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= lim

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3

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s = / w
1.6

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!/  #- -#

A0 A

= lim

_I ,#)*! :-  5 ,V% $#

= n + t
!"!# 0@ 3>5 [*$ )! ,3 0@ p PD8*# K!-

n = pn
[*5 )! ,`_I ; 0@ 0 PD8 K!-

t =
1

) = pn + ...................................................(1.2
1.16

'%F ' &Z'%F ' [&

3 ;! = 0$3 
 -3 D
3 >,] - = 03 ;!0$

1.17

 '&-Z

 S "! :'&  :! 5,B`_I ; 0#  0@ ,PD8

u
*#
y

5, > 0/:0

u
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y

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 '&W'H

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.D_  I` & . 25C ,- I . 0.1m/s E V
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0/>

u
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= 1
Y
U

1.5 8#9'

D  , 0_ ;I` , (1.3) 

u
y w

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yU
8y
= U 2 = 8 2
dy
Y
Y

du
dy

=
w

du
dy

=4
y

y = 2

U
= 20 s 1
Y

( / )25C   V &

3

= 997.1 kg/m , = 0.897E-6m2/s

= = 8.94E-4 Pa.s
w = 0.018 Pa
.SI x PD ; PD

=
;S-. 50.1mm 0V ,
& "
$ V 50.0mm P,
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>, # # ; ;0@  0@

. 120C 

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TC
20
30
40
60
80
100
120

x 10-6, m2/s

9.2
7.5
6.5
4.7
3.7
3.2
2.8

x 10-3, Pa.s

8.2
6.6
5.5
4.0
3.2
2.46
2.10

F = #; ;

F = A w = A w

du
dr
% ,) p ,*@

F = const.

F
100 =
100
F
20
~5\ V
20 = 8.2E-3 Pa.s , 120 = 2.1E-3 Pa.s

= 6.1E-3

F
(100) =
(100) = 74%
F
20

8
1.1

\ I
; _  I,/  35C . 2.0E-5 Pa.s-S
][ 17.7 E-6 m2/s

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;# (1.6


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;# ,#

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\*I !! . 5E -6 m2/s}@* )!
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][ 43 N

;
XX
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1.5

:100mm
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10

20

30

40

)y (mm

13.0

13.2

13.0

12.5

11.0

8.0

5.0

)u (m/s

)~ :# y[ ,\ ; . .$ 5 , ~)p _)5,; !"#'&:!45,
2

u = a 0 + a1 y + a 2 y

! a0 K a1 p a2~. S-`_I ; 0 D[*# :5 #'& '. P

10

][0.5Pa

'J #*# &< k'5

 0@ $,1 > ; !"! !$$% .# 08  =>/}':

>= * =>-
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2.1

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D V /
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.

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*D

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-


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d A = n dA

'2.1 8#9

d m = d V = v cos dA = v.d A
.

# 5,$ * ) , 
m = F
.

)m = v.d A ..........................................(2.1
A

", D*# 5,$ *  :05

D*# 5,$ * = )D*# ) (,* @ 0- v = (!D-

}:
D*# 5,$ 
& = )D*# ) (,
& @ 0- (!D-

v2
+ gz ) v
2
}:

11

= ( e +

D*# 5,$ ! *,/ = )D*# ) (,! *,/ @ 0- (!D-

= u v , vv , wv
@ 0D8  z, y, x*.0
@ 1 # 5,$ 
& ) ,
= A F

v2
)+ gz ) v.dA....................................(2.2
2

(e+

# 5,$ ! *,/ ) ,

= A F

) v(v.d A) ................................................(2.3
A

12

 2.2 m'" #
! &" =>-* 5,$  ;)
#  :
"# , .* V .D/* @3# 0/! V # 5,$ * 
V  .D/*5 0/ >" ,

* ! V .D/*= 0/

dV
V

# 5 * V .D/*0/

dV = dV

t
t V
V
% - * 8 #*  &~.
:# )V (2.1 # 5,$ *  V  .D/*0/

v.d A

1

) t dV + v.d A = 0 ................................(2.4
A

 ) (2.4# 0 =>-* @ 0 *.!#

13

 
 n" o?Y  L '? ) :(2.2
/ % @ 0 )5 (2.4
> , )" ,5,.

/ ) (3 ) 8 (4), *
5 1! # _!@ ,/ }"0
# :# * >, .

'2.2 8#9

[*\ # *  1  :

v 2 .d A 2 = 0

v .d A +
1

A1

A2

' B- *D D*5 A  V  .D/*0/

v 2 dA2 = 0

v dA +
1 1

A2

A1

- 1 v1A1+ 2 v2A2 = 0
)vA = ~p..(2.5

=


 J*X &< &E%F *$

v1

A2

A1

1000kg/m3

2.0m/s

0.3m

0.2 m

S- ,* 0@ 
$;
) (2# 5,$ *.
*, v1 v2 *, *$
* @ 0;
! (1) : ) . (25 1:
[*$ # * @ 0_ - 5) )(2.5
14

vA = ~p
= ~p

T3" 8 5,

v1A1= v2A2
v2 = v1(A1/A2) = 2.0 (0.2 / 0.3) = 1.33 m/s
.

m = vA = v1A1 = 1000(2.0)0.2 = 400kg/s.

:
 J'
.!4>* _ 0@ *>= - #  # .$8 1
 5
 0/
 #*  :# 0"} / 5/ :5 (2.4)  :# 
.( )/ 0@ (3)  ,B" -  *)5,B" *[$ 0D/ #*

t dV + (. v)dV = 0
V

+ .v dV = 0

- ~" ,> #* "~ &! ,> #  &! #* :!") ;
.5*!V #*

+ . v = 0.........................................(2.6a)
t

+ ( u ) + ( v) + ( w) = 0....(2.6b)
y
z
t x
.z y x D8 0@ ,) ,# 0 w v u K!0T3" 8 5, - 0@

u vu w
+
+
= 0(2.7)
x y z

15

 2.3 m'Y.
* # =>-
& :#;"
% ,/! ,/5 ;)
# 
: 0/ .D"# , .
& V.D/
* @3# 0/! V #
5,$


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V

.D/

*;*" 0/ * 5 ;

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V.D/
'2.4 8#9

* @3# 0/!_ # 5,$

,/  V .D/*. "0/

.
v2
v2

+
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
(
e
gz
)
dV
(
e
gz
)
v
.
d
A
(
.
v
)
dA
P
Q

A
A
2
2
V
/ %! @ S"I 0 5 :5%),  :; )1  
.

 .D/* 0/ Q

V

# 5,$ ,/  V .D/*.0/

! X 8'"W 5) F`_I

= pn

.
v2
v2

[
(
e
+
+
gz
])
dV
+
(
e
+
+ gz )v. d A = pv. d A + P + Q

t
2
2
V
A
A

.
p v2

v2

[
(
e
+
+
gz
])
dV
+
(
e
+
+
+
gz
)
v
.
d
A
=
P
+
Q
).(2.8

A
t
2
2
V

16

 
 n" o?Y  L '?:
 5,  0 / % @ 0 )5 (2.8 > , 8"*; *
) , (3) F
$% ).(4
\*[ 1   
P

'2.5 8#9
2
2
.
v1
p
v
+ gz1 )v1 A1 + 2 (e2 + 2 + 2 + gz 2 )v 2 A2 = P + Q
2
2
2

p1

1 (e1 +

*$8"  =>-* 5,  S!,- ) )(2.5

.

1 v1A1 = 2 v2A2 = m

.
.
v12
p2 v2 2
m(e1 +
+
+ gz1 ) + P + Q = m(e2 +
+
) + gz2
1 2
2
2

p1

.
2
p2
v2 2
p1 v1
e1
P
Q
e2
+
+
= + z1 + . + .
+
+
)+ z2 ..(2.9
g 1g 2 g
g 2 g 2g
mg mg

@ 0}! :# ,*
)!; _D :5 !$ "*; ,/

Q= 0

T1 = T2 , e1 = e2

D *! 0@ , I,/

1 = 2 =

:5*) 5, 8"0T3

17

@*) F )(2.9

2

p2
v
)+ 2 + z2 ...(2.10
2 g 2g

p1 v1
P
+
= + z1 + .
1g 2 g
mg

@- 0 ; [3# } _"@ )I# P "~ .> }*@ )$

@- 0  I [3# > ! :;
! (1) : ) (2) F )(2.10
2

p1 v1
p
v
+
) ..( 2.11~ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 = 0
g 2 g
g 2 g
:~  ~$ = 0 ~$ + @, ~$ + ,3

=
5,  : 0- @, 4  #:
!   ,D:
8m
: @,
# 5, 15 l/s 0D/
&
,)"% ! 154mm :[3
&
,)"% @$102mm :[3
1000kg\m3
}@ :

 -:
)(
) (

 ,! @$[3
; [I # : [3
*) ",5, .0I\ 8
'(2.6) 8#9

18

0
 T3" '5, (2.5) *>= - # ()
.

vu . Au = vd. Ad = V = 0.015 m3/s

0.015
= 0.81m / s
2
(
0
.
154
)
4

vu =

vd =

0.015
= 1.84m / s
2
4 (0.102)

.[3@ $ 0 d ;-'[ 3 ! 0 u ;-' K!(2.10) / P1_ &

 # ()
2

p1 v1
p
v
P
+
+ z1 + . = 2 + 2 + z 2
g 2 g
m g g 2 g
.
p p1 v2 2 v12

P = m g 2
+
+ ( z 2 z1 )
2g
g

 05  D -*># (2) ( 1) ;



p1 = p2 = pa
p2 - p 1 = 0
z 2 z1 = 8



! ,> ";" ,$ :! F

$ (1) F


v1 = 0 , v2 = vd
.

m * 5,$ #
.

m = V = 1000(0.015) = 15.0 kg/s

 F)
P = (15.0)(9.81) [

(184
. )2
+ 8 ] = 1203W
2( 9.81)
1.2 kW = I; [

19

 2.4 m ' U

*5 1 ;" "& :# "!:
}"0

,/

;)
#



.D-

:0/
" # , .! *,/ V.D/
* @3# 0/! V # 5,$
! *,/  V  .D/*0/
"*;

*

5 D#

;

,p   ".

'(2.7) 8#9

( v )dV + v(v.d A) = BdV + dA

t
V
A
V
A

) t ( v )dV + v(v.d A) = BdV + dA ..(2.12

A

"* I, `_I 5 D# * - pn :!_D .  B

0;

  !D- !D- *} @ 0-% & 0@ .% D!  -

!D- . B = g k

20

'5Z ' | }$'

 8R*?5 :&U
"  '>*$ # :# =>-! *,/ ); (2.12 ; ,p 
)"% 5, D!*" 0/ ! 8 S" 0T3- ).

'(2.8) 8#9

">*, 1*$ [ ,\ ")  * !)

* .x-y P1,*@84
  )D (2.12  5,  / % . 5
0/ }":0

v ( v. dA ) = -v12A1 i + v22A2 n2

) = -v12A1 i + v22A2 (cos i +sin j

/ }:K

B dV = g k dV = - gV k
V

 
)! / ,  
(1) :!/ )," (2 0 ,#) ; !_ 
> , }5/ ,

3 - .P  #

F :# '@ (3) 0/;

3 &! ,!] .> 5, 8 5_  

..B*# ,!] F :5'[*$

,!p 5$, @ R

:#
 (3) F .D/*.0/

21

R = Rx i + R y j + Rz k

dA =
A

dA1 +

A1

dA2 +

dA3

A3

A2

p dA i + p dA (cos i + sin j )+ R
1

A1

A2

= p1A1 i - p2A2 cos i - p2A2 sin j + Rx i + Ry j + Rz k

,/*>= ! - # F) 

- v12A1 i + v22A2 cos i + v22A2 sin j

= - g k + p1A1 i - p2A2 cos i - p2A2 sin j + Rx i +Ry j + Rz k

z , y, x D8 0@ ,/ 5;# 8# 'p P'_ D*  0


.

Rx = m (v2 cos v1) + p2A2 cos - p1A1

.

Ry = m v2 sin + p2A2 sin

Rz = gV
Fz ,

Fy , Fx  }' D8 0@ ")%\ ;   #,

Fx = m (v1 - v2 cos ) + p1A1 - p2A2 cos .(2.13a)

.

Fy = - m v2 sin - p2A2 sin...(2.13b)

Fz = - gV..(2.13c)

22

=
S-; @ 0D8  z, y, x & .\D- 5  ,* 2 0V &
,

;# 5, D!*" 100mm ~5}@*  850kg/m3 30 l/s  . 3

@ 0;

[, . 0.19MPa 0I*) ,

 0.20MPa 0V3 @ 0;

/#  
5* .x-y

 ,*@84 @ 01 } @*,4 8 )(2.13

(0.1)2 = 7.85E-3 m2

= A1 = A 2
.

m = V = (850)30E-3 = 25.5kg/s
.

v1 = v2 = V / A = 30E-3 / 7.85 E-3 = 3.82 m/s

\ P1_ 5 / 90

cos = 0 ,

sin = 1
 1
08 )(2.13

Fx = 1668N, Fy = - 1590N, Fz = - 17N.

23

8
2.1

") , ;
"# R1 P,
& E  *)" 0 " ,
& EP,

 .R25 $ ,5, @ 0)"% )5 (1), @ " E;

5, - rS
'&

r 2
v = b 1
R1
! . ~p b K: S-)( # 5, 0D/
)(  ,; @ 0)"% )(1
)( $*#  0@ ,)"% ). (2
2

] )[bR1 , b, b(R1/R2
2.2

5),# : ,)  u , 0@ vD8! x : 5, y 8"0T3

*!::
2

) u = b( x + xy y
)v = b( -2xy 2yz + 2z2
! =>- !;/* .~p b K* [*$ ,#)  0@ ,  z PD8])[b(z2-yz

/#  , ";

 %  >.,
2.3

5,$ ]! ,! S- ) ,$*! @! !- u5 u = u ( x, t) K),

@!  :}@  

) = 0 ( 2 cos t
0 K!- p ~.

'& ) u = u ( x,t "~ u(o,t) = U]

24

x sin t
2 cos t

[U

2.4

F45 ) (2.9") [*5 ;

3

$}@* . 917kg/m3 ;!$ 0

;
) 1.8 kPa (1  ;
)4 (2

# .5I -;
4, 0.012m2 (1) 0
;
)0.01m2 (2
S- , ;
! (1) : ) (2#
5, D/D*# 0' *-8 >&
'(2.9) 8#9

,V%.
][7.32m/s, 8.78m/s, 88 l/s

2.5

45 F )# (2.10* 

,D5 @,] [T, &

D*# . 50mm P,' \
]! :# P,>& # S- 5, D/.0
! :!"# 5 # 5, \5 @
,. (12) !$
][17 l/s

'(2.10) 8#9

2.6

*[ 0
>" *# 3 [3#}@* )!  0.86 . 1.5 l/s;
,

! ") 20mm;
,@$ . 15mm 0~ 3 >,] 0!
 1.35m [3 ~$3 ;! @$ 0$5 [3 . 7mS-
)( ~  :# ) [3( ; *; :# * [3>
. 0
][10.9m, 137W

25

2.7

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29

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33

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35

p p1 v 2 v1
= ( z 2 z1 ) + 2
+
)+ h f .........................(4.1
.
g
2g
mg
P

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36

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 '

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 0@ ,_B 0)"I :#'&.

37

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2

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= 0.727E-6 m2/s
= 994.1 kg/m3
Re = vd/ = 7E5

k/d = 0.045E-3 / 0.25 = 0.00018

[*$ # $(4.6) 0#

f = 0.015

100 2.04 2
= 1.3m
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; @ 3 = pf
pf = ghf = 994.1(9.81)1.3 = 12.3kPa
38

hf = 0.015

)( ,*s 5\5 8 >; *-8@ 1m : 0 # 1[* 0$:

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0

39

2
2

p 2 p1 v 2 v1
P = m g ( z 2 z1 ) +
+
+ hf
g
2g

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.

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v = q/A = 7E-3 / 4.78E-3 = 1.46 m/s
Re = vd/ = 1.27E5
k/d = 0.15 / 78 = 0.0019
f = 0.025

hf = f

L v2
= 6.88m
d 2g

P = 6.98(9.81)[2.0 +1.0 + 6.88] = 0.68kW

40

 4.2' 5 .' &< 5L!*k

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2

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p
v
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m g g 2 g
 *D  >; 4; :5 hl 0 P,5'& :#

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)...(4.8
2g

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@.




,[# &.
\5



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 90

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2

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>;  0@ 0~ = hf + hl

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hf = f
d 2g
q
0.05
=v
=
= 2.83m / s
A 0.0177
Re = vd/ = 0.53E6
)5,$ (,#

k/d = 0.045 / 150 = 0.0003

f = 0.016

42

hf = 0.016

10 2.832
= 0.44m
0.15 2(9.81)

hl =

( C ) v
2g

[0.5 + 0.2]

2.832
= 0.29m
2(9.81)

hf + hl = ~ 0@ 0)( >;

= 0.44 + 0.29 = 0.73m
(1)   z ()

2.832
z =
+ 0.73 = 0.41 + 0.73 = 1.14m
2(9.81)

43

 4.3 L!*k' 
=
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= hf 1 hf 2

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v
v
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2g 2g

44

f1

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2
f1 + 1
v 2 d1
(4)
=

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v1
2
+1
f2
d2

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d 1 v1 + d 2 v 2 =

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0
( 4) 

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1
.(6)
v2 = v1
500 f 2 + 1

(5) 

v1 = 12.73 4v2.(7)

( 
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12.73
v2 =

1000 f 1 + 1
500 f 2 + 1

1000 f 1 + 1
1+ 4
500 f 2 + 1

..(8)

( Re   * 8 f !& ) *,># 5,$ : % S5,;*

k1/d1 = 0.0004 ,

f1 = 0.016

k2/d2 = 0.0002 ,

f2 = 0.014

45

( 
!7) ( 8) *

v1 = 1.86 m/s , v2 = 2.72 m/s

:0"} S5,;*

Re1 =

v1d1

1.86(0.1)
= 2.3E5
8E 7

Re2 = 6.8E5
f1 = 0.018
f2 = 0.015
( 
!7) ( 8) *

v1 = 1.83 m/s , v2 = 2.73 m/s

: K} S5,;*

Re1 = 2.3E5
Re2 = 6.8E5
 5 .0"} S5,;* @ Re .!; ;
# 0

v1 = 1.83 m/s , v2 = 2.73 m/s

1
3

qB = 0.014 m /s, qC = 0.086 m /s .

A 4 ~ 
  S- :S
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46

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) . 5 5 #,    5 ,-  - -
* .~p
 ,B # ! *,/ )@ (2.12 \8 )5 0 0 ; ) ,:
5,$ *,/ ) ,
F*5 0/ > ,:

v ( v. d A ) = 0

 `_I ;5 0 >!@ ,) F`_I

= pn

" E!3>, [ '" !T35, @*) F )(2.12

g k dV - pn dA
A

v
D* \#, * K!- a
t

t ( v) dV
V

=a

g k dV + pn dA = 0
A

a dV

[*$ " 5,B*) - / :

pn dA = p dV
A

@*)# F ! *,/

[ a + g k + p] dV = 0
V

  .D/* V 0/!*V "*! D* #>: ,

) a + g k + p = 0 .(5.1

49

5.2

5
 '%F <& X S& !k '< 8& 

U !  !S

  U
 |
'5.1 8#9

"  ,- -5 */, * p~  a)  . - :
;   ~)}# x-z/ 5*,/.
 * ~p
..

; a x =

= ~p

;

..

= ~p

az =

* 0@ 5 )(5.1

p
p
i+
k =0

p
= a x

(a x i + a z k + g k ) +
p
= (a z + g ) ,

[*$~ * ' ) P }~  _5/* . *,/ x-

=-8 z: 0
.

= a x t + c1

50

c1 = 0

t = 0 0 = ,*)

= axt + c 2
c2 = x ,/*
;   5 :!T*)

= x + axt2
;

= z + azt

p p p
=
=
= a x .(5.2a)
x x

p p p
=
=
= -(g+az).(5.2b)
z z
(5.2a) #

p = -axx + f(z)

p
= f(z)
z

( 5.2b)

f(z) = -(g +az)

f = -(g +az)z +c
p = -axx - (g +az)z + c ..(5.3)
. 5/ .!; :# c ~} /5 . 3 5 # 0

8 'Y '

5/ , - 0@ '#*;! # *# 5  F
$   ,D*
(5.3)  0@ ,B! /* ! 5 # 0 *;.~p *

p = pa , z = zs
.  F
$ z !& zs  D 3 pa K!-

51

pa = -axx - (g +az)zs + c

ax
)x ..(5.4
g + az
ax
 V !# .!;*#
g + az

zs = c -

=
3

/ 5 *5}@* 850 kg/m*,/* p~

@ 2.0m/s2 0DP

) SI T . (5.2 /5 3.0m

=- . " *# \5~ @ 2.0m
; .[*$
)( #  53 .
)( ;# 4#& 4  /5
)( # F
$ !# 5 .
'5.28#9

)(
2

ax = 2.0m/s , az = 0, = 850 kg/m3

 ) (5.3
0
p = -850(2.0)x 850(9.81)z +c1 = -1.7E3 x 8.34E3 z + c1
;! /x = 3 , zs = 2 , p = 0 5
c1 = 27.8E3
#  53 :
p = (27.8 1.7x 8.34 z) E3
)( #  53 
4# 03 &% x = 0 , z = 0 :
;# 3 &% = 27.8 k Pa

52

.zs

 F
$ 0
( 5.4) )( 
~ p !& /

zs = -

2
x + c2 = - 0.2 x + c2
9.81
zs = 2 x = 3 
c2 = 2.6
zs = 2.6 0.2x
- 0.2 F
! #
tan = -0.2
= -11.3

53

5 5.3
 '%F <&  8|
$  5 0 * 0@ a )5 (5.1 >*@ . ,) F

=0

g k + p

p
p
p
i+
j+ k=0
x
y
z

g k +

1 5 0  8 p*  x, y

p
= -g
z
z / , 0$5  0@ )I# PDD! .
", ) 0@ h PD8 z";
 % @!  F
$ .@ 1
&! h 0 . *0

dh = -dz

dp
= g
dh
p = gh + c
*) 3 I  
c = pa F

)p = gh + pa(5.5

=
[*5 ,*#"#);!; 0 4 5 ~5,
@ 0") .}@ )! \5~ \) 0.85
. 13.6
)(

& 3 ;! 0@ 0$[ ,\

") .
'5.3 8#9

54

) (

& 3 
 @ 0[ ,\ ") "~ &, )0.75m ,*#

) (

[*$ 0# ,*#"#5 . >, @ 0>  ",*#

3   = (1) 43  (2) 4

[*$  ) (5.5 4!:
p0 + 0.07 0g = pa + 0.1mg
p0+ 0.07(0.85E3)9.81 = pa + .1(13.6E3)9.81
p0 = 12.8E3 + pa
)( 3 ;!,# 0@ 0$\ )"% = 12.8 kPa
)( 3 ),*# = 0.1MPa = 0.75 (13.6E3)9.81 = hb m g
3 
 = 112.8 kPa =12.8E3 + 100E3
)(  [*$ 0# ,*#"#
hw w g = hm m g
1E3(9.81)hw = 13.6E3(9.81)0.1
hw = 1.36m

55

 5.4'5 Y

'5.4 8#9

, & 
> "_ ; * 0    I%  !\I !
@'[*$8 . # 0 )! : , P1; ") ## : >-= ! */, )(2.12
 ;)
# .D/* 0/)! 0@ : ).(5.4
/ :5% }" :# 55 >.,
/ }:K

B dV = - gV
VB

/ , :
dA4

dA3 +

A4

dA2 +

A3

dA1 +

dA =

A2

A1

 
5 :(1) F *# R 0; *5 0_ ,p 
F S
 .D/*. 0/
 
!$!& : (2) F

p2 = pa = 0

 
 : (3) F 3 s!   *@ V _3) .
 
: (4) F

4 = -p4n4 = p4k = g H k

56

dA4 = g H A4 k = g( VA +VB) k

A4

: ,/* ! # 0@ 5*

0 = -g VB k + R + g( VA +VB) k

R = -g VA k
FB 0@
 .D; 

FB = -R = g VA k
Vi \ D .D- 5 VA
>
  & 1

FB = g Vi k ..(5.6)

=
~ }@*5\ # . 300N  " @] 0.9m >0.6m P, &
S :# !#,
. 1000 kg/m3  }@*# 0@ 4 800kg/m3
. 0@ #
5 8 !#,))~ p

()

. # \ )D > S-! & #,) ;

()

:  *- 0@ ()
FB = Wd + Wo
. ~5\ Wo ! > #,) Wd K!Wd = 300
Wo = (AH)og = (/4)(0.6)20.9(0.8E3)9.81 = 1997N
Fb = 300 + 1997 = 2297N
>
;"
Fb = wg VI = 1000(9.81)Vi = 2297N
Vi = 0.234m3
V = AH = 0.254m3
V > Vi

57

 '?.  Y%

J 8

V Vi
)( > \D ) =
A
0.254 0.234
= 71mm
2

4 0 .6

58

 5.5'
 
_5_I ,*# 5*[ ;! }@
)!  5* !  "5,B

>.
 )45 (5.5 F5
& ,*#$ ,& d
T H" D- . W .}; })~ @0
& . Vo_5# ,*# !\I @0
$}@* )! T . s D\ 
:# h
'5.5 8#9

FB = W
)W = g VI = w s g (V0 + 4 d2h

4V
4W
) 02 ...(5.7
2
g w d s d

=h

] _5 0@ ,*# ;

,
s = 1, = w , h = h0

4V
4W
02
2
g w d
d

= h0

! ho K8> 1 ,!5 . s =1) 1 F'& #

4W
1
)( 1) .(5.8
2
g w d s

h = h0 +

59

=
,5 ! .5!; ,*# }@ )! @ 0
& . 0.5 s 1.5$ ,
_5 10mm ,*#T  200mm
 /5 W ) Vo _5 ,*#
.D};(. s = 1.5
 s = 0.5

h = 0/ %" 

h = H = 0.2/ &% 

* .!; 5' 0@ P ) (5.7 

, 
0

1
1

0.5 15
.

4W
g w d 2

= h0.5 h1.5

4W
1
1

2
.
9.81(1000) (0.01) 0.5 15

= 0.2 0

W = 0.115 N .
* (5.7) 0@ !"p 5 s = 1.5 h = 0 W = 0.116 N
V0 = 7.85E-6 m3
;
24.6mm ,  s}; , ) .(V =4R3 /3

60

 5.6 Z k '<Y


 :
1

,#\ 
>

: B

,#\ * D\  #:

 .D
@.0
2

,#\ *
;" : M FI

; T[ ,\ ,$0

'5.6 8#9

- 0@ .D "$ #[

,$ 0 ,\ 
> @0
 # .D
@.'!& 03

" E;
,*: MB 0/I

0@ !,# :\ 
> B,#\

;#
>

*.M FI
:5'[*$ '& " P* 0,

/# *FI

" E;
,*D/ 0/I .
\ :

I
).(5.9
Vi

= MB

I K!-\ }"
;# - 0
>

'5.7 8#9

 /# *. FI .D- : Vi \ .

61

 Z k '<Y

'5.8 8#9

%4   .D

@: p'p 0
1

I  .5 & . 
>  FB  W5' @V 0 - @0

D8! :*!. :
2

 .I & . Z 
>  *#*5 *#*5 @
V 0 _

5' \# I 5 ` D/ . * 5 . 1 \ W

 =-'" . U- ;
 @ M ;
 .G
3

 [ .I & . Z 
>  *55 *#5 @
V 0 _ .

\ 5   5 ! 5  1'W ''Z-'" . L= 

;
 ~/ M;
 . G
"**5 # )$ # , ; ,;*$8:

)MB > GB..(5.10

=
.I
$" 
;# ,
& S d>
H}@* )! . s[*$ ; *0
  & P>T ./ 0@ ,;*# 4 .

'5.9 8#9

62

MB > GB :,;*$8&

MB =

d 4 / 64
I
d2
= 2
=
Vi d H i / 4 16 H i

GB = PG PB =

H Hi 1

= 2 (H H i )
2
2
W = FB = g VI :>
&
s !)*) }@

s w g V = w g Vi
sH = Hi
MB =

d2
d2
=
16 H i 16sH

GB = H(1-s)
:,;*$8 &

d2
> H(1-s)
16sH

H
1
<
d 2 2s (1 s )

63

8
 0.5m _4, 1.0m _T 5>_ . 0.3m_!@ S    5.1
. 0.25m ,-~ /* 5 @;;# 0 2.0 m/s2 P: S-
)( F
$ !# 5 #. ;@%
)( !   .
)( ; * _ ,p5 0  
:!/
##%[>.0
][11.5, 25L , 22.7 N , 221N
 5
$"! ;
/ $ -5.2
/#  rad/s ,) .)5.10 53
} P15 /) , :
)p = 2r2 - g(z z0
# F
$

2r 2
2g

.z = z0 +

@/# - 0 &

,/ 0.5m 5  &) 
 . 0.1m
)( S- ,\ 5
 *D 0

'5.10 8#9

F
$ & #'5 /. 5
)( S-8> %" / 5 
:#"88  / , 5'. P
][7.9 rad/s , 0.2m
5.3

 )04> ,*#"# F45 (5.11

5 ")!) :( )( .-@ S, 3

! : . :!)"%  :
)(  ) (15~ }@ ")!
0.8 ) (2) }@ ")!
13.6 )# (3 .
)(  ) (1 )# (3  )(2
) .
][ 20kPa , 20.6 kPa

64

'5.11 8#9

!s ;#   :# D# , >

 !##  !$ )/ ,

5.4
3

}@ \ . 1030kg/m ; - 5 . 10kN\ )!#, - 150N >

1.5m&
)* . 0.7m P, $*# [ 600 N: S-
)(  1 
 ), !#  @ 0; [s 30 .
)(  &% 1  F5V ;   
&%
  5 :# 80%> ). !#,
][0.84m , 51
5.5

5 ,
& ,*#") ,;5 10mm   1.0 ] @  ;
,5

D . \ . 15E-6m3- S@ ! :;, 1.0$

F ] _5:0@ ,*#
)( ~5}@* )! 0.85
)( 5,*" #-}@* )! . 1.5
][+34mm , - 64 mm
5.6

* V)! ;

@; ,# 0 #*- 0.1m2}@ ")! I . 0.6

 *;8 ,> *  4_ @ $ 0}@* )! . 0.9

][ <0.3m

65

E 6 'Z
Z 6.1
*# / :5 3  *#
;##   PD5,  
$")
@!

*# ;#*#   PD5, .5, :#* ,D 3 5 ~p

*  ; *#  5, @

;# 0

-  ,D

!;*# "/ !;# ," , ,D . F45 ) (6.1") 3

1 /*53  p ;
, &! 3 .P

/ S;p3 ,/0

") 3

;p  /3
"0

") 3
,/0

") 4 ,
'6.1 8#9

'6.2 8#9

5, ; 3 , " *# 3 )

~ ,$5, '\0I
 > ., / :5 13 , )" po *;!;# .*# @ 0PD
5, - ). (6.2
:5 '& 3 3 p , 5, p0 } 0'"&' :# T3
 0",)


p0

).(6.1

= + 12 v 2

3 ,/p0 p = v2 = 0

 ) :!)5 (6.2I !"#

") 03 3 , @ 0") ,# S-

5, ") 3 ,/.0

66

 6.2W . '%F

6.2.1'%F '"&
3  0") [*5   */5 >, @ 03 . )0
& &! 3 3   0 )," K!- (5.5 # @,>
$3 }@* / :# :5 3 . [*5 3  0 @0
# 3 20 Pa . 0.14E6 Pa
!*V $3 5*  @, 3 *& [*!@ . \) }@
! >, 3 ! [*5   >, 3 [>.3
6.2.1.1'%F '"& '?
3  0)! ") 0II@!
@ U s 0

5

!@,T  ";
*0

 /3 ) (1 ) (2 @ 0

).(6.3

: 5*! @, h 0T3#

*[  )* (5.5

0
'6.3 8#9

)p1 p2 = gh..(6.2
%F 6.2.1.2 '-
*/5 ; 0@ h3 )!
"*/ ;, > $3 @0
 0,@ :#3 .p :#
 >, .&

3# .

- ):!* - (6.4

:#;, ,@ :# - )5 #

[*$ 3 .0

'6.4 8#9

67

@3# 0,  _ &

  .A1 >> A2 5)*# ! >; :!, 4
,@ 5 >*[# 8> K!- h

)p2 p1 = gh..(1
h = h1 + h2
! h1 K\5 @ 0 $3 @ 0>, ) (1 h2; @ 0 @ 0>, ) .(2 ")   - @  h2 ):!*
),# h1 :# ,
'& !D/

h2A2 = h1A1

A2
A1

h1 = h2

 1) F )(1

A2
)+ 1
A1

( p2 p1 = gh2

 A2/A1!, ;#" -  :5 F!/ "*:S

)p2 p1 = gh2..(6.3
:51 *! . ,& :# ;@ h2 /  p2 - p1 @; 15 0@ ,&.
"~ @ '}# d2/d1 = 0.1 [
@ 0 );@ 1% (6.3 .

6.2.1.3'%F
'"& '8


)(6.5

F45

3#



.#

") % A2 -
'6.5 8#9

68

; }!, @ A1 : ;, ;@ 1V :#>, ) (2 )$,I, . 

 )," (5.5 #>, ) 0@ ,p 8 (28> , 0$  .h2
8"_   5 
   K!- x

h2
sin

=x

) F )(6.3

)p2 p1 = (g sin)x(6.4
% @ 1.0 > sin "!$-" ,@5 # h2 < x@3 3.

69

%F 6.2.2 !5
,s#

3#  3 $

0$!;# 5

[*$8 @0

 D- , _$[*$#



3

$

;#"

3

 !5;# ,@* K!- .0 @0

 *- kPa

4100MPa .0$!;#

8" & & :#3 . 0

5* ;! 3   5 #,
")  . ")
;#!0D
# :# @!

,
3
, &!$

'6.6 8#9

5 . )"% ,- @0

)s s ,   0@ F4# ) .(6.6 4 /  :#3

D  #V 5 3  5 )"% : 5 s  :}K
1 5 P ,5 :, @!,/ .,s
,# 0)5 )*V 3#   :# :;!* 5 *# V & 
.

70

 6.3W .  '


6.3.1*?5 '%F 'U&
*! 0@,T") 3 ,/ -0 )- (6.2

 3#  
$")!:

,& :5 :!!T

# @, > 0 $3 - .p :# 3
,/ 01 5

v2

S-  ) . (6.1"**  ,4!

* :# 0 :

).......(6.5

) 2( p 0 p

=v

# @, 5, ; # 0@ ,4

*# 
;#

 04,-

[*5 # 5,  # # ,.-

\!*51 _D )*T >* [> 3 &* . :5[*$#  :#
 SD5 .




4 

4 0"$

'!-

)(6.5

&,

5,

'
-

".0T3

@0

5,

0T3"8

*
 S /
,5

'5
!T3"8
F4#

@0



'6.7 8#9

;.

). (11.7

71

=
[*$ ") 4 ,-!; 0 5, 4# 0@ , # }@* 1000 kg/m3
[*# :!#\)  .0T3#>, @ 05*# 0\) 40mm }@
)! \) .13.6 S-,
4! 5,.
 3  * (1) 0;@%

= p0 + wg(0.04) + wgh
p + mg(0.04) + wgh
p0 p = 4.94E3 Pa
 )(6.5

v = 3.1m/s

'6.7 8#9


Z 6.3.2'
 'W
* " 5,B; !5\  #
"[>

3

s

:

;

-#,D )\(   ,s)# 5 # S- ,* 0

& *.
 *> 0@ ,")
;# -# *8 A 0
;# -#  4#\ a
@ #* 0
& * 
! # 5, K!- q 0D/

a 2
A

( 1

=q

p K!->["8 @ 03.
 1V)*8 >& @ 0
& 5 # 5, & /4 #  ' .P
5, # 1 #5, Cd &!* & 1.0 :#

)p (6.6

a 2
A

( 1

72

q = Cd

 F45 ) (6.8"% %} !5; !s ,5, \.#

0;!

> 0 ;! > K ;! > .

_ &_ > ;!
> .0 8 #"5,$ # Cd 5 # !& &%;@ 0 ) 0@ ,
&.
;! > P\!5>;  0@ !3; 8"  0*> ")! .$*5
;! > K;! :!$ :5,V >.
* E; !5\ T) # #   I/!"  ,
 5 S$
' :# .
K>#

@

@

'6.8 8#9

Z 6.3.3 '

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 > * ,!p5, * ,$


"_  ! ,$  .:5 1

I ,$ >  $!;#
5,.

S)*5 !T# ,

> @& K- 0 _ !,@ @ 0E

5 3)" 1 _I _. 0,

 P1

)3 # :# :5 ,$ @,> :#

; .p# ,5 5,$  .

>
'6.9 8#9

73

!T#

Z 6.3.4 '

 J&
 *[ @ 01 ;!
I# S`-@ . 0 #
,5 /# .D- :# # :-
I") 0)"%  V .,
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/# 0 [ #>
!.

Z 6.3.5 '

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@# 0 

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,- 45 V)"% . ,#  @ 0)"% *5, .D

 & &    _ /#  .D &
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$
*& #

> 4#

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`& ,$ @ > 5 .D*  # 5,.

 1 :5!! ,)"% ! !$ 4#

 .D 

'6.11 8#9

# 5, .;, })~   .D ,/ V5 # _*>!- ,-

"! @ 0- .D / ,5 # 0$ *$  0@ .D)"%.

74

 7'<
 .'[*$ # =>-! *,/ @ 0 * 0@ !#) ) (20

) vdV + v(v.d A) = BdV + dA ....(2.12

t
V
A
V
A
! .D- V K* ./ -# A
F* } .0// %  *:0;  : s* ; D*# : s 5, ;  .p !D;

.!/


7.1'< '
] @,,*-

U
* 

>

]4



&

&#U NX
'"U

'7.1 8#9

.*5@ > _,   : D,*- & ,V# :# ! ,
,/ ,@5 .3 
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$ *5
&  > :# > 3"@ " ,*-8.
*
)!  ) .D-  (2.12* ./ # F4@*, 5, ! S
- ) "/    &%;! :

v(v.d A) = dA
A

75

v1(-v1 A1) i + v2 (v2A2 ) i = p1A1 i - p2A2 i + R3

.(3) F
  ./* .D-  ,p ; 0 R3 K!,/ .I  @ 5 1

F t = R 3 = [v22A2 - v12A1 + p2A2 - p1A1 ](-i)

. x S PD8 ;  PD

Ft = v22A2 - v12A1 + p2A2 - p1A1 ..(1)

.

m1 = V _  0* 5, # *)

.

m 2 = ,[  0* 5, #

.

= &0* 5, #
@

m2 = m1 + mf

= ") &  _ 

mf
.

m1
.

m 2 = m 1 (1 + )
.

: (1)  F)

Ft = m 2 v2 - m 1 v1 + p2A2 p1A1...(7.1a)
.

Ft = m 1 [(1 + ) v2 v1] + p2A2 p1A1.(7.1b)

76

=
,/# ,)*[5 ">  $#  : )*V.

,$V _  ,/

150m/s ,$> :5 . 1000m/s K@*, 4 _  V4 >K

58 3 D )" . &  _  -# . 0.02;

 0V[, 0.2m2 0I}@ _ . 1.15 kg/m3 V

S-; '  #,/ :#,/.
[*$  ) (7.1b
.

Ft = m 1 [(1 + ) v2 v1] + p2A2 p1A1

p1

p2

v2

v1

0.02

1000

150
.

m 1 = 1v1A1 = 1.15(150)0.2 = 34.5kg/s

Ft = 34.5 [(1 + 0.02 )1000 150] = 30.0 kN

77

 7.2'< '-&R
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 5. "L

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 5. 8
'7.2 8#9

/5}" 0' :#&  @ 0 .$

*) K>#  .D-* ./ ,B " ! p V .D-
* ,) ./
@ (1) F  ) (1
0

Ft = v22A2 + p2A2
.

)Ft = 2v22A2 + p2A2 = m 2 v2 + p2A2 (7.2

p2 K!- 3 @ 3 D !/ .

78


7.3'<

'7.3 8#9

@ ,#[*5 0- @ 0
, >/ K!- : ) P,; !"!!
 & ,-! @ 05, . ,p5 >   .D, @ !,/ @0
PD8 5,.
*
)! # ! *,/ ) .D-  (2.12*: 1-2-3-4 ./

v(v.d A) = dA
A

v1(-v1 A1) i + v2 (v2A2 ) i = p1A1 i - p2A2 i + R 4

)R 4 = (v2 2A2 - v1 2A1 - p1A1 + p2A2 ) i ...(1


3 p1 5I p2 )55 >.(!$!;# ,
", # q 5, !* 0D/  :

q = vA = v1A1 = v2A2
!$*# v K  ,) ,@ A -*05 @!_ @.
& @ Ft 0; ,p  @ ! R40
;   @ .D- 0* ./1

F t = R 4
) F t = (v2 2A2 - v1 2A1 ) (- i

79

'7.4 8#9

Ft = q(v2 v1) (7.3a)

Ft = vA(v2 v1) ...(7.3b)
5-6-3-4 ,% ./* .D-  (1) *
)! 

R 4 = [vA(v6-v5)+ p6A6 - p5A5] i

*):5*; # (6) ( 5) /


A5 ~ A 6 = A
v5 ~ v6 = v

*) 5

R 4 = (p6 p5) A i
Ft = (p6 p5) A (- i )
Ft = (p6 p5) A(2)

.x S PD8 0@

( 
!7.3b) ( 2) *

p6 p5 = v(v2 v1) ..(3)

6-2 5-1 :!
; 
&  # !)
*

p5

p6

v
p v
+ 5 = 1 + 1 (4)

2
2

v
p v
+ 6 = 2 + 2 ..(5)

2
(5) ( 4) *0


p6 p5 = (v2 2 v1 2) .....(6)
v(v2 v1) = (v2 2 v1 2)
v =

(3) ( 6) *

v1 + v 2
.(7.4)
2
.
 <7!  P1 ,

80

; [ :# I@ Po
)Po = Ft v1 = Av v1(v2 v1)(7.5
;  V @ Pi
)Pi = Ft v = Av2 (v2 v1) (7.6

v1 Po
=
>  5,B@ = =
v
Pi
v1
).(7.7
v

=
; [,/# :# I ,T  @_  ,!
 . 1MW
, 90m/s ,
@ 0 $ :}@* ,
& 1.1kg/m3@ . 3m:S-
)(

! ,$ _ @ 0 S"D@.0

)(

! ,$ _ ) ,@.

) (

&
# , ! _ ! @$@.

)(

& @  ,/.

)(

>  5,B@.

)(

;  V @  )(7.6

2

)Pi = Av (v2 v1
[*$ ",@ 5,B

)A(v1+v2)2 (v2 v1

1
4

)( 4 )(9)(90+v2)2 (v2 90

81

= Pi
1.2
4

= 1E6

v2 = 103.7m/s
)(

 ) ,@ 5,B" - (7.4

v1 + v2
= 96.9m/s
2
) (

= v

# 5, q 0D/
3

q = v A = 684.6 m /s

)(

q
= 7.61 m2 , d1 = 3.11m
v1

= A1

q
= 6.63 m2 , d2 = 2.90m
v2

= A2

@ Ft )(7.3a

Ft = q(v2 v1) = 10.3kN

)(

> @  )(7.7

v1
= 0.93
v

'< '& '"Y '5U:

* ,- 
, / #*  '#
@ , 0$/  )*;5 ! .(7.5,
@ ! , 0;@%/  =>-\8
; ,p% 0)"D : s @
, 0$/ .

82

'7.5 8#9

)(

' o"U
5

,$
, / 0@ # PD8 >,
@ 0 P1. /

 !/

v1 = 0
I,  @ )(7.3b

Ft = vv2 A
 # @, [* ,
'7.6 8#9

v = v2
Ft = Av22

2 Ft
).(1
A

= v2

; Pi V
)Av23(2

= )Pi = Av2 (v2 v1

1
4

* ) (1 ) (2
!
3

3
A 2 Ft
Ft
= Pi
=
4 A
2 A
3

Ft
= Pi
).....(3
2 A
 "  **5 !/ @ 
,

Wt 3
)....(7.8
2 A
)(

= Pi

'5- '5
; 
  \5  :; 
 @ - 0* . !/@ >5


,

Ft > Wt

83

) (

'?5 '5
; 
 @ 0 P1 : ; /; 
 @ - 0* !/

@ 
 : ;5 
,

Ft < Wt
)(

' 'U'

@


   ,#) 5

'7.7 8#9

,#) @;!5 . *# @ \! 5

0,) 
  ;
/ 0>* V ;! : , !;*"8
.

  '
:
> 5, / & 5,  & !!"!# 0
 1  @ .;  Pi V 0
; *!* - 
;#> .A -
* P1;   v1 , ,$ 0*!
'7.8 8#9

@!] 0 .I>.

)(7.9

Pi = m v12 = Av1

; [Po I
2

)Po = Av (v1 v2 )........(7.10

>  5,B>
2

) v(v1 v 2
3

v2
[*$ ",@ 5,B *)
v1

v1

=r

) = (1 + r r2 r3)....(1

84

*/5  &! "> # 5,B

d
= (1 - 2r 3 r2 ) = 0
dr

0

1
3

=r

 > !

v2 1
=
v1 3
* 0@ 5 )(1

16
)= 0.593(7.11
27
1  ; E,B >.

85

= M


E 7.4 '< '

86

8
-% *!! ,/ "> :
7.1
0.8m
;
,0V
0.5m
;
,[,0I
65kg/s
# 5,$ _
1.39kg/s
# 5,$ &
49kPa
3 D
51kPa
3 0V
70kPa
3 [,0I
293K
I,/ !V
700K
I,/ [,!I
@*, _  V [] I !}#*) &! 0@ R:!*/
287J/kg-K
S-@
(
S-; "~ ,$
, 300km/h
(
][53.7 kN, 4.5MW
# 5,$ !V &  ,/ ,* . 2.5kg/s 0V 
7.2
 K># V  .D ) 600m/s , .3 @ 0
[5 I 3 D ,$ . . 300m/s S-@ ,/ ;.
][1.5 kN, 450 kW
@ ,T 5
0@ 5  4kN # ,$
,  120m/s
7.3
>  }@ _ @! ,
& . 1.0kg/m3@ . 2.5m S-; "!

  ,!* 5,B _ @$@.
][480 kW, 127m/s
,/*5 # 0@ 10m/s , $ :}@* ,
& . 1000kg/m3@
7.4
\ ,5 . 0.5m )*# , @  . 4m3/s S-@ 
\ >  5,B;  V@D . >&  : s \
,$ : @.
][83kN , 49% , 1.7MW
@*, >  !/ >_ }!  ,$5, 6m/s
7.5
,$ S-*! ) ,>  0@ _# @# S"D@ .0  &
,
> 5m}@ _ 1.2 kg/m3 S-@  > # . .!& 03
! @$> ,s)#
][4.0m/s, 2.0m/s, 377 N, 12 Pa , - 7.2 Pa

87

m ' U <& '5- ' "

8.1'5- ' '"J

 :# ) (2.12# 0 =>-! *,/ @ 0 *:!#

B dV + dA
A

= ) v ( v. dA

*[ " 5,B*)  !45,) /(-

  '# !D-

t ( v) dV +
* 5/*'# 
0@ !/

 .p/ - # 8 *>!4


.
 " 5,B*) >*, ,*$8 0@ 5 D @ 8 *>!4
* 0,*$8 5 .1 1 D5  * !#8  :# .
*>% !4 % * 8 0,*$ 5D.
'V *5 5/, *D /# /! s

,# K!-) `_I ; .0

!/ :5*D 0@ sD8 }' z, y, x 05

s = sx i + sy j + sz k
;5  8 }' ! * 0, 8 *<5 - :

u
u
u
u
p
+u
+v
+ w = Bx
)+ s x .(8.1a
x
y
z
x
t

v
v
v
v
p
)+ u + v + w = B y + s y .(8.1b
x
y
z
y
t

w
w
w
w
p
+u
+v
)+ w = Bz + s z .(8.1c
x
y
z
z
t

!,# w, v, u K)  0@ v ,D8  z, y, x*.0& [*$ *$ &! sz, sy, sx . : 05

88

sx =

u 2 u v w u v w u
+ + + +
2 3 + +
x x
x y z y y x z x z
..(8.2a)

sy =

v 2 u v w v w u v
+ + + +
2 3 + +
y y
x y z z z y x y x
.. (8.2b)

sz =

w 2 u v w w u v w
+ + + +
3 + +
2
z z
x y z x x z y z y
.. (8.2c)

S!, ,!] )0p'p 5,  K!/ # P'* $ - ,!@" 8#
8 .D 0@ !; B*# I  \,*5 8 .0I\ 0T3"8

.0"!"' 5, 0
 8 8 P1

89

R J 8.2
&W'H' '
 8.2.1
, .,>( 8.1) 8 0@ sz, sy, sx ,5 ;F) 0I\ 8 5, *)
."
J D }' 8

u
u
u
u
p
+u
+ v + w = Bx ..(8.3a)
x
y
z
x
t

v
v
v
v
p
+ u + v + w = B y ..(8.3b)
x
y
z
y
t

w
w
w
w
p
+u
+v
+ w = Bz ..(8.3c)
x
y
z
z
t

W"' N7  nE%F*H' '

 8.2.2
(2.2) .; 0@ _*['$) $ 0* 0T3" '5, *>= - #

u v w
+
+
= 0 ..(8.4)
x y z
8# F)  I) &! \p B-'#( 8.2) 8 0@ ;1 5*
:*$ -,!@"

2u 2u 2u
u
u
u
u
p
+u
+v
+ w = Bx
+ 2 + 2 + 2 .(8.5a)
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
x

2v 2v 2v
v
v
v
v
p
+ u + v + w = B y + 2 + 2 + 2 ...(8.5b)
x
y
z
y
y
z
t
x
2w 2w 2w
v
w
w
w
p
+ u
+v
+ w = Bz
+ 2 + 2 + 2 (8.5c)
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x

90

 8.3 8J *< 5  -
*51 # -8 "@!*$ -, @ 0_ .T)3# '- (8.2) #

:

 @ 0 /  0@ !/ S"D ,5% ]! .!

V , 8 
8/ [ !)* F 8  _- :5 K!/ .E5?F H }$
 0@ / 1; (8.3.1) ." . P 0@ #8/ **5 01 @!_  /)3
 /8 5 }!- ?
Z H  # *[ 'Y '
.
8.3.1'
 ' 5 <& X  )3# -) NZ(
@*,4 P1 :/5, 8" .B*# 0T3\
V I "! *#5
! S! ,p 8 & .!I

  P1,*@84 @# 08 "@!-,

*$ )\*[ (8.1   *>!4

dp
2u
)= 2 .(8.6
dx
y
[*$ ;! /5

y = 12 h

'8.1 8#9

 u = 0

5
  # )(8.6

1 dp h 2
)( y 2 ) ..(8.7
2 dx 4

u=

8.3.2' 
7'U '" ) o'W( &?
Z 8
"!\  ! :*\! ,/ 0*\! " ,@5 .03 
 > \I%
,/ )! @ 0 /% :#,/ )! ">_ 0@ ,@5 ! ./
}"! V $ .!I5 0@ 1 ; ."%  045,/ / .%.

91

 8.3.2.1' 8U '? '? '?#

'8.2 8#9

 ,*@84 :

!p 5,

 ,/

8" !T35,

"*B \I

 ,; !D

 , .\5

8" !T35, "*B \*I 8\*[5 #8 "@!*$ -,   ).(8.5

 ,/ !p) D ; \*[ !D  ) (8.5 :

92

 2u 2u
u
u
p
u + v = + 2 + 2 ..(1a)
y
y
x
x
x
2v 2v
v
v
p
u + v = + 2 + 2 ..(1b)
y
y
y
x
x
.!; 1 1[*" 58 0@ (1) 8 3" 
U'* 5' $`
0@ / T L K!-

 3 U

 , U  T L :!! I,

.*}* ,$ U  ,/ PD
: ! 5 ',!* , "1

x =

UL
x
y
u
v
p
, Re =
, y =
, u =
, v =
, p =
2
L
L
U
U
U

:5 ,!

!;

;# ,!) ; ' &! 1 !;*)

F) P' 5 ',5_ @ ;D

x ~ 1 , y ~ , u~ 1 , v ~ , Re ~
(1b) ( 1a) 8 5 '

u'

dp' 1 2u ' 2 u '

u '
u '
+ v'
=
+
+

.(2a)
dx' Re x'2 y '2
x'
y '
~1

u'

~1

~ -1

~1 ~ -2

v'
v'
dp ' 1 2 v' 2 v'
+ v'
=
+
+

.(2b)
x'
y '
dy ' Re x'2 y '2

~ -1

~ -1

:5/ " S5,;* D!*" P"(   1) 8 [*\ 1

dp
d 2u
= 2 .(8.8)
dx
dy

93

:5, 5/ .!;

y=0,

u= U

.. (3a)

y=h,

u= 0

.. (3b)

x=0,

p = 0 ($!&) .. (3c)

x=L,

p = 0 ($!&)...... (3d)
.x 0@  h  B-'# #

(3a, 3b) 5/ .!;*[ $ :!,# (8.8)  #

u=

1 dp 2 1 dp
y
y
hy U + U (8.9)
2 dx
2 dx
h
*>= - 0
5
h

q=b

udy = 12 bUh 121

0

bh 3 dp
dx

.x T;  q !& )p B-'# #

dp
=12
dx

q
U
2 3 .(4)
bh
2h

( # h h = h1) # x x = 0 / :! (4) #

x

p = 6U

dx
q
0 h 2 - 12 b

p = 6U

dx 2
q
h dh h dh - 12 b
1

dx

dx

dh h

dh .(8.10)

h1

(8.10)  F) x = L , h = h2 p = 0 : (3d) 5/*[ ;! $

94

h2

q = bU

dx

dh h

dh

h1
h2

..(8.11)

dx 3
h dh h dh
1

 1 }#

.x 0p-8 p 3*[' '& $ :5

x h &' 5/*

&' "*[ :5 !;*# *#  / :# : % S"D

(8.3)  :# h(x)

h = h1 (h1 h2)

x
L

h h
dh
= 1 2
dx
L
(8.11)  0


q = bU

h1h2
....(8.12)
h1 + h2
: (8.10)  0


p = 6UL

(h1 h)(h h2 )
(8.13)
2
2
h 2 (h1 h2 )

8.3 8#9'

:# / P1_ 8U'** $ :5

L

W = b pdx
0

r=

h1
) E5, *#* ,I( 8.13)  :# p 3 5*
h2
W =6

bL2UH w

95

h2

..(8.14a)

K!-

Hw =

ln r
2
2
..(8.14b)
2
[r 1] r 1

0
5 r = 2.2  5 -   &,D* 5,B :# :5
. HwM = 0.0267 
: WM !/(   8.14a)  0


WM = 0.16

bL2U
h2

..(8.15)

/ ,-  D .** & $8

L

D = b w dx (5)
0

w =

du
dy

y =0

(5)  0@ (4) ( 8.12) (8.9) 8 :# 5*

D=

2 bLU
H D .(8.16)
h1 h2
K!-

H D = 2 ln r 3

96

r 1
r +1

 8.3.2.2' 8U '? '? '%-

&SHS'?

&S'?

'8.4 8#9

,*@84 _ P1 / ;

# /; }*$  5, p'p!~
.:!p B-'# :5 # 3 @ 0 PD8 ! 04,!, :# ;5 #
*  3.
") # :# !"p8 "@!*$-, "
)  \*V8 '5?F 8 " .p;S
!' .L
Z *! P1_ D: /

p
2u
)= 2 .(8.17a
x
y
p
2w
)= 2 .(8.17b
z
y
 #8 ) (8.17 =>-* 
5 # 0, '
W'5
'" : o'W

3 p 3 2 p
dh
= 6 U
).(8.18
h
+h
2
x x
z
dx
 - ),
 (8.18  ~)p 5  &*# *!; D  *0
 !_ :#5, 0p) "~ ) )! b L)!,.)  ,5/ :5 1 ) (8.14 "* P) : ,5, 0p'p):

97

bL2UH W

).(8.19

h2

W = K .6

!5 K* # #* b L  K F!/ : 052.0

1.5

1.0

0.8

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.25

b L

0.68

0.61

0.44

0.34

0.185

0.140

0.085

0.06

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

1.0

0.94

0.885

0.835

0.775

8.3.2.3' 8U'&Z"U
* 0@ !/&% ) (8.3.2.1 )(8.3.2.2
*V  !;*# #/;.

:5

) "> * / !/[ /

,> 0;/ - I" S /0;/
 !T*#;*$#

; @ h

 0@ 0 / 0;/% . :#

/ .p5 ) h(x,I * !/ . )$

98

=

 0@ .!;*# / ;@% PD,/ , . 60mm . 300mm /
8> % %" >D 100E-6m  50E-6m* .0}@ ~5
*\! 900kg/m3\*I . 0.1Pa.s

"~ ,$ *p /

0.5m/s

:S-
)(

/

)(

`&

) (

; >; @ 0/

)(

\5 @ 0 I,/ \ ~5*\! "~ &! ,/ ! cp

1000J/kg-k

)(

5= 300/60 = b L

&! K*[ 0@ # ) (8.19 0.885

= 0.0265

2
( 2) 2 1

)ln(2

][2 1

= HW

)(0.1)(0.3)(0.06) 2 0.5(.0265
= 3.04E3
(50 E 6) 2

W = (0.885)6

3.04 kN = /

)(

 )(8.16

2(0.1)0.3(0.06)0.5
50 E 6
= 13.9
2 ln (2 ) 3

(100 50) E 6
150 E 6

=D

`& = 13.9N
) (

>; @ 0;  : s`& = D.U

D.U = (13.9)(0.5) = 7W

)(

 >; @ 0; P1 S-'/*5 P  ,-

99

P = cp m T = cp q T

T =

P
c p q

0D/ 5, # 0
( 8.12) 

q = 5E-6 m3/s

T =

7
= 1.6K = 1.6C
1000(900)5E 6

100

U 8.4 L '5 )E 
(
1 $% 5* )*$ * #) ,s8 @# D# / =>/ #:
8  5,)D[
! . :5[*$ 'p :# ,T :5
;5,T .1>, /
;5,T .2D-% /
;5,T .3 ,/
0>*$ 
 ,s \I# Z
E'  'U.

*) - 8 *> !4/ S

>, *) _#  5 .5,)D1
*) 5' 
W' 0)5 .*> \5, 
  !45,,@ "" "5.
 :5 ,5 *#  ) f(x4@ /0
 ).(8.6
># $ !   f 4 )(x+h

'8.6 8#9

h K!- -!, :

df 1 2 d 2 f 1 3 d 3 f
+ h
+ 6h
)+... (8.21
dx 2
dx 2
dx 3

f ( x + h) = f ( x ) + h

># ! $   f  (x-h) 4:

df 1 2 d 2 f 1 3 d 3 f
f ( x h) = f ( x ) h
+ h
6h
)+... (8.22
dx 2
dx 2
dx 3
d2 f
df
*;

, I*!/" :  *;
2
dx
dx
df
1
=
)f ( x + h) f ( x h)] + O(h 2 ) (8.23
[
dx 2h

101

 *:0

d2 f
1
)= 2 [ f ( x + h) 2 f ( x ) + f ( x h)] + O(h 2 ) (8.24
2
dx
h
! K- O(h n) 0 :# n I  # . # P1/  !, "~ h!,.
8 ' F4 P! :5 E ;, - 8 *> !4/  -
,>#  S/ 5 ## 4 @D# 0 5,.

102

8
8.1

F45 )\I (8.6 ,D# :# 8

*#  '$ ;5 }~  0.5m3/s

.4, ,*#
@*, "*B 5, @ 0 ;T

**$

)!,  :* " "# ;

 x
.p*!& **$  5 ;
! (1) : )(2
5 # 5, 5 ,
# 

'8.6 8#9

04, ,*#  0.1m3/s2 S-* #

@ 0;
! (1) : ) (25 #)# F
5, .04, ,*#  0.8m3/s
][0.20 m/s2, 0.93m/s2, 0.71 m/s2, 2.70m/s2
8.2

$5, !I\ 8 S 0 8"5 0T3 :5,D# E 0 ,;

!@ !D *!: :

v = ax i - ayj
B = - g k
 3  ";
 % p0 ~)p  53 @ 0D 5) , :

p = p0 - a2(x2 +y2) gz .
8.3

5,$ > 0/! S 8"*# :!- :! 0T3 :!5@ !_ .h

,/*5  *# 0@ % B5 ! - Ui , P $ ,V .

(

~)p  " P

 T)3# '- 08 "@!*$-,:

u h 2 dp
y y y
=
(1 ) i
U 2U dx
h h h

;" 1V%   #B . :
(

@ V - _1 5, 1 5, 5, 5

>D

! : 10mm :!-$ , */, )* . - 0.1i m/s \I

,/!   0.05Pa.s$ .*! ,*&
8/ !:

103

u
U

y
h

)(i

dp
=0
dx

)(ii

dp
= 1 Pa/m
dx

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)= -1 Pa/m (iii
dx
-  PD; ,p   *,/ @ 0 . -
8.4

F45  ) /# (8.7@# 0

:# &
;
*#/ . # _,0
5 - / :5 . zz*)  # :;

% -1 #* # *) 

,- '- S)5! 5 )* . 3MN \I
,/! \ 0.04Pa.s") $;)T 0
\5~ %  %" & 2.0 ,
"!  !/;5 8 K  %"


); \,& : /# . 50E-6m : ~5 s
1/  .!
*#
8.5

][93 rpm

> >D @1- /# 0# ,!*5 0

 PD,/ S- x

'8.7 8#9

h = a e-bx
! a K p b~ .(
(

[*$ '& 3  ph, h2, h1, L, U, 8

 )!,  :; '

UL h2 2

/# .$ P8

 h/h2 h1/h2 = 2.0

(

>"  .$  /; 1/ *;!; .".

104

 9.

Z 9.1
 * !/ 045, 5,  #@  ;!D# . 5, ;!::
_ 5, !4*D ,p /35 # 5!@ E 8#  ,D5
\ !4 ,p%5, 1 ;5, . '\ 0I 5,  .;.
}" 0 5, *8 ,p  ,!@ S5 ,p%\ 0I5,$ 5

); D .5" 0@ :/1 ) #!  $1 ,V" ! ,!V%$
5, '\) 0I .,s

9.2

J ' Z?Y'X


45 F ) (9.1


); D  5 @!
  $*;#
5, . ,! =-'5,
# @ *- y )
4# !@ =-'5 8 !, 15.,
5, 1 / 4 
);
D .5 1V5  "
'9.1 8#9

4 1  @!
!- 0.99U ,U K
 ,* B ;

 x!  : . #& :
P1 
); D5
s>_ *!/  '5<
!* .8

'9.2 8#9

105

du
:5 ",  # 0@ ,; : #
dy

&!* VV 
);

D 5 .p :#*> 0@ , ):(1.3

du
dy

!5 K ; &! ;# V

); DD :5 ! 5 V._I :5 ", 35 
); D 5 F4}/ ,5 @ 05, ;!
!  .\5
@ 0* !/5, 0 
); D,*>" 5:

5, !8 S" 0T3 p).

; \ !I - # ; 1.0

D  S1 .V*55,   - .!;*#  @/# *!

 .0!,5 0 5_D  >. ,

' NZ'U
 '"
 <& ' Z?Y'X
:

v=0

u=0

y=0

du/dy = 0

u=U

 ,*@84 %  #8 "@!*$ -, [*\ 8   :

u
u
1 dp 2 u 2 u
+v
=
+
+
)..(1
x
y
dx x 2 y 2
v
v
1 dp 2 v 2 v
+
)..(2
+v
=
+
x
y
dy x 2 y 2
u v
+
)= 0 .(3
x y
 ) 0@ (1 ':5

106

' u
' u
dp ' 1 2 u ' 1 2 u '

) ..(4
'u
'+ v
=
+
+
'x
' y
dx' Re x' 2 Re y ' 2
1

/ 0@ ,!V% S"D) :5%V

.*5 / @ 0 ) (4 :5

;( "  . 1/2 ,4 @ 0)5 1/Re 0 5

0 \! 1  S"D,5%
 S- ,*@8 }" 01 D5  .1/2 \5

' u
' u
' dp' 1 2 u ' 1 2 u
'u
'+ v
=
+
+
'x
' y
dx' Re x' 2 Re y ' 2
1

" / 5 [*\   

' u
' u
' dp' 1 2 u
'+ v
=
+
'x
' y
dx' Re y ' 2

'u

I,  )5

u
u
1 dp 2 u
+v
=
+
).(9.1
x
y
dx y 2

  " /  5 )*# (2!! : *@,   \5

# 5"  }"!.

1 dp 2 v 2 v
v
v
u +v
=
+
+
x
y
dy x 2 y 2

"D ) ,/  .

 :5 1]> P1,) # :#8 "@! ,

*$.
# ,*$8: 5

'u ' v
+
=0
' x' y
1

1
107

u v
+
)= 0 ..(9.2
x y
 '' ) (9.1 # ,"* 
); D. 5
V # - 
); D@ 5 ;! ./ 5):F

y , u = U , du/dy = 0, d2u/dy2 = 0
! , )(9.1

dU
1 dp
=
)...(9.3
dx
dx

& <5 |  '- )5, (9.1 @ 0

); D 0@ 5:

dU
w =
u (U u )dy +
)(U u )dy ..(9.4

x 0
dx 0
,5  @@ - 0 ::#
)(1

 ,!*5 .3 @ 0D @ / .0>*[5 ,!V%

)(2

/ `_I ;  0D */" w  @, 5.u(y) ,

)(3

 F ) :#  (9.45, > 0/5, ,

[*$   ,.)$

108

,

 %F' |   5< 8 9.3

: ( 9.4)  1V dp/dx = 0 

w =

u (U u )dy
x 0
5_ '

1
w
u
u
y

=
(1 )d
2
U
x 0 U
U

5 '.!; E5,*

u
y
, =
U

 /"

w
d
= (1 )d ..(9.5)
2
dx 0
U

U -'
 X' Z?Y' 9.3.1
,  0_ ;I` , 0*( 1.3) 0"! 5, # :# *>$8

w =

u
y

=
y =0

U d
d

w
d
=
2
U
U d =0

109

=0

1_ 5 ;!   , .() @~ ,  5

d
d

- :5
=0

. '

=
.(1)
2
U
U
.:# @ # :# ,5% S"D 1 (1)  /

,/ 0#* ; 1_ \#," () @, /*!@  :5% S"D #

1

= (1 )d ..(2)
0

: (9.5) 0@ (2) ( 1) :# 5*

dx
U
# 0


2
x .(9.6)
=
U
( 
!9.6) ( 1) *

w
=
U 2

=
2 U x
2

1
.(9.7)
Re x

L T b 4,  -#  w  #* ,I

D = b 2LU 3 (9.8)

"X' . ## Cf  ,"

110

cf =

1
2

D
U 2 A

c f = 8

1
(9.9)
Re L

5
H! _! - 0*! ,D* *

x =0.99

5 .0
(9.10a)
Re x

w
0.332
=
(9.10b)
2
U
Re x

cf =

111

1.328
(9.10c)
Re

 9.3.2' Z?Y'X
 '
-R  '"
 ' :
5\I (1 5,  0@ \ 8 , > F  / 5, >0/
_ */ @ 0*!' > ,*$ *,/ @ 0 D8 # -

/#

0@ ,$ PD5, .0!,

* 0@ , '}#

x PD8 !$ @ u u
),  &~ , t

*u 
$

YJ ' u

K!-

'u = u + u

udt
0

=u
'9.3 8#9

K!- @*, , .
,  ' 5 T :05

)..(9.11

) (u '2 + v'2 + w'2

1
3

=T

:5\*V  ) (9.11  " P "~ V * 8D!:

u '2
U
(2

=T

V :# 5,  ,"  S"D>; \!@  0I @; S) !@4

"!" ,- *!' :0

)( @; ) S,/ @ 0 PD8.04,
)( @; ) S *.
: 5 5 #, 
. W'5
112

/*5 (3 5, :#> 0/  ,#  \5,/# .Rec 1 

,/ 5, @ 0S!"%

2 000 < Rec < 10 000

5,  % *(T ~ 0.5%) 5

0.35E6 < Rec < 1E6

`_I ; 0 0@ 0
); D 5, 5`_I \ 0I)! ),
 @# 0 "!5, : > 0/ _I & 0 : s" @4*.
`_I ) , @# 0 "!5, : >:0/

du
du
=
dy
dy

l =

5) : ,`_I ; 0` @4 : s*  !5

du
)....(9.12
dy

t =

 t '5 '7 '"W '7

.
), \ IB,!* 5, 5,:

) 8#  = ( u , v , w ,
*[ P1 *.,D
 *>5, 1 1* :#' 5  !] 8 ) (9.1 )(9.2
* 5, :,

u
u
1 dp
u
+v
=
)+ ( + ) .(9.13
dx y
x
y
y

113

u v
+
)= 0 ..(9.14
x y
; 8 ) (9.13 ) (9.14 - @  (9.4) :# ) .(9.5*/ 
)/* (9.55   ,!)T `_I ; 0D :5 .*  "P
5, :,
1

) = (9.15
7

_I ; 0D   , F

$%' ~ D '5  !
*:!,D

w
)= 0.0225 Re-1/4(9.16
2
U
 F )5, (9.16   ,% * 0@ 5 5E5<Rex<1E7
" 3 @5,$ !/ 0 
); D 5, *,!\   *

F..
[*$ "*!' D5
4

w

= 0.0225 Re-1/4 = 0.0225

2
U
U

* 0$% 5,

[*$ ;"
1
u
= 7
U


0 ): (9.5
1

w
d
=

(
1

)
d

U 2
dx 0

114

1
4

1
1
d

0.0225
= 7 (1 7 )d
dx 0
U

4
d 7

0.0225
=

dx 72
U

72 4
d = 0.0225 dx
7 U
1

#* 0
5
1

4
= 0.37 x 5 dx .(9.17)
U
;)
 ," 0/> 5,

x1 / 2 ;# , 5, x 4 / 5 ;" ;

.!/> 5D 
); :# ,$  , 5D
58 0@ (9.17)  4

= 0.37 Re x

15

..(9.18)

.0/> 5, ";# \5   5D 

); $ *E4 =-'"
: 'D ; : ,!)  /" (9.18) ( 9.16) :!* :#

w
= 0.0288 Rex-1/5 (9.19)
2
U
D 
"X' .  /" (  9.19) #
L

D = b w dx = 0.036 b 1/5 L4/5 U 9/5

0

115

 * ,D  #%  0.037

9/5

).(9.20

L4/5 U

1/5

D = 0.037 b

/" .p  # #`& D5

D
)= 0.074 ReL-1/5 ..(9.21
U 2 bL

1
2

= Cf

=
5,$   " .
4 >,T .  ,*#
-

4,

0.3

\I

!!

m2/s

1E-6

1000kg/m3

.,*#

}@*

'9.4 8#9

,

[!* !I 0.7m/s

)( :#;
5, >  !/  $ S-
); D 5 *#E
T  S-`& D  5 .
)( 5, !   K!/) ~/
); D,# 5 #
$ S-
); D 5 *#T E  S-`& D5
  .
)( @ - 0
); D 5> !/
' *" 05 :

5.0 x
Re x

= x

ReL/2 = 0.35E6, L/2 = 4.2E-3 4mm

ReL = Re1.0 = 0.7E6
& `& : D

116

D = U2bL Cf
Cf =

1.328

= 0.0016

Re L

D = (1000)(0.7)2 (0.3)(1.0)(0.0016) = 0.12N

, 5D 
); - 0@ ()

ReL/2 = 0.35E6
(9.18)  0


0.5 = 0.014 = 14mm

(9.21) ( 9.20) 8 :#

ReL = 0.7E6, Cf = 0.005

D = (1000)(0.7)2 (0.3)(1.0)(0.005) = 0.37N

117

 9.3.3' Z?Y'X
 '|X
@ 0;! :;! (9.3.1) : )(9.3.2
.

!/

5,$


);

D5

> !/
); D 5, 
*)! */5 # .!/  @0
)!  
); D 5>!/
@ 0) );# #(

/* .p 

&! \5 I,/ I ;)T5

,#D5 .  @ 0 P15 # /,

); D 5_.:!D

 9.5

"  - & `& D5

 : s
); D 5_,*@ :!D */ :# /> !/ ,
& @# 0@ .*5!, D :5_ *) */ 4#" .0* @ 01 *!/
 )*$8   ,"* ;:

 YZ LZ' 5U
 |# ?

8#$' Z?Y'X
   ' Z?Y
   ?  Z
'"5 .
;! ! &  D :
`&   5
 - L`&   5
 + Ll`&
>  !/
 . Ll

0.074 L 0.074 L 1.328L

l
l
D = 12 U 2 b

+
) .(9.22
1
1
1
5
5
2
Re
Re
Re

L
Ll
Ll

118

=

!  p#
! } )}*$ (9.1 
); D 5 K!- :!D
*/ :#> !/ ,#   \5,/ . 0.4E6
 - &
`& D.5

 \5,/ =

ULl

= 0.4E6

ULl

= Rec

Re c
= 0.57m
U
Re Ll = 0.4E6

= Ll

ReL = 0.7(1.0)/1E-6 = 0.7E6,

 ) (9.22
0

=D

0.074
0.57 0.074
0.57 1.328
1
1 +
1
5
5
)1.0 (0.4 E 6
1.0 (0.4 E 6) 2
) (0.7 E 6

(1E3)(0.7)2 (0.3)(1.0)

= 0.22N
"1 , `&  P1_ 0.12N
! @ - 0
); D 5> !/
/ 0.37N
); D 5,.

119

 9.4' Z?Y'X
 ! % J 
#

~;)$


);

*$

D5

:
*0

5 # 3 @!_

>," , `_I ;0
D w # ,
D
y =0

5

du
dy
x

&*5
'8#9
9.6

*

) (9.7 ) .(9.19 8 &!_ )_ 8  > _# ,), &! .x # #
," ,  PD5 8 u ,  @ 0 P1./
 :5 # $ /5  ,& , D @# - 0 4 5 8
> 0@ ,>*" ,5, '" T3 V,D ' - ,s 0@ F4
).(9.6
# ,*$8 vA = ~p 5   ,*\* v 
$5 @ 0S"D
' *)#   &* .p / @ 0 S"D .,s *# 0@ 1 5
=>-
& @ 0_ }!:

+ 12 v 2 = ~p

"/   53  0@ F4 ) (9.6 ", @! # 3 S$
@ 0 S"D! 0@ SI# S"D@# .0 /5 
); D5
  !#D >0

dp
)( @ 0 S"D!< 0 K!-
dx

@ 3 EV ,& 5\I

D  :#3 #  .5\D1 5  )_ 8 ,$5\D

 >& , .

120

dp
)( @ 0 S"D@> 0 K!- 0
dx

@ 3 EV : ;5 5\I3

## .1 5  *- )  ,  > .,", :#* ,D

dp
> 0 /
dx

,4 -)_ 5  , > ,_ !~ @! . @*,

du
) 5 )!, ")! )_5 # ,
dy

 D  > , 5) F5

 ,)! 0@ :;
) 0@ (2 ).(9.7
#

05

@0

PD

5, x " PD

du
< 0 ,
dy

*5

D# 5,$ 5 @! 

4#!.
@0

P1

55,
/

5,$

 . 8-
, > 3# _)-
5

@0

'9.7 8#9

*
)!;

_ !$ 0)5*!;:# :

]!  _))# *!.
[*$ -  $*) ` >.

121

9.5

' 8-  .' &< Y%F'

 '&

9.5.1'
 ? 5Y*
") 5,$ $ 0p 0}#) /#   0@ 0", :

1
p + 2 = ~p
2
", 3V

5, _1

>, 5  
V p
5, - 
$%"

3 p; 'p*# v2

 / , 0$).(9.8
* #* 3 @V 0
5, @ 3-2-1 !}#5,
0

p3 = p 1
3 5*, # 
. (3) 4
P1 0 }! 5,
) ,
$%" # . 0
>!
)5 5, &, 
3-2-1 F
)!& S

'9.8 8#9

'"\8 

) .(9.9 ;! 1 5 *:5

I ;)T  5
.F50
 
); D 5I 8# ,$ .p :#
*- \ 0I @; @ 0
&.
@ 0 \* 2-15  , >[53 5
*-8 \ 0I @; @ 0
& ,/! . 1

122

'9.9 8#9

5 0 */# 
& >! & */# :# 
& @ - 05, } .0 )*5
 @ 0 3-2 /*$,*$  &! 3  p1  S) 3 4>;
1 >[53 @$
$%"  P,!B" :! 
$%"

p1 p 3 > 0
 & 1 &  
$8" @ 0 .1-3 PD8  dp/ds0@ )I
 3-2 "> 
); D.5

'9.10 8#9

,#

'9.11 8#9

>0/

 ;#" 5,  ,) ,

$%" 5, >," 0/  53 @0
-5,  ,&,  *5

} - 0! (9.10) : ) .(9.11 ",

123


); D 5> !/,$ @ 0>"8 :#
); D 5, .5\ 
 '" '5 @ - 05, 15 , 
); D,- &
 5!
*# :#*! 5 # 0!,  ! 
); D 5 ,!V">_.

5, ; (p1 - p3)A

 .' A K!- Y%F 0 -_I

5, . S)5 P1`& "> 

); D .5 .' :# 
"XS"D
_))5 ,V5, ]! ,>.

5, ' 8'CD .' &"#

 : 5

D
)(9.23
2
1
2 U A

= CD

!& D K `&.5* 1   # \5 F45 ) (9.12 P1 

$%"
") ! !.

'(9.12) 8#9

124

=
& \ }&  0 # V
$"! >_ # 20m5, 4, 15m/s _*,$
&
, . 1.5m V3 D I
,/ 0.1MPa  30C*.0
\ I!! .2.5E-6m2/s

Re = vd/ = 9E6
5
0 0@ / ) (9.12 P1
;!  .CD = 0.7 \5
# 0
  #}@ _  @,3
,/
3

= p / RT = 1.15 kg/m

 -!* _I = 25m2 = Ld

1
D = C D . Av 2 = 2717 N
2
\ M
M = LD = 27167 Nm

125

'9.13 8#9

 9.5.2 n" .'5 <   " n'



'9.14 8#9

)( '5  Y :8Y
# #`&  CD !
*##I !* #:

)CD = 1.17 + 0.012 ( b/h) ...(9.24

@ 0/:

Reh > 1000 1 < b/h < 20

)( . :

)CD = 1.17..(9.25
@ 0/:
) (

Re >1000

* -  [ :

@ 0/:

Re >1000

)CD = 1.42..(9.26a
*! 5I  S"D;,

)CD = 0.38..(9.26b
*! 5I  S"D/

126

=
  0@ F4 ),5 (9.15 [*$#  ,$ . 3m/s
. 1.1kg/m3

}@ _

\ 
 - ";
  . 0.1Nm" S-)s ,
& E

,.
\  =

= F1 R F2 R = (F1 F2)R
F1 K!- F2;  "> 0, " R ,
& E, .

) ( F1 F2 ) R = 21 Av 2 (CD1 C D 2 ) R = 21 R 3v 2 (CD1 C D 2
01
. = 21 (11
. ) R 3 (9)(142
). 0.38
R = 0.18m
" E;
,
 0.18m

'9.15 8#9

9.5.3'UX

'9.16 8#9

 F!D ;
*D 0)5,D 8 5  .5# ;! . : ,!p3
 @$ SI;
 %} $ , [*$# @ 0/ *!! . ,5
@ 0!  ! :`&  !
3`& D* 5
! & ! "! 
 0@ F4# ).(9.16

127

 9.6' &< N#U' Z?Y'X


9.6.1*J!
 0 !!"8  [
V 5 .D 0I !"8 
5, !@,
 K!/
0 .D/%" # .p :#; %" :#`& .} "P
@ 0 ) F45 (9.17  , ;
,5 '}#
# 0 #& 0.06
! 5
0 
$%" > ;
# , #& . 0.3
", sI% _!$
 & 4,,/! :}# -
 
,,/#  
,

CD= 0.06

> p  -
CD= 0.30

,;5  ;
,.
[*5

#

!

'9.17 8#9

>"% _!  

! 
0& ,-!
"!.

 ) :!)5 (9.18,p

>V 0@ !!"8`&  *# .:]>@ @- : 0)5,D ,5,; :#

'9.18 8#9

 ; ,5`& !  ,- ! ", 0" ` @4 `& ,/!
 & 
5,,- : D `T  
&`@ . 5,!  R

`& ,/! @3# RA!_ & 

RR 5,
128

)R = RA + RR = CD AU2 + CR Wt (9.27
Wt K!- ! # CR #
. 5,

; ; & P
)P = RU ..(9.28

0;* " !)5,; !& P'# CD CR

*5 '!

CD

*5 'o
Y

CR

-s

0.8 - 1.0

#

0.1 -0.3

@-

0.6 -0.8

" ) , E) (

0.08

-s!,

0.6 -0.7

-

0.04



0.2-0.5

& ~>$.5

0.02

I ~>$5

0.01

&)3 -55

0.0027

129

 9.6.2- J
:5

*./


);

@0

D*# 5 

;
#
V.!I

>"8

:#

$

)5 @ 0

) P1_ !)
 (9.19!$
@5,$ 0 .(,s") 0V

'9.19 8#9

 * ,D > 8
/5 @ 0 ,s "~ 5
. 7 : ; ,
@ 0 )$% !)
 (9.20 *#8  5,$ V.(F!I) 0I

'9.20 8#9

9 9.6.3 ' Z?Y'X


/5 "> 
); D 5 )$1,
);@ S 5, \D *&T :# )S
*-8 \ 0@ 0I
); D .5*
;5,T*!  :# &T @4*!
 [ 0!,# # 5 
$ 5!,
,  #.

:# P1} ,
,

[*$ 0@ #! . /I

, .
).(9.21

130

'9.21 8#9

 9.6.4'
'
*[

5,



@0

5,

0V

*./

@0


V !"8 / :#">

); D. 5

F45

);!)
 (9.22 _ P10@ !$
,D# 5, ]! .B*# , PD8
,D# ".,s
'9.22 8#9

131

8
] */ K!- }@ _ *), [ 1.2kg/m3
9.1

5,$ > ,) 0/ \ F

# 5D > , 4 >,*@ .,

 5 0@ ,
); D :# 5 I}"! $*[ )!, :

w
U 2

 Cf& .Re 8 "*' * D5 *.!,D

][ 0.365Rex-1/2 , 1.461ReL-1/2
9.2
0.3m

,5    2.2m/s , #;*$ #

T F 0.5m4,
3

\I !! 20E-6m /s}@ . 1.2kg/m-$ S 

);

D 5 5 S-`& D. 5

][11mm, 2.47E-3 N
9.3

 5\ 5,  $*; # #

/*5 . 5E6 F 5, #:

> 0/  ,# ) ;# :# 0.4L #T L K!- .

)( # S- #`& DCf 5
)( S-; ' ~!)}* # @$ 05, $*, !,! 2m/s
}@* 1000 kg/m3  T  1.0m4, . 0.4m
][0.00213, 3.4N, 6.8W
9.4

:5*) I 
,  #;*$ F
#5, / *;,5

% *!/# - 0@ ..  D 7.5m 2.0m P, ,$

!, 320
. m/h\ I!! _ 20E-6m2/s }@ . 0.95kg/m3
(

@*, 5,  ,# D & `&  D .

 ;# ; ; 
 :#* 0@ ./
); D5

*) F>  !/ D.

9.5

][ 340N, 25.8kW

)_5  0B# . 5m/s , B 5  0B)* . 1kN B

][7.7m

" B E, & ],># &

,.

132

9.6

F45 )'V (9.23 [*5 [

3

/# }@* 0@,T 0@ . 1100g/m &,

#"! *)}# @ 0* , ,
& .0$ ['
! ,D :5 P,p,/ .0\ S- 0
'9.23 8#9

; ' !* :!*#[' .

][86 Nm, 541W
9.7

 -!##% ! 2.2m2 "_ # . 20kN 0# `&

,/ . 0.5 0 $*[ ~#!  5,T #>~ $*# / = (CR
) 0.015 S- ,*D* 0  `& ,/! & 
. 5,- S53
; ' #  120 km/h:!*, . 100 km/h
][77km/h ; 34.4kW, 22.5kW

133

10

'<

Z 10.1
5 1 >  $"% 5, 045, '\ 0I'"D .T3 P1
,*@84 #8  
! =>/ 8"_ - B 
> :#*
)!; _!$
_ .# "_* . > !)
* !$$  ; . @,
;!$ ,*  !/5,  0p S!,).
"*/ @ 01 > *>5, ! :

)( ' '

,) u ,# v) *D  0@ V ,D8! x : 5, y 0p)

)V =ui + vj (10.1
:5)*$ *!, *

# ,!* v* - 

[*$

'& *:5/

, v=
)..(10.2
y
x

=u

_1 * ;/ E5, #  ,*$8: 5

u v
+
)= 0 (10.3
x y

)(

'
 'H*&

5, 5, " 8" 0 % :5 . :#\I,- P "! V.

134

 :# :5 ) (10.1$**
 ,\ 5* 
$:

1 v u

2 x y
", :# ;# :#
\I  * # S$; V
;.:!$

1

:5

E5,

'10.1 8#9

5, '"" 0 1 ;/5



v u

)= 0 ..(10.4
x y
:5 35)p  ),5 @; 5, \ .0I B55, 8"! 
!I\ 8 8"! .
) (

' '5#

5 E5, "  I   , D*# ,

i+
j
x
y

= V =

K!-

=, v
)....(10.5
x
y

=u

B-'# :5  ) ;/ (10.5 ).(10.4

135

 'H!J & '

()

: /" (10.4) ( 10.2) :!* ,;

2 2
+ 2 = 0 (10.6)
x 2
y
:  /" (10.3) ( 10.5) :!* ,;

2 2
+
= 0 (10.7)
x 2 y 2
&?YZ''

()

. r !)
;! p-` 8( 10.7) ( 10.1) 8"!  !] 
: v , D*#

v = vr ir + v i (10.8)
: 5,
vr =

1
,
r

v = -

..(10.9)
r
:  

vr =

1
, v =
..(10.10)
r
r
:5,*$8 #

v r v r 1 v
+
+
= 0 (10.11)
r
r
r
:0" '5,

v v 1 v r
+
= 0 (10.12)
r
r r

136

:'8 0*#

2 1 1 2
+
+
= 0 (10.13)
r r r 2 2
r 2
2 1 1 2
+
+
= 0(10.14)
r r r 2 2
r 2
N7 ''


V = Ui

( )

: .B* 5, , D*# ,5

v=0 u=U

@*
*) 5

= 0 ..(2)
x

= U .(1)
y

= U (3)
x

= 0 ..(4)
y
0
( 1) ##

= Uy + f(x)
(2) # " ;4>

= f '( x ) = 0
x
= Uy + c1 ....(5)
0
( 3) ##

= Ux +g(y)
(4) # " ;4>

137


= g(y) = 0
y
) = Ux + c2 .(6
 )5 (10.2 5,
* .B

U = 1 m/s , c1 = c2 = 0

'10.2 8#9

)(

'? 'L-

5, )
4

@ 01 *" !/

1 )5

# 

s!  S 4

1  0>*[5 P

 Vs! F45 . )5 # (10.3, ) ;

  S;
 )
[
0  S[
. 0

#) )#
;" (S

'10.3 8#9

#) )#0
V (S

[*5 :#* E5,' P  ,\5, 5 @ 0)  v S

>5 1 ., # 5, - q 0D/ T - @ 0) [
0

q = 2 r vr

138

:(10.9) *[ $

q = 2 r vr = 2

q
=
2
=

q
+ f(r)
2

= f(r) = - v = 0
r
f(r) = ~p = c1

q
+ c1 .(1)
2

(10.10)  0
@*

q = 2 r
10.4 8#9'

q
ln r + g()
2

1
1
= g() = v = 0
r
r
g()= ~p = c2
=

q
ln r + c2 ....(2)
2

( S#) )# 5,$ (10.4)  :!)5

q
= 1,
2

c1 = c2 = 0

139

=
= xy

5, 5,$ 8" 0T3

)(

1_ .$ 5,  
V !"8  *  SI . x-y

) (

*# S D*# .,

) (

! : 5, 8" 0* S*)! ,   .

)( 
V !"8 :
 V !"8

x = o y .!&  : = o
 &!.y = o x .
 V !"8

=1

y =1/x:

 V !"8

: =10

y = 10/x

 V !"8

y=20/x : = 20
'10.5 8#9

)(

D*# :V ,

= x, v=
= y
x
y

=u

V =ui + vj = xi yj
:5**$ D 
V !"8  :# 5 ,'.P
) (

! 5, 8" !;/ 0)5 0 ). (10.4

) :#( 'P

u
=0
y

=0,

140

v
x

(10.4) ;  /5

 5/*

u=x=
=

1 2
x + f(y)
2

= f(y) = -y
y
f(y) = =

1 2
y +c
2

1 2 2
(x y ) + c
2

141

&W'H'' '
 U' 5 <* J W R 10.2
J ' '"5-' 10.2.1
:# *$ -,!@" 8# )!:5 0T3"8 0I\8 5, ,*@
}' 8 1V*@ ,> 5 s

0I\ D*( *) 8.1) 

:05 # 0@ !*

u
u
u
u
p
+ u + v + w = Bx .(10.15a)
x
x
y
z
t

v
v
v
v
p
+ u + v + w = By ..(10.15b)
x
y
z
y
t

w
w
w
w
p
+u
+v
+ w = Bz (10.15c)
z
x
y
z
t

.(8.3) .!&,* ,5 8@ , 8 P1);~ * $ &

: "
$%  0@

p
v v v
v
vr
(10.16a)
+ vr r + r + v z r = B r r
r r
z
t

1 p
v v v
v
v
(10.16b)
+ vr + + v z = B r
r
z
r
t

p
v v v
v
vz
(10.16c)
+ vr z + z + v z z = B z z
r r
z
t

=
:S! 5, )0p'p D# 0@ , 5 } P"

V =cxi + cyj - 2czk

.0T3"8 5,)~ p
142

()

c ~ }1000kg/m3 }@ 0$ z /*)

.(1,1,5) 
;  3 # S- 1.0 s

()

-1

5

:(2.7  ) )0p'p T3" '5, 5,*$8 #

()

u v w
+
+
=0
x y z
u= cx, v = cy, w = -2cz : }1 0@
.!T3" '5,*$8 0* ;/ P';  / 
:  B-' ( 10.15) ,5 8# @ u , v, w .!; 5*

()

B = Bxi + Byj + Bzk = 0 + 0 - gk

(10.15a) 0


[ c2x] = -

p
x

p
= - 1000(1)2(1) = - 1000 Pa/m
x
(10.15b) 0


p
= - 1000 Pa/m
y
(10.15c) 0


[-2 cz(-2c)] = - g -

p
z

p
= -g 4c2z = -1000(9.81+60) = - 29810 Pa/m
z
p =

p p p
i+
j+
k = - 0.001i 0.001 j 29810 k
x y z

143

&'5*! ' 10.2.2

! [*\D ; D # 0T3" 8 0" 8 )0p 5,*)
:(  10.15) 8

u
u
1 p
+v =.(1)
x
y
x

v
v
1 p
+v =.(2)
x
y
y
: '- ,s - (10.4) 

v u

= 0 ...(10.4)
x y
(10.4) ( 1) :!* :#

u
v
1 p
+v =x
x
x

1 u2 1 v 2
p
+
=( )
2 x 2 x
x

1 2 2
p
[ (u +v ) +
]=0
x 2

V2
p
[
+
]=0
x 2

V2
p
+
= f(y) (3)
2

144

} 
0* ) (2 )(10.4

V2
p
+
)= g(x) (4
2


0* ) (3 )(4

V2
p
+
)= ~p ..(10.17
2

, ) (10.17' !*.&'5

B-'# :5   # 
& * )$ 0'[*$_ @ 0)
}" 8 0" 0)5 P)*"8  , 3 @# 0 /# .!& 0",
 #&

/# @
V 0 5, ! ;! .; @# 0 
& 0


$*# _ P1*!,  ; T !_.

145

*5Y*& ? H' '

 10.3

10.6 8#9'

: 5, !/# &' ! 4>*! '& /* 1")

2 1 1 2
+
+
= 0(10.14)
r r r 2 2
r 2
: 5/ .!; #

r = a , vr = 0

r , vr = - Ucos

= 0 ..(1 )
r=a

= - Ucos .(2 )
r r
r , v = Usin

1
r

10.7 8#9'

146

= Usin .(3 )
r

,3; 5,T *[$ (10.14)  /

= R(r) . () ..(1)

= R ,
r

2
= R
r 2

= R ,

2
= R
2
(10.14)  0@ 5*

1
1
R + 2 R = 0
r
r
R"
R ' "
r2 R + r +
=0
R

R +

R"

"

R'

=k
r2 R + r = R

: :!* ,!V%  0


2

r R + rR kR = 0 (2)
+ k = 0 (3)
: k !; 8*- p'p I
k=

k = -2

)I# k

()

)$ k

( )

k=o

()

. 0;!;-  K!:#   R / ,4 - D# ( 10.14)   / 5

: }'k 8-

147

 = R k = 2 + R k = 2 + R k = 0
: 1V5 (r,)  /** $8 :5

= [ c1r + c2r-][c7cos + c8sin]

+ [c3cosr + c4sinr] [ c9 + c10-]

+ [c5 + c6ln r][c11 +c12]
0>*[5 P' / 0@ "} ,
 @ r 0@ 5 !~   B-'

= [ c1r + c2r-][c7cos + c8sin]+ [c5 + c6ln r][c11 +c12] (4)

c
= [c1r-1 - c2r--1][c7cos + c8sin] + 6 [c11 +c12] ..(5)
r
r
: 0 (2  ) 5/;! ;! / :5

= 1 , c1c7 = - U , c8 = 0
(5)  F)

c 1

c
= - U cos (1- 2 2 )+ 6 [c11 +c12] ..(6)
r
r
c1 r

=0

(1  ) 5/ ;! 0


r =a

c6 = 0

c2
= a2
c1

(6)  F)@*

a2
= - U cos (1- 2 ).....(10.16)
r
r

148

(4)  F)

= - U cos (r +

a2
)+ c5 c11 + c5 c12
r

. ,> P *):5  5, 0@ *!V c5 c12 ~}

: c5c11 ~} /# c \#,' - :5

= - [r +

a2
] U cos + c .(10.17)
r

a2
= [r +
] U sin + c
r

1
a2
c
= [1 + 2 ] U sin +
..(10.18)
r
r
r
. (3 F&) 5/; ;! / (10.18) = -8

149

 5
 ' :
*)!D*# : ,  , ";
 )D# 0@ (r, 5, &, $
F$8
"
:

1
ir +
i
r
r

= v =vr ir + v i

*8 5  :#8 ) (10.16 )(10.18

a2
a2
c
)
U
cos
]
i
+
[(1
+
)) U sin + ] i ..(10.19
r
2
2
r
r
r
 F
$
$8"

v = - [(1-

r=a

c
] i
a

va = [2 U sin +

 1 ,$  F
$
$8" " : D::!#_$
);# (1 5*  U\. 5
);# (2 5 ~p . c/a
 :5 `_$ ,*@ ,!V% :
)(

 
$%" - /#  ,,$ _ * *p 5

 !@,T 0@ ,*# c/a}"!.

) (

E!35 
$8" - /# ;# 5 , ~p c/a

* :5 0 * K!- a S

 ,\ 0@ (rad/s) 5i PD8

* SI) F:

)va = [2 U sin + a] i .(10.20

/ :55 "; ,  F
$
$8" *@ va = 0 5 0 )(10.20
*
:0

a
2U

o = sin-1 (-

 05 # B-'# :5 , >*[# .!& 4"! :

150

o = 0 , 180 05

8 = 0

(1)

o = 210 , 330 = U/a

o = 270o

(2)

= 2U/a

(3)

. = 270 F
 :  )*, ";
 > 2U/a

(4)

10.8 8#9'

*5YJ Y n" %F'

0", # *[$

p = p +

1 2
V2
U (1- 2 )
2
U

(10.20)  :# V2
" " ;$8 F
$  3 D5`
2

1
a
a
p = p + U2 [ 1- 4sin2 - 4
sin -
] ..(10.21)
U
2
U

151

*5YJ Y n" 5Z'

F
$  F ;0)*,# Fy , Fx *)
y x :!D8 0@ "
$8

F = Fx i + Fyj
Fx =

- p cos dA

dA = (a d) b

Fx =

- p cos abd

10.9 8#9'

(10.21)  :# p 3 5*

Fx = -ab

p cos d - ab(

1 2
a
U ) [ (cos - 4cos sin2 - 4
cos sin
2
U
0

2a 2
U2

cos )d] =0
x PD8 0@  & 8 05 1

Fy =

- p sin dA = -ab

1
= ab( U2)
2

p sin d

(sin -4sin - 4

a
U

sin -

2a 2
U2

= 2 a2 b U [] = 2a2bU
F = 2a2bU j .

152

sin )d

 P1; @ 0 y PD8*# SI#   PD5,  0!,

'< _ \#,5 . FL

)FL = 2a2bU (10.22

", , @,

!)$  P1} :!- @

, 1[* K!/ !)"I ,3

,$"*;! U ,$ 5 ,5, ."' 1!- =- , *,/ @# 0

5 # 0/#  " & @

.FL& ~;)T !>$ 0@ 5,B[*$~#


$" # 55, 4,  - /# . :# :#/  ;
FL* 0@, @ >!.
" E!3 @,

 0;!;/&  )* #  )(10.22

) S]> P1

  ,p\.0I
5, # # CL @, :

FL
2a
=
)..(10.23
2
U
U A

1
2

= CL

=

$" &
,  0.3m
 /# 300rpm ,5,$ V *,$ !!,
4.0m/s
S-

}@*
# #@,

1.0kg/m3
@,

} ,*#  0- T :#

'10.10 8#9


$8" - # 4,.

153

 = 2N/60 = 2(300)/60 = 31.42 rad/s

CL = 2(31.42)0.15/4.0 = 7.40
A = bd = 1(0.3) =0.3 m2
FL = 7.4(1/2)1.0(4.0)2 (0.3) = 17.77N

s = sin-1 (-

a
2U

) =sin-1(-0.589)

s1 = -36.1 = 323.9, s2 = 216.1 .

154

 10.4'< " n'X

'10.11 8#9

 /5,s F!D :# 5,I% [ ,/! . P1_ }#I%I :


, 5@ 5[3 ># :/" .!  '[*$ & @,
  F!D ,$  5,B* 0[*$~ *; ,5@  
$%" >! @0
'[*$ @,

  5,B" ~! .F!D@,

 
$8"  *) 5,

.0I\8 8" >4,*@8 ;;*" 04 ,$ 

$8"  ;)T
!; _.
5,$ $ @\ F!I ,) 0 5D ," *p &   @, I/
 - F!D /# P 
$8" . 8" " 35 5_D F!D
}~ ))~ @ 0  -  F!D" .!\I1 ;5  **$8 _
  0@ @, -%'#   - ..D

' 

F45 )V (10.12 T 0;- 5,$ 0@ l ! .S , ";
  #
[  v 0;/5, * ,5'&:

) = v. d l ...(10.24

155

*
)! 1 * -  E5,
$8" *5
:# ) 0@ (10.20 )(10.24

( 2U sin + a ) I . a d I

= 2 a2
'10.12 8#9

2a 2

* 5 0@  )(10.22

)FL = bU .(10.25
' B- * :5 ,5'[*$
I [*>  @!_ /!D
",  !# ) (10.25 ,
P1 _"; # - 5

5<5.&#
"  >5, 0
 \ F!I 5D !, .)I#
@ 0 5,/ 5 5, !}#
 &! *,5

- F!D

>, .
8 1 4

'10.13 8#9

},*5 8 0

'5T "8 / @

V 0
5,  5
V .!;**@ .,*5 8 F!D 5, ))#"> 
);
D 5 _ # @,V# 0  F!D* _@,D5 0*! ,*$  @$

156

D . : *5 #;*$ P1[

 @;  D" S )I) *#
*5 # ,5  5) F*- ,5 # ,!] F!D > .,5 0
*T : *5 8 ,5  -  F!D "  : V *- # F!D
5 . >, .  & 1 @

 # :5 F!D _*!& @,* 5,B5

&! *# 0@ ,5 .(10.25) @,

", :# 35* ,D   @,5\5 F!D #5 5_D # 0@ 5

_D !, .5 1 ,p 5_D   ,p% 'p# F!D ,\ 5

@ - 0
$8" * ~;)$ 0 0@ _*$;.(10.3) .
  5*# - F!D \ 5_D !, :5'[*$ '& :5,B

)CL = 2 sin ..(10.26

 5

_D

/!D

\5

!
>"8

\ # > 5

 : ";" @# 0
5 # CL

)*5 .p

 ";" @CL !& 0

5 @ CD 0, P1
/


*J.

F45

)(10.14

'&

*!)5,D
NACA4412

'10.14 8#9

F!D


1E6 \5 . 6E6

157

 Sk'U | $
 '?
*!/



*

!p

4 >[#



5, .5 0  F!D 

$8"
4 0

 I 5T ;#"  .,

) )! ! ., )
)!  :05
) )!

=  D /AR = ,
8/ ) )! ]! ,! "*/
!)T $ 5, 0p'p) -
D4 . 

 ~/D 

4 :# @ D   F4#
@ 0 ) : 5 .(10.15a>,
@ 03 , 

:#>$

D  ' P 0@,TD -

).(10.15b

'10.15 8#9

 ` @41 @ 0S"D
% /# D* ,$ !\I
" /[ >D 0 . ";
* @ 0 S"D>5 0 
/# D* ,$ 0)"I /" !\I
D )" .(b,c P1# -
 )- ( 10.16

5;@ 0 @0


& /#  S, 5
 @0
) " 0} K"; @ 0@,
'10.16 8#9

*!& : }!.

158

*) @ 0  
, ! *;! :#/# ,p 5) _# 5 )
)! - 4/ !)"I \I :#,    D.
/ @,

  0;!;/D ,35 @,

} 0/ @/ )" 0

"  !)5,D  F!D*[.

=
2

,T \ . 20kN -,p D ,$ . 30m* 0@ 70m/s !/

}@* V . 1.16kg/m3 &
 D 0@ /4# )& .(10.17 5
_D ; 
 ; #`&  D ./I% ,p_, 
.0@,

*  *!/ :
 = @,

Wt = 12 U AC L
2

'10.17 8#9

Wt
20E 3
=
= 0.23
2
1
1
. )( 70) 2 30
2 U A
2 (116
/# :#@,

= CL

- ) - (10.17 2 0.23 = CL

; ' # _I`&
2

P = DU = AU CDU
/# :# F!D CD=0.006 , =2
3

P = (1.16)(70) (30)(0.006) = 35.8kW

159

8
10.1

= y 3 3x2 y

*55,$ E  :

)(

[*$ ,#) . ,

) (

[*$  5, .

) (

 .$ 
V 5, @ 0* x .!; x-y.)I
2

] [u-6xy, v = 3y - 3x , = x - 3xy
10.2

 :# )D* (10.19 5, , &, 

$" !p)

@D# 0 0I\8[*$ )!,  : 5, .

a2
])Usin -a2 ln r
r
10.3

[ = -(r-

V 5, _ $$%  : 05

0.101 MPa

3
I,/
,

300 K
-70i m/s

,55, 
$" 5T) &
,  0.3m - /#  ;
  [*# . 40rps 5,B" #5, } 0: S-
)(

& \, 5 .

) (

3  #& , .

) (

 ,3 &, F
$
$8"  \270 , 90 : 5

) (

  @,- T .
o

; [ 190.6 , 344.4 ; 0.1.39 MPa ; - 177.7m/s 0.0854 MPa ; -120.3m/s

]0.0978 MPa ; 2.92kN
10.4

I ,T  :# T F
# ,/*5 1.5m P, @ 0 }@* 1.2kg/m3
o

\*I !! \ 6E-5 m /s 5D  . 10 ,!

 \5  !)# 3E6
 ,D ,*@ . 5, 0p) : S-
)(

&   @, :# ,*#) .

) (

 D   0.1 MN 0
][14.1 kN; 7.1m

160

10.5

~ )*V I  ~5,I ,T " # ,! S5,; :5 0#@,
o

`& # 5_D # 0@ 5_D 0 - 12 : 05

) CL = 0.35(1+0.2
) CD = 0.01 ( 1+

, 0.15 MN -#D . 35m2 5_D  * !/}~ .3o
,$ S-
, ; ' _D #`&  D .*) ,}@ _
1.2kg/m3
10.6

& \# 5,$ *-# 0# F!D ,p 0.5m2

# 0# @,`&

 1.2 F!D  0.02* . 0 ; 20kN}@  . 1000kg/m2

D*#' ;# #_ : S-
)(

& ; # ,$ _!@ /5 F!D ; ! .

) (

; ' # _I`&   , /'. P

) (

 ; ,$ "~ ; ; . 20kW

][8.2m/s ; 2.7kW; 15.9 m/s

161

11

'
 %"' &E%F*J

162

11.1

Z


5 : E5, " " T3 !, }@ ; # ,p ! ,#
,V% }# 3 I,/.

11.1.1

! J '
 #'U
 '"-

#  / #

)p = RT ..(11.1.1

J
~p : R -
kg K

R
~p "\* )! =
Mr
) _:
*)

=R

R = 8310 J/kg-K
Mr ~ 29 R = 287 J/kg-K

cv,/ !  )p .D/

cp,/ !  )p 3
)" k,/ !

)(11.1.2

cp

=k

cv
R
).(11.1.3
= cv
k 1
kR
).(11.1.4
= cp = cv + R
k 1
7 cp | 8 ! n< cv' .Y' "R '5 U 'U:
)u = cv T ..(11.1.5
)h = cp T 11.1.6
5, ')5

)p = const. k .(11.1.7

163

'& *> :! !4*/ ,/ *)5

).(11.1.8

dp

dh = Tds +

\5 @ *)5 ! :4! ( 1) : ) ( 2 :0}#

T2
p
)- R ln 2 .(11.1.9
T1
p1
11.1.2

s2 s1 = cp ln

J 'm U

*!, @ 0 I,/ 5, T3"8 ! > 5, .# S!,

- )  s ## : V 0I *D *!, @ 
& 4! -
 ) _*3 # 1V - 
& :
.

v
p
v
Q
u1 +
+ 1 + . = u2 + 2 + 2
1 2 m
2
2

K!-

p1

 ,* 0@ 
$;

# @4,/

# 5, * 0

v
v
Q
)h1 + 1 + . = h2 + 2 (11.1.10
2 m
2
# ! *,/ _ P1:/
.

)( pA) + (m v ) + w Aw = 0 ..(11.1.11

164

11.1.3
1

'Z
 ' 
!H '"-

 # M

v
c

= M

! v K ,$ c ,$ @ 4# 0-.2

") ,/ ! k

 Re \5

cp
cv

=k

vL vL
=

K!-

= Re

I,# -! @ 05,

\ I,/! 
\ I!!  .

165

 11.2 '5 ' 5-

11.2.1' |! .H'5- -  * 'Z

;*5  $

I# 4
! 1
@_ */5 $ "&
* ,$ 
" !T3$ &.

*# # :!*I!*!:
)5 ,-*_ ## :
- .}~ I
% &) - 0#:
:#  &~
) . (-2 }~ }"! &)
'11.2.1 8#9
- !# - #:
-  &~ )(-1
 . P1I @
s , \ "
&
  ,.
 ) :# T;# F45 (11.2.1 P1,   ). (t=0

'- : I 'U '5- | = 0

c

'11.2.2a 8#9

166

': II 'U

v
- '5-
U !  | 8. '5- < 1
c
)  / ! (

'11.2.2b 8#9

': III 'U

v
- '5-
U !   '5- = 1
c
)  /! (

'11.2.2c 8#9

167

': IV 'U

v
- '5-
U ! 5  '5- > 1
c
) @ / ! (

'11.2.2d 8#9

 11.2.2 
c
v

= sin

= # 5

c
1
= sin-1
)(11.2.1
v
M

'11.2.3 8#9

= sin-1

1 5 "   # @ *p ,[# 5 # .*p B

168

=

,T *!,- 
!, @ 0DP
-  #*  -
>  # .
 -
& #@ @;! # !:

!/ :!, 8 K _#
@D# 0  ,V%.
@ 0 #  # 5 
#

H
x

= tan

'11.2.4 8#9

x = H M 1
2

M>1

11.2.3'5-
)"% 4@ F0
 )/5 (11.2.5 ]
$# :* .B3 . p
/5 )"%  )"I
5%# ,) /5 .,
) @D  ! )
, >!5,( 5*_ ) @ 3 ;
4! *5 .dp ,1
_) /# , c
! . )"%.

[# 3 -@ @0
 ) :!)5 (11.2.55
3 @ %& 0 t
. 2t
$8*[' '& $,
 " !T35,
" &"! :>/= ;)
#
 /5 0/ .D- I#!
 ).(11.2.6
[ I T# 5 :*) 
/*5, @ c , Dx P
.S

'11.2.5 8#9

'11.2.6 8#9

169

0
5 *>= ~p = (,()-)}@()

(-d)(c-dv)A = cA

dv +c d = 0 (11.2.2)
:,/>= ! .

( pA) + (m v ) + w Aw = 0 .(11.1.11)
Aw w = 0

I $ 3 )"

(pA) = - Adp
.

(m v) = m v = cA(-dv) = -Acdv
dp + cdv = 0 (11.2.3)
( 
!11.2.3) ( 11.2.2)

dp 2
=c ..(11.2.4)
d
d
1
= 2 ..(11.2.5)
dp c
.!T3 '",s#  1  3 # @} ,! # : ,)( 11.2.6) 
. c  ,$  != *  -'"
5 ')5,

= const.(11.1.7)

dp d ( k )

=0
p
k

k 1
dp
k k d = 0

p
dp
d
k
=0
p

170

dp
p
= k ..(1)
d

p = RT

:#  #

= RT(2)
( 
!2) ( 1)

dp
= kRT(3)
d

c2 = kRT
c=

( 
!11.2.5) ( 3)

kRT .(11.2.6)

171

 11.3'
 '? H


Z

11.3.1

0)5* 0@ !/1 >  ,*@84 :

)( 5,$ !S
)( - )
)( p \ !I"*; ,/ ,pD! !4* ,!pD :5_ .
)(  . 0}#
,*@84 1 ) * !/}!, 8" B5 $#) *
)!  }!# ,:
! _ !$& .)$# P1_ }#! :5, @@# 0 K
)#
>  5> )[ 5@ K. !V
,# 0)5 D" S! ! * F,*@84 'D# 0@ P :
)( # ! , # -@ @ ,p5 0
); D5 D5 S 5
!, .
)(  [ / ,D SD5 !/# 5 " ,
& E/"8
)!, ;#" ,
& #,D .

'J ' "

11.3.2

* & :#"! : ) =>/* ,D 04> 0/ .D-  ;)

# ( &T !*#,
 0@ - PD5,/"   '& *>5, !4 ')5 *
,  35'& >! 5, .
&"" =>- 0* 
& :

vA = const

v2
= const
2

h+

@ 0!_ *>:!4

dv
dA
+
+
)= 0 ........(1

v
A
)dh + vdv =0 .......................(2
)..................(3

dp

dh = T ds +
'11.3.1 8#9

172

5 )8 5,

dh =

dp

(2)  F)

dp

+ vdv =0

dp
dv
+
= 0 ........................................(4)
2
v
v
( 
!4) ( 1)

dp
d
dA

= 0
2
v

d
1
dA

= 0
2
v
dp
dp A
(11.16) *[$

1
1 dA
2
=0
2
dp A
v
c
dA 2 dA kRT dA p
1
1 =
c =
=
k
2
dp A
dp A
dp A
M

p
dp
M2
= k
...........................................(11.3.1)
dA
A 1 M2
( 
!11.3.1) ( 4)

dv
dv dp
=
dA
dp dA
dv
v
1
=
.......................................(11.3.2)
dA
A 1 M2
M = 1 ,- # (   11.3.2) 
5\ 5, PD 0 @- 5 # ; , @ M<1 - 0@
K!- T3" '5, ) /   # -;

173

dv
v
=
dA
A

@- 0  M>1 '& !- 5\ K  ,; ) \5

 - ";"_ .
 ) (11.3.1   # -, 5 3 M = 1'& !:
3  -   #'& ! : ,. -

11.3.3

'J ' "#

 '[*$ 8 *5, !# ')5 @ 0 85 "*/ */5

"; I,#! *!, 0 : 05
;
 I,! %   /, (v =0) 5 !$ *!,:

T, p,  &!_ I,!  T0, p0, 0 :*.0

;
 I,! }"!   /! ) . (v =c *;!$ ,$*[ _#

  . A -  &!*_ I,! *. A

*
)! # 
& ) # 
;" :! (11.1.10 ;
 I,! ),: (5

h + v2 = h0
)v2 = 2(h0 - h
>*$8 :#8 ) (11.1.6 )(11.1.4

T
2kR
2kR
= )v2 = 2 Cp (T0 - T
= )(T0 T
)T( 0 1
k 1
k 1 T
T
2
)( 0 1
k 1 T

= M2

T
2 1
)= [1 + 21 ( k 1) M ] .......................................(11.3.3
T0
* E5,

] = [1+(k-1)M2

T
)= 1 ................................................(11.3.3
T0
5, ')5 :#*! (11.1.1) : )(11.1.7

174

p
T k
= ( )k 1
p0
T0
(11.3.3)  0@ 5 *

=
p0

k
k 1

.............................................(11.3.4)
(11.1.7)  :# *>$8

p
=( )
0
p0

1
k

(11.3.4) :# 5 *

=
0

1
k 1

.............................................(11.3.5)

:*>= - # :#  ")- !#**[' '& $8

v
A
= 1 1
A1
v
5, 0@ /# 4# 1 4 K!-

M kRT1
M T
M 1 1 0 T1T0
Mc
A
= 1 1 1 = 1 1
= 1 1 1 =

A1
M 0 TT0
Mc
M kRT
M T
(11.3.5) ( 11.3.3) 8 :# 5 *
k +1

2(k 1)
A
M1
=

A1
M 1

K!- 0 (  ;

1)
;" ,)*

M = 1.0 , A1 = A*

1 = 1+(k-1)(1) = (k+1)

A
1 2
=

*
A
M k + 1

k +1
2(k 1)

175

 F) 

..........................................(11.3.6)

'11.3.2 8#9

 )!/# :!)5 (11.3.2 *! ,} 8 *!# *[ . D5

; @ 0) /( &[*# . # :8 1 5, ')5
 . k = 1.4

=

,5 ] @ ,D# ,!*# )" .-,/ !  . 1.25I /,

 30C # 4# I,/ , =- . 180C 5 3  1 4
&*5 @ 0 PD5,.
 S- #
(
# F4  ,D #8 ",s
(
# F4 "~ 5\ , ;  1 . 4
(
)(

T = 30 + 273 =303K
T0 = 180 + 273 = 453K
= 1.50
 ) (11.3.3
0
1.5 = 1 + 0.125 M2

)(

 ):(11.3.1

M = 2.0
2

dp
p
M
= k
dA
A 1 M2

176

 M > 1 0  S"D .S$ :5%  @ )$ dp  dA )I#

5 0 'X *.$
 ):(11.3.2

) (

dv
v
1
=
dA
A 1 M2
 M > 1 0  S"D SI# :5%  @ )I# dA  dv )I#
5 0 ' W
.

=
&! )  k5, @ 0D,
@ F4 0 ) (11.3.3
. 1.25D, "s , &!  M
;
) ( 1 1.0 .dM/dx > 0
&
,,D 5\5  10mm :# ;

) (1  20mm ;

).(2

 &!  #  ;

).(2
2

A2 d 2
= =4
A1 d 1

'11.3.3 8#9

 )(11.3.6
k +1

A2
)1 2 2 2 ( k 1
=

A * M 2 k + 1
1
{ 0.889 [ 1 + 0.125 M22 ] }4.5
M2

=4

 ', ;5,T S

* P5 ./
[*$ :!" ;5,T@ ) /(:

F = 0.147 [ 1 + 0.125 M22]4.5 M

F = 0.166M2 [ 1 + 0.125 M22]3.5 1.0

Mi+1 = Mi F/F

", I  :!-@ :  :

M2 = 3.00, 2.77, 2.70, 2.70
@ / :0
M2 = 0.40, 0.14, 0.15, 0.15
 / :0
*  !)T 5,  ;
**" dM/dx > 0 K!- 1 M2 = 2.70

177

=

 0 @F4 _ 5,

A2, p2, T2 D5( 
 11.3.4)
:*[$
5 ')5, 8#
(
.0T3"8 5, .&
(
:_

k = 1.4 , R = 287 J/kg-K

:8*[ $

11.3.4 8#9'

(
1

T2 =

T2 T0
T1 = 2 T1
T0 T1
1

1 = 1 +
2 =

1
2

(k-1)M12 = 1.050

1.162

T2 = (1.162/1.05)-1 (320) = 289K

p p
P 2 = 2 0 p1 = 2
p0 p1
1

k k1

.
1162
p1 =

105
.
k +1

1.4
0.4

(0.5E6) = 0.35MPa

M 1 2 2 ( k 1 )
A A*
05
. 1162
.
A2 = 2
A1 =
A1 =

A1 = 0.003m2

M2 1
A * A1
0.9 105
.
M
0.5
0.9

:5 ')0T3"8
T/T0
p/p0
0.9524
0.8430
0.8606
0.5913

5, .*[ &$

A/A*
1.3398
:1
1.0089
:2

T2 T0
0.8606
T1 =
(320) = 289K
0.9524
T0 T1
p p
0.5913
P 2 = 2 0 p1 =
(0.5E6) = 0.35MPa
0.8430
p0 p1
T2 =

A2 =

A2 A *
10089
.
A1 =
(0.004) = 0.003m2
A * A1
1.3398

178

11.3.3

 S  " n'<=#

 )5, (11.3.5 :0T3"8

1
0
2
)= [1 + 21 ( k 1) M ] k 1 ...(1

5, '":T3

= 0 = ~p

0
)= 1 ..(2

*) k = 1.4; " :!) P[

 : @*, '" !T3  #
.>*[#
1.0
1.58
37

11.3.4

0.5
1.13
12

0.2
1.02
2

0.4
1.08
7

M
0/
%

 '
 '  ? &" #

 )45 (11.3.6># F# K  #* ] #3 >

!:
p0
3 @*# 0 `#
T0
I,/ @ 0*
A

;# -#> K 4#,
M
 #  4#,

# =>-*:
.

k
)AMp ......(11.3.7
RT

= m = vA
p

= M kRT A
RT

$*[ 8 ) (11.3.3 )(11.3.4

*!, T p

179

'11.3.6 8#9

k AMp0 k 1
1
R
T0 2

= m

k Ap0 M
)..................................(11.3.8
k +1
)R T0 2(k 1

=m
.

dm
  )(11.3.7
:5'[*$  5, % ,I *>4
dM

# > .,*! D  # $5, /5  M =1  #

5, :# 
k +1

k 2 2(k 1) A * p0
)...................................(11.3.9

R k + 1
T0

= mM

! A* K - I,/  . M = 1 @ >" 04

*p
p
=
p0
p0
= ) 3 I,/.

*T
T
=
T0
T0
= )  I,/ I,/.
* @ M =1 58 ) (11.3.4 ) :(11.3.3
k

)_ ( = 0.528
)_ ( = 0.833

p * 2 k 1
=

p0 k + 1
*T
2
=
T0 k + 1


  ) (11.3.8! " P :k = 1.4

A *P0
).......................................(11.3.10
T0

m M = 0.04

8 ' P[*$~ 5, ')5" .) I & # :*-8 @0

& @ # 5, ;!;/;5 0  :; ) , ' .P 5 1:
# E5, #5, ,! Cm 5, >5, 0 ')5:
# 5, * > \ # 5, * ')5 = Cm
@ K*;! !I *! @ &!  Cm @ 0 . 0.94 0.99

180

11.3.5

5
 '%F <& ' 'H

 5 

'11.3.7 8#9

"   53 @ 0> K' 'V :# !)} _!@ .*5 ,D~ 3 I
,/ @*# 0 `# 5 3 @ 0* *;) )**5 # /5
3 @/# 0 >K
3 _5 pb 0 3 , p0
(
pb /p0 = 1.0
# 3 @ 0>K
= > , I5 8 1
5,$.
3 _;5 pb 0
(
 :3 , /5 . p0
1 # 4 @ 0> K
5  $5, @ 0Dx P
.SI
3 [,I= 0
3 _0
. pe = pb
 >V 3 5 pb[>
3 [,I pe 0>
* \5 . Me ,

'11.3.8 8#9

181

 //:5
,*$8 @ p* ) pb >V 0 ) pe = p* F 5) F # Me = 1.0
.

# 1V5 5, * 0 &! . m M

(

 ,:[> pb" pe S!D* 8 p* :#  B * * p  Me B

.

1.0  m m M
5 1 E5, " $.
>[53 @$> K )s @ !D I# ,) pb .5

=

8 K># # * #    4  p~ I -, 5

. 25C3 _ ~p 0 0.1MPa -#> K[,. 0.0005 m2 !I

 - # 5, *::!*/ 0
3 @*# 0 `# 0.15MPa
(
3 @*# 0 `# .0.35Mpa
(

k
A e M e pe
RTe
(

= m =e ve Ae

p0 = 0.15MPa
") */5 #  5, &,s

pb = 0.1E6

)> p*/p0 (0.528

pb /p0 = 0.667

5, ]!,s ,

pe = pb = 0.1E6
pe /p0 = 0.667
k
pe
= e k 1 = -3.5 = 0.667
p0

e = 1.123 = 1 =(k-1) Me2

Me = 0.78
Te = T0 (Te /T0 ) = T0 (e-1 ) = (25+273)(1/1.123) = 265K

182

14
.
(5E 4)(0.78)(01
. E6)= 0.17 kg/s
287265
( )

m=

pb /p0 = 0.286

< p*/p0

pe /p0 = p*/p0= 0.528

p0 = 0.35MPa
,s 5,

pe = (0.528)(0.35E6)= 0.185E6
Te /T0 = T*/T0= 0.833
Te =(0.833)298 = 248K

14
.
(5E 4)(.
10)(0185
. E6)= 0.41 kg/s
287248
( )

m=

(11.3.9 )*[ $ :5 ,V; 5,


.

m M = 0.04

(5E 4)(0.35E 6)
298

11.3.9 8#9'

183

= 0.41 kg/s

=

0.1MPa 3 D>*  # K >V# .)-$ -, # 8 K>#

0 _3 . 0.0001m2 K! >I,[ - . 303K 5 ,- I
:5 K> ,[# 0@
0.08MPa
(
0.05MPa
(
.0D/ 0* 5, 0# ,5
 ;
pb = 0.08MPa
.

m=

k AMp
R T

pb / p0 = 0.08 /0.1 = 0.8 > 0.528

,s ,!] 5,

pe= pb
pe / p0 = 0.8
k
pe
= e k 1
p0

0.8 = -3.5
e = 1.066
e = 1 + (k-1) Me2
Me = 0.57
Te /T0 = e-1 = 0.938
Te = (0.938)(303) = 284K
.

= 0.0189 kg/s m
.

qe = m /e = m R Te /pe = (0.0189)(287)(284)/0.08E6 = 19 l/s

184

pb = 0.05MPa

pb / p0 = 0.5 < 0.528

pe /p0 = 0.528

,s 5,

pe = 0.528(0.1E6) = 0.0528E6

mM

A *P0
= 0.04
= 0.023 kg/s
T0
.

qe = m R Te /pe
Te = (

T*
)T0 =(0.8333)(303) = 252K
T0
qe = 31.5 l/s

185

11.3.6

5
 '%F <& ' 'H-'$

"

R

'11.3.10 8#9

* ,D * _!)s*,$ 0  :> K' @ 0;:(11.3.5) .

3 _# 0 3 `# pb/p0 = 1
(
# 3 = >5,$ 8 . ,.
(
[> 5,$ 5 '!& pb @ 0 x PD.SI
5, @ 0 > K  .0 I,  8 *>4!
5,  - 0;5 - (11.3.2) . : 3 *5& @0
 S"D' ! " #*  @ - >p K\*5 .5 @ 0"DS
 .,s #\*5 0* 5 @ 0 S"D' !  #*  @
 >&*5 .p K @ 0 S"D.,s3 [, 0@ 0I P15 / 3 _. pe = pb .0
[> 3 _ 0} )" , // 5 )( .
(
\!5 P1 // 5  # @ 0/ 5 ! ) (M=1 1
5 3  (p/p0=p*/p0) I,- 5 5, @ 0 # 4>K
,V% .0
 $ ) F3*5 ( 11.3.6  )(  - 0-.
 )( 
5 /}" 0 ) ( 11.3.6  @ / .0
(
"/  1   >[ !,D3 _ 0 ;# 3
/ - :#*! ( 11.3.6) : )  ( 11.3.4* .0  )(
 #  )( @ 0 S"D' :#> >[5 .K3 ,T
!) " 0@ P[, .  # \5  :;! ! @ 0 /
!) ' P [,.
5,  )( '"5 ' K> &-'-.,s

186

 5 )( >V3 _ 0 *# " :#3

(
*! 0[, 0I ! @) 0(.
 S!D*5 8 53 V>1_ K [> . 8 >*5 K, [>
0@ I>#3 )I# , ! 5 .3 _ 0 . 5)F
5, ..$

=

8 K>## ,s"- * #   4

I ,- 3MPa 400K
 * . -[, . 0.1m2 K> !I
 [5, _ # :>K
 # 2.0:S-
- -#> K 3 _ 0 # 5,  /
(
*!!.
 4 ,V :# 0I  # # > , 5,.
(
(

  /*!! @ 0;
[,0I

'11.3.12 8#9

Me = 2.0
e = 1 + (k-1) Me2 = 1.8
k
pe
= e k 1 = 0.128
p0

pe = 0.128(3E6) = 0.383E6
pb = pe = 0.383MPa

187

k +1

Ae
1 2 e 2(k 1)
=
= 1.688

A*
M e k + 1
A* = At = (A*/Ae)Ae = 0.059m2
.

m =

k A e M e pe
R
Te

Te =T0 (Te /T0 ) = T0 e-1 = (1.8)-1 (400) = 222K

.

m=

14
.
(01
.)(20
. )(0.383E6)= 359 kg/s
287222
( )

>" 0
5 1 % 3** $ :5 :!$,'  T8

(
.

)" - %  :!*/ 0@ 5, # .(0 ) 0"} /  m !&

. / 5, ,# 1.0 5 # %
A/A* = 1.688
:,[  5 ')5, .*[ &$
M
p/p0 A/A*
2.0 0.128 1.688
0.37 0.91 1.688
pe = 0.383E6, 2.7E6
2.7Mpa

: % 3

.Me = 0.37

 ,5

188

&R-''<

11.3.7

.  ;,V# 0@ K># :# "@ 8  @, 5 @  

. @ 1; # 0@ ,p ,!* P"! /*> 5 .(7.2)

11.3.13 8#9'

:/ ,/* ! # F) K> ,*-8@ ,] V 0/ .D- .$,

v(v. dA) = dA

F
  3 0@ F)  @!F
$   5 D 3
pe - p a
0I,[

e ve2Ae i = (pe - pa)Ae (-i) + Rx

Fx = -Rx = [ e ve2Ae + (pe - pa)Ae ] (-i)

:S x PD 0@ @ @ 1

FT = e ve2 Ae + (pe - pa)Ae ................................(11.3.11)

pe = p a
FT = e ve2 Ae =

pe
(kRTe)M e 2Ae
RTe

:!! */ 0@

FT = kAeMe2pe ........................................(11.3.12)

189

=

/# ., ! 0V
0@ 5  4.5kN 8> !- 1.2km K3
D . 0.02MPaI /, 3 @@,] 0 *-8, 2000K  2MPa
* k !& .0 > 1.3 K * )! . 20
 :S- # [,I 0  -[,!I 
 #- - > K
# 5,$ .
:5@*, 5, )85 @ > K ]!,s ,.
5, ]! ,,

pe = pb = pa = 0.02E6
pe /p0 = 0.01

 )(11.3.4
k k 1

= (0.01)-0.231 = 2.89

2
] = 3.55
k 1

# @ :

pe

p0

e =

)Me = [(e -1

FT = kAeMe2pe
)4.5E3 = (1.3)Ae(3.55)2(0.02E6
Ae = 0.014m2

 5, @  0@ 0\D  _@ ,s  0  /

A* = At

 ) (11.3.6
0

= 9.63

k +1
)2(k 1

Ae
1 2 e
=

*
A
M e k + 1

= A* = At = 0.014/9.63
0.00145m2

k A e M e pe
R
Te

'11.3.14 8#9

= m

Te = (Te/T0) T0 = (e-1 )T0 = 692K

190

R=
.

m=

R
8310
=
= 415.5
MW
20

13
.
(0.014)(3.55)(0.02E6)= 2.11 kg/s
(415.5)(692)

191

8
11.3.1
,$ S- @ _  I ,/. 0 C 40 C :
(
,$ S- @ ] _!  I /,40 C :
(
(k = 1.66, MW = 4) .0C
 S- # 
, */, @ 1000km/h ,  $:
(
@ I,/ . 0C
][355m/s,331m/s;1039m/s,970m/s;0.84
,T 11.3.2 @ ! 
! , 3000 km/h , 8> . 400mI -,
 # . 15C D @ !;@%* ;
_ 
, @ ,#& S4 &)! $
1 ,& S 
,
][895m
11.3.3[*$ '& ! :# $%%!:

T
k +1
=
*T
2
k

p k + 1 k 1
=

p * 2
! T* K * .!& p I,/ 3   /!. ].[1+(k-1)M2
5 11.3.4, _! ## :* )! ,I /, @! ) 10C># ,8 K .
 -[, 0.0003m2 K> !I   ]@, 3 @!_ . 0.1MPa-S
# 5, * ) ,> K  3 
 @ *:
0.15 MPa,
(
0.35 MPa.
(
][0.04kg/s, 0.10kg/s
11.3.53 I /,  , 0.35 MPa K 350 300 m/s
 *  # V") "/5 ,s 5,$ )85 . "~ ") -
[, - !I 2.5 !V S-3 I,/  , [,.
][0.51 MPa, 391 K, 91 m/s
11.3.63 I /, @ #*  at 0.7 MPa . 15C*
#  #* #*;) )># ,8 Ks"-# .,
;# - / [,
 1.3E-3  E-3m25.2* .:S-
 # 5,
(
&! . # [,!I  
  # 5, # ;
(
5, V>)8 K5
&!4 . );*$8 , ) /( .
(
][2.2kg/s;2.94,0.15;0.02MPa,0.69MPa

192

,5 11.3.7 "> K *# :# )! ,3 @! 0.3 MPa I,/ 300 K

 K!- D3  0.1 MPa )* .1.0 kg/s 5, V>)8 K5 -
 -[, !I )$  # [*#:#
8 K>#
(
8 K>#,s"-
(
/# .$3  .-

193

11.4

' -' 

11.4.1

?E' 5'-

,- 0@ #!  0\5 >4 0@ I  . 5 S- !, )!,
@,!*# 0 5, ,V% . /5  @*# @# 0!  0@ ,PD
5, . E #  #  5,$ PD  . : .
0_@ 1 ".
\!5 I : !# I! \5 @ 03  )- )!,
! \5 @ 03 >4! @- 0 I !/* ., I !
 , 
)! / ! > ,$ I ,$ !#.
  I !#' :#** I 5, ! :5$**  #
:05
&"  }:0

p = RT

dp d dT
=
+
).............(1
p

 5 5

'11.4.1 8#9

5, ')5:

p = const.k

dp
d
= k
)..............(2
p

) (1 ) (2
!

dT dp 1 dp k 1 dp
=

=
)............(3
T
p k p
k p
 )(11.2.6

kRt

194

=c

dT
k 1 dp
=
)...........(4
T
p
2k

1
2

dc
=
c

 k>1 ) (3  \5 @ 03 ) S I !

3_)-
5 @ 0 I,/ . ) (4  5 >4! @$ 0 , )S
 I.!
3
@- 0 >, I ! 5 8  D# *,p ) _3) . *8 0
5, ,p : 0\5 
>!> @ 03 I,/ ,$.
- 0@ # **

, I
! @ p%,
*,5 0 

'11.4.2 8#9

 )#!@ :0
 ).( 11.4.2
+

 I! %  @, I,/ T :# T ,$ # c : . c

*~ I @"_ \5 P1; ,55 ,! **# .  5 :
 ,/* I#  ,)5 # _*;$ :# ,   I  _3)
* */ @ I# 0-  S,*5 . @, 3 ! 0)"I : Is5 @, 3 ! : ,VI ! $$%! .   I
$$%! )!, @ 1 >, @ 03 5 8 >4! . $ ,I
s  #$ : , #    .:  1 I
.!#

195

11.4.2

J '
 '-

*
)! #8 D-  =>// .- 0 *# ## 'B- ,
4 #!  D5 D/ .*/ B!.
/, 8*-5 0 $*[' '&
* 0)"I :! !#.#
(1 'U '5

'11.4.3 8#9

# 
&

h1 + v12 = h2 + v22
ho1 = h02
cpTo1 = cp T02
)T02 = T01 = T0...............................................(11.4.1
5 0 I,/ , D!*" ,!* 8 5.#
(2 'U
# :# 
&

M22

= Cp T2 + c2

M12

Cp T1 + c1

kR
1
kR
1
2
2
= T1 + kRT1 .M 1
T2 + kRT2 .M 2
k 1
2
k 1
2

(k 1)M 21

(k 1)M 22

1
2
1
2

1 +
T2
=
T1
1 +

T2

)= 1 ..................................................(11.4.2
T1
2
196

%F'( 3
/ P1_ ,/* ! #
.

(pA) + ( m v) = 0
p2A2 - p1A1 + 2 v22 A2 - 1 v12 A1 = 0
p2 - p1 = - 1 v12 - 2 v22
p1 (1+

1v 12
p1

) = p2 (1+

2v 22

p2

#  #

p = RT
p1 (1+

kv 12
kv 22
) = p2 (1+
)
kRT1
kRT2

1 + kM 12
p2
=
............................................(11.4.3)
2
p1
1 + kM 2
(  4
*>= - &"

1 v1 = 2 v2
= p/RT , v = cM , c =

p2
M1
=
p1
M2

kRT

T2
T1

( 11.4.3) ( 11.4.2 ) 8 :# T2/T1 p2/p1 5 *

1 + kM 12
M1
=
2
M2
1 + kM 2

1 +

1
2

(k 1)M 12

1 +

1
2

(k 1)M 22

197

................................(1)

M2 1 +

1
2

(k 1)M 22

M1 1 +

1 + kM 22

1
2

(k 1)M 12

1 + kM 12
::!)"D! ,*

M 22 1 +

1
2

(k 1)M 22

M 12 1 +

2 2
2

[1 + kM ]

1
2

(k 1)M 12

2 2
1

[1 + kM ]

/ S!, :5%  S"I N D

[ (k-1) - k2 N ] M24 + [ 1 - 2kN] M22 - N = 0

M22 _D !"} I :# 8*[ & $

M 22 =

(2kN 1) (1 2kN ) 4 k 2 1 k 2N ( N )

k 1
2

k N

)
:' -

M22

M12
M22

M 12 + k 2 1
=
2
2k
1
k 1 M 1

 !, ]!% /

:F) M2 M1 :! &'@ 

M22 =

M 12 + k 2 1
..........(11.4.4)
2
2k
1
k 1 M 1
 '&F45 (11.4.4) 
. ( 11.4.4)
11.4.4 8#9'

198

 :5*!  _#` !"#5,B / $ #  5, @

 0  .0 8 * ,D  &* -  # 5, @
 .0 ,!> :5 I,  ;" }",/ 0! ,/.5
 ): (11.1.9

T2
p
- R ln 2
T1
p1

s2 - s1 = Cp ln

*@ 5# (11.1.9)0 :*!:

) (11.4.2 ) (11.4.3 T2/T1 : p p2/p1.
*# 5 (11.4.4) : /" M2 
'& #;   , s2-s1
M1 F45 . k )_ /# (11.4.51
./
 ,B ;" }",/ 0 /,

'(11.4.5) 8#9

5  , ' /

! 2 -1 5 @, *)5 s2-

)I# s1 . 5 / @ 0
) (11.4.5  /5 @;  # .M1 >1

(5'%F '5
* ) (11.4.3 ) (11.3.4
!
k

p2 1 + kM 12
p02 1 k 1
=
=

p1 1 + kM 22
p01 2

199

 1 + kM 1 2 p02
=

2
p01
1
+
kM

2 k 1

1

* 0@ 5;  :# , )(1

k +1

)2(k 1
p02
M 1 2
=
)..........................................(11.4.5

p01
M 2 1

(6' 'A* U
*) A 0 -
;##

A *1
A *2

A *2
A *1

A
A

* :# 5 )(11.3.6

k +1

)2(k 1
M 1 2
A *1
=
)..........................................(11.4.6

A *2
M 2 1

 ;#" *! ( 11.4.5 ) : ) **" ( 11.4.6

p
A *1
)= 02 .......................................................(11.4.7
*
A 2
p01

=
I# *# !## */, @ 0")
 . 600m/s ,I /, 3
@ 0_ ,# )& : I 30C

'11.4.6 8#9

 0.1MPa*.0
- S #  I") 0I
)  #  ~)}# .I S-5 3\5 @ 0I /, 3
),# S  I.!#

200

M1 =

v1
=
c1

v1
kRT1

T1 = 30 +273 = 303K
M1 =

600
= 1.72
1.(
4287)(303)
M2 = 0.64 0
( 11.4.4 ) 
0
( 11.4.3 )  

T2

= 1
T1
2
1 = 1.59, 2 = 1.08 T2 = 445 = 172C
t = 172-30 = 142C

p2 = p 1

1 + kM 12
= 0.33 MPa
1 + kM 22
p = (0.33 - 0.1)E6 = 0.23 MPa

201

11.4.3

' 5' n< -' 'H-'$

'11.4.7 8#9

 $5, ')5 @ > K'-s@ , 0; ( 11.3) .]> #

/5 5 # 3 _ 0@ 0 II ] A D 0@ III ). [ (11.4.7
5, @ 01  ?
 @ 0 \I *[ #  )#!@ :0
 @ 0 ). ( 11.4.7
@ 0 P1 / ) S& 3 _@ 0 0 @ II / # 
 K!- (1) 45, @  >,!@ 03  * ) (2 [> &!
 #  &! !!@ . 5 04 )5 (2 5, )85 :
}~ [*  : E* 0 @ 0\D 1 )5. (1) 4
 *# ## V> 0@ K /1  3 _ .II 0
[> 3 _*;5 0,
;# # # :;
[,I*- 0 )5 
"[> 3 _ 0 * . B

202

5 # 3 _ 0@ 0  III) F# #  V >.K

,*51  >[5 *-3 _ 0 ;! *!! . pD
, *5 A B _" D'U ' .K> "%9
  '& : Me
*/5 /5 &! 0@ Me V D.
*1 , * - 0@ A2* A1@ #  *!, ' 5* 0) ) #
&) 4 )/ ( (1 &!_ I,! ';- # 1}' * A/A1 ! . p/p01
*!, ' 5* 0 0 ) #  _!& / ( (2) 4I,! #,\ 2
Ae/A2* '}# . pe/p02 @ 1 :# S/ Me; ,5' 5 '.2 ;-

A p
5* * !/*-  0 ,3
A * p0

Ae pe
Ae p e A1 * p 01
=
(
)
A2 * p02
A1 * p01 A2 * p02
; V; = - 1 ).(11.4.7

Ae pe
Ae p e
=
).(11.4.8
A2 * p02
A1 * p01
:#*! ( 11.3.4 ) : ) (11.3.6
k +1

k
Ae pe
)1 2 e 2 ( k 1
=
e k 1

A2 * p02
M e k + 1

k +1

Ae pe
1
) 2 2 ( k 1
=
)(1

A2 * p02
M e e
k + 1
* ) (1 ) ( 11.4.8
!

1
Ae p e
A1 * p 01

k +1
)2 ( k 1

k + 1

e =

203

Me

k +1

Me

1
2 k 1
e =

2
k + 1 Ae pe

A
*
p
01
1
B :5% S"D *!

Me 2 e = B
Me 2 [ 1 +

1
(k-1)Me2] = B
2
N = Me2 [

N[1+

1
(k-1)N] = B
2

1
(k-1)N2 + N B = 0...(2)
2
0
5 (2)  -

N=

1 1 + 2(k 1) B
k 1
!!V !& 0
5 "% S / 

Me2 =

1 + 2(k 1) B 1
.(11.4.9)
k 1
K!k +1

1
2 k 1
B=

2
k + 1 Ae pe

A1 * p 01

5 '.!; Me @,

p A
:# 35  .*[ &$ :5
p0 A *
. / ,V%

204

=
3 @*# 0  5 5 . 2.0MPa, * _ )># ,8 K-
";- ,
& ,s 10mm &

;# , [,27mm 0I
(

- / *!! >.K

- $ 5, @ 0>::!*/ K

(1

3 _0.5MPa 0

(2

3 _0.1MPa 0

/ *!! > A :K BD
A* = At
'11.4.8 8#9

Ae 0.027
=
= 7.45
A * 0.010
[*$ & .5, ')5
*A/A

p/p0

 D

7.45

3.6

0.01138

 A

7.45

0.08

0.995

pD = (0.01138)2.0E6 = 0.02276E6 Pa
pA = (0.995)2.0E6 = 1.99E6Pa
/ : pB
*[ & . #*#  ;
[,:0I
M1

M2

p2/p1

3.6

0.447

14.95

205

p1 = pD = 0.02276E6 Pa
p2 = pB = (14.95)0.02276E6 = 0.34E6 Pa
0.5E6 = pb 0_ 3

(1

pB < pb < pA
.K> :# ,s S"D 0@ !# I# -  05
Me M2 M1 .!& /

Ae p e
0 .5 E 6
= 7.45
= 1.863
A1 * p01
2 .0 E 6
(11.4.9)  0@ B !&
B = 0.0965
(11.4.9) 0@ 5 *

Me = 0.31
e = 1 +

1
(k-1)Me2 = 1.019
2

k
pe
= e k 1 = 0.936
p02

p02
p pe
1 0 .5 E 6
= 02
=
= 0.267
p 01
pe p01 0.936 2 E 6
5 ')5, .*[ &$ :5

Ae pe
Ae p e
=
= 1.863
A2 * p02
A1 * p01
; 0


P/p0

A p
A * p0

0.936

1.863

206

p02
p pe
1 0 .5 E 6
= 02
=
= 0.267
p 01
pe p01 0.936 2 E 6
/ M1 [* M2 & . #*#

M2

M1

P02/p01

0.46

3.24

0.267

3 _0.1E6 = pb 0

pD < pb < pB
5 0 5, )85 @ 0># K/  @$ # #>.K

207

8
5 11.4.1 )*V ;) 5  I# K  !#@ 60km/s , 0
$ :3 D @! 0.1MPa ,- I *8! & . 30C *!, s
@ 03 I,/  , ";
 .*p
1>5 11.4.2 3# *# :# 3 @! 0.7MPa I /, ) 340K,
8 K># I# ~B- .,s"-$ !# 
;#3 @! . 0.2MPa-S
3 [,I 0 &

;# , [,  # 5, 0.5kg/s  #

][0.554MPa, 24mm

[,.0.5 0I

11.4.38 K># .] ; ,s"- )

4 (k=1.3, R=300 J/kg-K ,- I
, 1.0MPa :!*5  400K *>! 0@ K# 0* #*;) 3 @!
 0.2MPa . 0.4kg/s
(

,
& S- >.K

> 4 );*$8  0.8MPa:S-

( 1

 # [,0I

( 2

 # &)   #s

( 3

&
, &# 0@ D.#
][16mm, 19mm, 0.51, 1.345, 0.76, 17mm

11.4.4,/ K># . ! 0V > > 3 > @ 30km

F
$%" .) # -[,  -/ )* . 5.0 3 D
 F
$% 0.1MPa 3 D- V, *-8, 2.0MPa &!  k
,*-8 1.2& )" S- @  F
$%  " _,!B 8> 30km
][0.94

208

 11.5'
 &E%F*JJ #&
11.5.1

Z

$5, 0T3"8*-8@ 0 0 # #; . 8" 5) :!

 $}!, -, @ 0,*@84 !:
5, - )
(1
.!B,/
(2

;# -#5, *p
(3
5, !.S
(4
] .#
(5
55, 1 0@5,*@84 '
 P <*. 5

:

4
f = 1 w2
2 v

(1

'& ' P,  8J #  f 8`_I ; 0  ,*$

 

;#* !/$*# }@  "> ;
)$ .[*$ > f*@ E5,0
'& 5, 0$ '" - T3 ) .(4.3 5* #  f  #:
 Re \5 [" '. k/d 5
5, ' YZ'
*&  D'&:
(2
]!/# ;
\
;# -#5,[ D = 4
=-8 &!
; D,  ,
&) d;
(.
(3

x
; '
D

,)5 f ,# @# 08 5, *-8 .0 :5

f
fx
= *dx :0
 0*V8 # E5, #*-8 :
D
D

11.5.2

'J ' " '"

 J #&

"  *&' :5 >, !4 *!,p, T, , p0, v, , M :

") #&' : >/= 

'& }".5
*
)!  D- .*./
*>:04
# ,*$8:5

v = const.
'11.5.1 8#9

209

= d

dv
= 0 .....................(1)
v
:#&" 

p = RT

dp
d
dT
=
+
....................................................(2)
p
T

:# E5,
2

v
v
v
,M2 = 2 =
c
c
kRT
2
2
dM
dv
dT
=

2
2
M
v
T

M =

dM
dv
=

M
v

1
2

dT
...................................................(3)
T

h + v2 = const

:&
 #

v 2
=0
2

dh + d

Cp dT + vdv = 0

kRT dT
+ vdv = 0
k 1 T
c 2 dT
+ vdv = 0
k 1 T
c2
1 dT
dv
+
= 0
2
v k 1 T
v
dv
dT
= (k 1)M 2
...................................................(4)
T
v

210

d(pA) + d(v2A) +d(wAw) = 0

:,/*>= ! - #

A dp + d(v2A) +w dAw = 0
vA = ~p :

d(v2A) = vA dv
A dp + vA dv +w dAw = 0
dp +w

dAw
dv
=0(4b)
+ v 2
A
v

dAw
dx
= 4
A
D
w = v2 (f/4)

f # E5, :#

p 2 2
pkRTM 2
c M =
= kpM 2
RT
RT

v2 =

w = kpM2 . f/4

dAw 1
f
dx
dx 1
= 2 kpM 2 (4 ) = 21 kpM 2 f
= 2 kpM 2 d
A
4
D
D

(4b) 0@ 5 *

dp
+
p

1
2

kM 2d + kM 2

dv
= 0 ...................................(5)
v
:, 3

p0 = p[1 +
dp0
dp
=
+
p0
p
[1 +

1
2

k
k 1

(k 1)M ]

kM 2
dM
...............................(6)
2
1
2 (k 1)M ] M
:0! D# )$ .3 8# ~$ 

211

dM dp dT d dv dp0
,
,
,
,
,
, d
M
p
T
p0
v
. d

 ,!* 8 % * 8 !] :5 1

:;*# ,!*

dM
) 4 ")
M
( 
!4) ( 3)

dM
dv
=
+
M
v

2 dv
1
= [1 +
2 (k 1)M
v

k 1
2

M 2]

dv
v

dv 1 dM
=
............................................(7)
v
M
( 
!7 ) ( 1)

1 dM
=
.......................................(8)

M
( 
!7 ) ( 4)
2

dT
(k 1) M dM
=
...................................(9)
T

M
0
( 9) ( 8) ( 2)
2

dp
[1 + (k 1) M ] dM
=
..................................(10)
p

M
( 
!10 ) ( 6)
2

dp 0
(1 M ) dM
=
...................................(11)
p0

M
(5 )0@ ( 7 ) ( 10) 5 *
1
2

kM d =

[1 + (k 1)M

kM

dM
(1 M 2) dM
=
M
M

dM
kM 2
=
d .........................................(11.5.1)
M
2 1 M 2

212

) ( 10 ) ( 11.5.1
!
2

dp
] kM [1 (k 1) M
=
)d ....................................(11.5.2
p
2 1 M 2

) ( 9 ) ( 11.5.1
!
4

dT
(k 1)kM
=
)d ......................................(11.5.3
T
2 1 M 2

) ( 8 ) ( 11.5.1
!
2

kM
)d .........................................(11.5.4
2 1 M 2

) ( 1 ) ( 11.5.4
!
2

dv
kM
=
)d .........................................(11.5.5
v
2 1 M 2

) ( 11 ) ( 11.5.1
!

)kM 2 d .........................................(11.5.6

1
2

dp0
=
p0

5 M, p, T, , v*  # "~ &! M

=-8 \5 & *!,
 & S) 1.0 :#*- *!  ,/ . 1-M2 8 p03 ,
&*5 0@ ;
# PD5,.
$  )4 (11.5.1$ F # 5, "8 0T3*-8@ 00
\ :S!"% &!  # @ 05,  *& @ 05, @
 .5 0  # D*5 " /;! ! @ 0 -%.

$ ) F4 (11.5.2 ! ,3 @ 0 @ 0

1
= .M
5*   35 ,- 0@4 .
k 1

213

 11.5.3'J ' "' "#

 J #&

$ 5, 4F

@ 0 )(11.5.2
V ") &
P,
" D 0"5,
D58 @ * x'#
 M !& @, . 1.0
 # : )(11.5.1
" ; d

dx
D

f "x = 0 :# #

'11.5.2 8#9

 * x = x :!,
M  M = 1.0
*0

f
21
)( M 2
= dx
dM
D
kM 3

*x

1 M2
M 3 dM
M
*x
 S"D= ,5%
D

= d

2
k

1
= fdx
D 0

* = f

## :5 S"D ;5,

 :5% !\D
 S"D= :5%
1

2 1 M2
2
= dM
I
3

k M M
k
1 M2
A
B
C
DM + E
=
+ 2 + 3 +
3
2
k 1
] M [1 + 2 M
M
M
M
1 + k 2 1 M 2
1 -M2 = A[M2+(k-1)M4] + B[M +(k-1)M3] + C[1+(k-1)M2] +DM4+EM3
0 = A.(k-1) +D
0 = B.(k-1) +E
)-1 = A +C.(k-1
0=B
1=C

214

A
-(k+1)

B
0

C
1

D
(k+1)(k-1)/4

E
0

1 M2
k + 1
1
(k + 1)(k 1)M
=
+
+
3
3
M
2M
M
4
I = I1 +I2 +I3
I1= (k+1) lnM
I2 =

1
2

1 M2
M2

1.0

I3 =

1.0

( k + 1)( k 1)
MdM
( k + 1)( k 1)
dM 2
=
1 + k21 M 2
1 + k21 M 2
4
4
M
M2

k 1 2
M =
2
k 1 2
dM
d =
2
1.0
1.0
( k + 1) d ( k + 1)
( k + 1)
k +1
=
ln ] M 2 =
ln
I3 =
[

4 M
4
4
2 1 + k 21 M 2

1+

( k + 1) ( k + 1) M
1 M 2
ln
+
4
2
2M2
2

I=

* = +

2
1 M 2 k + 1 ( k + 1) M
+
ln
...............................(11.5.7)
kM 2
2k
2

0;
@#  p, T, v, p0

: 8# *['$  1  :5

. I, ! .!; :51[*# ,D
d ( 11.5.1)  :# 5( *11.5.2)  :# 

dp
1 + ( k 1) M 2
=
dM
p
M
1.0  M , p*  p 0@ #"

215

p*

dp
1 + ( k 1) M 2
p p = M M dM
ln

p*
,5% S"D
p

:5% S"D 0@ !\D*[  $

2

1 + (k 1) M
(k 1) M
1
=k 1 2
M 2[1 + k 1 M 2 ]
M [1 +
M ]
2
2
1
1
dM k 1
MdM
I=-

M
2 M 2[1 + k 1 M 2 ]
M
2
= ln M -

k 1
4

dM 2
k 1 2
1+
M
2
1.0

1
k 1 2
= ln M - ln [1 +
M ]
2
2
M

1
k +1
ln
2 2[1 + k 1 M 2 ]
2
k +1
= ln M - ln
k 1 2
2[1 +
M ]
2

= ln M -

ln

p*
= ln
p

p
1
=
p* M

M
k +1
k 1 2
2[1 +
M ]
2
k +1
..............................................(11.5.8)
2

:! 8*[' $ :5 $% >

216

T
k +1
=
).....................................................(11.5.9
T * 2
2
)............................................(11.5.10
k +1

1
=
* M

v
k +1
).............................................(11.5.11
=M
*v
2
k +1

p0
)1 2 2 ( k 1
=
)....................................(11.5.12

p0 * M k + 1
*#!!(11.5.3)  :
:5 #'# *-8
4! *1 *2 #
 12 0 05
*x2 x1 = x1* - x2

f
)(x*1-x*2
D
x *2
D

f
= ) ( x2 x1
D
x *1
f
=f
D

'11.5.3 8#9

)12 = *1 - *2 ....................................(11.5.13

=

") &
# 50mm P, * .
3 I /,  # 5
0.1MPa 290K  0.7* 0

;#  #@ $ 5m@ #V

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5 . 0.02 :@*, 5, B!.
,/ @ 0)"% )85 @ 0>.K
& &! .3 I /, @0
*.
'11.5.4 8#9

217

p0 = p01 :5)8 5,

p 01
p 01 p 0 * p 02
=
p2
p 0 * p 02 p 2
fL
5
= 0.02
=2
D
0.05

12 =

(2)
M
0.7

2*
0.208

p0/p0*
1.094

*1=12 + *2 = 2 + 0.208
*
2.208

P01

(1)

p0/p0*
1.54

:(2)
M p/p0
0.7 0.721
= 0.1E6 (1.54)(1/1.094)(1/0.721) = 0.20E6= 0.20 MPa

T0 = T01 = T02 = (T02/ T01)T2

:(2)
M
0.7

T/T0
0.911

T0 = 318K

218

11.5.4

5
 '%F <& *?5 5J ! 8

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@0
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&

.-
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 /.
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=-8 3 [, K> 0I :#;! .K> I,/
pb& &! :#;! / ,p*5 8 .55, V#B "; pb
(3
5! ,5, / .&,s  I# @$ 5.#B

219

11.5.4.2

S+J #

'(11.5.6) 8#9

" @ 0 P1  ,!p / 53 @ 0)p # #B 3 #8

3 _.0
(0

= 0 = 0

") !4*-8 !# .3 @ 0 PD5, = >.,

 I# @$ 5.#B

*Me = 1.0, pe = pis

= 1 > 0
(1
@; @ 03 ) S*-8.
 I# 5Me = 1.0 .D- ,
= 2 > 1
(2
$ -Me = 1.0, pe = pb .
Me < 1.0, pe = pb = 3 > 2
(3
5) !# F3  ) S*-8 . 1 D5 3 )" 0V 
&!.

220

=

") #\ ,-5 &

80mm P, T
# 26.5mm  *#  
$
8 K># .3 @ 0* 0.5MPa
I /, . 300K"D S@0
") *>#  K!- D3 . 0.1MPa
 $*# ## *-8
(
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/,  [, # 5,
*.0
"$ .
F)"% 0V
(
*; &! f 0.008- S3
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(

*?5

f = 0.016
/5 *: p

p * p * p1
=
p1 p 01
p 01
fL
26.5
= 0.016
= 5.3
D
0.08

= 12

'11.5.7 8#9

 @*, ,- 5,  ,[# )"% 2* = 0 SI*5

*1 = 12 = 5.3
)(1
*p/p
3.619

M
0.3

*
5.3

)(1
p/p0
0.940

5?*k $.

M
0.3

p* = 0.5E6(1/3.619)(0.940) = 0.13E6 Pa
*pb < p
Me = 1.0
P2 = p* = 0.13MPa
P1 = (0.94)(0.5)E6 = 0.471E6

221



T02 = T01 = T0 = 300

:T2 ,/ I :

T2 = (T/T0)T0
:(2)
M
1.0

T/T0
0.833

T2 = (0.833)300 = 250K
:
.

m=

m :

k
A2M2p2 = 3.0 kg/s
RT2
f = 0.008

12 = 2.65
1* = 12 = 2.65
*
2.65

M
0.383

: p* 5/
:(1)

p/p*
2.819
(1)

M
0.383

p/p0
0.904

p* = 0.5E6(1/2.819)(0.904) = 0.172E6 Pa
pb < p*
Me = 1.0
P2 = p* = 0.172MPa
P1 = (0.904)(0.5)E6 = 0.455E6
T2 = (T/T0)2T0 = 250K

222

$ 5?*k

k
A2M2p2 = 3.825 kg/s
RT2

=m

\5 @ 0 @# 0 5, *= 0

(3.825 3.01)100/3.01 = 27%
) 0@ S "[> &! . 50% ) f

223

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11.5.13  #  ;
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k ( k + 1)
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224

&7H'& E%F*J '

 11.6
Z

11.6.1

" ' J'

11.6.2

:! 4,*@8 ;!#  >1 0@ ,/ "*; # T3"8 5, $

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*-8! 4

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# -#

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P' 4,*@8 0@5 1 5, 5

. &"



:!4>*  0@ &
* /#

d(h+

v2
) = dh0
2

dh + vdv = dh0

11.6.1 8#9'

cpdT + vdv = cpdT0

kR dT
dv
kR T0 dT0
T
+ v2
=
T
k 1 T
v
k 1 T T0
dT0
c 2 dT
dv
c2
+ c2M2
=

k 1 T
v
k 1 T0
dT0
dT dv
1
1
+
=

.(1)
2
2
T
v
T0
(k 1) M
(k 1) M
d(Ap) + d(v2A) = 0
dp + v dv = 0
dv = 0

kv
dp
+
kRT
p

225

:,/*>= ! - #

dv
dp
+ kM2
= 0(2)
p
v
:5,*$8

dv
+
=0

v
:# E5,

M=
M2 =

v
c
v2
kRT

dM 2
dv 2 dT
=
T
M2
v2
dM
dv dT
=2
(4)
2
M
v
T
p =RT

:#&" 

dp d
dT
=
+
(5)
p

T
(11.3.4) 

p0 = p

k
k 1

dp0 dp kM 2 dM
=
+
..(6)
p0
p
M
0
( 5 ) ( 4 ) ( 3) ( 2) 8

dv
2
dM
=
..(11.6.1)
2
v 1 + kM M
( 
!3 ) ( 11.6.1)

=-

2
dM
..(11.6.2)
2
1 + kM M
( 
!2 ) ( 11.6.1)

226

2kM 2 dM
dp
=)..(11.6.3
p
1 + kM 2 M
) ( 11.6.1 )  ( 4
!

1 kM dM
)(11.6.4

2
1 + kM M
2

dT
=2
T

) ( 1 ) ( 11.6.1 )  ( 11.6.4
0

dT0 2(k + 1)(1 M 2 ) dM

=
)(11.6.5

2
T0
(1 + kM ) M
) ( 11.6.3 )  ( 6
!

kM 2 (1 M 2 ) dM
dp0
=-
).(11.6.6

2
p0
(1 + kM ) M
 S  "5" n ' % Rk:
  0@ !!, P1 /(11.6.5) 0
(1
,- @4  0 .)I# dT0 )*5  # 5\5  5,
 0 ;5  5, @ .0
* ,!p* :# S,  dp d dp0 . dT
(2
(3

1
-8= ! M =1~ &! I,- *! p0 , = M
k

*!.T ,

227

&! I,-

"# ' J'

11.6.3

F!4* .(11.6.6) ( 11.6.1) 8 #" M = 1.0 0I, 4 ,)*"

:(11.6.1)  1V #; 5,T

dv
=
v

v*

1.0

2
dM
M (1 + kM 2 )
:5% S"D !\D*[  $

2
A
BM + c
=
+
2
M (1 + kM ) M 1 + kM 2
2 = (Ak +B)M2 +CM +A
A =2, C = 0, B= -2k

2
2
2kM
=
+
2
M (1 + kM ) M 1 + kM 2
I = I1 + I2
I1 = 2

I2 = -2k

1.0

1.0

dM
2 1
= ln M
= - ln M2
M
M

1.0
1.0
MdM
2 MdM
dM 2
=
-k
=-k
M 1 + kM 2 M 1 + kM 2
1 + kM 2

1 + kM2 = u
du = k dM2

I2 = -

du
u = - ln u = - ln (1+kM2)

1
M

= ln

1 + kM 2
1+ k
v*
1 + kM 2
= ln
- ln M2
Ln
v
1+ k
I = - ln M2 + ln

228

1 + kM 2
1+ k

v*
1 + kM 2
=
(1 + k ) M 2
v
v
(1 + k ) M 2
=
..(11.6.7)
v*
1 + kM 2
:0
( *11.6.6) ( 11.6.2) !4>* 8 ##  1  :5

1 + kM 2
=
(11.6.8)
* (1 + k ) M 2
p
k +1
=
.....................................(11.6.9)
p * 1 + kM 2
T
( k + 1) 2 M 2
=
..........................................(11.6.10)
T * (1 + kM 2 ) 2
T0
2(1 + k ) M 2
=
(11.6.11)
T0 *
(1 + kM 2 ) 2
k

p0
1 + k 2 k 1
=

.....(11.6.12)
p0 * 1 + kM 2 k + 1
11.6.2 8#9'

;D5 .(11.6.11) ( 11.6.10) :!*(  !"! 11.6.2)  :!)5

.1.4 ! ,/ )( ) / :4 05 5,$ I

229

'  * Z 'U

11.6.4

# 
& ;

: 21
.

1 2 Q
1
v1 + . = h2 + v22
2
2
m

h1 +

= h02 h01

Q
.

'11.6.3 8#9

m
.

)Q = cp m ( T02 T01).(11.6.13
}# 11.6.1

,5  @ 0") 4! *-8 .3

I,/  #  0.55MPa V
230K 0.5 *[5 .0, _ #:
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( *! 0@ ,3 ,
(  # 5, 1.0kg/s# S-
"*; ,/.
(

T2 T2 T1
=
* T * T1 T

'11.6.4 8#9

)(1
M
0.5

*T/T
0.790

T2/T* =0.962
)(2
M
0.65

*T/T
0.962

M2 = 0.65

230

(
(1)
M
0.5

p/p0
0.843

P01 = 0.652E6 Pa

p02
p p
= 02 0
p 01 p0 * p01
(2)
M
0.65

P0/p0*
1.058

M
0.5

P0/p0*
1.114

(1)

p0 = p02 p01 = -32.8E3

p02 = 0.619E6 Pa

32.8kPa = 3 0@ "[>8

(

Q = cp m ( T02 T01)
cp = kR/(k-1) = 1004.5 J/kg-K
M
0.5

T/T0
0.9524

M
0.65

T/T0
0.9221

(1)

(2)

T02 = 303.7
T01 = 241.5
.

Q = 1.0 (1004.5)( 303.7 241.5) = 62.5kW

231

11.6.5

'9

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5 M 2 , 05 @0
T0 *



'(11.6.5) 8#9

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@ T02 > T0* K!/ #%5 ,)!] F# ,@ : 0
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}# 11.6.2

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;# !4*-8 0@ .) @ _  V )"%  #
0.5 I -, 5 p . 300K $ .[ :D, *- >~ I /,
, 5 . 1000K
# ,p*[!  : # .0V

T02/T01 = 1000/300 = 3.333

* T0 T0
).(1
T0 * 2 T0 1

= T02/T01

;!~  M1  0.5 *[!:

):(1
*T0/T0
0.691

232

M
0.5

 ) (1
0

T0
T02 T0
=
= (3.333)(0.691) = 2.303
T0 * 2 T01 T0 * 1
T
1 ]!D* 8 0 K!- :# , . 1.0
* T0
1 5 0 5, ,s.

M2 = 1.0

 ) (1
0

T0
T01 T0
=
= 300/1000 = 0.3
T0 * 1 T02 T0 * 2
):(1
M
0.274

*T0/T0
0.3

M1 = 0.274

233

8
5 11.6.1,  0 # V") /5 5,$ 8*-:0
M1
T1
P1
A1
0.4
300K
0.1MPa
0.001m2
I,  I 5, ')5 S- I/, ,5
(
T01 3 , . p01
$[ :)"% *- ~ I /, . 400K T2-& S!.
(
*!, ,V% *#! ; .5, ,/.
 !$,V [*$ *)! ,45, 01 5, *!, T1
(
T2 M1 M2 .p :#& . M2 S- `) 0@ I(.
# S- "*; ,/ !.
(
][310K, 0.112MPa, 0.52, 18kW
,5 11.6.2 _ @ 0") 8*-# 0
;# -  . 0.01m2 #V
)"%:
M
T0
P0
0.3
350K
0.2MPa
:[$)"% >~ I,/ ,5  [,  . 450K-# S
5,$ ,/  # [, 0I 3 [,.0I
][0.21MW, 0.35, 0.18MPa
,& 11.6.3 ,[# 8 K># ") p~ ;
# .# - V>. 0.25m2 K
,[# -# > K
;#)"% . 0.2m2$*[ ~##B * 5, #:
 / !V!:
M
T
P
0.3
300K
0.1MPa
:5*) 5, @ 0>)8 K5 D :5 *-8 @ 0)"%.
&  # [, 0I I,/ [, !I :[$)"%  . 1MW
][0.42, 327K

234

. 11.7 ' <& '

 nE%F*J
11.7.1

'
 '& 5-

 $*[ #B# ") 3 ,/ 0 "!; ,*#  ,5,

'" - T3; (6.3.1.1) .$*[&' ~# 
& )
 , ,
>, 3 *
0

)( p 0 p ) (1

=V

*), }@ @ 0 ) ~p (1 1 )! [#  5, ".!T3

 *) 5, " # 0T3`;  @*, ')5 ! :4 !- K
3 p  v , */ /, h 4# , !- K3 p0
 ,> , */ ,/ . h0
=>-
& ! :4!5 :
0

v2
= h0
2
2

h+

T
v = 2( h0 h ) = 2c p T0 1
T0

!;# I,/

'11.7.1 8#9

235

 5, ')5

T
T0

k 1
k

p

p0

@*) F,
1
2

) (11.7.1

k 1
k

p
1
po

2kRT0
v=
k 1

=-'5:
") 03 3 , #! :"># :5,*#! .:@, 3

D :5'[*$ &! p . . p0

!;# ,/ ,;5 &! ,s)# T0.

11.7.2

'
 <5 '& 5-

 *,D  " ! `# 


5, @  0  / !
) .#  1 4 ")
3 ,/@ 0$ 05, @ @ 0
 , >,  @- )"% @
!  )# # @ 0"D S!.
! :4!5 :) ,5, .!/# #
 ,B 5, @V 0 "8!
/ 5 :*) # #*;!
*## $8*> ## :8 #
*# @ ;.( 11.4) .

1 + kM 12
p2
=
)...............(11.4.3
2
p1
1 + kM 2

'11.7.2 8#9

  (2) 4
# 0 5,
')5 )(11.3.4

p 02
1
)= [ 1+ (k -1) M22]k/(k-1
p2
2

236

p 02
p p2
1 + kM 1
1
= 02
)= [ 1+ (k -1) M22]k/(k-1
2
p1
p 2 p1
2
1 + kM 2
:5* M2 : 5 :# M1 )* (11.4.4
0
1

k 1
p02 ( k + 1) k +1
2 k
1
(
M
)
=
) .(11.7.2
1
p1 2kM 1 2 + 1 k 2

[*5 ") 3 , ;! p02 - pa ") 3 ;!  p1 - pa 4#
! ;
) . (1 ;5 3 D ) pap . ,*#/ .  )(11.7.2

, ;5,* 5
. M1 !& 0
/  S/" v , 8 I,/ :# T1

T1
2 1
)= [1 + 12 ( k 1) M 1 ] ....................................................(11.3.3
T0
[* .p 

)kRT1 ..(11.7.3

v1 = M1

=


!,T , @I 0 4
. 0.1MPa
, _D#\ ") 4  !;#
,/5 . ") 3 ,  ;, @ 0.14MPa 3 D 5
0
!;# ,/ ;, . 440K
& ,$
,.

p0 = (0.14 + 0.1)E6 Pa = 0.24 E6 Pa

p = 0.1E6 pa ,

T0 = 440K

">*, @ 0) 5, 0

p/p0 = 0.1 / 0.24 = 0.417

& .5, ')5 

0
M = 1.19
5 #  5, @ 0
 )(11.7.2

p02 = 0.24E6, p1 = 0.1E6

M12.8 1.284M12 + 0.183 = 0

M1 = 1.2
237

M
1.2

:(1) 4  5 ')5,&

T/T0
0.7764

T1 = 440 (0.7764) = 342K

v = M kRT = 445m/s = 1600km/h

238