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I. INTRODUCTION
C) To improve esthetics.
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II. INDIVIDUAL CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Abrasion
“A process of wear whereby a hard rough surface (like a sand paper disk)
or hard irregular shaped particles (like those in a abrasive slurry) plough grooves
in a softer material and cause materials from these grooves to be removed from
the surface”.
It has been stated by Skinner’s that abrasive wear could be a “two body”
or a “three body” process.
To understand this more specifically the terms viz. Wear, Abrasive wear
and Erosive wear need more understanding.
I) Wear – is a material removal process that can occur whenever surfaces slide
against each other. In dentistry the outermost particle or the surface material
of an abrading instrument is referred to as Abrasive. The material being
finished is termed as a SUBSTRATE.
i. Two body wear – occurs when abrasive particles are firmly bonded to the
surface of the abrasive instrument and no other and abrasive particles are
used eg, a diamond bur abrading a teeth.
ii. Three body wear – when the abrasive particles are free to translate and
rotate between two surfaces Eg, dental prophylaxis pastes (between tooth
and rubber cup).
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iii. Erosive wear – This is caused by hard particles impacting a substrate
surface, carried by either a stream of air or a stream of liquid. Erosive
wear should be differentiated from chemical erosion more commonly
known as acid etching which involves acid and alkalis instead of the hand
particles to remove the substrate material.
2. It should be harder than the work it abrades. If it cannot indent the surface to
be abraded then it cannot cut it and therefore wears out.
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DESIGN OF ABRASIVE INSTRUMENTS
A. Abrasive Grits.
B. Bonded Abrasives.
A. Abrasive Grits
Abrasive grits are derived from (abrasive) materials that have been
crushed and passed through series of mesh screens to obtain different particle
size ranges. The grits are classified as – COARSE, MEDIUM COARSE,
MEDIUM FINE and SUPER FINE according to the particle size ranges.
B. Bonded Abrasives
1. Sintering.
1. Sintering – Sintered abrasives are the strongest variety since the abrasive
particles are fused together.
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2. Vitreous Bonded – Are mixed with a glassy or ceramic matrix material, cold
pressed to the instrument shape and fired to fuse with the binder.
3. Resin Bonded – are cold or hot pressed and then heated to cure the resin.
Thus an ideal binder is one which would hold the abrasive to the
instrument sufficiently long as to cut, grind or polish the substrate, yet release
the particle before its cutting efficiency is lost or before heat build up causes
thermal damage to the substrate.
The type of binder is also intimately related to the life of the tool in use.
In most cases the binder is impregnated throughout within an abrasive so that as
an abrasive particle is wrenched during use another abrasive particle takes its
place as the binder wears e.g. for diamond rotary instrument electroplated with a
nickel base matrix is used as a binder.
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Truing –procedure where bonded abrasive is first run against a harder abrasive
block until it rotates in the handpieces without eccentricity or run out when
placed on the substrate. Therefore TRUING is done for proper shaping of the
bonded abrasive.
Dressing – like Truing is done for proper shape of the abrasive and also for two
different purposes.
These abrasives are supplied as disks and finishing strips. They are
fabricated by securing abrasive particles to a flexible backing material (heavy
weight paper or Mylar).
The disks are available in different diameters with thin and very thin
backings. Moisture – resistant backings are advantageous as the abrasive
stiffness is not reduced by water degradation.
ABRASIVE ACTION
The mode of action of the abrasives is similar to that of the dental burs
that is it is merely a cutting action. Each fine abrasive particle thus presents as a
sharp edge which cuts through the surface similar to a pointed chisel. During this
cutting process the shaving thus formed is powdered and usually clogs the
abrasive which thus makes periodic cleaning of the abrasive necessary.
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Abrasive Action On Metals
1. Size of the abrasive particle – larger the size – greater the abrasion.
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2. Pressure of the work against the abrasive when work is pressed
against the abrasive scratches are deeper and abrasion is more rapid –
so greater chances of the abrasives to fracture.
3. Speed at which the abrasive particles travels across the work. Greater
the speed, greater would be the rate of abrasion.
- Rotational speed.
- Linear speed speed with which particles pass over the work.
1. The hardness of the abrasive particle (diamond is hardest, pumice and garnet
etc., are relatively mild).
2. The Shape of the abrasive particle (particles with sharp edge are more
effective).
3. Particle size of the abrasive (Longer particle size will cut deeper grooves).
4. Mechanical properties of the abrasive (If the material breaks, it should form a
new cutting edge. Therefore brittleness can be an advantage).
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5. Rate of movement of the abrasive particles (slower abrasion – deeper
scratches).
6. Pressure applied to the abrasive (too much pressure can fracture the abrasive
instrument and increase heat of friction that has evolved).
TYPES OF ABRASIVES
A. Finishing Abrasives.
B. Polishing Abrasives.
C. Cleaning Abrasives.
A. Finishing Abrasives
These are hard, coarse abrasives used initially to develop desired contours
and remove off gross irregularities.
B. Polishing Abrasives
These have a smaller particle size and are less hard than abrasives used
for finishing. They are used for smoothening surfaces that are typically
roughened by finishing abrasives.
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A. Cleansing Abrasives
These are soft abrasives with small particle size and are intended to
remove softer materials that adhere to enamel or a restoration.
A. Natural Abrasives.
B. Manufactured Abrasives.
6. Garnet 4. Rouge
8. Quartz
9. Sand
10. Tripoli
11. Zirconium silicate
12. Cuttle
13. Kleselguhr
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Under Natural Abrasives we have:
1. Arkansas stone
2. Chalk
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Supplied as:
5. Emery
6. Garnet – the term garnet includes several minerals which possess similar
physical properties like Silicates of Al, Co, Fe, Mg and Mn.
7. Pumice
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- Used in polishing teeth enamel, gold foil, dental amalgam and
acrylic resins.
8. Quartz - the particles are pulverized to form sharp angular particles which
are useful in making coated disks.
9. Sand
10. Tripoli
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- Also used as a component of dental prophylaxis pastes.
12. Cuttle
– The related synonyms of this abrasive are cuttle fish and cuttle
bone.
13. Kleselguhr
Manufactured Abrasives
1. Silicon Carbide
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- Two types were manufactured i.e. 1. green form and 2. Blue black
form. Both are having similar physical properties.
2. Aluminium Oxide
4. Rouge
5. Tin Oxide
POLISHING
iii. Finally, from the clinical view point unpolished restoration with
rough surfaces are uncomfortable for the patient.
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during polishing. It is therefore observed that the process of finishing, cutting /
abrading and polishing have not been differentiated well in dentistry.
The term finish would actually relate to the final surface achieved /
applied to a material or the final character of the surface of the material.
If this explanation for the term finish is accepted then others viz. cutting /
abrading, grinding and polishing would be considered as a series of steps
encompassed within the process of finishing.
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Polishing is considered to be Multi Directional in its course of action.
- is a reverse of electroplating.
ii. Remove large scratches with a finer abrasive but difference in fineness
should not be too great as it causes streaking in the final surface. Keep changing
direction of the abrasion so that new scratches appears at right angles to the
coarser, scratches, to ensure uniform abrasion.
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iii. Continue using the fine abrasive until scratches are no longer visible to
the eye then accomplish:
• Primary polishing with pumice flour with a canvas buff wheel (mainly
for resins).
• Then the work is cleaned to remove all abrasive particles and then
pumice and water paste of a muddy consistency is applied and buffing
done till a bright and well polished surface is obtained. Glycerine is
preferred instead of H2O because water could evaporate, glycerine
maintains consistency.
• Clean the work with soap water and change to a lannel (rotate at high
speed) buff wheel. Polishing cake with grease is held against buff wheel
to impregnate with the agent.
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HAZARDS ENCOUNTERED IN THE FINISHING AND
POLISHING PROCEDURES
Aerosol Hazard:
Aerosols, the dispersion of solid and liquid particles in air are generated
whenever finishing and polishing operations are performed.
These aerosols can remain for more than 24 hours before settling and are
therefore capable of cross contamination other zones of the treatment facility.
b. Water spray.
2 * Personal protection
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a. Safety glasses.
3 * Adequate ventilation of the entire unit which efficiently removes any residual
particulates from the air.
1. Amalgam
2. Composites:
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- Use of green/carbide stones 12 - blade carbide burs is also accepted for
removal of excess near enamel margins of macro filled resins.
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Component Materials Purpose
Abrasive Calcium carbonate Removal of Plaque / stain,
Dibasic calcium phosphate polish tooth surface
dihydrate
Hydrated alumina
Hydrated silica
Sodium bicarbonate
Mixtures of listed abrasives
Detergent Sodium lauryl sulfate Aids debris removal
Coolants Food colorants Appearance
Flavoring Oils of spearmint, peppermint, Flavor
wintergreen or cinnamon
Humecant Sorbitol, glycerine Maintains moisture content
Water Deionized water Suspension agent
Binder Carrageenan Thickener, prevents liquid-
solid separation
Fluoride Sodium Dental caries prevention
monofluorophoshpate, sodium
fluoride, stannous fluoride
Tartar control Disodium pyrophosphate, Inhibits the formation of
agents tetrasodium pyrophosphate, calculus above the gingival
tetrapotassium pyrophosphate margin.
Desensitization Potassium nitrate, strontium Promotes occlusion of
agents chloride dentinal tubules
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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- Tungsten Carbide Burs at high speeds for trimming and finishing
microfilled composites are contraindicated because they disrupt, the
composite resin surface therefore for microfilled and small particle resins
diamond burs at slow speeds are used.
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As we know, finishing and polishing of composite has always been a
problem because the resin matrix and inorganic fillers differ in hardness and do
not abrade uniformly.
This study evaluated and compared six finishing and polishing techniques
to identify the most effective one for micro filled composite restorations.
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This article reports on the SEM surface examination of GIC after furnishing
procedures using rotary and hard instrumentation.
2. Soflex disks (Al2O3 disks) and Vaseline in the slow hand piece at 5000rpm.
3. Tungsten carbide blank in air turbine Hand piece with a water spray as
coolant.
Results
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REFERENCES
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Individual Considerations
Abrasive Action
Types of Abrasives
Polishing
Review of Literature
References
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