SDH Concepts

S D H
CONCEPTS
Monday, April 07, 2008
WHAT IS
SDH ?
SYNCHRONOUS : ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS SYNCHRONISE WITH IT. DIGITAL: INFORMATION IN BINARY. HIERARCHY: SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL ORDER.
Monday, April 07, 2008 2
WHAT IS
S D H ? (CONTD)
SDH IS AN ITU-T STANDARD FOR A HIGH CAPACITY

TELECOM NETWORK.
SDH IS A SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TRANSPORT

SYSTEM, AIM TO PROVIDE A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL AND FLEXIBLE TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE.
SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

ATTEMPTS TO FORMULATE STANDARDS FOR TRANSMISSION OF SYNCHRONOUS SIGNALS BEGAN IN U.S. AT THE BEGINNING OF 1984, BY ANSI ACCREDITED T1X1 COMMITTEE. IN 1985 SONET STANDARD WAS BORN. IN 1986 CCITT BECAME INTERESTED IN SONET STANDARD.
SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

(CONTD)
CCITT PROPOSED CHANGES TO T1X1 COMMITTEE TO ACCOMMODATE BOTH AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HIERARCHIES. FINAL AGREEMENT WAS REACHED IN 1988 AND CCITT WORKING GROUP-XVIII CAME OUT WITH RECOMMENDATIONS ON SDH.
DRIVING FORCES
NEW ENHANCED SERVICES NEEDING SYNCHRONIZATION SOLUTION. QoS REQUIREMENT MULTI-OPERATOR ENVIRONMENT LIMITATION OF TO-DAYS NETWORK ADVANTAGES OF SDH
PDH HIERARCHIES
EUROPE (Mbps)
565 276
USA (Mbps)
JAPAN (Mbps)
400
x4
140
x4
100
x6
45
x4
34
x3
32
x4
8
x7
6 6
x5 x4
1.5
x4
2 1.5
x4
LIMITATIONS OF PDH
NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES:
-THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE ENCODING METHODS.
BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

-ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING
NETWORK REQUIREMENT
-CHANGING REQUIREMENT
LIMITATIONS OF PDH
NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES:
-THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE ENCODING METHODS.
BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

-ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING
NETWORK REQUIREMENT
-CHANGING REQUIREMENT
SDH- ADVANTAGES
SIMPLIFICATION (ABILITY TO DIRECTLY DROP LOWER TRIB) CAN ACCOMMODATE BOTH EXISTING AND FUTURE SIGNALS IMPROVED SERVICE QUALITY (THROUGH SUPERVISION ) ADVANCED N/W MANAGEMENT AND MTCE CAPABILITIES. N/W SURVIVABILITY DYNAMIC N/W CAPACITY MANAGEMENT MULTI VENDOR NETWORKING (MID FIBRE MEET)
10
SIGNAL HIERARCHY
SONET vs SDH BIT RATES SONET
SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL TRANSPORT SIGNAL CARRIER STS-1 OC-1 STS-3 OC-3 STS-9 OC-9 STS-12 OC-12 STS-18 OC-18 STS-24 OC-24 STS--36 OC-36 STS-48 OC-48 STS-192 OC-192 BIT RATE MBPS 51.84 155.52 466.56 622.08 933.12 1244.16 1866.24 2488.32 9953.28
SDH
SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE ---STM-1 ---STM-4 ------STM-16 STM-64
*BIT RATES FOR HIGHER ORDER IS N-TIMES THE LOWER ORDER
11
SDH ACCOMMODATES EXISTING SIGNALS

1
34M
140M
C4
3
8M
34M
C3
S D H M U X
2M
8M
63
64K 2M
C12
12
BASIC PHILOSOPHY
MULTIPLEXING IS REQUIRED TO TRANSMIT SO MANY INFORMATION ON THE SAME PATH. SO IN CASE OF SDH MULTIPLEXING TIME REMAINS THE SAME IN WHICH WE CAN TRANSMIT THE INFORMATION OF SO MANY CHANNELS BY WAY OF INTERLEAVING METHOD.
REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3
C-4 140Mbps TU-3 VC-3 C-3 TUG-2 TU-1 VC-1 C-1 2Mbps 34Mbps
(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)

DEFINITION OF DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGY

STM- IT IS THE FINAL INFORMATION STRUCTURE WHICH IS TO BE SUPERIMPOSED OVER THE LASER FOR TRANSMISSION TO DISTANT END. IT IS THE SIGNAL WHICH IS AVAILABLE FOR TRANSMISSION WHEN ALL THE MUXING IS OVER.
PATH
PATH INDICATES THE LANE THROUGH WHICH THE INPUT SIGNAL IS ALLOWED TO PASS TO REACH UP TO HIGHER ORDER PATH OR TO SOME OTHER HIGHER LEVEL
16
SECTION
SECTION INDICATES THAT NOW DATA IS PROCESSED COMPLETELY AND IS AVAILABLE FOR MODULATION OVER THE LASER IN MOST OF THE CASES SOME OVERHEAD HOUSE KEEPING BITS ARE ALSO ADDED JUST BEFORE MODULATION
CONTAINER
AS THE NAME SUGGESTS IT IS A BOX OF FIXED SIZE WITH VERY LITTLE ELASTICITY THIS BOX CAN TAKE VARIETY OF PDH INPUTS( MAX=2). CONTAINER IS THE FIRST ITEM IN THE CHAIN OF SDH MAPPING/MULTIPLEXING
VIRTUAL CONTAINER
IT IS THE SECOND ITEM IN THE CHAIN OF MULTIPLEXING CONTAINER ADDED WITH SOME PATH OVERHEAD IS CALLED VIRTUAL CONTAINER CONTAINER CALLED PATH AND VIRTUAL CONTAINER ARE
19
PATH LEVEL
IF WE ARE STARTING THE MUX CHAIN FROM 2MB OR 1.5MB LEVEL THEN WE ARE FOLLOWING THE LOWER ORDER PATH. IF WE ARE STARTING THE MUX CHAIN FROM 34 OR 140 MB LEVEL THEN ORDER PATH.
WE ARE AT THE HIGHER
ALTTC/TX1/SDH/C ONCEPTS
20
TU VC
FIRST THREE STAGES OF MULTIPLEXING

TRIBUTARY UNIT
TRIBUTARY UNIT IS AN AGENT THAT PROVIDES ADAPTATION OR HANDSHAKE BETWEEN HIGHER ORDER PATH AND LOWER ORDER PATH
22
CONTAINER
VIRTUAL CONTAINER
TRIBUTARY UNIT POINTER
23
ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT
ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT PROVIDES ADAPTATION OR HANDSHAKE BETWEEN FINAL FRAME
LAYER(SECTION LAYER) AND HIGHER ORDER PATH LAYER
24
SDH MAPPING
SDH MAPPING IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH INPUT DATA IS FILLED IN THE FIRST BOX ,THAT IS, CONTAINER. DATA MAY NOT BE OF THE IDEAL SIZE TO GET ADJUSTED IN THE BOX BUT VARIATIONS SHOULD NOT EXCEED THE ELASTIC LIMIT OF THE BOX
25
SDH MULTIPLEXING
PROCESS OF ADAPTAION OF LOWER ORDER PATH IN TO HIGHER ORDER PATH IS CALLED
MULTIPLEXING. PROCESS OF ADAPTAION OF HIGHER ORDER PATH IN TO SECTION LAYER IS ALSO CALLED
MULTIPLEXING.
ALTTC/TX1/SDH/C ONCEPTS
26
POINTER
AS THE NAME INFERS, POINTER POINTS TO THE START OF THE FRAME WHEN COMPARED TO OMNIPRESENT SYCHRONOUS CLOCK VALUE OF THE POINTER INDICATES THE ACTUAL OFFSET
27
SDH SYNCHRONIZATION
SYNCHRONIZATION IN SDH IS CALLED THE
ALIGNING OF THE LOCAL FRAME OF SDH WITH THE GLOBAL CLOCK FLOWING IN THE RING. SYNCHRONIZATION TAKES PLACE AT THE
ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT
28
POINTER Pointer at AU provides Dynamic alignment of VC-n with in the AU-n frame ,VC-n is allowed to float with in the AU-n. Pointer is able to accommodate differences in Phases of the VC-n and SOH In frame rates also
SDH RATES
STM-1 = 155.520 MB/S STM-4 = 622.080 MB/S STM-16 = 2488.32 MB/S STM-64 = 9953.28 MB/S
30
SDH BIT RATE CALCULATION

NO OF ROWS IN FRAME: 9 NO OF COLUMNS: 270 NO OF BYTES IN FRAME: 270*9 NO OF BITS IN A FRAME: 270*9*8 FRAME DURATION: 125us NO OF BITS TRANSMITTED IN ONE SECOND: 270*9*8*1000000 -------------------------125 =155.520Mb/S
THE TRUCK
OVERHEAD PAYLOAD
S O H PTR
P O H
C-4
32
FINAL SDH FRAME

OVERHEAD
1 RSOH
POINTER
270
3 4 MSOH 9
PAY LOAD
33
FRAME REPRESENTATION
1ST ROW 9 261 I 9 2ND ROW 9 I 261 3RD ROW 9 261 261 9TH ROW 9 I 261
S O H
PAY LOAD
I
270 (MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
I
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
MAPPING OF PDH 140 Mbs

140MB/S
C4
POH
C4
VC4
61
POINTER
VC4
VC4
AU-4
62

FLOATING PAYLOAD
VC4
AU-4
FIXED PAYLOAD
VC4
AUG
63

RSOH
+
MSOH
VC4
AUG
RSOH
=
MSOH
VC4
STM-I
64

C3 34MB/S
+
C3
POH
VC3
65

VC3 + = TU3
POINTER
66

TU3 AFTER ALIGNMENT = TUG3
67

TUG3 TUG3 TUG3
VC-4
POINTER
VC4
VC4
AU-4
69
VC4
AU-4
FIXED PAYLOAD
VC4
AUG
70

RSOH
+
MSOH
VC4
AUG
RSOH
=
MSOH
VC4
71

VC12 C1
2MB
PATH OVER HEAD


POINTER
VC12
TU12
73

TU12 TU12 TU12
TUG 2

C12 VC12 POH POINTER
TU12
TU12
TU12
TU12
TU12
TUG2
75

1 2 3 7
TUG2 TUG2 TUG2
TUG2
N P I
N P I
TUG3
76

TUG3 TUG3 TUG3
VC-4
DESCRIPTION OF OVERHEADS BYTES

9 BYTE 9 R O W
A1 B1 D1 B2 D4 A1 A1 A2 E1 D2 K1 D5 D8 D11 A2 A2 J0 F1 D2 K2 D6 D9 D12
POINTER
B2
B2
D7 D10 S1 M1 E2 RSOH: ROWS 1-3 MSOH: ROWS 5-9 BYTES LOCATION FOR STM-N: IDENTIFIED BY S(a,b,c); a=row; b=column; c=depth.
ALTTC TX-I/SDH/MUX 1
78
DESSCRIPTION OF SECTION OVERHEADS BYTES

A1 & A2 J0 &Z0 FRAMING BYTES; A1=11110110, A2=00101000 J0 at S(1,7,1) USED AS SECTION ACCESS POINT IDENTIFIER USING A 16 -BYTE FRAME. Z0 at S(1,7,2) - S(1,7,N) RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE BIP-8; FOR REGN. SECTION ERROR PERFORMANCE MONITORING ORDERWIRE IN REGN. SECTION USER CHANNEL TO PROVIDE DATA/VOICE CONNECTION FOR MTCE PURPOSES. DCC FOR REGN. SECTION (192 kbps) )
TX-I/SDH/MUX 56
B1 E1 F1
D1-D3
ALTTC
79
B2 K1(b1-b4) K2(b6-b8)
Error performance monitoring thru BIP-24 code for multiplex section. Protection for multiplex section. The multiplex section remote defect indication (MS-RDI) Synchronization status message.These are used for indicating the quality of synchronization etc. Order wire for multiplex section. Defined as multiplex section DCC (592 Kbits). Multiplex Section- Remote Error Indication.
80
S1 E2 D4-D12 M1
NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER (MUX):
* MAPPING OF PDH SIGNALS INTO SDH. * MULTIPEXING OF LOWER -ORDER SDH SIGNALS INTO SDH
63 Nos. OF 2Mbps or 3 Nos.of 34Mbps or 1 Nos. of 140Mbps or combination of above
PDH
TM STM-n STM-m (m<n)
81
NETWORK ELEMENTS
ADD & DROP MULTIPLEXER (ADM):
* PERMITS ADD& DROP OF LOWER ORDER SIGNALS.
STM-n
ADM
STM-n
(m<n) STM-m PDH
82
NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT (SDXC):
* PERMITS SWITCHING OF TRANSMISSION LINES WITH DIFFERENT BIT-RATES. * SDXC CAN ADD AND DROP LOWER-ORDER SIGNALS.
STM-n
STM-n
STM-n
STM-m/PDH
83
NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS REGENERATOR (REG):
* REGENERATES THE INCOMING LINE SIGNAL. * SUPERVISE THE TRANSMISSION QUALITY OF THE LINE
STM-n
REG
STM-n
84
85
SDH MANAGEMENT
Performance Management Fault / Event Management Configuration Management Accounting Management Security Management
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* POINT-TO-POINT:
TM
TM
* POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT:
TM
TM
ADM
87
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* HUB-TOPOLOGY:
CO
TM ADM TM
TM
ADM
TM
(a) HUB WITH TM & ADM

TM DXC TM
TM
TM
(b) HUB WITH TM & DXC

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* RING-TOPOLOGY:
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
89
Future Trends - Optical Components
WDM 1, 2, 3, 4
WDM 1, 2, 3, 4
Optical D&I
STM-N,2 OC-N
ADM
STM-N,2 OC-N
Local Traffic 2Mbit/s, DS-3, STM-1
Extract selectively Minimize need for demultiplexing entire bandwidth

90
Synchronous Network Structure

140Mbit/s 2Mbit/s STM-1
TM ADM
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s
ATM Switch
ADM
STM-1
STM-4/-16 ADM
140Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 8Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN
DSC
2Mbit/s STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET 34Mbit/s 140Mbit/s STM-1 STM-4
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer DXC : Digital Cross Connect TM : Terminal Multiplexer DSC: Digital Switching Center LAN: Local Area Network
91
SDH NETWORK STRUCTURE

Tier 1 (STM -16) CORE NETWORK
Tier 2 [STM -4 / 16 ) REFGIONAL NETWORK
Tier 3 [STM-1] LOCAL/ACCESS NETWORK
92
NETWORK ELEMENTS
NMS
GNE
SDH AIMS TO PROVIDE:

STANDARDISED , CENTRALISED O&M SYSTEM .
THANKS TO OUR RESPECTED PARTICIPANTS


SDH Concepts

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S D H

Monday, April 07, 2008

SDH IS AN ITU-T STANDARD FOR A HIGH CAPACITY

SDH IS A SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TRANSPORT

Monday, April 07, 2008

SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

Monday, April 07, 2008

SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

Monday, April 07, 2008

Monday, April 07, 2008

Monday, April 07, 2008

BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

Monday, April 07, 2008

SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE ---STM-1 ---STM-4 ------STM-16 STM-64

*BIT RATES FOR HIGHER ORDER IS N-TIMES THE LOWER ORDER

Monday, April 07, 2008

SDH ACCOMMODATES EXISTING SIGNALS

Monday, April 07, 2008

REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE

(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)

DEFINITION OF DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGY

Monday, April 07, 2008

Monday, April 07, 2008

WE ARE AT THE HIGHER

FIRST THREE STAGES OF MULTIPLEXING

Monday, April 07, 2008

TRIBUTARY UNIT POINTER

Monday, April 07, 2008

LAYER(SECTION LAYER) AND HIGHER ORDER PATH LAYER

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SDH BIT RATE CALCULATION

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FINAL SDH FRAME

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270 (MATRIX REPRESENTATION)

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