9fhvt=] gn tg9tjhj iy8t=h figu @9jrkyr, y9 eyny9jh s9g7 =, 7gujkfgh 19lhfg?n
Grkyug0/ Gt=h/ § Eg7v Grkyu0y7 31r2o g;g9xjuh higkyufnyu c=> 2ghj y9 eyny9
Jr9g7=n= f8y8hf9o Jr9g7fngvj cfh, ¶ y]c gn eyny9o bgugihf9 fhm 2ghj y9 Ge9glgtj
bg9th fh> lg;g oryufvgu> ≥Jrglgij] ghyuhys ;jkj iycyuj 2yu bg9tx÷/ • G7rjh2h
ghyh2 y9 tg9tjhj bgugihf9h fhm Grkyu0y7 bgugihf9o cfh> lg;g 3yrkyutj]h
bgugihf9o bg9t io rf;yujh/ ª Y9yslfkfu 3yrkyutjh 31r2o rg] =9> ≥G7r gkfh ;jkj
dgt, yu Rg5g y9xj to ;jkj yuhfhg7÷/ ¡º Fu y]c tjg7h g7x, g7n hgfu f9e %fefig
78gvgu t=i=hm tf9 Jrglgi l19t=h, ¡¡ "2ghj y9 bgugihf9o xf5 c0hg0, y]c gn y9fu=
eg9j2 igt cg9j2 dy90g0, y9;=rbj Grkyu0y7 g5gagx9yupjuho lgrkgk thg7m
ohk9yupfgh lgtg6g7h, ¡™ g7rjh2h y]c p= dy90f9=h onng7, lg;g ghi=] y9 ighcfv,}
ghy9 oryufvgu> ¡£ ≥F9=vo ;jkj 0g5g7= i9krf9jh÷, jhc;=r d9yug0 => ≥&giy]eo
rj9fvj, jri Frguo gkfvj÷/
¡¢ Yu9fth j.hc orfh2> tjp= Grkyu0y7 2ys ghj9guyupj.uh ig7/ Gtf]hfujh/ ¡∞
Y9yslfkfu gh Tysr=rj i'or=> ≥Ghy]9 y9 ;jkj y8y9tjtm i'y8y9tjt, fu ghy]9 s9g7 y9
;jkj dpgtm io dpgt÷/ ¡§ Yu9fth ey]c tg9xyuh yubfn=h, y]c gn sgbfn=hmm ig3fgn =,
lg;g Grkyu0t=m y9 i'y8y9tj/ ¡¶ @ghj y9 Dj92o i'or= Wg9guyhj> ≥Eg969gvyuvj 2fb,
y9;=rbj jt b19yupjuhr vy7v kgt 2yu tjayvysx, fu jt ghyuhr l5cgiyuj gtey8a f9i9jh
t=a÷/ ¡• Yu9fth i'y8y9tj y9y]uh y9 yub=, fu io 3rkgvh= bg]7h y9 yub=/

GRKYU)Y& EG(IYUPJUHO FU Y*Y(TYUPJUHO

¡ª Lfkfugeg9 xyuh ;jkj orfr jh0j p= œg]n jhcy.u io tf8gx9=, y9yslfkfu y.s
i9hg7 ohxxjtghgn ghy9 09gdj9jh / ™º Eg7v xyuh y.s fr, y]s tg9x, y9 io
xjtgxg96fr Grkyu0y7/ Tjp= if9kyug0 o i9hg.7 orfn bjh2 if9ky8jh> ≥Jhcy.u
g]7r;=r 4jhfvj9 bjr÷/ ™¡ Tjp= e9yuko j9gugryupjuh cyuhj. igujh s9g7, y9 hy7h
bghdyug0=h 4jh= gh1p tom ;gkjuj lgtg9, jri yu9j4 tom gh;gkyuyupfgh lgtg9/ ™™
J.hc i9hgh2 orfnm fp= Grkyug0, yubfnys vy7v kgn j9 eg9iyupjuho fu djkvhfn j9
b19yupjuho, 4gk lgtef9gkg9yupfgte kyigv iy9ryufnyu ;gk9grkyug0 eg9iyupfgh
gh1phf9yuh, ™£ y9;=rbj djkvh= j9 wg52jh qy3yupjuhom y8y9tyupjuh dkhy8
gh1phf9yuh, y9 hg3g;=r ;gk9grkfv wg52j lgtg9, ™¢ g7rjh2hm tfbj, y9 ighcfv
y]c tjg7h L9fghf9=h, g7n hgfu lfpghyrhf9=h, ™∞ jhc;=r Ysr==j t=a gn i'or=> ≥Jt
zy8ysyu9xr cf8y8om œjt zy8ysyu9xr ;jkj iycft, yu rj9fnj cf8y8om œrj9fnj / ™§ Fu
g7h kf8om yu9 ghyhv oryug0 =9> œXyu2 jt zy8ysyu9xr c=2 , lyh ghyh2 ;jkj iycyujh
œg;9y8 Grkyu0y7 y9xjhf9o / ™¶ Frg7j gn Jr9g7=nj tgrjh i'g8g8gi=> ≥Hy7hjri fp=

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&yuh>m lgtftgk
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&yuh>m y]c yuby8=h, y]c gn sgby8=h
:!*YRJ HGTGIO L%YTG&FVJHF(YUH
Jr9g7=nj y9xjhf9yuh pjuo 0ysyu gugbjh cgw onng7, tjg7h thgvy9x to ;jkj w9iyuj/
™• @ghj y9 gh ;jkj igkg9= j9 31r2o, ik9yui if9;ys fu dg9xg9yupfgte> K=9o
ik9yui if9;ys ;jkj j9gdy90= j9 31r2o f9i9j s9g7÷/ ™ª Fu jhc;=r Frg7j hg3g;=r
orgu> ≥Fp= b192f9yu K=9o bg9t to py8yuvg0 conng9 tfbj, tfh2 ;jkj onng7jh2
Ryxytj ;=r, yu ;jkj htgh=jh2 Dyty9j÷/

JR(G&+N FU GUFKG(GHO

£º Yu9fth j.hc orfh2/ Lfkfufg]no, p= lfpghyrhf9om y9yh2 lfkgtyuk c=jh


g9xg9yupfghm lgrgh g9xg9yupfgh, g]7h g9xg9yupfghm y9 lgugk2=h => £¡ jri
Jr9g7=nm y9 lfkgtyuk =9 g9xg9yupfgh !9=h2jhm clgrgu g9xg9yupfgh !9=h2jh/ £™
Jhcy.u> y9yslfkfu yubfv g9xg9ghgn y]c p= lgugk2ys, lg;g y9;=r p= !9=h2jh
dy90f9ys/ G9xg9fu ghyh2 dg7pfvgh rg7pg2yutj 2g9jh s9g7, ££ jhc;=r d9yug0 =>
≥Glg] Rjyhj t=a io xhft rg7pg2yutj 2g9 to yu dg7pgi8yupfgh zg75 to, fu y]s y9
lgugkg7 ghy9m gt1pglg9 ;jkj conng7÷/

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F8eg79hf]9, rj9kjr eg86gh2h =, hgfu Grkyu0y7 yu88g0 g8f9rgh2rm gJr9g7=nj
lgtg9, y9 ghyh2 w9iyujh/ ™ Y9yslfkfu fr ghyhv lgtg9 io sig7ft p=
hg3gh6g3hx9yupjuh yuhjh Grkyu0y7 lghx=;, eg7v y]c p= djkgivyupfgte/ £ @ghj
y9m ghdjkghgnys Grkyu0y7 g9xg9yupjuho fu aghgnys lgrkgkfn j9f]hv
g9xg9yupjuhom ghyh2 cl;gkgifvgh Grkyu0y7 g9xg9yupfgh/ ¢ Y9yslfkfu @9jrky]r
= !9=h2jh sg3qghom gt=h lgugkgvfgnj g9xg9yupfgh lgtg9/

W(IYUPJUHO EYNY(JH LGTG( +

∞ G9xg9fu Tysr=r !9=h2=h f8y8 g9xg9yupfgh tgrjh io d9=> ≥G7h tg9xo y9 io


dy90gx9= g7x eghf9om ;jkj g;9j ghyhvtys÷/ § Eg7v lgugk2=h f8y8 g9xg9yupjuho
rg] i'or=> ≥Tj] orf9 rj9kjx t=a> œY.s ;jkj eg969ghg7 f9ijh2o , "g7rjh2hm
@9jrkyro sg9 jafvhfnyu,} ¶ igt> œY.s ;jkj jah= ghxyuhxo "g7rjh2hm @9jrkyro
tf5fnhf9=h sf9 lghfnyu}÷/ • Lg;g j.hc i'or= gh> ≥#1r2o t1k = 2fbj, ef9ghjx fu
rj9kjx t=a =÷> g7rjh2h lgugk2jh 31r2om y9 tfh2 io 2g9ybfh2/ ª Y9yslfkfu fp=
ef9ghysx K=9 xgughjr &jryuro, yu rj9kjx t=a lgugkgr p= Grkyug0 tf5fnhf9=h
7g9yuvghfv bg7hm ;jkj w9iyujr> ¡º "y9yslfkfu rj9kys io lgugkg7 t=iom
g9xg9ghgnyu lgtg9, yu ef9ghys io xgughjm w9iyufnyu lgtg9/} ¡¡ @ghj y9 Dj92o
i'or=> ≥Y]s y9 ghy9 lgugkg7m gt1pglg9 ;jkj conng7÷/ ¡™ G9xg9fu 3k9yupjuh cig7
L9fg7jh yu &y7hjh tjafu, y9yslfkfu eyny9jh s9g7 f8y8 hy7h K=9o qy3yupfgte io
lgrhj eyny9 ghyhvm y9 bjh2 io ighcfh/ ¡£ @ghj y9 œy]s y9 K=9ya ghyuho ighc=m ;jkj
w9iyuj /
¡¢ Yu9fth j.hc;=r ;jkj ighcfh bg7hm y9yuh lgugkgvg0 cfh> igt j.hc;=r ;jkj
lgugkgh ghy9m y9yuh tgrjh nrg0 cfh> igt j.hc;=r ;jkj nrfhm g5ghv 2g9ybjcj/ ¡∞
Igt j.hc;=r ;jkj 2g9ybfhm fp= c89iyujh, jhc;=r d9yug0 => ≥J?hc df8fvji fh

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&yuh> lhgdy7h 6f5> cyuhjhm g9xg9yupfgte
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Ytgh2m ghyhv
:!*YRJ HGTGIO L%YTG&FVJHF(YUH
yk2f9o ghyhvm y9yh2 3g8g8yupjuh i'gufkfh, eg9j eghf9 i'gufkfh÷/ ¡§ Eg7v eyny9o
clhgbghxfvgh gufkg9ghjh, 2ghj y9 Frg7j i'or=> ≥K=]9, y.s lgugkgv tf9 kyug0
nyu9jh÷/ ¡¶ Yu9fth lgugk2o iyu dg7 nrfn=h, yu nrfnom Grkyu0y7 31r2=h/ ¡• Eg7v i'orft>
≥Tjp= cnrfvj.h/ Ghigrig0> œGhyhv lhcjuho dhgv gtey]8a f9ij9o, fu ghyhv 31r2om
tjhcfu f9i9gdyuhxjh 0g79f9o ÷/ ¡ª Eg7v i'orft> ≥Tjp= Jr9g7=n cdjkvg.u÷/ Hg3
Tysr=r i'or=> ≥Fr ;jkj d9d5ft 6f9 hg3gh6o egh;jkgh gbdysmm to, ;jkj
eg9igvhft 6fb gh3fn2 gbdys to÷/ ™º Eg7v Frg7j 4gk 7ghxyudh =, yu i'or=> ≥Fr
dkhyufvg7 ghyhvt=m y9yh2 c=jh whk5f9 bjr, 7g7khyufvg7 ghyhvm y9yh2 c=jh lg9vhf9
jt tgrjr÷/ ™¡ Rgig7h Jr9g7=nj lgtg9 i'or=> ≥Gtey8a 19o f9ig9fvj jt 6f52f9rm
cghrgvy8 fu lgigqg5y8 zy8ysyu9xj to÷/

GRKYU)Y& Y*Y(TYUPJUHO JR(G&+NJ


¡¡
Yu9fth i'orft> ≥Tjp= Grkyug0 sghf.v j9 zy8ysyu9xo÷/ Gtf]hfujh> y9yslfkfu f]r
gn Jr9g7fngvj ft, Ge9glgtj bg9t=h, Efhjgtjhj kylt=h/ ™ Grkyug0 csghfv j9
zy8ysyu9xo, y9 hg3g;=r qghcvg0 =9/ Tjp= c=.2 djkf9 p= Dj92o j]hc i'or= F8jg7j
tgrjh, p= j]hc;=r gh io dghdgk=9 Grkyu0y7m Jr9g7=nj x=t, orfnys> £ ≥K=]9, 2yu
tg9dg9=hf9x r;ghhfvjh yu 2yu bylgrf8ghhf9x wnvyuvjh> fr tjhgi thgvg0 ft, fu jt
gh6r gn io whk5fh÷/ ¢ Eg7v j.hc i'or= ghy9 Grkyu0y7 ;gkdgto> ≥Jh0j ;glfvj
f1po lgbg9 tg9x, y9yh2 Eglg8j c0h9gx9fvjh÷/ ∞ Hy7h;=r gn g7r hf9ig7 gkfho
thgvy9x to ig7m 4hy9l2j ohk9yupfgh lgtg6g7h/ § Fu fp= 4hy9l2ys =, yu9fth g]n
dy90f9=h c=> g7ng;=rm 4hy9l2o g]n 4hy9l2 c'onng9/ gJri fp= dy90f9=h =, g]n 4hy9l2 c=>
g7ng;=rm dy90o g]n dy90 c'onng9/mm ¶ Yu9fth j.hc> Jr9g7=n clgrgu g7h eghjhm y9 io
whk5=9> rgig7h ohk9yug0hf]9o lgrgh ghy9, jri tjurhf9o iyu9vgh • "jhc;=r d9yug0
=> ≥Grkyug0 ghyhv kyugu pt9yupfgh ydj> gc2f9m y9 ckfrhfh, fu gighahf9m y9
cnrfh÷>} tjhcfu g7r19/ ª Yu Xgujp i'or=> ≥Ghyhv rf8gho sg9t, y9ydg7p,
dg7pgi8yupjuh fu lgkyuvyut py8 onng7 j9fhv/ ¡º Ghyhv gc2f9o py8 3gug9jhm
y9;=rbj ckfrhfh, fu ghyhv i5hgio gt=]h gkfh sg9 05=÷/ ¡¡ Yu9fth i'orft> ≥Tjp=
ghyh2 rg7pg2fvghm y9;=rbj j7hg.h÷/ Gtf]hfujh/ Lg;gm w9iyupjuho lgrgu
lfpghyrhf9yuh ghyhv ghiyutys, y9;=rbj d9d5= ghyhv hg3gh6o/ ¡™ Yurkj fp= ghyhv
ghiyuto g43g9lj lg9rkyupjuh f8gu, fu ghyhv hyugrkgvyutom lfpghyrhf9yuh
lg9rkyupjuh, g]n y?9cgw gufnjm ghyhv njyupjuho/

LFPGHYRHF(YUH W(IYUPJUHO

¡£ Eg7v 6fbjm lfpghyrhf9yux i'orft> ≥@ghj y9 lfpghyrhf9yuh g5g2fgnh ftm io


wg5guy9ft jt r;grg9iyupjuhr, ¡¢ e7yurgnys eg9j hg3gh6o d9d5fn jt tg9tjh=r
f8y8hf9yuh, fu w9ifn ghyhvt= ytgh2÷/ ¡∞ Y9yslfkfu fp= ghyhv tfiyurgvyujno
g43g9lj lg4kyupjuh f8gu, lg;g j.hc ;jkj onng7 ghyhv sf9rkjh ohxyuhyujno, fp=
ycm ifgh2 tf5fnhf9=h/ ¡§ Yu9fthm fp= f9g3g79j2o ryu9e =, hy7hh = hgfu bghdyug0o> yu

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&yuh>m yc-gbdys
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Ytgh2 cyuhjh
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&yuh>m y9;=rbj pf9fur
:!*YRJ HGTGIO L%YTG&FVJHF(YUH
fp= g9tgko ryu9e =, yu9fth qju8f9h gn/ ¡¶ Fp= g7x qju8f9=h ytgh2 ik9yufvgh, yu
xy]uhm y9 sg79j 6jpfhj =j9, ;gkyugrkyufvg9 ghyhv t=akf8 fu lg8y9xgijv f8g9
ghyhv lfk 6jpfhjjh g9tgkjh yu ;g9g9kyupfgh, ¡• tj] ;g90fhg9 qju8f9yuh x=t/
Jri fp= ;g90fhgr, djkvj]9 p= xy]uh cfr y9 io i9fr g9tgko, lg;g g9tg]kom 2fb/ ¡ª
Yu9fth ;jkj orfr> ≥Qju8f9o ik9yufvghm y9;=rbj fr ;gkyugrkyujt÷/ ™º Ng]u>
ghyh2 ik9yufvgh ghlgugkyupfgh ;gkqg5ys, yu xyuh lgrkgk thgvg0 fr
lgugk2ys/ Tf0gtjk tj] onng9, lg;g sg3vj]9> ™¡ y9yslfkfu fp= Grkyug0 c3hg7fv
ehgigh qju8f9yuh, dyuv= c3hg7= hgfu 2fbj/ ™™ Yu9fth kf]r Grkyu0y7 2g8v9yupjuhh yu
3rkyupjuho> 3rkyupjuhm jhig0hf9yuh lghx=;, jri eg9yupjuhm 2fbj lghx=;, fp=
7g9gkfufr ghy9 2g8v9yupfgh t=a> g7ng;=rm xy]uh gn ;jkj ik9yujr/ ™£ Jri ghyh2 gn
;jkj ;gkyugrkyujhm fp= cthgh j9fhv ghlgugkyupfgh t=a, y9yslfkfu Grkyug0
ig9y8 = xg96fgn ;gkyugrkfn bghyh2/ ™¢ @ghj y9 fp= xyuh ik9yufvg9 g7h
6jpfhj=hm y9 ehyupfgte sg79j =9, fu lgig5gi ehyupfghm ;gkyugrkyufvg9 ngu
6jpfhjj to s9g7, g]n y?9cgw gufnj gryh2m y9 ehgigh qju8f9h fh, ;jkj
;gkyugrkyujh j9fhv rfwgigh 6jpfhjjh s9g7/

GRKYU)Y& Y*Y(TYUPJUHO EYNY(JH

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6fb jtgrkyuh crf;=2,} p= tgrhgij iyu9yupjuh ;gkglfvgu Jr9g7=nj, tjhcfu y9 hf9r
tkh= lfpghyrhf9yuh njyupjuho/ ™§ Fu g7r;=rm gtey8a Jr9g7=no ;jkj w9iyuj, jhc;=r
d9yug0 => ≥Gbgkg9g9o Rjyh=h ;jkj dg7, yu &giye=h ;jkj lf5gvh=
gteg94kyupjuho/ ™¶ Fu g]7r = jt yu3kr ghyhv lfk, f9e 2guft ghyhv tf82f9o÷/ ™•
Gufkg9ghjh lgtg6g7hm ghyh2 p4hgtjhf9 fh 6f9 ;gkqg5ys> eg7v ohk9yupfgh
lgtg6g7hm rj9fnj fh j9fhv lg79f9yuh ;gkqg5ys, ™ª 2ghj y9 Grkyu0y7 d4hy9lhf9h yu
iycyuto ghxg5hgnj fh/ £º Y9yslfkfu jhc;=r zgtghgijh xyu2 gn c=j2 lhgbghxf9
Grkyu0y7, eg7v ljtg y8y9tyupjuh dkg2 xghyhv ghlhgbghxyupfgte, £¡ hy7h;=r
ghyh2 gn ljtg clhgbghxfvgh, y9;=rbj ghyh2 gn y8y9tyupjuh dkhfh 6f9 dkg0
y8y9tyupfgtemm/ £™ Y9yslfkfu Grkyug0 hf9wgifv eyny9o ghlhgbghxyupfgh t=a,
y9;=rbj y8y9tj eyny9jh/

DYSGEGHYUPJUH GRKYU)Y&

££ ≥Y]s Grkyu0y7 qy3yupfgh, jtgrkyupfgh yu djkyupfgh 3y9yupjuho> j?hc;=r


gh2hhfnj fh j9 xgkgrkghhf9o, fu ghbhhfnjm j9 qgteghf9o/ £¢ Y9yslfkfu y.s
djkvgu K=9ya tjk2o, igt y.s ghy9 3y9l9xgkyu f8gu/ £∞ Igt y.s hg3g;=r ghy9
kyugu egh to, y9 lgkyuvghyuj j9fh÷/ £§ Y9yslfkfu ghi=, ghys fu ghy9h fh eyny9
eghf9o, y9yuh wg?52 7gujkfgh/ Gt=h/

IFGH@ GRKYU)Y& )G%G&YUPFGH T+A


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G7rjh2hm 4hy9lg0 ;g9dfuhf9h
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Igtmghyhv ghlhgbghxyupfgh gkfh, hy7h;=r ghyh2 gn ljtg clhgbghxfvgh,
y9;=rbj ghyh2 gn y8y9tyupjuh dkhfh 6f9 y8y9tyupjuh dkg0 gkfho
:!*YRJ HGTGIO L%YTG&FVJHF(YUH
Yu9fth i'g8gcf]t 6fbj, f8eg79hf]9, Grkyu0y7 gig9fivyupfgte, y9 6f9 tg9tjhhf9o
hf9ig7gvh=2 y9;=r g;9y8 byl tom ryu9e, grkyug0glgqy7> g]7x = 6f9 eghgigh
;g4kgtyuh2o/ ™ Fu tj] lgtgif9;j2 g7r g43g9ljh, lg;g wy3gif9;yufv=]2 6f9
tjk2jh hy9ydyupfgte, y9;=rbj 2hh=2 p= j]hc = Grkyu0y7 igt2o, y9 eg9j, lgqfnj fu
igkg9fgn =/ £ @ghj y9 jh0j k9yug0 e4hy9l2ys i'orft 6fbt= gt=h t=iyuh, y9 j9
tgrjh gufnj eg969 lgtg9yut cyuhfhg7m 2gh jhc y9 ;=k2 = tkg0=, lg;g
3ylftyupfg]te tkg0=, lgugk2j cgwjh lgtftgkm y9 Grkyug0 eg43g0 =
ju9g2ghcju9jh/ ¢ Y9yslfkfu jhc;=r t=i tg9tjhj t=a yuhjh2 4gk ghxgthf9, fu g7x
eyny9 ghxgthf9o tjfuhy7h ;g4k1ho cyuhjh, ∞ hy7h;=r tfh2m 4gk onngnysm t=]i
tg9tjh fh2 @9jrkyrys, fu ju9g2ghcju9rm j9g9yu ghxgthf9/ § Yurkjm yuhfhgnys
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4hy9lhf9, y9yh2 io kg9ef9jh g7h x4hy9l2jh lgtftgkm y9 tfbj k9yug0 =, fp=
tg9dg9=yupjuh =m tg9dg9=ghg]h2 lgugk2jh lgtftgkyupfgte, ¶ fp=
r;grg9iyupjuhm r;grg9if]h2> g]h y9 io ry9sfvh=m py8 7g9gkfu= ry9sfvhfnys, • g]h
y9 io 7y9xy9=m 7y9xy9fnys> g]h y9 io eg43=m py8 7g9gkfu= ;g9bgtkyupfgte, g]h y9
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Hf9=yrh yu ghy9 2y79o, Y8jt;gro fu ghyhv lfk f8y8 eyny9 ryu9ef9o/ ¡§ Eg9fufv=]2
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SF(AJH L(GLGHDHF(

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WG%GEGHYUPFGH G*ºP@

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thgvg0 =9 xg9f9yu zgtghgihf9=h j sf9, ™§ eg7v ljtg egvg7g7k f8gu yu
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:!*YR G%G@FGNJ G%GAJH HGTGIO


IY(HPGVJHF(YUH
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&jryurys r9egvg0 fh, ighcyug0m ryu9ef9 onngnyu eyny9 ghyhv lfk, y9 gt=h kf8 io
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@(JRKYRYS !(LHYUPJUHHF(

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ghysm gt=h 31r2ys fu gt=h djkyupfgte/ § G7r;=rm @9jrkyrj sig7yupjuho
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K=9yam &jryur @9jrkyrj 7g7khyupfgh/ • Jh2 hgfu ;jkj lgrkgk= 6fb tjhcfu
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@9jrkyrj/

EGZGHYUT FIF*FVJJH T+A

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@(JRKYRm GRKYU)Y& B!(YUPJUHO

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jtgrkyuhhf9o/ Grkyug0 ohk9fv g43g9lj kig9hf]9om y9;=rbj gt1pglg9 oh=
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:GKDGT #GCFGN @(JRKYRJ TGRJH



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Grkyu0y7 b19yupfgte/

GRKYU)Y& JTGRKYUPJUHO

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¡§ Y9yslfkfu y.s djkvgu K=9ya tjk2o, y9 ry9sfvh= ghy9> eg7v tfh2 yuhjh2
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hf9ig7jr i9hg2, 2ghj y9 kgigujh tg9thguy9 =2/ £ G9xg9fu, 2ghj kgigujh
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@9jrkyrj t=a fh, jhc;=r gt=hyu9f2 eyny9 fif8fvjhf9yuh t=a io ry9sfvhft/ ¡• Ytgh2
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K=9o igtfhg7, fu ;jkj lgrihgt y]c p= l;g9kgvy8hf9yuh 31r2f9o, lg;g
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b19yupfgte/ ™¡ J.hc;=r i'yub=2> dgugbghy.s dgt 6fbj, p= rj9ys fu lfbyupfgh
lydjys/

GHEG(Y&YUPJUHO FIF*FVJJH T+A



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lfpghyrhf9yuh t=a jri gcig7, y9;=r p= t=io yuhfhg7 j9 l19 ijho / ™ Yu xyu2
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igkg9fv/ £ G9xg9fu fr < p=;=k tg9tjhys egvgig7 ft, eg7v lydjysm hf9ig7 <
g9x=h jri xgkfvj g7r;jrj g9g92 dy90y8o, y9;=r p= hf9ig7 onngnys/ ¢ Tf9 K=9yam
&jryur @9jrkyrj ghyuhys, f9e lgug2yuj2m xyu2 fu jt lydjr, tf9 K=9yam &jryur
@9jrkyrj b19yupfgte, ∞ tgkhfv=]2 g7x;jrj t=io Rgkghg7jhm tg9tjhjh guf9yutjh
lgtg9, y9;=rbj lydjh w9iyuj K=9 &jryurj 19o/ § G7x 6f9 ;g90gh2o ngu c=/ C=.2
djkf9 p= 2jc to 3ty9om io 3ty9= gtey8a bghdyug0o/ ¶ Yu9fth tg29yufv=]2 ljh
3ty9=hm y9;=rbj onng2 hy9 bghdyug0 to, 2ghj y9 gh3ty9 =2/ Y9yslfkfu @9jrkyrm
tf9 bgkjiom bylyufvgu tfbj lgtg9> • lfkfugeg9 k1]h igkg9fh2m y]c p= ljh
3ty9ys, y]c gn cg9gtkyupfgh fu cg9yupfgh 3ty9ys, lg;g ghif80yupfgh yu
q4tg9kyupfgh gh3ty9 lgvys/ ª D9fvj 6fbj hgtgijh t=a, y9 c7g9gef9j2
;y5hiy8hf9yuh lfk/ ¡º Rgig7h yc gh4yu4k g7r g43g9lj ;y5hiy8hf9yuh, igt
gdglhf9yuh, igt 7gw4kgiy8hf9yuh, igt i5g;g4khf9yuh lfk> g7ng;=rm ;g9kguy9
;jkj onng7j2 g43g9l=h xyu9r fnnfn/ ¡¡ Jri ljtg d9fvj 6fbj y9 c7g9gef9j2, fp= yfu=
t=iom y9 f8eg79 eio iycyujmm, onng7 ;y5hiy8, igt gdgl, igt i5g;g4k, igt lfdhy8,
igt g9efvy8, igt 7gw4kgiy8> g7x;jrj tg9xyu lfk tj] yuk=2 ghdgt/ ¡™ Y9yslfkfu
j.hc ;=k2 yuhjt xgkfnyu xyu9rjhhf9o> tjp= xyu2 c=.2 xgkf9 hf9rjhhf9o> ¡£ jri
Grkyug]0 ;jkj xgk= xyu9rjhhf9o/ Yurkj sf9vyuv=]2 cg9o 6f9 t=a=h/

XGKF( F*EG&(HF(YU X+T


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;jkj xgkfh g43g9lo> yu fp= g43g9lo io xgkyuj 6fbt=, xyu2 g9zghj c=.2 xgkfnyu
chcjh 3hxj9hf9o/ £ C=.2 djkf9 p= tfh2 ;jkj xgkfh2 l9f4kgihf]9o> lg;g y]9cgw
gufnj g7r ifgh2jh eghf9o/ ¢ Yu9fth fp= xgkf9 yuhj2m g7r ifgh2j eghf9yuh lgtg9,
xgkguy]9 h4ghgifv=2 fif8fvjjh ghg9dhf9o/ ∞ ^fb gtcvhfnyu lgtg9 i'orft> j9g.u
jtgrkyuh to cig7 6f9 t=a, y]c jri t=i lgk, y9 ig9fhg7 sq5fn j9 f8eg79hf9yuh tjafu/
§ Lg;g f8eg79m f8e19 lfk xgk io sg9=, g7h gnm ghlgugkhf9yuh g5afu/ ¶ Yu9fth
g9x=h 0gh9 7ghvgh2 to ig7 6f9 t=a, 2ghj y9 j9g9yu lfk xgkf9 yuhj2> jhcy.u
wy3g9=ho xyu2 c=2 ghj9guyuj9> jhcy.u wy3g9=ho xyu2 b9igh2 c=2 i9f9/ • Hy7hjri
xy]u2 i'ghj9gu=2 yu io b9i=2, g7h gnm f8eg79hf9y]uh> ª c=.2 djkf9 p= ghj9guhf9o
;jkj czg5ghdfh Grkyu0y7 pgdguy9yupjuho/ Tj] tyny9j2> y]c ;y5hiy8hf9o, y]c
i5g;g4khf9o, y]c 4hgvy8hf9o, ¡º y]c jdgvfgnhf9o, y]c g9yugd=khf9o, y]c dy8f9o, y]c
gdglhf9o, y]c g9efvy8hf9o, y]c lfdhy8hf9o, y]c gn 7gw4kgiy8hf9o ;jkj zg5ghdfh
Grkyu0y7 pgdguy9yupjuho/ ¡¡ Fu 6fbt= ytgh2 g7x;jrjhf9 =jh> eg7v nyugvyufvg2,
eg7v r9egvg2, eg7v g9xg9gvg2 K=9 &jryurj ghyuhys yu tf9 Grkyu0y7h Lydjys/

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g9k1hyug0 =, eg7v fr y]c t=iyuh j43ghyupfgh kgi ;jkj onngt/ ¡£ If9giyu9hf9o
wy9jh lgtg9 fh, wy9h gnm if9giyu9hf9yuh> eg7v Grkyug0 grjig] gn, ghy]h2 gn ;jkj
ychcgvh=/ Jri tg9tjho ;y5hiyupfgh lgtg9 c=, lg;gm K=9ya, yu K=9om tg9tjhjh
lgtg9/ ¡¢ Fu Grkyug0m y9 7g9yuvghfv K=9o, ;jkj 7g9yuvgh= hgfu tf]bm j9
b19yupfgte/ ¡∞ C=.2 djkf9 p= 6f9 tg9tjhhf9o @9jrkyrj ghxgthf9h fh/ Yu9fth
@9jrkyrj ghxgthf9o g5hfnys ;y5hjij ghxgthf.9 ohft/ Gtf]hfujh/ ¡§ C=.2 djkf9
p= g]h y9 ;y5hjij io tjghg7, ghy9 lfk t=i tg9tjh i'onng7> 2ghj y9 Dj92o i'or=>
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Grkyug0 6f9 tg9tjhjh yu 6f9 lydjjh t=a, y9yh2 io ;gkighjh Grkyu0y7/

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j43ghyupjuh cyuhj j9 tg9tjhjh s9g7, lg;gm ijho/ ∞ Tj] b9i=2 bj9g9, eg7v tjg7h
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j9g9yu 2ys, y9;=rbj Rgkghgh cwy96= 6fbm 6f9 ghzyuzignyupfgh lgtg9/ § Grjig
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igt lg4kyuj j9 gtyurjhjh lfk,} fu gtyurjho py8 c6d= j9 ijho÷/ ¡™ Eg7v tjurhf9yuh
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ehgijn j9fh lfk, py8 c6d= bg7h/ ¡£ Fu ijh to y9 yuhj ghlgugk gtyurjh to, fp= ghy9
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bgkyujm py8 bgkyuj/ F8eg79 to igt 2y79 to rk9yui c= g7x;jrj ;g9gdghf9yu t=a>
rgig7h Grkyug0 ighcfv tfb 3g8g8yupfgh/ ¡§ Y9yslfkfu xyuh j.hc djkfr, ij]h>

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pf9fur ;jkj w9ifr gtyurjhx/ Igt xyuh j.hc djkfr, tg]9x> pf9fur ;jkj w9ifr ijhx/

G:(+] JHC:+R GRKYUG) IGHCFV @FB

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6f9 yu4gx9yupjuho xg96h=2 K=9yam g5ghv tkgvj9 onngnyu/ £§ Jri fp= t=io io ig90=
p= ghsg7fncyupfgte io sf9gef9j j9 iy7rjh lghx=;, fp= ghvhj ghy9 gtyurhyupfgh
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LGHDJRK TO GRKYU)Y& ZY*YSYU(XJH

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&JRYURm TF) @GLGHG&G:FKO

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BDYU$GVYUT LGUGK@O N@FN+

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GRKYU)Y& LGRKGK #YRKYUTO

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hf9rj iy8th gn, ™º lyh yu9 &jryurm je9 7g5gaohpgvm tkgu tfbj lgtg9, 7gujkfhgigh
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TFN@JRFXFI @GLGHG&G:FKO

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TFN@JRFXFIJ HTGH
YU(J$ @GLGHG&G:FK TO

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igkg9y8 to,< f9ghfnj ;jkj onng7 j9 o9g0jh t=a/ ™§ Fp= et=io io ig90= i91hgr=9
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BDYU$GVYUT HG#G:G$G(YUT+

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lgugk2ys, yu zg5ghdy9x g92g7yupfghm y9 3yrkgvgu bjh2 rj9y8hf9yuh/ § Eg7v xyu2
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LGUGK@ FU DY()F(

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cg9xg9gvg.u dy90f9ys, f9e ohxyuhfv ;gkdgtguy9hf9o fu yu9j4 qgteg7ys yu8g9ifv
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RGH^ NFBYUJH
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SF(JH JTGRKYUPJUHO

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G$#G(LJH LFK EG(FIGTYUPJUH


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BDYU$GVYUT F*EG&(O XGKFN+

¡¡ Tj] egtegr=2 bj9g9, f8eg79hf]9/ G]h y9 io egtegr= j9 f8eg79o igt io xgk=


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BDYU$GVYUT :G()FHGN+

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djk= eg9jh ohfnm eg7v c'ohf9, gkjig tf82 = j9fh lgtg9/

GBXG(G(YUPJUH LG(YURKHF(YUH

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¶ Yu9fth lgtef9gkg]9 f8=2, f8eg79hf]9, tjhcfu K=9ya dgnyurko/ Glg] t4gio io


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gt9gvyuv=]2 6f9 rj9kf9o, y9yslfkfu K=9ya dgnyurko io t1kfhg7/ ª Tj] lg5gc=2
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2g8ifxyh, cy99y9xom bt9yu3k, ™º ljhdf9y9xom f8hdhg2g9, sfvf9y9xom rg9xjyh,
f1phf9y9xom yrif2g9, yupf9y9xom sghgih, jhhf9y9xom k;gbjyh, kgrhf9y9xom
29jry;9gryr, kgrht=if9y9xom 7gijhp, kgrhf9i9y9xom tf8frji/ ™¡ Kgrhf9iyu
x5hf9om kgrhf9iyu tg9dg9jk =jh> ju9g2ghcju9 xyu5m tjgikyu9 tg9dg9jk =9/
@g8g2jh l9g;g9gio byuk yrij =9m pgwghvji g;gijj ;=r/ ™™ Ghy9 t=a kgqg9
ckfrg7, y9yslfkfu K=9om Gtfhgign Grkyug0o, fu Dg5hyuih fh ghy9 kgqg9o/ ™£
@g8g2o ;=k2 cyuhj g9fuj, y]c gn nyurjhj, y9 nyurguy9fh bg7h> y9yslfkfu Grkyu0y7
wg52o io nyurguy9= bg7h, fu Dg5hyuih = ghy9 q9gdo/ ™¢ "W9iyug0} gbdf9o ;jkj
ohpghgh ghy9 ny7rys, yu f9i9j pgdguy9hf9o j9fhv wg52o fu ;gkjuo ;jkj ef9fh
ghy9 t=a/ ™∞ Ghy9 x5hf9o ehgu ;jkj cdyvyujh vf9fio> "y9yslfkfu lyh dj4f9 ;jkj
conng7>} ™§ gbdf9yuh wg52h yu ;gkjuo ;jkj ef9fh ghy9 t=a/ ™¶ Lyh ehgu
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;jkj tkhfh tjg7h ghyh2m y9 g96ghgd9yug0 fh Dg5hyuijh ifgh2j dj92jh t=a/

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Hgfu vy7v kyugu jh0j ifgh2j ayu9j gdfk tom eju9f8j ;=r wg7nyuh, y9 io e3=9
Grkyu0y7 yu Dg5hyuijh dgl=h/ ™ eG7x 2g8g2jhmm l9g;g9gijh t=akf8o, fu g7x dfkjh
t=i iy8th yu tjur iy8to ig9 ifgh2j 0g5om y9 iyu kg9 kgrhf9iyu kfrgi ;kyu8>
gt=h gtjr iyu kg9 j9 ;kyu8o, jri 0g5jh kf9fuhf9o dgbdf9yuh eyuzyutjh lgtg9
=jh/ £ G]n ehgu hbys2 ;jkj conng7, lg;g ghy9 t=a ;jkj onng7 Grkyu0y7 yu
Dg5hyuijh dglo/ Ghy9 0g5ghf9o ;jkj ;g4kfh bg7h, ¢ ;jkj kfrhfh ghy9 f9fro, fu
ghy9 ghyuho ;jkj onng7 j9fhv qgigkjh s9g7/ ∞ Lyh g]n dj4f9 ;jkj conng7> ghyh2
;=k2 cyuhjh q9gdj, y]c gn g9fuj ny7rj, 2ghj y9 xK=9 Grkyug0 ;jkj nyurguy9=
bghyh2, yu ;jkj pgdguy9fh fxg9= xg9mm/

&JRYURJ F(I(Y(X DGNYURKO

§ Fu orgu jh0j> ≥G7r 31r2f9o srkglfnj yu q4tg9jk fh/ K=9o, bryu9e


tg9dg9=hf9yuhmm Grkyug0o, 89ifv j9 l9f4kgiom j9 0g5ghf9yuh vy7v kgnyu jhc y9
;=k2 = 4yukys onng7÷/ ¶ ≥Glg] 4yuky]s iyu dgt/ F9ghj? ghy9m y9 io ;gl= g7r dj92jh
tg9dg9=yupfgh 31r2f9o÷/

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f
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b
Ytgh2m tg9dg9=hf9yu lydjhf9yuh
&YSLGHH+RJ &G&KHYUPJUHO
• Frm &yslghh=rm kfrg7 g7r eghf9o, yu nrfvj/ F9e nrfvj fu kfrg7, jhig7 y9
f9i9;gdft g7h l9f4kgijh yk2f9yuh g5afum y9 gryh2 vy7v iyu kg9 jh0j/ ª Eg7v gh
orgu jh0j> ≥Bdyu4gvj]9, tj] ohf9> y9yslfkfu fr 0g5g7gijv ft 2fbj yu f8eg79hf9yuxm
tg9dg9=hf9yuh, fu g7r dj92jh 31r2f9o ;gly8hf9yuh/ Grkyu0y]7 f9i9;gd=÷/ ¡º Hgfu
orgu jh0j> ≥Tj] ih2f9 g7r dj92jh tg9dg9=yupfgh 31r2f9o, y9yslfkfu zgtghgio
t1k =/ ¡¡ G]h y9 ghj9gu =m xg96fgn py8 ghj9gu onng7, g]h y9 g8kyk =m xg96fgn py8
g8kyk onng7, g]h y9 g9xg9 =m xg96fgn py8 g9xg9 onng7, fu g]h y9 ryu9e =m xg96fgn
py8 ryu9e onng7÷/ ¡™ ≥Glg] 4yuky]s iyu dgt, yu sg96gk9yupjuhr jh0j lfk =m
ju9g2ghcju9jh lgkyuvghfnyu j9 g9g92jh lgtftgk/ ¡£ F]r ft Gn`gh fu !tf8gh,
Rijbeh yu Sg3qgho, G5gajho fu Sf9ajho÷/ ¡¢ ≥F9ghj? ghyhvm y9 io dy90gx9fh ghy9
;gkyuj9ghhf9o, y9;=rbj j9guyuh2 yuhfhgh yukfnyu ifgh2j 0g5=h, yu x5hf9=h hf9rm
2g8g2o tkhfh/ ¡∞ @ghj y9 xyu9r ;jkj thgh 4yuhf9o, =ig3g9xhf9o, ;y5hiy8hf9o,
tg9xgr;ghhf9o, i5g;g4khf9o, fu y]s y9 ryuko io rj9= yu io 31rj÷/
¡§ ≥Frm &jryur, 89ifvj jt l9f4kgirm g7r eghf9yuh tgrjh sig7fnyu 6fbjm
fif8fvjhf9yuh t=a/ F]r ft Xgujpj g9tgkh yu vf8o, g5kyugh ;g70g5 grk8o÷/ ¡¶
Lydjh yu lg9ro i'orfh> ≥Fiy]u9÷, fu g]h y9 io nr=m py8 or=> ≥Fiy]u9÷ / G]h y9 0g9gu =m
py8 dg7, fu y]s y9 i'yub=m py8 69j g5h= ifgh2j ayu9o/

SF(AGEGH

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t=io gryhv s9g7 gufnvh= eg]h to, Grkyug0 gn j9 s9g7 ;jkj gufnvh= g7h
;gkyulgrhf9om y9 d9yug0 fh g7r dj92jh t=a/ ¡ª Yu fp= t=io sf9vh= eg]h to g7r
tg9dg9=yupfgh dj92jh 31r2f9=h, Grkyug0 gn ;jkj sf9vh= ghy9 egzjho ifgh2j
p
dj92=h fu ryu9e 2g8g2=hm zy9yhv tgrjh d9yug0 = g7r dj92jh t=a/ ™º G7r eghf9o
sig7y8o i'or=> ≥G7y], 4yuky]s iyu dgt÷/ Gt=]h> fiy]u9, K=]9 &jryur/ ™¡ Tf9 K=9yam
&jryur @9jrkyrj 4hy9l2o j6f9 eyny9jhmm lfk/ Gt=h/

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Ytgh2m eyny9 ryu9ef9yuh

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