248

CHAPTER4 INTEGRALS

.~;
I'"

I
-

35. Note that r( t) "= b' (t) where bet) - th

3 '

b . e nurn er of barrels of oil consumed up to time t. So, by the Net Change Theorem,
2003.

-' fo ret)

dt
,0

= b(3) - b(O) represents the number of barrels of oil consumed from Jan ., 1 2000 , th rou gh J an., 1 =

36. Distance covered

t·

o vet) dt ~ M5 = ll.=..Q[v(O 5)
5·

+ v.(15) + v (25) + v (3.5) + v(4.5)] .

5
5.1

Inverse Functions:

Exponential, Logarithmic, and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

,I

1(4.67 + 8.86

+ 10.22 +

10.67

+ 10.81)

= 45.23 m

Inverse Functions

37. We use the Midpoint Rule with n = 6 and t:.t - li..=-.Q - 4 Th . . 6 -. e Increase III the bee population was

1. (a) See Definition I.

1.o24 r ()t
38.'
J

dt ~ M6 "= 4[r(2) + r(6) ~ 4[50 +

1000

+ r(lO)

+ r(14) + r(18)

.+ r(22)J

(b) It must pass the Horizontal Line Test. 2. (a) rl(y) =x

¢:>

+ 7000 + 8550 + 1350 + 150J == 4(18,100) == 72,400 [u =. 1 + x3, du

I{x);;

y for any yin B. The domain of

r:'

is B and the range of

r:'

is A.

ave

= _1_

2- 0

1.a2 x 2 v ~3 + Xv d X "= "2 • 3 1,9 y'u du '1 1 1 1

= (93/2 _13/2)
1

= 3x2

dx]

(b) See the steps in (5). (c) Reflect the graph of

=k[~u3/2J~
. 39. lim
h-O lave =

= t(27 -1)
dt _ Ii

I about the line y ;; x. tf

6, but 1(2)

. lim
h-O

(x + h) -

1"'+h I(t) x

3. I is not one-to-one because 2

= 2.0 = 1(6).
1 ..j.. o

L i:

,"

h~

+ h) - F(x)
h

' where [(x)

'" = fa I(t) dt. But we recognize this

4.

I is one-to-one since for any two different domain values, there are different range values. I more than once. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test, I is one-to-one. I in more than one point. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test,
Horizontal Line Test,

,. "1'.1
:.

limit as being F'(x) 40. Al = tbh y

by the definition ofa derivative. Therefore, ~~

laye

= F'(x) = I{x) by FTCt.

5. No horizontal line intersects the graph of 6. The horizontal line y

I"

:1

= t(2)(2) = 2. A2 = tbh = h1)(1) =

for
0:::;
t11"T2

t, and since
2

= 0 (the z-axis)

intersects the graph of

= -~

x :::; represents a quarter-circle 1

I is not one-to-one.
7. The horizontal line y

with radius 1, A3 == f~3 I(x) dx

t1T(1)2

= Al

- A2 - A3

2-

-r. So t - -r ::::;:i(6
x) dx I(

= 0 (the z-axis) intersects the graph of I in more than one point. Thus, by the

- 1T). \
y=-../I-x2

I is not one-to-one.
8. No horizontal line intersects the graph of
9. The graph of

more than once. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test, a

1 is one-to-one.

41. Let u 42.

}a

I-x.

Then du = -d~, so +
}0

1011(1 =>

= flO I(u)( -du) = fol/(u)

du = fol I(x) dx. (by differentiation)·

I (x) = x2
two

2x is a parabola with axis of symmetry x = - 2b

=-

2( ~) ;; 1. Pick any z-values equidistant is not one-to-one.

t" I(t)

dt = xsinx 1

I"

J(t) dt 1 + t2

) x = x cos x x x~ l+x2 dx )

+ sin x +

I(x) -_ 2 1 +x

=>
2

from 1 to find

equal function values. For example, 1(0) = 0 and 1(2)

= 0, so I
3X2

10. The graph of I(x)

I(X)(1-1+
43. Let u

X2)

=xcosx+sinx and du

=> I()(

= 10 - 3x is a line with slope -3. It passes the Horizontal Line Test, so I is one-to-one. tf
X2,

"=xcosx+sinx

=>

I(x)=

1+ x;x

(xcosx+.sinx)

Algebraic solution: If Xl

then -3Xl I/Xl

tf -3X2

=>

10 - 3Xl

i=

10 -

=> I(Xl) tf I(X2), so I is one-to-one.

= I{x)

= j'(x)

dx, So 2

I:

I(x)j'(x)

= 2 f~~i udu = [u2J~~!~

=

= (j(b)J2 _ (j(a)J2.

11. g(x)

1/:J;. Xl

# X2

=>

i= 1/x2

=> 9 (Xl) '" 9 (X2), so 9 is one-to-one.

.. J'.'!~[

W' + a)' + (~)' +

+ (~)"l = }'.m~1 ~o

t,(~)'l'

x"dx=

[~:l: -

Geometric solution: The graph of 9 is the hyperbola shown in Figure 9 in Section 1.2. It passes the Horizontal Line Test,

l~

so 9 is one-to-one. 12. g(x) == cos z. g(O) = 1 = g(21T), so 9 is not one-to-one.

The limit is based on Riemann sums using right endpoints and subintervals of equal length.

13. A football will attain every height h up to its maximum height twice: once on the way up, and again on the way down. Thus, even if it does not equal t2, I(lt) may equal l(t2). so I is not 1-1.
14.

I is not 1-1 because eventually we all stop growing and therefore, there are two times at which we have the same height. I is 1-1, we know
that rl(9)

15. Since 1(2) == 9 and

= 2. Remember, if the point (2,9) is on the graph of

I. then the point

(9,2) is on the graph of j:', 16. I (x) = x + cos x By inspection, 1(0)

e2007Cmgaee Lcamillg, A.rlRlih~
R.ntl"ia:l.

=>

r (x)

= 1 - sin x 2: 0, with equality only if x =

1- + 2mr.

So

1 is increasing on JR, and hence, 1-1.

249

= 0+

cosO = 1, so rl(l)

= O.

Ma)

nIX

brt;kanlll!;$.oopied.or duprlC-IIN. or

po:&l.ed

I<i. publIcly IJSe$3jble web5i1e, in w bcde-or ~nPart.

I.

.,

SECTION5.1.\NVERS£ FUNC"I'IONS 0 INVERSE FUNCTIONS 17. h(x) = x

251

+ v'x :::}

h'{x} = 1

+ 1/(2.;x)
4.

> 0 on

(0,00).

So h is increasing and hence. 1·1. By inspection,

h(4) = 4 +
18. (a)

v4 = 6,so h-l(6)=
f = [-3,31:=

26. Y""

f(

x -.

) - 2x '- 8x, x 2:.2

~ ~ 4

2'

:=}

'lx2

8x - !J :; 0, :t
I 'th

I is

s~
1·1 because it passes the Horizontal Line Test. Range of

8+ vlJ~~

quadratic forrnu a WI

2~ 4

a=~b=-.m

de =-Y

B +2 ~

_ 2 + 1 JIB +2y. lnterchange x an y. 2

d.

(b) Domain of

r".

Range of~f = [-1,3)

Domain of

ri.

(c) Since 1(0)

= 2.rl(2)

= O.
= -1.7.

(d) Since f( -1. 7) ~ 0, rl(O}

~ S ,-l(X)::= 2 + ~JI6 + 2x. _2+1\1'10.,,,,,,,. 0 Y2 • _ 2x"l _ 8x, x? . (by completing the square). y /utJOtI Alternate so +8 11 4 L- - 2y + 16 .X > 2 _ 2)2 = x2 - 4x + 4 = '2 + ~ 2 4
( x Interchange x and y. y . _2

2;

=>
2x

.
+.

19. We solve C = ~(F - 32) for F: ~C

=F-

32

:::} F =

~c+ 32.

This gives us a formula for the inverse function, that

+ lJ2x + 16.
2.
_
4~

So

ri(x) ~ 2
X

+2

l~

,
\

is, the Fahrenheit temperature F as a function of the Celsius temperature F ~ -459.67 :::}

C. C ~ -273~15.the
domain ofthe inverse function. 21. y = f(X

£C
~

+ 32.2:
c2

-459.67

=?

~C.2:
2

-491.67

::}-

i=

-X

4+1

=>

y-l-X

0\

'*
1. S

=~
f-1($)

(not

*" since
The

:~

20. m =

J1 - v /c2
2

ffiQ

1)2 m~ 1--=m'l

v m~ :::}v =c ::}--=1-r? . m2

2(

m5) 1-m2

x ~ 0). lnterchang

e x and y: y
L

graph of y - v x -

_ 4r::-:::-I

f _ ~ shifted right one unit. is J' ustthe graph a y x

= vx f1

== ~

-1.

..
X

"I.j

From the graph. we see that

and

are re

ftections about the me Y -

\.

This formula gives us the speed v of the particle in terms of its mass m" that is, v = f-I(m).

21. Y

= lex) = 3 -

2x

:::}

2x =3- y

:::}

3-y -2-' Interchange x am! y: :::} 2xy

3-x = ~.

So

t:

1..

(x) = -2-'

3-x

22. Y = /(f) = 2x 3y

4x-1

+3

:::} y(2x
:::} x

+ 3) = 4x

-1

+ 3y = 4x

-1 So

:::} 3y

+ 1 = 4x
=
x

- 2xy

:::}

2.Y

=f(x)=v?+2x,x>O:::}
2

> 0 and y2
.

=x

+ 2x

_ y:.!

= O. Now we use the quadratIC formula.

2·1 ,.

+ 2x

:::}

+ 1 = (4-

2y)x

3y = 4- +2y --. 1

Interchange x and y: y (y ~ 0)

3x 1 = -4- + x 2'

(x)

3x + 1 -4 ·2 .
y2 :::}
1 is

x
x==
X=

_2±p-4.1.(-y2)

=_l±J!+y"l.Butx>o.sothe --1+~.

23. I(x)

= JlD

- 3x

:::} y = JlO - 3x
y=
~~X2

:::} y2 = -ix2

= 10 -

3x

=* 3x ~ 10 that the domain of

-h2 +

negative root is inadmissible. Interchange x and y. y l~.

Interchange x and y:

+ ¥. So t:' (x)
:::}

So rl(x)

= -1

+ Jl+ x2., X :> O.

f f bout the Uney
0 =.:: X.

+ lj. Note
~

1-

x .2: o. u=

24.y=/(x)=2x3+3
SO

y-3=2x3

Y;3=x3

x=

ifi¥-.lnterchangexandY:

~X;3.

29. Reflect the graph

on j-1.

rIex) =

~x;
=

3 3) on ) (2,2,and ( ,

f are reflected

-2 ,

_1),(-1,1),

Th POints (-1, -2), (1, -1), e

(2,2),and(3,3)

to (

3.

25. For f(x)

= ~~ ~,
. 1/V:;

the domain is z ~ O. f(O) = 1 and as x increases, y decreases. As x

-+

00,

l+vx

1- ~

l/vx

1/ x+l

1/~

-1

-+

.=..!.
1

= -1, so the range of

y

is -1

<y

~ 1. Thus. the domain of

r: is -1
/
:=}

h of 30. Re ft ec t the grap

about the tine y

= x.

<x 5L

y = 1- ~

l+vx

:::} y(l

+.,;'X) = 1 - v'x '*

..jX = l+V
1-

+ y.;x =

-..;x

:=}

..jX + y,;x '.).

= =

1- V

'*

x = (1l+yV)2. -

Interchange

x and y:

(11-

+x

x)2.

So 31.(a)xl:!X1.

rl(x)

I_X):.! 1+ x

with -1

< x S 1.

'*

s
Xl

=1=

X2
=:

'*
8

f(Xl
:::}

_J.

-r:

f(

) so X'l.

is one-to-one.

(b) /,(x)

"" 3x2 and j(2}

rl(8)

==

2, so

(/-1)'(8)

=1/J'u-1(8))

=1/f'(2)=T2'

252

CHAPTER5

INVERSEFUNCTIONS
X_ 1/3
.

SECTION5.1 INVERSEFUNCTIONS 0 .

253

(c) y = X3 so f-I()
"

'*
X "" -1

Y 1/3 . Interchanging x and

D .( ornam f
-1

Ra'nge(f
(d) f-1{X)

= domain(f)
3'(t) ==
1

)=

Y gives y = xl/3 range(f) = lIt

(e)
'

== lR. X

r .. -_ ....
x

37: f(O) == 3 f'(O) 38. f(l) '(I)

=>

rl(3)

= O. and f(x) = 3 + x2 + tan(1l'x/2)

=> j'(x) == 2/1[·

= 2x

+ % sec (1l'X/2)

and

==

1.1 =~.
=>

Thus, (J-l)'(3)
1

= I/f'U- (3})
1

== I/f'(O)
2

= Xl/3
8=

=> (f-l)'()

(f-1)'()

-h as in part (b). '*

2/3 tx-

'*

=2 =

(2)

1. and f(x)

";x + x
3

+1

2 3x + 2x + 1 r(x) == 2 .J:x3 + x2 +x + 1 and

32. (a) Xl

Xl - 2 -'- X2 -.2 r VX1 - 2 of VX2 ~ 2 => (b) f(6) = 2, so r1(2) _ f(X1) # f(X2), so f is 1·1. - 6. Also f (x) == 2 VX1_ 2' so 1I , (2) = 1 _ 1 1 (e) y = vX"=2 => y2 = _ 2 f'(f-1(2» - 1'(6) = 1/4 x => x = y2 + 2 y (e) Interchange X and y'. Y - x 2 + 2. So r 1 (x) _ 2 _ . Domain = [0 00) - X + 2. . ' • range = [2 00) (d -1 ' . )f (x)=x2+2 (f-l),(x)=2x => U-1)'(2) = 4.
I

f:. X2

'*

3+2+ 1 = ~. Thus, 2 y1 + 1 + 1 + 1 2'

(rl)' (2) = III' (r1(2))

== f'(4)
1
1

= 1/t'(1) =
1 2/3

a.
3

tr: )

39. [(4)

=5

=> f

-I( ) '( ) 1 5 = 4. Thus. g 5 == f'(f-l(5» = 3. Thus, g'(2)

/ G (2)

3 = 2'
Hence,

= 4·
40. f(3) == 2

=> r1(2)
(f-l)'( )

==

1
f'(f-l(2))

== f'(3) = 9.
9 (3)2 =-1.
so

G(x)

1 f-l(X)

'*

G'(x)

== ;-If-l(x~2

=>

==
== ";x3

(f-l)I(2)
[1-1(2)]2

=X

o
33. (a) Since x > 0 , x 1 -'- X2 -r(b) I'(x)

41. We see that the graph ofy == f(x)

2

+ x2

+ 1 is increasing,

=> x 2 ¥ 1
=8

is 1-1.Enter x ==

2 X2

jy3 + y2

+y

+ 1 and

use your CAS to solve the

=> 9 -

x2
1

¥9
-

= -2x and f(l)

(0) y ~ 9 -

x'

..

=> r1(8) 1, so (f-l)'(8) x' ~ 9 _ y .. x ~,;lf=Y

-~ y. y-v9-x.sof-l(X)~ y.

X2

'*

f(X1) 1

f{X2), so f is 1·1. 1

equation for y. Using Derive, we get two (irrelevant) solutions involving imaginary expressions, as well as one which can be simplified to the following:

/'(1-'(8))

~ ['(1) ~ (:2) ~ -~.

() e

. Domam(f-l) .
Range(r
1 )

Interchange x and,

y = rl(x)

==

_¥

(:VD - 27x2 + 20

ifb + 27x2 -

20

+ :v2)

-1

= range (f)

[0,9].

V'<J -

X.

where D = 3 y3 .j27x4 _ 40x2

3

+ 16. Maple

and Mathematica each give two complex expressions and one real expression,

(d) (f-1)'{X)

= domain (f) = [0 3} = -1/{2 V'<J - X rg---) => (f-1)'(8) ,.

and the real expression is equivalent to that given by Derive. For example, Maple's expression simplifies to

= -2' as in part (b).

1

o
34. (a)
Xl

1 M2/3 - 8 - 2Ml/3 • whjere M :;= 108;z:2 6 2Ml/3

9

+ 12 v'48

- 120x

+ 81x

4 -

80.
and hence I-Ion

¥ X2
_
-

=>
3.

Xl

_.

1 r X2 -1 :} -'3 ~

42. S'n<"in(2nrr)

~ O. h( x)'~

(b) r1(2)

f:. ~

=> f(X1)

f(X2). so f is 1-1.

[_ ~, ~]. Let y COSydd

~'n[ is
I

no': 000-[0-0"".

'

h' (x) ~ cos z

> 0 on ( -;,1;). so hi, increasing

== x

1 (x)

==~~if

= 2. Alsof'( x )- - -1/{x 1)2 (1 (e) y = I/{x -I):::} _ ,so )'(2) = 1/1'(1) = -L =_1 X 1 = I/y :} X _ 2 -4 4' X and . - 1 + l/y. Interchange (e) y. y = I + l/x. So r1(x) -1 y D . +1/x,x>O(sincey> I) omam = (0,00). range =(1 00) . (d -1 1 . 2, so (f-1)'(2)I = -1. ) (f ) (X) == -1/x
2' smeef(2')

r:

= 1 => dy dx

i ddy = _1_. Nowcos2 y +sin2 y == 1

x
j'

,t

J.x

~o that sin y =. x. Differentiating sin y

implicitly with respect to x gives us sin y, but since cosy

2

cosy

== ±j1-

> Don

(-~,

1-).

co~y [ ,
'1
2

we have -

= ji _ v 1= JI~" silP x
I'
graph ofy

1,

43. (a) If the point (x, y) isonthe

x

is 1-1, i~e point (y,

35. f(O) = 1
(J-l)'(I)

'*
=

rl(I)-

- 0, and f(x) _ I - f'(O)

= x3
1

+ X + 1 =>

I'(x)

= 3x2 + 1 and f'(O)

= 1. Thus

1 1'(f-l(I» rl(

.
Thus ,

1) is on thJl,aph , ~ (y: X\- 0) on th; "'"8 pf I)', Thus

j • -,

= f(x), then the point (x - c, y) is that point shifted c units to the left. Since f of y = r 1(x) and the point corresponding to (x - c, y) on the graph of f is ,h,,",w', ,,,,,,tion :"hi.,d down_tit< ",m<num"" of units as the curve itself
== f
1 (x)

is

= 1== 1.
= xti - x3 1

shlfte~ to the ~~ft. So an expresSIOn for the inverse function IS g-l (x)

- c.

36. f(l)

=2

'*
=

2) = 1, and f(x) _ -

+ 2x

'*

(b) lfwe tomprel'S (or stretch) a curve horizontally, the curve's reflection in the line y

=x

i~ compressed (or stretched) can be expressed as

I'(x)

= 5x4

3x2

+ 2 and 1'(1) = 4.

vert/cJlIy b~ ·the same factor. Using this geometric principle, we see that the inverse of hex) = f(cx) h-1(x)"=

(J-l)'(2)

1 1'(f-l(2»

f'(I)

= 4'

::. ;,(lie) r (x).

1

SECTIONS,2 "I'HENI>.TURALLOGARlTHM\C fUNC110N

255

254

CHAPTER5

INVERSEFUNCT!ONS

y y :::::; - 2) In(:r:
y 2

='

1 + In(x _ 2)

44. (a) Weknowthatg'(x):,: g"(x)o:= ,,

(b)

1 f'(g(x))'
0:= -

Thus,

f"(g(X)).g'{X) [J'(g(X))]2

1"( g(:!:»
;}-

. [1/ j'(g'(x))] [fl(g{X))J2

J"(g(x)) !,(g(x»[f'(g(X»]2

= - [f'(g(X)}]3 g(x))

1"(

•
o

o
-2

Increasing =} I'( 9 ( x») g"(x) ~ _ 1"(.(x»

IS

>0

(f'e (
9

x»j

> D. is concave "Pf

=>

f"(g(x»

> O. So

,i

!f1(g(x))]3

nverse) IS concave downward, < 0, which implies that 9 (f's inv ,

IJ'

5.2 The Natural Logarithmic Function

1. in xZ2y
, [ 01
V 3 3 3

14. Hx) = In(X

10)

J (x) == "X2+ 10 dx (x + 10) == if +10

Ii ~

2x

In x y

In Z2 = In(a(b2 1

lnx

+ In y
-

- in Z2 = 3in x
1 '2ln(a(b 2

+tny-2tn' - 1[ - 2 Ina

15. j(8)
2

= inteos8)
"on' ~ (",x)'I'

',I ,
~I

,n

aW + 2)

=.2 Ina

+ t In(b2 +~) + In u)

C2»1/2

+ c'l») + lOi

+ InW + c )J
11. f(x) ~

,=

3. In(uv)lO - 10 In(uv) = lO(ln u

3~

= 101nu

""

f (x) ~ Wox)-'I' "- (lox) ~ 5(1

'

U-"

n1 x

1 X 'Ox {t 1 (lnx)4 )4-/&' - ::::;- ~

nu

4,In (x+l)5
61

-In(x+il)5 = In3 • 2[n4 -102 ~ [04' _ In2=ln16-ln2-1

2

-1 u3x -

+ lnx 2 - 51n{x + 1) = In3

+ 210x - 5tn(. +1)
fiT
16

= In8

19. g(x)
I

a-X = ill _

, n3+iln8=ln3+1nSl/3-1
1 11nX-5In(x2+1)=1 ''2

- n 3 + In 2 = In(3· 2) = In 6 nx 1/2 -In(x2 +,1}5

a+x 1

::::; In(a'- x)- In{a

+ x)

=}

9 (x):::::; ~(-1)

a:+X

-(a +;1:) _ (a - x)

-'20

==

-(a_x)(a+x)

== ~(

..;:c2-=l+X

= In

.JX
+ 1)6
1
b'

20. hex) ~ 1
0

("

+ ,;xr::»

",

II(x) ~ x+ vI?.:J 1+~)

~ x+ -Ix'

.:J .~~-

~~

Y lnz=lnx+ln y a_I U<: 6 •• Reflect the graph f o y = In x about the x . the graph of _ -axis to obtain y - -lnx.

8, ln z

+ aln

_b

(x =In(x'yO)

- 0' ~ lo(xy'/

,'I
.

2'.

btu

feu) .= ~

f ( )~
2.
'I

'.

~+~].

~ _ tnu. (1+ 1.(2u)]'

:".2 _ ~\1+10(2.) - "'~ -[1+ 10(2.)]'

o. 1+ (loH luu) - ",.

-~

up + 10(2,,)]'-

-' -

.\1+ 10(2.·)1'
2,(I-tn')'

1+ '02

2 f()-~ t -,-1u'

tn f,()~(I_b")(II,)_~o')(-®=i'1t)«1-lnt)+(1+lntJl.~t (I-tnt)' (1- ')'

I
y

= ln z

~,

~ Y=
l

In z

23. F(t) ,

== In _12(t + !L}3 == In(2t + 1)'3 - In(3t - 1)4

4 3t -1 2 1

="

31nl2t 12

+ 1) -

41n(3t - 1) =>
me • (2t

10. Reflect the port'ton of the gra h f of the y-axis about the ,P. 0 Y = In x to the right , y-axis. The graph of - 1 IS that reflection in additiIOn to the original port'Y n Ixl I
y

11.

= lnx

"yJ:::::

1n(x

+ 3)

F (t) ~ 3.

W. -,.3i.q

·3=

W-

3i::J'.( ",m

b' d

-fi( t + 3)

+ 1)(3t-l)'

"

IOn.

2\

2S. Y = 10 2 _ x _ 5x
\

=>

,I-lOX _ y ~ '2 x _ 5x ' . (_I-lOx)

1 - 1· lOx + "x .. ~ ~'2- x - 5X 2 or ~2 + x - --;;

G () 11.:;::::- 2
I

1(3 +
~---

31.1.

3u - 2

3)

=---=4 9u -

-6
2

y::::

lnx

256

CHAPTER5

INVERSEFUNCTIONS
.3
-t-

27 ·y..,...ln _

(X+1)3/5 __
X-I

s[In(x

+ 1)

- In(x - I)J

='¢>

28. y 29.

= tan (In

x)2

=>

y'.:=:: ~ 5

(_!_ +
x

1-

1)

= 5(x2 _

-6

SECTION5.2 THE NATURALLOGARITHMICFUNCTION 0

257

1)

y'

= 2(ln tan x) . tan x . sec2 ...2__

= Sec 2[In(ax
2

u=

tan [In(ax

+ b)] ::::}' Y
::::} y'

x _ 2(ln tan x) sec2 x - ----.:.;~.::::-.:::.. tan x

1
• Q;

+ b)] .
~

= sec2[ln(ax + b)]

30. Y

= In (tan 2x/
=}

2sec 2x
tan2x 1 1 1

~ ax+b

40.lnxy""lnx+lny=ysinx Y , = ycosx - l/x Ijy - sin x

::::} 'l/x+y'/y=,ycosx+y'sinx

=>

y'(1/y~sin.T)=ycos:r-l/x

=>

31. Y = InInx d

v' =

_I_.!!:_ (1) Inxdx nx eClproca 1Rule]

=
=>

(Y..)
x

xycosx

~1

=1'-=-In x nx x x
=_ (xlnx)2

1- ysinx = 1/(x -1) "" (x _1)-1

:·r I
=>
1"(x)

==>-

Y 32

If

d-(xlnx) = - _g;z;~__ (xInx)2 Inx

x
3

[R'
J

1 x . x + In x . 1 _ x(1 _ 21

1 + In x - --(Xlnx)2
-

41. f(x) = In(x - 1)

J'(x)

= -(x _1)-2
.....

=> /,"

(x)

= 2(x

_1)-3

=>

::::} f(n)(x)

= (-1),,-1.2.3.4

(n -l)(x

. Y= y"

-2

=>

y'

_1)-n = (_1),,-1 (n ~ 1)1 (x - 1)"

x (I/x)

- (In x) (2x)

2)2

x4.,

) n x_I

21n x
3

=}

x (-2/x)

_ (1 _ 2Inx)(3x2) (x3? x

2( =x -2 -~ +6I~ x

33. J(x)

x _ 6Inx _ 5 -

42. y

xB In f, so D9 Y =

D8y' = D8 (8:r? In x 7x61nx+

+ x 7).

But the eighth derivative of x 7 is 0, so we now have

DB (8x71nx)

dr (8.

8x6) = iJ7 (8· 7x6lnx)

= D6

(8·7· 6x51nx)

= ...

= D (8!xoInx)
2

= 81/x.

!
',1

iq
l ~j ,
,
~
~ 1i

IJ
.
\,

(.

I'

I-In(x"":'l)

::::} - 1)J'1 - x· x -\ - 1)]2 In(x 1) - 1»)2 and 1

X-I

43.

From the graph, it appears that the curves y

(x - 4)2 and y

= In x

f'(x)

= [1 -In(x = 2:. (x 2 1

[1-In(x (

X-I)

= --1;---fx~-~I._,.., __ 1 -In(x - 1)}2

ex

1)[1--: In(x -1)] +x

intersect just to the left of ± = 3 and to the right of x

= 5, at about

x -1(x

(x - 1) InCx 1)[1-In(z

1)

+x
so Newton's Method says that
-2
Xn+l Xo

- 1»)2

1)[1 -In(x

Dom(J)

34. j(x)

-{

"=

{x

xz

I X-I>

= x"
Xl ~

- f(x,,)/

f (.Tn) = .Tn - l/xn

lnxn

- (xn 2(x _ 4) . Taking

n X3,

4?

» 1 and
=}

-In(x-1)~0}={xlx>1
r_j_

el} _ { ,
-xx>l 1 1
lnx';'

and and

In(x - 1) ~ I}

= 3, we get Xl ~ 2.957738, X2~ 2.958516 ~

so the first root is

~I

= lnlnInx
"0

j'(x)

= --.!:.._.
Inlnx

x =/1 +e} == (1,1 +e) U (1 +e,oo)

2.958516, to six decimal places. Ta~ing Xo = 5, we get is 5.290718, to six decimal places.

5.290755, x? ~ 5.290718 :::::: so the second (and final) root X3.

"I ~

Ji

Dom(f) 35. j(x)

{x, Inlnx > a} = {x l'lnx

>

}_ 1 - {x I x

> e}
r-r

= (e,oo ).
f'() e ~ ~ - 1 = 0 1

44.

We use Newton's Method with f(x)

= 1n(4 4 - x'

x2)

x and

= 'Inxx

=> f'(x) = lnx - x(Ijx)

(In
X)2

= -(Ln

Inx-1
X)2

.j ,I

" II

,i ,
.1

\!

I '1

_,_

/'(x)
Xn+l

-4 1 2 (-2x) -x
J(xn)j

~1

=0:

-1-~.

The formula is

l~1~
1"

36. J(t) = t In] 4

+ 3t)
1

==>-

sof'(-l)=..::;;;l
37. Y
=<

j'(t) _ 1 - t . 4+3t ·3 -3

+ In{4 + 3t) = ~

"" Xn -

r (xn). From the graphs it seel1}sthat the roots

=
-1.9 and x

n 1=

+0=

-3. 2 x' ,_

4+3t+ln(4+3t),

occur at approximately x
Xl
=0

1.1. However, if we use

,
!

.!
,I

!,

-1.9 as an initial approximation to the first root, we get

-2.D09611,

sin(2Inx)

=>

Y - cos(2Jnx) . -. At (1 0)

'_

Y - 0 = 2· (x - 1), or y

= 2x

_ 2.

,y

- cos O . - = 2 so

,an

equatIon of the tangent line is

X2

and f(x)

= In(x - 2)2 Xl
=0

is undefined at this point, ,

t

making it impossible to calculate

X3.

We must use a more accurate first estimate. such as

X2 X3 ::::::

-1.95. With this

3B. Y

= In(x3 a

y-

1 Y==-'--·a2 x=> x3-7 = 12(x - 2) or Y - 12 x - 24.

-

7)

'*

approximation, we get '( ) 12 Y 2 =8- 7

Xl

= -1.95,
1.058649,

-1.1967495,
1.058007,
X4

X3 ~

::::::

-1.964760,

X4

X5

::::::;

-.1.964636. Calculating the second

.• 'j
"_'I~ ,

= 12' so an equatIon ofa .

tangent line at (2, 0) is

root gives

Xl

1.1, X2

::::::

::::::

x:; ~ 1.058006.

So, correct to six decimal places, the two roots

of the equation 1n(4 - x2) = x are x = ~1.964636 and x

= 1.058006.

258

CHA

PTER 5

INVERSE FUNCTIONS SECTION 5.2 THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNC110N 0 259

45. Y = f(x) = 1n(sinx)

A. D

=0

{x in lR I sinx

> O} =

U
n=_,.",

(2
T!7r,

(210

+ 1) 11') = ' .. U (-47r

'r>"

-311) U ( 2
,11',

48. y = f(x) -11') U (0, 11') U (271', 3rr)

x = 2n1l'

= In(x2

3x
-

+ 2)
3x+2

= In [(x - 1)(x - 2)]

B. No v-intercept; x-intercepts: I(x)

==

D.
¢}

mteger n
_

f'

IS

penodic with period 211'

.

In(slllx) - 0 D 1"
.
"'_(2"",)+
-

u· ..

A. D = {x in R: x2 B. y-intercept: f(O) x2
-

> O} = (-00,1)

Ii
I,

l'i

U (2,00).
¢:}

II

....... . sin x = eO - 1

1m

lex) _
-

+
00, fi

:!!.

x.

Tlrr

are VAs for all integer

Integer n, and f'(x) on (2n1l' "

+ ". {

sn. <0 h 2 w en mr

-00

and

(x) ~ ~_
'ill",

"'-[(2,,+1)1I'J-

lim

I(x) _ ,_;
-'

for each 2 , so the hnes each

= In 2; z-intercepts:
¢>

[(x) = 0
.=}

x2

3x

+ 2 = 100

IIi:
¢>

I, I
II

+ ~ < x < (2n +

.•
F. L

2,2n+l)1l)foreachintegern

maxl~um values 1(2T!1l'

II

+.1!:) _.
2 -

oca

cot X so I'(x) > 0 h ' W en 2n7r 1) ,. 11'. Thus, I is Increasing on (2

H

3x + 1 = 0

x
,

< x < 2n +".

1l'

3±iv'5 = -- 2

x ~ 0.38, 2.62

C. No symmetry

D. lim I(x) ~
z~l-

",_2+

lim f(x)

-00,

."

Or

mr,2n7r+~)anddecreasing
: : : : :
I

so

= 1 and x = 2 are VAs. No HA.

E.

I (z) =
J

x2

2x - 3 2{x - 3/2) _ 3x + 2 = (x _ l)(x '_ 2)' so

(x)

< 0 for z < 1 and I ex) > 0

. , so for each integer n. No IP

G.

(x)

== -

CIlC:!

<

I'

0, no local mmimum. CD on (2mr, (2n

for x> 2. Thus, G. /,,(x)

f is decreasing on (-00,1) and increasing on (2, (0). F. No extreme values

3)2

IS

+ 1)71')

= (x'2 - 3(X ~ 2) ·2- \~x X -3x+21

H.

1:"'-

=
46. Y =-= In(tan2 x) i·no Y-Intercept. C. I( -x) = I(x) s h . • 0 t e curve IS with eri d . < X < 2' D. lim In(tan2 x) _ p no n, and we conSIder parts D-G I f "'-0 - +oo and .Iirn In(tan2) _. on y or ",-( ... /2)-' , x - 00, 11m In(t 2 )_ .. "'--(-"/2)+ an x -oo,SOx=D x;:, ±2' are VA. E. I'(x) = 2 tan x sec 2 x sec2 x ' , tan2 x =?> 0 ....... t ~x an x > 0 ¢} 0 < x < I" . 2' so IS Increasing On (0, 2!:) and H. decreasmg on (_2!: 0) 2 2, . F. No maximum ormm1mum ""
_"" 2 " , . X 7r

2X2 -

6x

+4 -

4x2

(x2
_2X2

3x

+ 12x + 2)2

-9

A D _ { '/ • - x x, f= n7r/2} symmetric about the y-axis. Also I( + )

B. x-intercepts
,0

T!1I'

+"

+ 6x

(x2

-5 3x+ 2)2

== lex) s I'

IS periodic

The numerator is negative for all x and the denominator is positive,

so I" (x) < 0 for all x in the domain

(-00, I) and (2,00) . No IP

of

f. Thus, f is CD on

x""'l

1r

49. We use the CAS to calculate !'(x) =.

+ sin x + z cos z
2 . x+xsmx

and
"

G. jl(X)

(0 47. Y

'4

It)

cos2x

> 0 ¢}

sin x cos x - ~2

4
X

=;>

- '4 < x
2'-4"

If

andCUon

(_'"

If)

< 2!: 4'

I"(x) ~ -8cos2x '2 <0 Sill 2x so j is CD on ( _2!:, 0) and

4

r () = 2x2 sin x + 4 sin x 4sinx :.. cos x

X2(COS~ X _

(
~
" -2

_ 5)

+x + 5
2

F' h hs.] . rom t e grap s, It

seems that

l' > 0 (and so f

is increasing) on approximately the intervals It seems that

and

(t, ~). IPare (±ilO).

B. Both intercepts are D. c. f( -x)

(0, 2.7), (4.5,8.2) and (10.9,14.3).

I"

changes sign

) 2x x =->0 x >0 f" 1+ x2 • so is Increasing on (0 ) ,00 and decreasing on (-00 0) H. F. frO) = 0 is a local and absolute mi , '. uumum.
-r- 00,

== I(x) = In(l + X 2) A. D = lR y-axis. D. Iim In(1 + x2) _

"'-:1:""

.l'=f
= f(x), so the Curve is symmetric about the
¢}

(indicating inflection points) at x ~ 3.8, 5.7,10.0 and 12.0. Looking back at the graph of f(x) (3.8,1.7). (5.7,2.1). (10.0,2.7), = In(2x

+ x sin z),

this implies that the inflection points have approximate coordinates

no asymptotes.

E. f'(

and (12.0,2.9). defined for x2

-> -00

50. We see that if c ~ 0, f(x)

z-v'=C+

= In(x2 + e) is only

> -c
-+

.=}

Ixl

> Fc, and

G. r(x);=o

2(1 +x

2x(2x} (I + x2)2
) -

lim

f(x)

_ 2(1'-'X~) - (1 + x2)2 (

lim f(x) ",--Fc-

-00,

since In y

as y

O. Thus, for e < 0, there are vertical asymptotes at

=:

>0

¢:}

/x/ <
(l,In2)

1, so

f is CU on (-1 1) CD
"

x = ±JC, and as c decreases (that is, )

x

lei increases),

the asymptotes get further apart. For e

0,

and (-1,ln2).

on -00 -1) and (1 ',DO.I?

lim f(x)
",-0

= -00, so there is a vertical asymptote

= In{x2

at x

= O. Ife > 0, there

is no asymptote. To find the maxima, minima, and (2x), so by the First Derivative Test there is a

inflection points, we differentiate; f(x)

+ e)

'*

rex)

= _2_1x +c

local and absolute minimum at x = D. Differentiating again, we get

'I

280

CHAPTER 5

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

r(X)=X2~C(2)+2X[-(X2+C)-2(2X)1=

c < 0,
On

Ihis is always ne

ga ive, so

ti

2(c-x2) . (x2 + C)2 . Now If is concave down on both ofth

S~CTION5.2 THENATURAllOGARITHMICFUNCTION 0
3.5

'261

...

which it is defined. If c

>0

= ±y'C. So for c > 0 there are inl}ection points at ±

+ 1)5(X4
1 )6 -3

then

I"

c anges sign when c = x2

V'-.

e tnten-als
{::}

'C

an as c
60. Let
11. =

mcreases, the inflection points get further apart.

lnx. Then du = - dx, so

[6 e

-1-

dx z

X ri

r
1

- du
11.

[Inju\ J

. In 6
1

= ln ln f -In 1 = lnln6
1 = '3 (In x) 3 + C.

51. y = (2x

yy
y' _

*
)

lny""

In(2x
_._

+ 1)S(x4 _ 3)6)

-4

= 5 . h+l
(

.2 + 6 . ____!__ . 4x3 X4 -3
24x
3

lny=:0 51n(2x+l)+61n(x4_3)

=>

61. Let 11. = Inx. Thendu 62. Let 11. = 2

== -;

dx

==>

j
.

(Inx)2 -x-4x

11.

du =

1 311.3 +

.......
_

+ sin z:
dx

-Y

2;+1 + ~ + IJ4sin~
13 X/

10

= (2x
I

+ 1)5(x4

3)6

(__2Q_ ~)
2x+ 1
_

[The answer could be'

strnp

lif
I

+ x~

-3 . b t thi . ,u IS IS unnecessary.]

ed to y = 2(2x

+ 1)4(x4

I
2 cot x
3x

cos.x + Sill X

j.!.

Then du
U

cos x dx, so

du = In 111.1 + C = In 12 -._I-cosx
sm z

+ sin

z]

+ C = In(2 + sin

x)

+C

[since 2

+ sin x > 0].

52. y'= (x
I

3)5(2" 4 3 us: + 12x -15)

63. (a) dd (lllisinxi

x (b) Let
11.

==>
cos x

In Iyl

41n =?

Ix

+ 11 + 2ln ISinxl- j In [z],

3

= sin z. Then du ==>

SO!!....=4~ Y x3
•2

+
4

1 1 + 2-.- -._ Bill z 3x

+ C) =

= cot x

= cos x d», so
J'(x)=-l/x+C -In 2

cot x dx

J -.-

y' _ (x -

+ 1) sin:?x
1 X /3

cos x dx = smx

du - = In
11

lui + C

• = In [sin z]

+ C.

53. Y ~ sm x tan x
(x2 InY-In('

12x2

+1 +

)..

64.!"(X).=X-2,X>0
0::= 1(2)

=> f(x)=-lnx+Cx+D.

O=./(l)=C+Dand
C = In 2 and D = - In 2. So

+ 1)2
)2
1

=;.

In y = In(sin2 x tan4 x) _ In(x:Z

1)2

'*
Sin2xtan4x( :z

-In 2

+ 2C + D ==
- In 2.

+ 2C

-C

-In 2 + C

f(x) = -lnx 65. f(x)

+ (In 2)x

sm z

+ In(tanx)4
os z +4

-In(x2

+ 1)2

ru
Y

1,

=2·_·c sin a;
=?

II=> ·t;;;;.sec2x72'~.2x

=> InY:':21nlsi~xl+41nltanxl_2I!l(x2+1)
x2

= 2x+ Inx

=> !,(x)::

+ 1/x.

lfg =

r:'. then J(1}

= -1/x2.
(c)

=2

g(2) = 1, so

+1
=>

*Y
1, -y y

= (x2+1)2
1 1 4x 2

2 cot x

54. Y = y'

55.1 .s: -[ I8- l ]2 -3'

2 1

= .!?+T V~'2
8-3t11.

(x

1 _] 2 n y - 41n(X + 1) - .1 1n(x2_ 1)
4

+ ---_ 4 sec
1
_

tan x

x2 =>

4X)

g'(2) = 1/J'(g{2)) 66. (a) Let fex)

= 1/1'(1) = t.
=e-

+1

= Inx

/'ex) = I/x

=?

/,,(x)

The linear approximation

to ln z near 1 is

X) x2':"'1 1

1 =-2"

== _ . _,__ =
-_

+1

.2
x-

1nx;:::: J(I) 1 . 2x
(b)

+ 1'(l)(x

-1) = In 1+ t(x -1) = x-1.

4 . x2

x2+1

x2 +1 (~) x-lx<ll

X@X+1
x2-1

1 - X4

1 In

f + 0.1 f -'0.1

3t
n

56.

57.

1 B="3t I -- [1 -3Inlui] + [4 1 ""1 1 Ie _je (

11. 2

Or: Let

= 8 - 3t.
2

The
du

=--In2-(-~ln5)=~(1 ] 3 3' _
-3dt. so
2

15 3 n 5 - In 2) :: -In3 2

o I---~%f'<=-----I

dt

-1

Ii

~=
2

'==-~In2-

(-~ln5) 3

24

_ 1(15 - 3' II

15 n 2) = -In3 2'

From

the graph, it appears that the linear approximation

is

11.2

-a-du
11.

(411.-3

+11.

-1

)du =

-11.-

-2+In2)-(-2+lnl)=~+In2 1 X+l+-)dX-[12 X e-2' 1

-2

+lnl u I] _
.:1

[-2
11.

2 +lnu

]2
1 2

accurate to within 0.1 for x between about 0.62 and 1.51.

67. (a)

Weinterpret In 1.5 as the area under the curve y

to x

= 1/ x from

x =1

+ x + 1 dx
X

= 1.5. The

area of the rectangle BeDE is ~

58.[9 (v'x + _1 ) Vi
<I

=l~+ 2
2

2'X

+ x + In xL ==
e

ae2

+ e + 1) _ (1 + 1 + 0)
o
(b) With
1.5

of the trapezoid ABeD is

areas, we observe that ~

t . HI + ~) =
1 2' 5

·1= t. The area

1~2'

Thus, by comparing

< In 1.5 <

dx _

- 14

¥ +ln~

r (x+2+ x1) dx = [tx

Rnc""cd •

+2x+lnx]9
4

=~ 2 +18+1n9-(8+8+1n4)

Jet) = lit, n = 10, and

In 1.5

tl.t

=;

0.05, we have

C :::!OO7 Ccna.c: l..!w~i",.All Rl,llm

""->
I'IDI:

be~~"-"~nr~Io"p.bIid)~bI

= J~.5 (lIt) dt ::::: (O.05)[!(1.025) + 1(1.075) + ... + 1(1.475») = (0.05)[ 1.~25 + 1.~75 + ... + l.l1S] ~ 0.4054

.... --

'~""""""'fIok:-DI'inML

..

262

CHAPTER 5

INVERSE rUNCTIONS

68.
II

(a) y =

1, y'
t

'= -

!. The slope of AD
'" c =2 '"

1 is !l....22-11 ;:: - -2. Let c be the t-CQordinate of the point on y . c

:::0

1 with slope _1
t
2.

SECTION 5.l

THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNC TON I

263

Then - ~ ~ -~
1/- ~ (b)

""'-H! - v'2) ~

11 = -~t

= Vi '""" > 0, Theref"" + \1'2.

'he

""'' ' n' r;", is g;ve" by

IV1/rn-l
2
0

[_x__ mx] dx = 2(~ In(x

"+1 ~
= In (~)

v
Since the graph of 11 = lit is concave upward, the graph lies above the tangent line, that is, above the line segment BG. Now

H!

+ 1) -1+1)

1 2'Tn$ 2}\hlm-l 0

-m(,~-1)J
1=m

-(loH)

I
I

'I

+m-

In m - 1

Ii

DX

lAB! = - ~ + v'2 and leDI ==

trapezoid ABC D is

-1

+ \1'2.

So the area of the

72. ....... [In (2 + x ) -In(! 11m .

".,

+ x)l

lim In ~--l = "'-CO!' In (21 + x ) - .,.,..."., (2/ x lim llx

+ 1) = In! 1 = In 1 = 0 ..

II!
I rr. I .,

H(-t + \1'2)
69. In 2 . The area of Ri IS

+ (-1 + '-"2)1] == -~ + V2 ~

0.6642. So

73. If f(x) .

x} - 1 + x = In (1 + x), thenI I ( - __!_, so /'(0) = l.

> area of trapezoid ABCD > 0.66.

-:-- 1

t+l

1 1 and so -1 + - + ... + _ < 2 3 n

In
1

In(!

1 _ dt = In n. t

z-+O

f(x). = lim I(x)x ~ 0 + x ) ::::Urn -_ 1(0) = teO} = L

Thus, lim

"'-0

X"'" I)

4r==-;;::===~~j
~

o
y

ry

~xOJ

lnx

.1 The area of S, IS -:- and so 1

l

1 + - + ... + ~ I > 2 n-l

i" _
1

1 dt "'"In n.
o . -4 0.1 () :::: x for approximately 0 < x < 306 and then g(x ) > I() X for In ., from the graphs, we see that /(x) = x > g x. h f I finally surpasses the graph of g for good . . I ) At that point, the grap 0 306 < x < 3.43 x 10" (approximate y . s that Inx < 0.1 wheneve (b) .o.. 2 ~ 1 X• (c) F rom the graph at left, It seem .
O1

1234"'11_1"

.t

70. If f(x)

) ~ 'Ix. Bot if g(x) ,"",,,,",, lo(x') = , Inx" c. Po,x" I, In(1 = r In 1 + C ~ ')

= 1o(x'), 'h"

/'(x) ~ (I/x') (,,'-'

= ,10

z, th'ng'(x) C = 0, soIn(x')

= r/».

So f and 9 must differ by,

Y"'Tt I\...::: ..
Inx

= 'lnx.
y

x> L3
N = 1.3

X 1028 X

(approximate Iy ) . So we can take .

•

71. The curve and the line will detennine a region When they intersect at two or more points. So we solve the equation xl (x2 x

10

28

or any larger number.

J

,
'·1
,.1

+ 1) ~ me

::}

=0

Or

mx

+ m- 1=0 ~
:::
J; ::::

= 0 or
1. Note that ifm::;:: 1, this.

±v'=-4(m)(m - 1)
J;.=

2m

±V

/T--:

m0

has only the solution

0, and no region is determined. But if

<=}

11m -

> 0 {:} 11m> 1

< m < I, then there are two

,olo<io",. ["""then"a, of "'i~"g thr, i"o ob,,,,,,,

m < I. J No'"h" WOO,,"" 0' j"" i""'grn~ "'_n the "",fti" and _'i" Curve and the line cross at the origin. Since ms: and x I (x2 + 1) are both odd functions, the rota] area i"wi", th"rea "'tw"", the eo,,",
On doe

,h''''fo" we must ,,"YO

°<

"""he s

,Ope

of the

""'' ' 0' to Y ~ x/(x'

+ 1) at the origin is y'

roo" ,in"
is

= 1 Md
the

,
I
J

0....

_.._....:.__--, __

5 X lOzs

5.3 The Natural Exponential Function

1. (a) e is the number such that In e = 1. (e)

(b) e ~ 2.71828

;nt,,,,,, [0, VI [rn =IJ. So the "'ta, "''''oJ''',d

I I

-2

-I

(J

0l(2)1. is The function value at x - 0 is 1 and the slope at x I ( l/2) - -1 (b) lnye = In(e

,;e

1
2

2. (a) In e = n e

-,
"2001 CGlfIIIiC t.:.mUla- ..U(Rlp.q",cd. MCJ
ftcIIf

_ ~","_'"_
be- ~.mpinLJ:6dupn~~p;ri.
'llJ1II!

.•"'~"'~.

SECTION 5.3 THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

265

", w, start with the ",ph of Y ~

3. (a) lne.fl = vI2 4. (a) 1n e·1n., == smx . 5. (a)21nx=1 (b) e-'"
=}

e (Figure 2), reflect it .bout tho x-",i" "'" then ,hift 3 units upwa,d, No" tho hmi,on,al

(b) InX="2
I

e;r+Jn", _

- e:r eIn:. ==

ze"

asymptote ofy "" 3.

'1

-_.-_.--

-~-------.

r= 3

x=e1!2=,je

== 5 ......._-x""
r-r

In5

=>

x = -ln5 2x

6. (a) e2't+3

-r-

7=0

e2x+3 = 7 ==>
:::} 5 - 2x

+ 3 = In 7

==> y
===

(b) In(5 - 2x)

= -3
*> *>

== e-3
¢}

_ex
y

0=

3 - e'"

7. (a) 2",-5 == 3

Iog23

=xz (x-I))
X""

x = 5 + log2 3.
¢?

14. We start with the graph of Y = e'" (Figure 2), reflect

{:}

Or: 2",-5 = 3

In(2"'-S)

= In3

(x - 5) III 2 "" In3

x _ 5 = In 3

(b)lnx+ln(x-I)'=ln( b fi d
e ned for x

=-1 , andc- _ -e ). gives

= 1 <::> x(x - 1) == et 2 t (1 ± ~) but we rei {:::} x -x-e-O

V

In. ~
6

.......

'03 x=5+
In~

it about the y-axis, and then about the x-axis (or just

< O. So x = Hl + VI + 4e).
¢} elll(ln",)

.r.' , ut W, reject th

e negative root since the natural logarithm is not

'

-.

Th e quadratic formula (with

a- I,
-

rotate 1800 to handle both reflections) to obtain the it graph ofy = -e-"'. Now shift this graph 1 urupwaro, vertically stretch shift 2 units upwato .
by

''1'-

a factor of

5,

and then

B. (a) In(lnx)

=1

===e

1
b

1nx=el=e

....... e1nz
......,..

__ ee

15. lim
¢}

(b ) edX = Ceb'" ax - bx
9. (a) e'L
::=

..:.... .,._" Inea'",

= In[C(e "'»)

{:} ax ~
{c}

In C InC

+ bz + In eOE

¢:?

<::>

z ax= e InC+bx =

"'~""

e1-",3

= lim (e1 . e-",3).= e lim ~ "" e : 0 = 0 0:_"" "'-"" eX

',I

In C

( a- b) x=lnC

x=--

a-b In 10)
18, D;,ido .um'''''"'
19. Let t 330
-3",

<

10 -1

=*
:=?

ln e"

< In 10 ...... x < In 10 __,..

.:::} x E (-00,

iiI
ee
r~

(b) In x>

e1n;r
;:,}

> e-1 .:::}z » e-1 .:::} x E (lfe,oo)

0- 1

and ","ami,"".'
->

by' _",

10. (a) 2 < In x

(b) e 2-3",

<9
~

e2 < e1n:r < e9

"'~_"" " -, e- , '" ~ 30--"" -r--1 ~- + 1 ~-I e"X + 0 lim e + ~ lim

.'I:

>4

Ine2-3.r

>

= 3/(2

_ x). As x

2+, t ....... -00. So .x--2+ e lim

!(2-:t}

= t_-OCI e' "" a by (5). lim

t

In4 20. Let t = 3/(2 _ x). As z ...... -, 2

xE 11.

(-DO, tc2 -ln4))

t ...... SO xc-----+2;-. e DO. lim

f'(x)
2

/(2-Z}

= tlim e = 00 by (5). ....... cc

"" x'J._d (e"')

dx

+ e'"

_d (x') = ;r_2e'"
dx

+ e"'(2x)
x = xe

"" xe"'(X

+ 2).

2.1. By the Product Rule,

f (x) = x eX =>
eX
I

:=}-

(l+x}eX-e"'(l) y= {l + x)'1.

ex+xe"'-e'" = - (x + 1)2

2.2. By the Quotient Rule, y

x

fx + 1)2'

:= -

1+X
3

y= e"

v=

e-x

23. By (9),11 ==e"''''

3 :=}-

y' "" eu''''

dx {ax ) = 3ax

'1.

e"

. - sin U+ "" H)
I 1

.., y ~ ,"«os.

+ <V)

=>

y' ~ ,"( -@n'+

c) + «M. HU)'" ~ ,"("".

12. We start with the graph ofy - e" (F'Igure 10) .I stretch b f ' vertically

y a actor of 2, and then shift I . a horizontal asyrnpt t f umt upward. There is De 0 y = 1.

y = 2ex

y = 1 + 2e:r

266

CH

APTeR 5

INVERSE FUNCTIONS 11

28. 11== ehan v'X,

'* '*

= e4:tan
2

Vx

d . -d (k tan Vx) X -

29. 11 ==
30. 11 ==

Vn 2e3i" '* y ' == -(1 + 2e3"')-1/~ 1

cos (e""')
=;.

k tan......,. (

SECTION5.3 THE NATURALEXPONENT1AL FUNCTION

2&7

ksec2.;x. lx-1/2)
2

ksec2Fx 2 VI 3eh

ek tan .,;;

31. Y

== ee'"

, 2 vl+ 2elX 11 == - sine e It,,). ,". e '?r == -?re"" sin(e""') , e d~ .~ 11 == e . - (eX) e'" dx == e 'e'" or e "'+,.
Z O

'

dX

d(

1 + 2e3;r) ==

(2

3",

·3) = ~

1 + 2e3",

42. f(x) = xe-~

"*

'f'(x)

= x( _e-

+ e-Z:

= (1 - x)e-X

=;.
fill

rex)

= (1 -

x)( -e"'''')

+ e-"'( -1)

= (x - 2)e~"

"*

(x) = (x - 2)( _e-X)

+ e~x

= (3 - x)e-"

32,11 =

vi} +xe-2",

_,.

._._

y'

= 1(1 + xe-2",)
2

-1/2 [

x(-2e-2"')

+e-2",] == e-2"'(-2x+l)
2 v'1

~ 11 jj
So DlOOOxe-" = (x - lOOO)e-". 43. (a) I(x) = eX + x is continuous onlR and f( -1) e'"
(b) f(x)
X3 ~
I

fl

33. By the Quotient Rule, 11

== ~
ce» +d

+ xe-2'X

=> = ( ce
a:r

= e-l

1<0

< 1 = 1(0). so by the Intermediate Value Theorem,

fi

y' = (ce'"

+ d)(ae"') - (ae'" + b)(ce"')

(ce=

+ d)2

+ ad

- ace'" (ee= +d)2

+x

= o has a root in (-1,0).

= eX + x

'*

I'(x)
X4.

= e"

1,

so Xn+1 = Xn

ex; e""

~ ..+ +

•. Using

Xl :;

-0.5, we get X2

I:::l

-0.566311,

-0.567143 ~

so the root is -0.567143 to six decimal places.

From the graph, it appears that the curves intersect at about x ';:,:; .2 or 1.3. 1 We use Newton's Method with f(x)
"I

.44.

rex)
X,,+l
X2 ~

==

x3

+X

3 - e-",2, so

= 3x2
=

+ 1 + 2xe-~2,

and the formula is We take

Xl
~

x" - f(xn)J
X3 ~

J' (xn).

= 1.2, and the formula

X5 ~

gives

1.252462,

1.251045, and

X4

1.251044.

So the root

of the equation, correct to six decimal places, is X = 1.251044. 45. (a) lim p{t) = lim 1
e-e-ec t-ooo

1 + ae-

k~

=1

+1 . 0 a

= I, since k

>0

:=}

-kt

-> -00

=>

e",211(

+ 11 . 2x) == 1 + y' =>

(C)

From the graph of pet)

3B. Y

= (1 + lOe-o.

5t)-l,

it seems that p(t)~= 0.8

= Ae-"
1/

+ B xc -., =>
_

11'

" 11 == (A - B)e-'" _ Be-7J so 11 39. 11==

== -Ae-" . + Be-J:

(indicating that 80% of the population has heard the rumor) when - Bxe
-x

== (B _ A)
'

+ 2y' + 11 = (A

+ Bxe-'" = (A - 2B)e-'" + BXe-:I!

-x

-;r

- Bxe-:r

=>
46. (a)

t~

7.4 hours.

er:r
2 rx

'*

2B)e
=}
r",

+ BXe-or + 2[(B _
y"
2
rJ:

y'

== rer"
e

)_" Ae

+6 ' == 0; that is, e""'(r2 + 6 + 8) . Y .+ 8y == 0, o( 2)( r = O. Since e= > 0 fi T r+ r + 4) ;:; 0, so r == -2 or -4. or all x, We must have r:l + 61' + 8 = 0
then r e 40. Y = eAX
->._

+ 6re"" + 8

;:;r e ,so if 11 = er",

e + Bxe. sans es the differential equation y"

x •

- Bxe-x] fi

+A

-J:

= o.
,

The displacement function is squeezed between the other two functions. This is because -1 :5 sin 4t :::;1 -8e-t/~ :S8et/2

"*

sin

4t :::; 8e-

t/2.

...... Y

== Ae'"''
"

=>
).=

"_

- '" e

,2,.\;<

. Thus, y
eAr

+ y' = yO

¥, since

(b) The maximum value of the displacement is about 6.6 em, occurring at t :::= 0.36 s. It occurs just before the graph of the

p, O.

displacement function touches the graph of8e-t/2

(when t =

t ~0.39).

268

CHAPTER 5

INVERSEFUNCTIONS SECTION5.3 THE NATURALEXPONEN!'AL FUNCTION (d) 10 • r-~-~

2x
Z

(c) The velocity of the object is the derivative of its displacement function, that is,

269

A. D == R

. B. Y-Intercep.t· f(O)

::. (8e- '" sin 4') ~ 8[, -'I' cos 4'(4) + sin 4' (- t) ,-,I>].
If the displacement is zero, then We must have sin 4t

2. y == J(x) == e eX == 1 ~ x
1

e O. C. No symmetry

D . "'';-00 e I'm
I )

2"

2x e == O', z-intercepts: f(x) = o ~ x _ 0 so Y = 0 is a HA. No VA. -e - ,

= e'"

= 0 (since

the E.
-10

exponential term in the displacement function is always positive). The first time that sin 4t

= 0 after t = 0 Occurs at t = :i.

I 1--1n2andj'(x)<O x>~~decreasing on
F. . (
-00,

-2e2X-e"'~e%(2e~-1),soj(x (x) -

>a
~
1

¢}

e'"

>1 2
so

H.

'"

<'2

-1

< In~,
12

I is
1

y 5
4

Substituting this into our expression for the velocity, and noting that the second term vanishes, we get

The graph indicates that the displacement is less than 2 em from equilibrium whenever t is larger than about 2.8.

In 1) and increasing on (In ~,

2 _

00).

Local minimum value j(ln~) 1 - e 21,,(1/2) ~

e1n(lj2)

= ('2) ~

-_1
4 #

,.o'
-3 -2 -I

3 2

2' I

i.

v(

'i) = 8e-""/s
r

cos (4.

j) ..4 = -32e-rrj8

2" _

e" = e"'(4e'" - 1), so

I" (x ) > 0
f

e"
1

> 4'
3)

;:::;:-21.6

cm/s,

G. J"(x) = e 1 d f"(x) x> In 4' an

L
...

<0 f

¢}

1 s x < In 4' Thu ,

is CD on (-00, In~) and

... fix) ~ x - e => I'(x) ~ 1- e" ~ 0 .. ,r ~ 1 ., x > 0, so the absolute maximum value is f{O) = 0 _ 1 = -1. e" 48. g{x) =_ x x-I> 0
x " :::

x ~ O. Nnw 1'(.,-)

> 0 [0"" x < 0 and f'(x) < 0 [0""

CU on (1D41 ,

00)

1 has an IP at '( In 4"

AD=:: .

(1)2 4'

_1)
4

(ID:r'-N

.
H.
y

(In~.-*)'i -I' (In~.-~)

I.

53. y == f(x)
0 ~ x

= e 3", + e -2",

IR B. v-intercept

= 1(0) = 2;
-2",

=?
¢:}

'()

xe - e x2

0
¢:}

¢>

X()

x-,- 1

==

1. Now 9 ,(x

>a

. no z-mtercept
¢>

C . No symmetry
3" -

D. No asymptotes

.'

..'

x> 1 and gl(X)

<a

xe'" - e'" -"-::-2 >0 x .

{:}

E. /'(x)

= 3e

2e-2;r,
~

so f'(x)

>
#

¢}

3ea",

>
¢}

2e
2

minimum value of g(1) = e at x

== 1.

<0

¢:}

X-I

<0

¢:}

<

l. Thus there is an absolute

[multiply bye)2=

e 6x

> l3

5x > In ~
~
, all

> 1 In.a
X

~ -0.081.

Similarly,

f '()x < 0

(0.2)

x<.!ln3· 5
(1 ~

". •~,,'r

=> y' ~ xe" . 3+ e" . 1 ~ (:Ix

., yO

concave npw"d at x

> 0 'IX

.,

+ 1)e" => 9x + 6 > 0 .,

y" ~ (3x + 1)e" . 3 +," z

.3 ~

(9x +6)e". The curce is

up_d

f
F.

' is decreasing on ( -00, 1 In 1) and increasing 5 3 Local minimum value

I 1 (0). n 3.J

> -1. T1'n" the curve ;""""''''

so

On (_*, 00).
G.

". f(x).~ x'e-'.

x(2 -

f) > 0

=>
¢:}

/'(x) ~ x'(-e-')+
0

r'.

2x ~ (2x - x'),-·,

/'(x) > 0 .,

2x _ x' > 0 .,

rex)

I(i

In

2 i) = h) 3/5 + (2)-2/5:::::;
3

1.96; no local maxrmum. ) N IP (-00, 00. 0

= ge 3x

+ 4e -2% , so
e cca
a:

f"(x)

> a for ali z,

an d

I' IS CU on

< x <:

2, so

is increasing on (0,2).

. 54. The function f()

x-

is periodic with .

3:.-

51. y = 1/(1

+ e-")

A. D = R:

B. No x-intercept; y-intercept = f(o)

t.

C.

No symmetry
~ 00), '0

period 27r, so we consi.der it only on the Interval

D. "'-0<1 1/(1+ ,-') lim

~ ,; , ~ l'nd

iirn Z~-oo

1/(1 + ,-')
Z

0 (sine "'--00 ,-' lim

f." HA. Y _ 0 on"

[0,211]. We see that it has local maxima of about

y ~ 1.

f(O) :::::; 2.72 and f (2 7r ) ~ 2 .,72 and a local ~

minimum of about

E. f'(x) = -(1 + e-"')-2( -e-"') F. No extreme values

= e-"'/(l + e- )2.

This is positive for all x, so

is increaSing on lIt

f(

-2.8

exact values, we calculate

3 . 14) :::::; 0.37. To find the

f'e ) - x I ()

".

. x =0
IS

sinxecou.

This
.

0 when - sm
0
¢:?

The second factor in the numerator is negative for x and the other factors are always positive, so on (0, 00),

> 0 and

positive for x 0) and CD

< 0,

H.

considering x E

[0,211».
)

Also
-

fx>

¢:?

..
ai

sm x

11 find the inflection points, we calculate and grap

0

<0
e

<x

x _ 0 ,,, OT 211'(since we are only _ ~ () < 11'.SO J(O) = f 211' = e

~ h h ff"(x)
0

(both maxima) and 1(11'

-e

coo 11'

= lie (minimum),
cce

has an IP at (0,

is CU on (-oo,

r (x)

d . coo "') - cos x e - sm..... == ( - sm X e . dx has inflection pomts at x :::::; . . 0.90 and at x ~ 5 .38 . These we see that f
(0.90,1.86) and (5.38, 1.86).

...t

COB

X)( _ sinx) = e

coax( .

X-COOT

. . points di tes correspond to inflection Ina

sm

2X _

cos z]. From the grap

UE NA1'U.RAL E,XPONENTlAL FUNCTI SECTION 5.3 T n

ON 0

271

55. f{x) J{x)

= eX
-I

-x --+

0 as x ~

~oo. and

r: Thendu:::: 63. LeW ==

VI.

~1

dX,50

2,fii

00

as x

-> 00.

From the graph,

it appears that

f has a local minimum of

==
0.68, and a local

&4. Let
.

_ eX Then du
IJ, •

=e

X.1_ L1W,

so

. _f!linudu=-cOSU+ JexsmCe X)d x - .

eft

-:]X

dx =

du "" Ze'" .~.

+ C = 2eft + C.
C = -cos (eX) +C.
• ,;%;,:;"':....-...::3:..-.....,.. .

about f(0.58)

65 Y "'" In(X

+ 3)
.

::}
d

ell:=:

+3 ~

x=e
3,50

ll-

3.

-.-71

Y = e" - 3

maximum of about f{ -0.58) = 1.47. To find the exact values, we calculate I'(x) = (3x2 _1)e
X3 -""

InterchanglOg x an

U,

we get y

= e" -

y"'lnjJ+3) 4

-4 1 =0 {:}

which is 0 when 3x2

x ==

±~. The negative root corresponds to the

local

maximum

f(-~) :;;:: e(-I/-.I3)3...: (-1/,/3)

e(1/..;3)3 - (1/.,;3)

= e2..;3/9, and the positive root corresponds to the local minimum

f( 7J) =

= e-2,/3/9.

To estimate the i~f1ection points, we calculate and graph

_

rex)

1+e'"

[(3x2

_1)e",3-",] = (3x2 - 1)eX3-," (3x2

1) + e",3- (6X)
X

= e,,3-x (9x4

r:

6x2

+ 6x + 1).

66.Y=~
e'"

y _ ye'" == 1 + e~ ~ y-l e'" -y+l --

'*
:o:?

I~I) = 11l~;7T -5

'I¥
jl,

"t,

From the graph, it appears that I"(x) changes sign (and thus graph of 56. (a) As

f has inflection points) at x ~ -0.15 and z ~ -1.09. From the

f, we see that these z-values correspond to inflection points at about (-0.15,1.15) and (-1.09,0.82).
= _Xl j(2a2)
__,

x-

_ 1 (y - 1).
n

(y

+ 1) ~ Y - 1
y+l

Interchange x and

y:
+ U + e = 4, so
1
~:=:

Ix! .....00, t
¢:>

-00, and et

......

O. The HA is y = D. Since t takes on its maximum value at x = 0, so

docs et• Showing this result using derivatives, we have l(x)

= e-x2/(2«2)

=?

rex} ~
a

e-x2J(2u )(

_xl(2).
x2j(2).

y =In

X (

;+1)

-1 \ isthe inverSe function.

iD) - 3 o

F{x} = 0

= 0. Because f' changes

from positive to negative at x = 0,/(0)

.1

= 1 is a local maximum. For

inflection points, we find

rex)

= --;. [e- 'l/(2(/J.)

Z

rex)
So

0- , X

+ xe-:-z2/(2~2)(_xI0"2)]
¢?

= ~; e-",2/(2".2)(1_ -u < X < a.

I I
\

v.

"1 We use Theorem 5.1.7. Note that 1

J\
1

[-1(4)

) = O. Also t' (x--

1+

e, Therefore,

1 O

= 0 {:}

x2

= 0-2

«>

= ±u.

f"(x) <

Xl

< a2

<*

1is CD on (-a, 0-) and CU on

(-00, -0-) and (a, 00). There are rps at (±a, e-1/2).

(b) Since we have IP at x = ±u, the inflection points move away from the y"axis as 0" increases. (c)

From the graph. we see that as a increases, the graph tends to spread out and there is more area between the curve and the a-axis.

I I
r

. _eS;Uatx=ll';>sinceitisoftheform .. f h derivative of the funCtion I(x) ~ . t· ·t as the defimtlon 0 t e 68 We recognize this Iml. . 0 _ -1 . f'( ) - (cOS1l')eB1n1l' = -1· e . r I(x) - f(il. T!)erefore, the limit is equal to 11' ( '" -1I) Since In is a :r~ X - 'If XI Y) _ In eX _ In e" == x - y == In e . . h and Equation S, we \1ave hl(e e 69 Using the second law of logant IDS . . I th t eX/eY ~ e'" - II. tone one"to"one function, It fol ows .. a ,.'" _ T In eX = in (e"'r. Since In is a one" 0" . 5 we have In e = rx 7Q. Using the third law of logarithms and EquatIOn , = eO _ 1 = 0, and for x '2: 0, we have 71. (a) Let J(x} ~ eX - 1 - x. NoW 1(0) '" _ 1 _ x > 0 ~ eX ~ 1 + z. . ) f(x} > 0 for x '2: a ::} e ~ '" I }] 1 + x2 < e'" ~ e . I is increasmg on [0, co , . 1 Hence [from (a .,2 < x [since e" is increasIng. 1 'l<xsoe e 2 (0) For 0 ~ x S ,x -' :1 < [1 e'" dx ~ e. 1 X~ d < ~l eX dx = e - 1 < e 3 - Jo 2 So i = ~~ + x ) dx ~ (1 e x- 0 •• > 0 by Exercise 7 I(a). Thus Itx) J 0 '" 1 _ x which is posItive for x 1 '2 Th j'(x) - s -,' 1 '2 a) Let f(x) = eX - 1 - x - 1x. us, '" 1 x _ .!X2 :;} eX '2: 1 + x + "j'x • 72 . ( . _ 1(0) < f(x) = e - - . 2 so on that mterval, 0 -;'l increasing on (0, CO) , 2 1 4 < eX < eX have 1 + x +-x . . 71(b) from part (a) we 2ment as IIIExen:lse • 1l < 1 b) Using the same argu 1 II < t eX dx _ e - • ( [1 .,2 dx < r e" dI ~ 30 - Jo function, it foHows that e
rz _

(1-1),(4)=

/,(/-1(4))

== /,(0) - 1+e

2'

(e"'r

!'(I)

. f(O) "" = e>: _ 1 > O. NoW, since

° and

58. Let u

==
x2

~X2.

sodu

== -2xdx. When x = 0,
du) = -~

= 0; when x
1 -

>

I,

-1. Thus,

f~xe59. Let
U

dx =

t:' e" (-~

[e"J~1 = -He-

eO) :::: t(1- lie).

~U3/2

= 1 + e",

Then du = e" dx, so

J 8"'';1 + eX dx == J y'Udu =

+ c = ~(l + e",)3/2 + C.

fo

.
IS

&0. Let u = tanx. Then du = sec2 xdx, so

I sec2 xe

..

n",

dx:::: Je" du = e"

+ C = etanx + c.

62. Let

== .,!;.. Then z

du

== -~

dx,

50/

1 :'"

dx:::: -

Je

du

= -e" + C

= _ell'"

+ C.

tforO~x~11::}

J"

r; (1 + x2 + ~X4)

dx ~

ro e

- ro

212 0

CHAPTER 5

INVERSE FUNCTIONS x2
Ie

13. (a) By Exercise 71(a), the result holds for n - 1 Suppos th '" -. e at e

SECTION 5.4

Let f(x) f(x)

= eX

_ 1x

_~

> 1+ +
x
=::

Xk

xH1

21

+ ... + - for x > 0 kJ -'

_ '" _ xl, > 00
k! x _ . " _ x".
2

21 -'"
) SO'
,00. 0 1,+1

- k! - (k+ 1)" Thenf'(x)

e'" -I'-x
:: eO:_

.
Y assumptlon. Hence
Xk+1

is increasing On (0

:5 x lmphes that = f(O) :5 /(x)

5. ( cosx

'"

e Inc","

"')""

e",]n(cOllx)

.
1000. [Or: log2

1_

7. (a) logw 1000

=3
-1

because 103

:=;

k! (k + I)! for x ~ O. Therefore, for x 2:: 0, eX> 1 + x . Integer n, by mathematical induction.

(b) Taking n "" 4 and x
=:

> xk e'" _l+x+.,,+_+.,..,!.._

k! - (k ..

+ 1)1' •

and hence

(b) log2

l~

= -4

since 2-4 = since 10-1

1~'

fs = log2 2-

= -4J

+~ +
2" .

+ I' n.

xTi
for every positive

8. (a) loglo 0.1

==

= 0.1.
since 82 = 64. since 122
48)

1 in (a) .we

fl ave e = e

(b) 10gB 320 - log85

> 1 + 1 + 1 + ...L
2

= logs 3;D = logg 64 = 2

(c) e '" ~l+x+".+_+._:___ "+1 3/ C k! (k + 1)1 But lim

Z-oo

24 -.

2 708-3

> 2.7.
(k+l)!
x

9. (a) log12 3

+ lOgI2 48 ::;;:log12(3·

= log12 144 = 2
property log" a%

144.

=> ==
00.

xl, -

~>_!_
x

1 + ~ 1 + ... + _ +
X-I

(k

+ 1)1
•

x,

00,

so Z--'X) Xk lim -

eX

k!

?:

(k+l)J'

(b) log; 5 v'2

= -/2 by the cancellation

=.!.. a

= x.
== -1]

[Or: log~ 5A = y21og115 =

V2 ·1

==

V2]
a

74. (a) The graP0 of 9 finally surpasses that of f at x ::::::: 35.8.

5

10. (a) log ~ = -1 since a-I aa (b)

lO(loglO 4

[Or: loga ~ = log" a-I

. 1OloglO 7

(b) (c) From the graph in part (b), it seems that e"'/xIO

whenever x

> 65

> 1010

" • approx1mately. So we can take N 2:: 65.

II

I I

+ loglO 7) = 1OioglO 4

= 4 . 7 = 28
28

(Or:

lO(lOl!l,O 4 + ]agla 7)

= IdoglO(4.;)

= 101oglO

= 28]

.1

11. All of these graphs approach 0 as x_.,

-00,

all of them pass through the point

00

(0, 1). and all of them are increasing and approach

base, the faster the function increases for x

as x ...... 0. The larger the 0

> 0, and the faster it approaches a as

x_.

-00.

5.4

I
General Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

12. The functions with bases greater than 1 (3" and 10"') are increasing, while those

with bases less than 1 [(~) x and

(to) X} are decreasing. The graph of ( t) is

%

the reflection of that of 3'" about the y-axis, and the graph of (

fa) '" is the

reflection of that of 10'" about the y-axis. The graph of lO'" increases mote quickly than that of 3'" for x

> 0, and approaches 0 faster as x __.,-00.

(b) logs ~13.54 = In ~3
(

1. (a)a"'_e.rln"

(b) The domain of /(x) = a'" is JR. (e) T~e range of f(x) ~ a" (a (d) (J) See Figure I.

In e 1 13. (a) logl2 e ::;;:n 12 = In 12 ::::::: I 0.402430

(c) log;! 71'

654 ::::::: 1.454240

¥-

1) is (0,00).

In = ~ 71' ~
.

1.651496 ln = In z 2' log4

'"

2. (a) Jog" x is the numlJer y such that a'll

= x.
)
,

(ii) See Figure 3.

(iii) See Figure 2.

14. To graph the functions, we use Iog2 x

lnx = In 4' etc. These graphs

(b) The domain of f(z) (c) The range of /(x) (d) See Figure 7.

= log = loga

s: is (0

all approach

-00

as x_, 0+, and they

a;li pass through the point (1,0). Also,

00

,00

x is llt

they are all increasing, and all approach

as z _,

00.

The smaller the base, the

larger the rate of increase of the function (for x to the y-axis (as z .... 0+).

>

1) and the closer the approach -3

SECTIONS .•

GENE

RALLOGARITHMICAND EXpONENTIAL FU,NCTIONS 0

275

. 15. To graph these functions, we use logl graphs all approach 00

.5 X

:=;

~x -1 5 and log5o z nl.

=;

-1 5 . These n0

~x

21. lim 2
100 .

_t2

- .. _-00
2_

lim

2"11

[where u = :-t2'J
--->

=0
2}(x - 3) ...... +. lim \ogw 0
",~3+

". (2'
x 5 +6)
X

as x ~ 0+, and they all pass through the point (1, 0).
00

22. Lett=x

+ 6. As x

3 •t -

_( _
X

= lim ..Iog1ot
t-O+

0=

--oo by (\1).
,.

Also, they are all increasing, and all approach

as x

-> 00.

The functions with

larger bases increase extremely slowly, and the ones with sfIlaller bases do so somewhat more quickly. The functions with large bases approach the y-axis more closely as x .....0+. 16. We see that the graph ofln x is the reflection of the graph of e'" about the line y

l
Y'" ln x Y = logw): ~~--~~~~~3

= x, and that the graph o flog 10 x is the reflection

[oglO

of the graph of lOx about

I
\

the same line. The graph of lOx increases more quickly than that of note that x
-> 00

e": Also

as x ---.00 more slowly than In

z.

I
17. Usey=Ca'" 4=a2 with the points (1,6) and (3,24). 6= Cal a=2 [since a

(C=~J

and 24

= Ca

3*

24=

(~)a3 *
~ ~

I I
\
a=

29. J(x) "" log3(x

2'

4)

f'

(x) = (x2 _14) 1u3 (2x) = (x" - 4) In3 x _ loglO(x.- 1)

10

,
1

I
i

> 0] andC=!=3.Thefunctionis!(x)=3.2"'.

x) ~" f(
;)\I.

-log
-

18. Given the v-intercept (0,2), we have y = Co" = 2a"'. Using the point (2, [since a
, I

%)

gives us ~ = 2a

=a

t
I )

X) -

*r

log 10 ( - -1 x

31. y ~ x~

-=> In y ::::In x

~ => In y = x In x =>

1 1 or ) 1 10 (x) ::: "i1n 10 - (x - 1) 1n 10 x(x - 1 n I~ (1 + ln z] => yl/y~x(1lx)+(lnx).1 ~ y -y 1/z1-1nx x2

Si X

> 0]. The function is f(x) = 2( ~)'" or f(x) = 2(3) -x.

= ?42 in = 516 in = 48 ft. g(24)

19. (a) 2 ft = 24 in, f(24)

= 224 in = 224/(12·5280)
=

mi ~ 265 mi In miles, this is

I
\
\

y' == xX(l
32. y ::::xl/:Z;

+ ln e)
=> In y == ;; ln
~ 1
x

=>

y' = - ~ In x y x

+ ;.(;)
sinx

=> y' =>

(b) 3 ft = 36 in, so we need x such that log2 z = 36

68.719,476,736

jn'l~: .

{:} x = 236

68.719,476,736.

5~8~ift ~ 1,084.587.7 mi.

In y ~ sin x In x
z'?

*
=>

JL == COS X Inx + --;;y

=?

yl=xB;n"'(COSXlnX+ : ) . x) ~ y::;:;

2Q. We see from the graphs that for x less than about 1.8, g(x) = 5'" intersect. Then.J(x) see that g( x)

> I(x) = x~. and then near the point (1.8, 17.1) the curves

> g(x) from

x ~ 1.8 until x;:: 5. At (5, 31?5) there is another point of intersection, and for x >5 we

> f (x). In fact, 9 increases much more rapidly than f beyond that point.
32.5

I I
\

34.

v == (sin x)X

In y ;::::: In(sin x) x lny == xlnlnx

Y'IY = In(sinx)

+ x(cos x ) / ( sin
lnx

(.

Sin x

)"'lln(sinx)

+ x cot z]

35. y ~ (lnx)'"

=>

y' ..' - == Inlnx

x ' .2....

,!.
x

=> y' == (In x t

(lIl In x + fur)
,I

I
-I.S 1.5

!
f

36. Y = xln",

.......lny "" Inxinx

-<

= {lnx)2 y' y

=>
x

yy

I'

== 'lIn x ;;:)
~

(1\

z'?

Y == x

'I""'(~\ x)
+ ;;

31. y = xe'"

=> In y - e
COI'"

:r

ln x=>-

= e in x

'" =>

y' "" xe e'" In x

'" (
x

1)
sin x)

-8
4315 50.000

\
y =x5

33. y == (In x ) y == (lux 39 =10'"

I

=>

1) In y ::::cos x 1n ( n x - Siuxlnlnx)

=>

t/

-y ""cosx'lnx

_.2.... .

!. + (In ln x)( -

=>

.
I.S

2'

t t

)c,,"r(~

:z;lnx

y = 5'
5.2 O'~----'::::::::-'___)

•Y _ (lOIn 10)x y _ 10 == 10 In lO(x - 1). or Y -

=> y-

, _ 10" ln 10 so at (1,10). the slope 0 , + 10(1 -In 10).

. . lOll 10 == 10 ln 10, and its equatIon f the tangent line 15 n

IS

SECTION5.5 E~pONENTIALGROWTHANDDECAY 0 276 0 CHAPTER5 INVERSEFUNCTIONS

277

'\

\.

(c) The average value of the function l(x) between

40. I(x) == XCO","

== elnxc","x

~
cos

f'(x)==elnxcOSX[1
I

. n x ( - sin x) +
-smxlnx ]

x (1)] x

I~o lex)
20-0

dx == ~
20)0

t" S(0.38)",

dx

==

20 is 20 ~ (0.38)"'1'?0 ~ 2(0:3S - 1) ;::::0041. 5llnO.38 0. 5lnO.38

x =0

and

x ==

== XC""", [COSX. -x-

I ,

This is •reasonable, because the g fa ph shows that I( ) ••

increases when

Ix
41. /2
1

IS

positive. lOt ..] 2 == 10 In 10 I In 10

-15

52. Using Definition I, the first law of logarithms, and the first law of exponents for e", we have

io' dt == [

_~

In 10 -

100 - 10 90 In 10 == In 10

53. Let log" x ==

(a) xy

and log" y = s. Then

8

III
== x and

a" ==

y.

42. Let v == - 2u . Then d v - - 2 d u and

== aras = ar+
,. -.

=* =*
o:? ;:>

10

4-

"du=

1-

V (-Odv=-~L!V4[2
15
64ln2 16 10) dx==--I! In 10

=-21~4

2 0 (4- _4 )

==-

_1_

(J__ )
16 I

x ar (b) _ ==-=a y a"

(c) x'Y
Xli

x log _ = r - s ay
log" (x'Y)

log" (xV)

==

+ s =i: log" x + log" y

x aT. r -. log x - log" Y - == - == a c y a"

x log" ;:>

== r - s ==Jog" x -

log" V

1~
;1

i~

== __

1_ (_ 15) _
41n2

2ln2'

= (aT)!I == ary
== arlJ

= TY = V log" x

I
.. ... ~., ,.~ 1i

== (ar)y

log" (x'Y)

=cry = ylog" x

43. !

logIO x dx == ! (In x)/(In x _1_ x ! 1 n

In x -;;;- dx. Now put u

== Inx ' so

du -

1 - ;;- dx, and the expression becomes

54. Let m == nix. Then n == xm, and as n Therefore, lim

n-OO

(1 +

::.)n
n

lim
m-OO

(1

00,

-t

00.

.2:..')m:t
m

==

r lim
lm-

110

u du

> __

1 lnlO (lU2+C) 1 ==--(lnx)2+C '2 21nl0

Or: The substitution u == log 10 x gives dU _ -- dx 10 and we get - xln . 44. J

IoglO -x-x dx == ~ In

lO(log

X)2 + C io .
C

(x' + 5")dx ~ ~x' + ,~,5" + C

II
\

oo

(1

.2:..)m1"'
m

==

eX by Equation

9.
I""II

5.5 Exponential Growth and Decay

t. Th' relative growth rate is ~ d:' ~ 0.7944,!"~
~ 0.794'P and, by Th,orem 2, P( t) ~ P(O)

45. Let

u ==

sine. Then

du == cosede
(lOX

and!

35inIJ cos 8 de _
so

=!

I
I

,0.,,,.. ~ ,,0.,.. ...

=>

,I

46. Let u _ 2'" 47 _ 10" .y-

+ I . Th en d u == 2x In 2 dx, •
¢}

!
¢}

__ +ldx;:;; 22
x

3 u du == - 3" In3

+C

== _1_3oh..:IJ
In3

+.

Thus, P(6) ==2eO.7944(6);::::234.99 or about 235 members.

1 du 1 Uln2==ln2lnlul+C=_1-ln(2X+l)+C In2 . Y

2. (aJ By Th"rem 2, PC') ~ P( 0)," ~ 60,". In 20 minure' (~ hour), there are 120 ek/3=2

,01'" so pm ~ 60,'" ~ 120

lOX + I

+ I)y = lOx

lOx. y + y _ 10 x loglO 10'" ;:;; log10 ( 1

¢}

=
¢}

'*

k/3==ln2
8)t

'*
t

3 k=3In2=ln(2 )==lnS.

10'" - 10"'y

1.11
n

¢}

y == 10"'(1 - V)

¢}

lOX - 1 _ V

¢}

_V_)
V

= log10 V -

l.ogl.9(1 - V).

Interchange x and y: Y ;:;; 10 glO x - IOgI0(148 . :r;'Y - y x ~ V In x

. x) IS the inverse function.

X.

l
x
~

(b)

pet)

==60e(ln

==60 . 8

(c) P(S) == 60.88 (d) dP/dt = kP

== 60.224
o:?

= 1,006,632,960
~ 2.093 billion cells/ 1000/3
o:?

pi (8) == kP(S) == (lnS)P(8)

:=>

h
;:>

== x In V

1 ~ v: + (In x) . y' ==

(e) P(t) = 20,000

60.

st == 20,000

st ==

3 t ln B == In(1000/ )

y 2:. . y' + In y

...... y' In x - ~ y' == In V - J!..

-rr:

J. "

==

y' == Iny - y/x ln z - x/y

49. ",-0+ x-Inx lim 50. (a) I{x) = ",-0+ (elnx)-Inx. lim ~ == ",-0+ e-(ln "')2 - 0 SInce lim .
-

In(1000/3) In8

~ 2.79 h

'li'r
NoW

3. (a) By Theorem 2, (lnx)

2

pet) == p(O)ekt = ioo-".

P{l) ==

100e

(1)

= 420

'*

k = In4.2.

J
II

-00

as

x --. 0+
.

So

pet) ==

100e(ln4.2)t == 100(4.2)t.

== J.o a'"

I'( x ) == Io{ln a) a'" == (/. oa X) 1na == I(x) Ina

8, a

(b) P(3) == 100(4.2)3

(c) dP 1dt ~ kP
(d)

= =

740S.S ~ 7409 bacteria

=>

P' (3) ~ k . P( 3) ~ ,on 4.2) ("lO( 4.2)') [from part

10,000
;:>

('J 1 ,,'0,G32 b''''';,/hoo<

~ 3.2 hours

(b) We substitute 10= ,

==

0.38 and x - 20 . mto the first expression for I' ( )

I (20) = 8{ln 0.38) (0 .38)20 ~ -3.05 x 10-8•

x above:

pet)

100(4.2)t

(4.2)f

= 100

==

(in 100)/(ln4.2)

C 2007 Cenuav~ Learning. All RI8h11Reserved . Mey

I'lOl:

be ICUned. oopjed.

QI'

(luplk:at.rd , or pMled 10 • publici)'

--..ible

wdlUte.

in whale or I.. put.

SECTION 5.5 EXPONENTIAL GROWTHAND DECAY The model in part (a) is quite inaccurate after 1910 4. (a) y(t) == y(O)ekt
:::}

279

Y(2),;::: y(0)e2k

= =

600, y(8)

= y(O)e

Sk

==

75,000. Dividing these equations, we get

(c)

500

e /e

Sk

2k

= 75,000/600
2k

*
6)t/2

e6k == 125 =
6~O

=>

6k

= In 125 = ln53

= 31n 5

::::} k

==

iIn 5 = "~ 5, Thus, In

1895

'11' . \920 and 12 million in 1930). The model In (off by 5 rm Ion m . ., • ' ." t' (which is not surprising. since It 15 based part (b) rs more accura e on more recent information),

yeO) = 600/e
(b) y(t) (c) y(5) (d)
I, I!!
il

600/el115

120. 120. 5t/2 ~~~~~~~-200S

0

= y{O)ekt
==
120.55/2

= 120e(ln

or y

= 120·25 v'5 = 3000

v'5;::::;

6708 bacteria.

y(t) ==
y' (5)

120, 5t/2

=>
5/2

v'et) = 120· 5t/2 ·ln5·

t == 60 .ln5.
#
e(IOl!)1/2

51/2•

1. (a) rfy (b) yet}

==

Theorem 2 dy == -0.OO05y lN20S 1 th en b y , dt

-o.OOOSt _

==?

y (t )

== Y (0) e

-0.00

O~t

= Oe -0.OO05t .
:0:>

= 60 . In 5 . 5
200,000

60 . In 5 . 25

y5 ~

5398 bacteria/hour,

I
!,i

I I"
I

(e)

y(t) ==
t=

120e(lnS)tI2

= 200,000

=~

¢}

(l:ii5)t/2

= In

503°0

{:>

e
g.

_ (O)ekt (a) The mass remaining after t days 1S y(t) - Y a

e
511:_1

= Ce
2

0 9C
.

:0:>

e-O.0005t .

= 0.9

=}

-0.0005t

1n 0 .9

= -2000lnO.9;<::

211 s

\,
==?

= sooe".
()

. (5) _ SOOeSk Since the half-life is 5.0 days. y e

_(lo2jt/5

= 400

(211l~)/ln5~9.2h.

::::>

5k==In~
3D 5 /

=}

k=-(ln2)/5,soyt:=

800

= 800·2
(d)
y

-t/5

11
,\

5. (a) Let the population (in millions) in the year t be P(t}. Since the initial time is the year 1750, we substitute t - 1750 for t in Theorem 2, so the exponential model gives p(t) = P(1750)ek(t-1750).
~:: ::: ell:(~O)

(b) y(30)
(c) 800et- 5 -

= 800 . T
( In 2) /5 t In800 ~ In2

= 12.5
{o}

mg
i5

800

Then P(1800)

= 980 = 790ek(1Soo-1750)

== 1

-(In 2)

= In

."hOD euu

=-

In 800

¢}

=>

In

;~g= 50h
~

==?

k=

to In ~~g 0.0043+04. ~
::=

So with this model, we have

~

48 days 200

P( 1900) = 790ek(1900-1750) are much too low.

1508 million and P(1950)

790ek(1950-1750)

1871 million. Both of these estimates

(b) In this case, the exponential model gives P(t) = P(1850)ek(t-18~O) In :~~~
:=

o
P(1900) = 1650:;:::: 1260ek(1900-1850)
::::}

10

20

30

40

SOt

\
I

k(50)

0:::>

to In ~~~g0.005393. ~
= P(1900)e
k(t'-1900)

So with this model. we estimate 9. (a) Ify(t) in part (a).

e30l<

(O)ekt ~ 100ekt. y(30) = 100eJOl< =

~(100)

:=}

I
\

P(1950)

= 1260el«1950-1800) ~
:0:}

2161 million. This is still too [ow. but closer than the estimate of P(1950)
:::?

(c) The exponential model gives P(t) In

P(1950)

2560 =

=!

is the mass (in mg) remaining after t years, then yet) - y -t130 (t) - 100e-(ln'1.)t/lO = 100 . 2 =? k = -(ln2)(30 :=} y z-lOO/30
:=}

1650e"'(19l!O-19OO)

;:,:}

t\
~ (In O.945)t = in ~
¢:}

~~~g k(50) =

k=

5~

In
~

i~~g 0.008785. ::;,,:

With this model, we estimate

(b) y(lOO) = 100·

9.92 rng -(ln2)t/30

P(2000) =

1650ek(20()(l-19()O)

3972 million. This is much too low. The discrepancy is explained by the wars in the

(c) 100e-(ln2)t/30 = 1 10. (a) Ify(t)

ek

= In \oii
1

t =- 30 ""Tn"2~

lnO.01 ~

199.3 years

-,.

first part of the 20th century and the lower mortality rate in the latter part of the century due to advances in medical science. The exponential model assumes, among other things. that the birth and mortality rates will remain constant 6. (a) Let P( t) be the population (in millions) in the year t. Since the initial time is the year 1900, we substitute t - 1900 for t in Theorem 2, and find that the exponential model gives

is the mass after t

==?

days an d y ( Th

0) - A then y(t) = AcId A

, ..
(In 0.945)t -

y(l)

= Ae'" = 0.945A

\'i
I.
1

= 0,945

k = InO.945.

en

1A
2

¢:}

In e(ln 0.945)t = In

P(t) = P(1900)ek(t-190D)

::}

t - -~ ~ 12,25 years. InO.945 (b) Ae(lnO.94.5)t == 0.20A # (lnO.945)t

P(191O) P(2000}

92

= 76el«1910-19OO)
~

==?

k=

110 In

;~ ~ 0.0191. With this model, we estimate

= Ini
_

{:?

t-

~ _~

In 0.945

~ 28.45 years .

= 76ek(2000-1900)

514 million. This estimate is much too high. The discrepancy is explained by the fact that,

between the years 1900 and 1910. an enormous number of immigrants (compared to the total population) carne to the United States. Since that time, immigration (as a proportion of total population) has been much lower. Also, the birth rate in the United States has declined since the tum of the 20th century. So our calculation of the constant k factors which no longer exist. (b) Substituting

11. L et y

. .' (t) be the level ofradloacttvrty.

,', Thus, y(t)

- y( ) ~

e-kt
e

and k is determined by using the half-life: 1. -57301< _ 1 ::} -5730k = In 2 ==? 2 _t{ln2)/5730

y(5730) == ty(O)
ln

::}

y(O)e-k(~7all);:::
]4C

~y(O)

was

based partly on

k == - 5730 - 5730
InO,74 = tln 2

1_

1n 2· . If 74.% of the

.. kn th t ,,(t) remains, then we ow a"

==

0.74y(0)

=>

0.74

==

t-

1980 for

in Theorem 2, we find that the exponential model gives

:::}

pet} == P(1980)ek(t-19S0}

-57'30 *

t=-

5730(ln 0,74) ~ 2489 ~ 2500 year,s. In '2

P(1990}

= 250 = 227e

= 227e"(19110-1I1SD)
~

1~

In ;~~ ~ 0.00965. With this modeJ, we estimate

. . we know that - == 2y 12. From the information gIven, dx 5 = Ce2(0)

==? .

dy

::}

Y
.
IS

Ce2';

by Theorem 2. To calculate C we use the point (0,'5):

P(2000) = 227el«2oo0-1980) P(2010)

30k :::::

275.3 million. This is quite accurate. The further estimates are

C;::: 5. Thus, the equation of the curve

Y-

~ 5e2%

303 million and P(2020)

= 227e

o10k ~

334 million.

SECTION5,6 INVERS£TRIGONOMETRICFUNCTlON.S 0 260 0 CHAPTER 5 INVERSEFUNCTIONS

26

13. (8) Using Newton's Law of CooJing, dT dt yeO) = T(O) - 75 = 185 - 75

= k(T

= llq,
::=}

- T.), we have dT = k(T - 75}. Now let'!) = T -75, dt

so

18. (a) Usmg A = Ao 1+ n

(!:.)"t

with Ao

:=

500,

r == 0.14, and t= 2, we have:

_, A

so y is a solution of the initial-value problem dy/dt = ky with '1)(0) = 110 and by

(i) Annually: (ii) Quarterly:

n - 1, n = 4;

Theorem 2 we have yet) = y(O)el<t = llOeH. y(30) = llOe30k y(45) (b) T(t) t = 150 - 75
e30k

.L1.. 110

11 22

::;} k

..!. In.!.§. so y(t) '" 1l0eiot InCH) and = 30 22' .,

(iii) Montnly: n == 12;

= 500(1 + 0'i4)' = $649,80 A = 500(1 + 0'l4)4'2 == $658,40 A = 500(1 + °i~4)12.2 == $660.49

1

,1 2

= 1l0e!& In(~) = 100 '* yet)

In 22'

~ 62 OF. Thus, T(45) ~ 62

+ 75 = 137 OF.
=
25

= 25. yet) ==

llOe1lrt In( H)

"*

e1lr! In(H) =

25 110

'*

500( , 'J' - 365' A :;::; 365 (iv) Dai y, n , . _ 0 1 +.J1.lL (v) Hourly: n == 365 . 24, A-50 ( 365.24)
25 110 ~

+ !Ui)36S.2 = $661.53
365·24,2

= $661.56

Jotln ~~ = In

. . (vi) Contmuously.
AO.t4

== 500e[O.H)2 == $661.56 == $563,75.

30In .1!L

I!IO ~ 116 min.

$610 ., and Ao .06(2) 70 (2) - $661 .,56 AO.1O(2) =

14. (a) Let T(t) = temperature after t minutes. Newton's Law of Cooling implies that ~~ Then ~~ = ky, so yet) k

= kef' - 5). Let yet) = T(t) - 5. = 5 + 15ek = 12

= y(O)ekl =

15ekt

"*
::=}

T{t) = 5 + 15ekt
= 5 + 15e2ln(7
{15}~

'*

T(l)

'*

ek =

n-

I
::=}

= In 115' so T( t)
15eln(7/15)t
-

= 5 + 15eln(7/15)t and T(2)

6 when
e'ln(1/15)1

8.3°C. In ..1.
15

l I
1
\

~~ °500

------

(b) 5 +

=..L

15

In(.1.) t -In..!. 15 1~ -

'* t = ----1,f- ~ In
kt .

3.6 min.

15,

a;;
25k

I
\
\

19. Usiog

A == A 0 ( 1+ n
l'

)nt With A .

0-

_ 3000 r
,

s=

0 as and t = 5, we have:
"

(a) Annually: n :;::; 1;

(b) Semiannually: n (c) Monthly: n

A A

= 3000(1 +

°i~)1.5

== $3828,84 == $3840,25
= $3850.08

::;:0

k(T - 20). Letting y = T - 20, we get ~~ == ky, so yet)

= y(O)e
:=;:

yeO) = T(O) - 20 = 5 - 20 :::: -15, so

::::

y(25} = y(0)e2Sk

=
~

_15e251t• and y(25) = T(25) - 20 = 10 - 20

-10, so _15e25k

-10

*
1~

e2~k::::

j.

Thus,

= 2;

12;

= 3000(1 + o.~st~ A = 3000(1 + ~)lH

A A = 3000(1

= In(j)
(i)'/25

and k

== 151n(~), so y(t) = y(O)ek! = _15e(!/25)Ln(2/3)t, More simply, em:::::;

y(t) = -15.

ek::::

(~)1/2~

'*

(d) Weekly: n = 52; (e) Daily:

== 3000(1 + °5~5)52'S = $3851.61

e"t =

ay/25.
(itO/25
= 20 - 15·

(a) T(50)

= 20

+ y(50)

= 20 - 15·

(1)2 ==

20 -

23°ee
::}

13,3,cC

n = 365;

+ ¥at-) 365-S
501

= $3852,01

(b)15:=;:T(t):::::;20+y(t)=20-15.(~)t/25 (t/25) InG) dT 16. dt

'*
dy

15·(~t/20=5 ~ 67,74 min.

kt ,

(if25=t

~
== 95 20 = 75,

= in(t)

00>

t == 2Sln(-k) /In(~)

It

(f) ContinuDus\y:

A == 3000e(O.05)5 == $3852,08

20, (a)

AoeO.

06t

::::: Ao ~

<=>

eO, OS!

=2

<*

0.06t

= In 2

{:;>

t==;rn

2 ~ 1155 so the investment will do~qle in about

,•

11.55 years.

= k(T - 20). Let 'II = T - 20, Then dt

= ky, so yet) = y(O)e

y(O):=;' T(O) - 20

(b) The anoualloterest rate In A - 0 0,06 t _ eO,o6t ::::} 1+ r = e

sO

_ A (1 + 1')1 is r. From part ()a,

r
::=}

e have

=
_

oe

o.oSt

These amounts must be equal,

.

==

eO.06 - 1 ~ 0.0618 _.

6180/{ which is the eqUivalent annual

0,

so yet) = 7Sekt. When T(t) -1 = ~~= ky(t)

50

= 70,

ddT t

= -1°C/min,
= 75ekt•

Equivalently, dy = -1 when yet) dt ,

= 50. Thus,
so the second relation says

(1

+1' ) -

interest rate,

= 5Dk and 50 = yet)

:=;:

The first relation implies k ::::-l/SO,

= 75e-t/tlo.
P(lOOO)

Thus, e-t/50

j ~ -t/50

T In(1)

'*

t
::=}

= -50

In (~) ~ 20.27 min.

5,6

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

, -1 (~) _

17, (a) Let P(h) be the pressure at altitude h. Then dPldh

= kP

P(h) = P(O)ekh = 101.3ekh. k=

10100 In

1. (a) sin

.!!. since sin.!!.

3

:if and

.n

'3

" ..

IS in

- '2' '2 '

" ,,]

= 101.3elOOOk = 87.14
= 101.3

::::;. IOOOk = In (~~I~~)

::::;.

(gl~~) ::}

(b) eos-1( -1)

== 11' SInce cos 11" -.

,..' = -1" smce tan
6 II

-_1and'Jl"isinlO,1I'l·
(- .!!.) "'" -1 and
4.
1f. • (

P(h) = 101.3 e"ITh"ln(%t1), so P(3000)

(b) P(6187)

= 101.3e31n(~)

~ 64~S kPa.

2. (a) arctan(-1)
(b) esc

- ~ is in (- ~, ~).
U

eWot In( %r.t) ~

39,9 kPa

-1 '2 _ z since esc:!!. = 2 and "6 IS to 0, 2'

.. ]

(11'

'2.

l!!.1

3. (a) tan-

1;;;

y3 = '3 smce

1f'

tan.!!.

==

M V;)

" an d"'" 1SLO ( -1' '3

:!!.) ' 2

282

CHAPTER5
I)

iNVERSEFUNCTIONS
_

(b) arcsin(-

V'2 1T

-'4 since
"

11"'

sm( -1)

".

"" ~..J,.,. and _~.

v2

4. (a) sec-1
.

V2 _
-

4 Ism

. [ ". ...] -2'2 .

3 ,,), 2 13. Let y

SECTION5.6 INVERSETR1GONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 0

283

'4 Since sec '4 ::::: 2and y

f·is in [O,~) U

['1r,

= cot-

x. Then cot y
Then secy

=x
dy_

~.

csc

~ y dy = 1

--'c

dx

-r

dy dx -

1_ _ _ 1 csc2 y 1 + cot2 Y with respect to z:

=0 -

1 + x2

(b) arcsin 1 5. (a) sin(sin(b)

1

= ~ since sin f
(0.7)) a

::::: 1 and

z is in
2

[_.!!: It]
2'

2•

14. Let y

= OJ

= sec-1 x.

= x and y
da; -

E (0,

~JU [11', 3;). Differentiate

< y < ~ or tt < y <
dy dx == 1 ~.

since 0.7 is in [-1, 11.

-1

tan -1 (tan ll)

= t an
sec
(J

v3"" 3' Slnce.a is in

3 2

r.;

secytanV(ddxY)=l,*
11"'

6, (a) Let (J

= erctan

[_.!!: .!!:] . ll' 2

1 +tan2f:1 = 1 +4

1 _ 1 secy tany - secy .,jsec2 y-1 0

=x~.Notethattan2y",=sec2Y-l

==>

2, so tan () ""
"=

sec( arctan 2)
(b) Let t9::::: sin-1 7",Let y

= v'5.
. en smB

==>

sec (j:::::

=5

tan y ==> . sec () =:0

'='

";sec2 y - 1since tan y

> 0 when

3;.

v'5

==>

15. Let y = csc-1 z, Then cscy dy

119 169'

= x '*
1

-cseycoty

'*
> 0 on the
-

(~) 13'

Th
_,!;.

=: l~'

so Cos (2 sin cosy

-1

(....t)) _
lJ -

= sm-

x. Then x Th
.

<

2-

8. Let y ::::: sin

Y-

<".
'2

cos 28"", 1 - 2 sin2

(J

=:0

1_

2(.!L)2 _
13 -

dx = - cscycoty

--;:=::;:====::

escy ";csc2 y - 1 ~

Note that cot y

domain of esc -1 x.

=>
x
-x~'

2:

0, so cos(sin-1 x)

-1

. en sm y - x , stithrom a

= cos
1

see that tan(sin-l x) ~ tan y

. e triangle We

y-

\11 -1

. 't:': sm y = ny -

v'f=X2.
the triangle

,
~

16. Y = Vtan-1 x = (tan-1 X)1/2 y'

=:;

9. Let y = tan-

x. Then ta

VI

x, so from
x

~(tan-l X)-1/2,
1 J::: X V

d 1 1 dx (tan- x) "': 2 Vtan 1

I

1x

. 1 + x2

2 vtan
1/2). _ -

1x

(1 + x2)
1

we See that sin (tan

x) _ . .. -smy:::::

--==~

VI +X2'

',

10. Let () :;; arctan 2x. Then tan (j = 2x

So

from the diagram we see that = eseB

c.sc(arctan2x)

= V4X2+1
2x

,I
_,.,.
....>c

I I

11. y=t~18. hex)

'*
+ 1)

y -1+(v'X)2

.!!..
1;

r::.

dx(V.L

1_ x)__1+ (lxx .. 2

2,fi(1+x)
4"

oj

= vI

I1-='> - x2

arcsin x ~

'*

h'(x)

~ = V.l -

X'

~+ 1.

l-x

aresm z

HI - x)2

1/2

(-2x):::::

1-

x arcsin x

v'f"=X2 2
1-x

19. y = sin-1(2x y'

Jl-(2x+l)2 = x In(arctanx)

. !£ (2x
dx

+ 1) "'"

1 \oh-(4x2+4x+l) 1 1 . --2 arctan x 1 + x

.2=

V-4x2-4x

1 V-X2-3; x arctan x

: .,

20. f(x)

=> f'(x)

=x .

+ In(arctan + (arctan

x) . ~ = (2) 1+ x =.1

+ In(arctanx)

11. Let y - cos-1 Th z: en cos y

= x and 0 _Y_ll'< <

1

d=--=x siny }1-

dy

. dy -smy dx = 1

'*

21. H(x) = (1 + x2) arctan x

'*

/.1 H' (x) = (:., x2) 1 + x2 +

x)(2x)

+ 2x arctan x

cos2y

"" -~.

[Note that siny

2:

0 forO $ Y 511'.]
1 ~

12. (a) Let a = sin-1 x and b _ -1 - cos x. Then cos a sin b = ~. So sin(sin-1 x

:;;:0

VI - sin .

=0

vi -

.~

x~

x since cos a

? 0 for
+

-~

:5 a

,$ ~. Similarly,

24. Y = x cos- x - vI - x-

=>
y =1
I

= cos
1

-1

x-

v 1- x2 9) = -1

+ ~X
V

l-x-

= cos

-1

+ cos"" x) _ .
==x

- sln(a +6) = sinacosb

2

+ cOsasinb::::: x.

+(1-x2)=1
Sin

Vl-X~Vl_x2

'l""'" ~

25. y = arctan ()cosO

'*

+ (c059)2

(.

-SID

+ cos- 0

sin 8

But-i$sin-lx+cos-Ix<~
(b) We differentiate sin-1 x

+ cos -1 X

2'
-

and so
d

'-1

+ e08-1

z
2'

v'l-

" - 2' with respect to x, and get I

y = 1 + (x -

V x2 + 1 ) 2

(1

JX2+T

x)

= 1 + x2

2x"; x2

1+

1 + x2

+1

(.,!X2TI-x) oj +
x2
1

x2

d dx [cos

"!

x) ;;;;: 0

J; (cos"?

x) = _

~.

;:: 2(1 + x2
1 = -,--_".,.. 2

~-x
X

vx

+ 1) v9+1 = 2[JX2+1 (1 + ;1:2)-

v"?TI-x

x{x2

+ 1») = 2[(1 + X2J(vxr+1-

v?+1-x

x)]

2(1

+x )

284

CHAPTER5

INVERSEFUNCTtONS cot- (lit)

1

27. h(t) !' h'(t)

cot-

(t) +

'*
. dt t
d1
;=.

34. y "'" 3 arcCOS ~ --1

=>

y'

= __

1_ _ 1 1 + t2 1 + (l/tF

+ t2

_t+-1 . t2

(_2.) t2
-

=
(1)
-

3l

1 _ (X/2)2

1(~),
2

SECTION5,6 INVERSETRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 0

285

so at (1, rr), y'

=2

p3
<\ 1- 1

='

-v3. An equation

of the tangent

---

line is 11 _ rr =

Note the! this makes sense because h(t) _ rr f -'2 or t 28. y

> 0 and

h(t) = -~ for

1+ t.« O. t'
.::;?

t' +1 '" O.
35.

-J3
.

(x - 1), or y =
-1

-../3 x + rr + J3.

a nx 1 = tan-1 (~) + 1 ~- _-+ a = tan-I::)( a + 21n(x - a) - ~ In(x + a)

IlID :£--1+

sin

-1

x = sin

"" - '2

"

y' = _a_ x +a
2

--=- - __ +
x
1/2

1/2

x2

a a + a2 + X ·2--2 -a

="--- a4 X4 -

2ax

1+ x2 36. Let t = 1 + 2x2' As x lim arccos ( 1 + X22) 1 + 2x

-t

00, t

2 2 1+ x 1/x 2 = 1 + 2x2 = 1/x

+1 1 + 2 -t 2'
~=

lim arCCOSt
t_

",~oa

1/2

= arccos

.1f. = ~ by
(8).

29. 11 arccos(b + acosx) = a+bcosx

y' =1- (

'*
2

37. Let t (a + bcosx)(-asinx)

= e", As x -t

00, t -t 00. X"-CIO arctan(e"') lim

l

=
z

t_OO

lim arctan t

b1

(b+ acosx)(

bsinx)

a:~:::)
1
(2 b2 cos2

(a+bCOSjX)2
a2 cos-

_ _

../

a ~

b2

x.

a - b2 ) sin x la + bcosxl

l I

38. Lett=lnx.ASx-tO+,t--oo.

z-o+

lim tan- (lnx)

t_-OO

lim tan-lt=-~by(8).
1(

dx
39 .

(ft=2ft/S,Sme=

10

'*

. e=sm( 2)
ra

10 'dx='

X) de

1/10 .jf_(x/1O)2'
ra

I
I

de dt

~ ""

1 . __b v'1-cos2x

(a2 - b2) sinx la+bcosx!

de di ~ Ji _(x/10)' dx 1/10

d/

de-1 -=, ~ y"i"-2/10 dt (6/10)'

d/

'~l

rae s

d/

= Ia +b cos zj jsin z] s~nx

_ => bcosx> =b » -a,soa+bcosx>O ~ "
. Th us 11 r

../a2

b2

!
•

I
!

But 0 _ z _ rr , so I· << smx ! = smx. Also a> b> 0 . 30. !(x) ~ arcsin] ,,')

ya--b ~ = -'----="+b
00'"'

: 40.

~4

'O' /min

~. 8•. 60 ""/b. From the diagram.

! ,.

w"'''' th,tt.n
dx

6~ ~ +

*
(X)21 . '3

6 ~ ton -,
krn/h,and

G}

/,(x) ~

y'1 -

.e

(e"')2

../1(

e2z·

Thus,8rr.

60

de
dt

de dx = dx(ft=
. 311

1/3 dx 1+(x/3)2dt·SO

dt =8rr. .

60 3 1

Domain(f) = [z Domain(f') =

_ 1-1 < eX

_ I} - {z <

10 < e" < I} -

{x'11- e2x > a} ::::: x I e2x < {

=> gx-- _ '()
)1-

1}-= {-I 2x < OJ. = (-00,0). x -00, O}

1

31. g(x) = cos"! (3 _ 2x)

(3_ 2X)2

(-2)=

y'1- (3- 2xF· {1 x 2;::x;::I}=[1,2J. xIl3-2xl<1}

Domain(g) = {x 1-1::; 3-2x _ _ I} < Domain(g')={xI1-(3-2x)2} >0 ={xl-1<3-2x<l} 32. tan-1(xy) y'

= {x I -4 < -2x < -2} ={x!(3-2x)2<1}-{ -

= x -4<-2x<-2}={xI2>x>I}=(12)
I

{I

t I I I
'

at x = I, dx dt

= 8rr . 60

+ ~ krn/h 1

='

1600rr km/b.
2

41. y = sec-1

secy = x
E

dy secytanY-dx =1

dy 1 2 -d = .Nowtan y=sec x secytany

0

y-1=x

-1,50

tany = ±# -1. For y

La' %), x =

~ 1, sosecy

=x

= \xl and tany;::

= 1 +x2y
y

=>

l+x21 2(XY y Y 1 + x2y2

+y·l)

=O+x y'

+2xy,*

(1 +:2 2
1 + x2y2

For y E (~, rrl, x::; -1, so \xl = -x and tan Y = dy 1 1 dx secy tany x(-..;?"

-JX2=1' '*
1 _1 __,--

-1) = (-x) p-=l = Ixl ~

(sin x) y

- X2)
-

= 2xy -

::;?

I
\

42. (a) f(x)

= sin(sin- x)
y

(b) g(x)

= sin-l

2xy 11 ' = ---:;:,x...:_~=L 1 + x2y2 x2

== 2xy (1 + x 2 y 2 ) - y,
X-

x2{1

X2y2)

y( -1 - 2x - 2 3 x (1 - x-x3y2) XII)

2 .

I'

33. g(x)

= xsin-1
= sin-1

(~)

+~
1t '6

=>

g'(2)

(1) _ 2 -

288

CHAPTER 5

iNVERSE FUNCTIONS

(c) g'(x) = dd Sin-1(sinx)

X

= VI

1
X

1 - sin2 .

COSX

COSx r--;;--vcos- X

_ -

-:--j

cosx cos z]

SECTION5.7 HYPERBOlICFUNCTIONS 0

287

(d) hex)

= Cos-"l(sinx).

so

h'(x) =

VI 1

cos X
gjn2
1!; 2

x
9

cos x = - jeos xl·

( X )

l+tanhx 14. I-tanhx

_ 1 + (slnhx)/coshx -l-(sinhx)/coshx e"

=.:;0

_ coshx+sinhx - coshx-sinhx 2ex =--=e 2e-'"

2x

_ -

He"'+e-"')+He"'-e-"') ~(ex+e-")-t(e"'-e-"')
,I

Notice that hex) =

• -1

b ecause

e=

+ e:" + e" - e-z + eeX + e-'"

X -

Bill

t + cos - t = f for all t.

. . cosh x +sinhx Or: Using the results of Exercises 9 and 10, h .h cos x-sm x 15. By Exercise 9, (cosh x

= -e'" e-'"

= e2 ...

~I

+ sinh x)"

= (e"')" =

c=:

e'''· = cosh nx
2 X

+ sinh nz,

[·1: '

I~

5.7 Hyperbolic FUnctions

1. (a) sinh

16. sinh x =

i '*

csch z

= Ijsinhx
O. coth z
=:

1- cosh

= sinh2 x

+ 1 = f6 + 1 =

i~

::0}

cosh x =

i (since cosh x > 0).

'1

~ (eO

eO)
O

0
(b)CoshO=.1(eO+eO)
2

sech x :: 1/ cosh x = ~,tanh x = sinh x I cosh x = ~ = l{t ) =2 +1=1

2 ~

i,and ooth x = 1/ tanh x = i.

I'

2. (a) tanh 0 :;

(eO + e- )/2

(eO - e-O)/2
=0

17. tanh x = ~ > 0, sox> sech z

18.

ee

l/tanh

x =~, sech"lx

(b) tanh 1 '=

el

-e _e-1 e1 +e-1 - ~

-1

0.76159

> 0), cosh x

= l/sechx

i. sinh x = tanhx

= 1- tarn? x = 1- (~)2 = :5 ::} sech z = ~ (since cosh s = !.~ ~,and cschx = 1/ sinh z ee l =
y
. ':1

., (b)cosh(In3)==
1
=:

5. (a) sechO

=:

cosh u

-L_ _

-"1

eln3+e-ln3 2

6. (a) sinh 1 - I (el -1) - 2" -e

(b) cosh"-l 1

= 0 because cosh 0 = 1.

-~=3

_ 3+t

y=cschx""~ 19. (a) lim tanh x = lim

"'-00

sinh.e

y= sechx=__l_

cosh r

\" -~-:~~-~
o
I

.r

, :1

R:l

1.17520

(b) Using Equation 3, we have sinh -1 1 = In(I 7. sinh( -x)

==

1
2

[e-

e-<-"')] _
-

+ v'"i2+1 + 1) = In(l + v'2) ::::;0.88137

•

e-x 1 - e-z", 1 ..::. 0 . - X ~ lim 1 2 = -_ =1 "'-00 e" + e-'" e"'-OQ + e- ., 1 + 0 e'" - e-x
e'" - e-z e'"
e'2x -

\'

2" e '"1 (-'"

1( _

8. cosh ( -x) .::::fe-x

+ e-(-"')]1 (ex
2
2

- 2"

9. coshx+sinhx.::::

+ -"')

10. cosh x - sinh x .:::: (ex 1 11. sinhxcoshy

+ e -X)
.
=:

+
-

7 e'" - e1(
-2

I(

e"') = _1 (e:r - e _"') ;;: -sinh x 2 x + e ) = .1(e'" + e -"') = cosh x 2

oT )

(b)

...~-oo

lim tanhx = lim Z . - = lim --"'--00 e + e-X e'" "'_-00 e2x

+t

= -=-1 0+1

a-

(c) lim sinh x

Z"-oo

3=-00

lim

eO:_e-:r

= 00

==
-"2
_

f(2e"')
1

== e'" (e) lim sechx = lim

% __

eX - e-

cos

(2e -:r) = e-;r

II )] _

xsmhy

=:1 0:+11 4 {(e 12. coshxcoshy

[l(e'" -e-"')][1 2

00

%_00

eX

2 + e:=

=a
.-

II

+e

z-

2(e +e11- e-"+II

2

+.
e

= ~(2ex+TJ
h e
-"'+11
2

- 2e-.z-1I) = l{ex+!I _

+ [he"'+e-"')][t(ell_e-'II)] e-X-1I) + ( :r+ e TJ - e"'-II + e-:r+y

e
-(z+y)]

(f) 1· cot h x 1m

_ e-"'-Y

se-c-eo

1· = "'-00 e'" + e-" 1m e'" ~ e-'"

e-

z
X

e-

I·

z-oo

1m

1 + e-2", 1+ a 1 = -"" [Or: Use part (a)] 1 - e-2" 1- 0 __.0 through positive values and cosh s: -.1. 1.

=·t[(e:r+lI + eX-II +
_ 1(2
13 P
.

. sin x sinh y = [1 (e.z +

z+

_"')][] e _

-:r

11

+ 2e-

II -)

u mg y = x In the result from Exercise I I w h . • eave smh2x = sinh(x +) .h x = 13m xcoshx + cosh X sinh x _ 2 . h - sin xcoshx.

t(.

+ e Z-lI) + ("'+11 e =: 1[ex+1I + e-(:r+II)I

~

2(

ell

+ e-ll
-

- srnh( x -

+y)
-

)J

)]+ [2(e - e-X)J[Heli ze 11- e-x+1I + e-"'-Y)J

X

e-II)]

~
I

I I

(g) lim coth z

",-0+

= ,,-0+ c~shhx = 00, since sinh z lim sin x

(h) lim coth x

",-0-

=
=

,,_0- SIn

lim ~shh x = -00, since sinh x -. 0 through negative values and cosh x x lim 2 =0 eZ - e-Z

-4

== cosh(x

+ y)

(i) lim csch z

~--oo

:;[:--00

(b)

j_

tanh z = ~ [Sinhx] dx dx cosh z

= cosh x cosh x - sinhxsinhx cosh2 x

= cosh x - sinh2 x cosh" x

1 = sech'2 cosb2 x

I.
X

SECTION 5.B INDET 290

38. Y

ERMINATE FORMS AND L'HOSPITAL'S RULE

CHAPTER 5 xtanh-1

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

=
=

+ In~::::;
X 1 _ X2

x tanh 1 + 2 ( 1 _1X'l

"!

+ t In(l= tanh

x2)
-1

'*

- cosh[ln(secO 48 cOS hx -

Y,

tanh -1 x

) () -2x

=_
2

II e +
sec Il

+ tan())] = '2le
tan 0
tan 1

\n(.ec 9+tan

+ sec 0 + tan e
sec()-t + sec2

1~~sece+tane+(sece+tane)tsece

39, y = xsinh-1(x/3)

- J9+x2

=>
-

=_
2 v'9+X2 2x
. = sinh -

sec

e+

e_

ane
tan'2

l
8)

+ e-

1"(Bee 8+t&n

8)1
sec

a-

tan

a
tan e)
sec

1
e

=~(secO+tan()+sec

e-

an

e) -x

y
40. Y

, = sm 'h-1(X)

..3

+x

1/3 }1 + (xIS)2
=?

'1(£') -

v'9+X2

x
J9

+ x2

. = sinh _1(X)-

9 4. l

fae'"

+ bc-'" =
_'"

Qcosh ( x

+ /J

Q)
(J

(or o:sinh(x

+ f')],

the!l
"

x aex + be-'" = !}(e"'+tl ± e- of eX and e

_ !!ef3

= sech - f v'f'='X'2

y'

=
1

, we have a - :1 a 2(J equation (2) gives us b = ±e

us efJ

(xfJ ± -xc-f!) = (2.c")c'" ± ~e e . =~ee e '2 d fi d and {3. Dividing equation (1) by a -(J (2) We nee to n 0: e (1) and b = ±'2 • f3 ives = lIn (± %). Solving equations (\) an,a (l) for e gt
~

(n -(J)

' Comparing coeffiCIents

(*)
Q

2{3 = In{±t)
2
Q

~ ±4 b a
W

{3 ~

:1

II

42.
I;

For y

= a cosh(xla)

with a> 0, we have the y-intercept equal to a.

=~

20,

and e

(J _

±~

2b'

so..!!:.. =
Q

2 .

±b ~
2

= 2 y'±ab.
b

As a increases, the graph flattens.

(-1<') If ~ function.

> 0, we

use the

+ SIgn

an

. d obtain a cosh functlOn,

.a hereas If -

< , we

; 'use the _ sign and obtain a sinh

In summary,
•

if a a.nd b have the same

Z

.
SIgn,

eX
we have a sinh

+ be-X

= 2.jQ:b cosh (x

+ '2

1 a) here as if a and b have the n b ,w ,

opposite SIgn. then ae

+ be-'"

2J=(ib

(x + ~In( -i))·

43. (a) y

= 20 cosh(x/20)

- 15
270 ~

'*

y'

= 20sinh(x/20)

2~

= sinh(x/20).

Since the right pole is positioned at x

7,

we have y'(7) = sinh

0.3572.
7 2 U'

(b) If Q is the angle between the tangent line and the z-axis, then tan o = slope of the line = sinh Q

so
0 -

t
Q ~ 70.34D.

5.S

'ndeterm\nate forms and "Hospital's Rule

H
j

= tan"?

(sinh

to) ~ 0,343

rad ~ 19.66°. Thus, the angle between the line and the pole is ()

= 90

, . ed by H abo~e the eo,ualsign: = Note:The use of ['Hospital'sRuleis lndlca\ an t to evaluate this limit. ... "'!! We can simply factor the numera or 1. ThIS limit has the iorm o:

(1,
II

44. We differentiate the function twice, then substitute into the differential equation: dy

T pgx y = - cosh pg T

=>

",_-1

lim -

:£'2 -1
X

+1

",_-1

lim

(:1:+ 1){x -1) ::: lim (x -1) =,-2

II'

x+1•

",_-1

/'

dx

= I_ sinh(PgX)
pg

pg = sinh pgx T T

=>

d'l.y
2

dx2
dy

= cosh(PgX)
T

pg = pg cosh pgx, T T T

2 lim . x-1 xb

,,-1 a x" -1 H . ax -= 11m ~b ;;-1 - b 1 ",~l X

<

We evaluate the two sides separately:

LHS "" ~

pg pgx = T cosh T'

3. This limit has the fiorm 0'

lim
,,_(1</2)+

. 1 - sm z

cos x

li

",- "

(lm/2)+

_= .
-sinx
-

cosx

I'm

tanX

= -00.

",~("/2)+

RHS

= t;{!.

+ (:~)

1+ sinh2 p~x

= P,J, cosh
mx

p~x, by the identity proved in Example I(a).

45. (a) y ::::; sinh mx A

+ B cosh

mx

=> y'

= mA cosh
=

·... 1irn 4. ,,_0

sec2 x ,.. tan x = hm 1 + + H• ',.,. ",-0 cos X

sIn ...

=-

1 + 12 n =~ 1 1

y"

= m2 Asinhmx

+m2B coshmx
= 9y is

= m2{A sinh mx y(x)

Asinh3x
;:;:>

+ mB sinh mx => + B cosh mx) = m2y + B cosh3x.

6=y'(O)=3A 1 2
sinh-II So -4 = y(O) = A sinh 0 '=>

5. This limit has the form

o·
3t

lim t-O

et

(I

, H. e_ = Inn -3t2 O
t_

00

since e _.

tId

an

3t2

_.

0+ as t _..O.

(b) From part (a). a solution ofy"

+B

cosh 0

= B,

so

B=-4.Nowy'(x)=3Acosh3X-12sinh3x
46

A=2,soy=2sinh3x-4cosh3x.

e3t - 1 H. 3e 6 lim-=hm1 • t-O t t-O

=3
'2 (1)2 P tan pz Ii . psec px ::::;~ =lim -t x = !~o-qsec2qx q(1)2 q

. "'~ -;;-

sinhx

= z~~

eer. - e-er.
2ez

= X-H'" lim
x

1 _ e-2x 1- 0 2 = -2-

0 7. This limit has t h e fiarm ii'

",_0

an q

47. The tangent to y

= cosh

x has slope 1 when y'

= sinh x = 1 => x =
z, we have cosh x

= In(1 + J2), by Equation

is

3. 8.

Since sinh x :; land y

= cosh

= VI +

sinh2

= y2, The point

O?(1 + V2) ,V2).

6-01' /2

. hm

1 - sinO _ ~ = o. sc (J -1
C

L'Hospital's Rule does not apply.

SECTION 5,8 292 0 CHAPTER 5 INVERSE FUNCTIONS

INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L'HOSPITAL'S RULE

293

1\:

l
as x
--->

9. lim [(In x)jx]

z-o+ quotient (In

= -00

since ln z

---> -00

0+ and dividing by small values of x just increases the magnitude of the

In x H I' , = rrn Iirn 24, I'uu sin x In x = x-o+ esc x .,- 0+ x_o+

I/x ,(~. = - lim t _0+ esc x co x x tanx)

tan .

x)

x)lx. =
H

L'Hospital's 1 1

Rule does not apply.

.::... (lim _
-

%_0+

~)

(lim

.,_0+

'I;i
I. II
'

1D lim
• "'-00

InInx -x-

lim
"'-00

~';;

x-oo
t

lim _1_

xlnx

=a
StlnS-3 ln3
1
t

= -1,0 = 0
25, This limit has the form O.

11. This Hmithas the form

j , Ii St_:_3 Hr t.!!A --t- = t~

=_I_=_.!.

= IS n

In3

="3

In5

00 '

12. lim
x-I

,Inx
SIn1TX

~lim

I/x

",-I1TCOS1TX

71'"(-1)

t (l/x) _ lim an 26. lim xtan(1/x) - ",':'co I/X

%-00

lim
",-00

'

sec2(I/x)(-I/x2)

_1/x2

= lim sec2(1/x)

,,-=

= 12 = 1
educt by factoring

I'~I
bl"~ .'
• :1' ", ~I ,I
"

1T X H

d we will change the form to a pr

00 - 00

13. This limit has the form ~,

, eX - I lim x-a x2 , e" x

H,

I'

x-a

Im---=

e" - 1
2x

I'

",_0

Im-=-

e'"
2
,

I
2

27, As x _.
out x,

DO,

l/X

--->

0, an e

1/:£

_.,

I So the limit has the form

an

14, This limit has the form ::.

.m-e.ec

lim - 3 = -lim "'-00

eX 3x2

II • e" H = "'-= -fix = lim

lim 0:_00

e'" = 00 6.

",-00

, I1m (xel/'" - x)
,

, ( 11'" _ 1) = lim lim z e ",-00 x-OO

1 cos --

el/x / 1x

15, This limit has the form~,

"'-= In(l + 2e"')

li
x~

lim

,g, lim
x-oo

---,

1 2eX 1 + 2e'" li -m
2

28. lim (esc z - cot x)

= ~l.:?o( sin x
_ 00 00

x)

sin x
, Will

:::; lim change

,,-0

I - cos

x ~ sin xx sin x . ,,-0

lim cos )
X

a
l/x In x !!. lim ",-00

~. 'I

16

cosmx - cosnx
x2

, x~

, -msmmx
lim 1- x

2x

+'nsmnx

= x~

cosrnx

+ n2

x-O

cosnx =

2' n - m

I (2

2)

29, The limit has the form

and we

th form to a product by factoring out z. e 1 I- ~ :::; 00 , since l~

'"

17, This limit has the form ~,

+ Inx ,g,

lim -1 + I/x ~ lim-l/x~,

x-I

",..,.1 l.+COS1TX

-1TSin1TX

",-I-1T2.COS1TX

-1 -1l'2(-1)

__ _!_ 1l'2

x-co

. ' lim (x -lnx) :::;

.,I~

x(

--;-

:::;0

18, lim

",-0 tan 1(4x)

x_O

lim

11 -=-1-:'+--:('74x--:):-;;'2

,4

= ",-0 1 + lim

16x2

4 a(a - l)xa-2
2 '

30, ~~

(1
=x
lim
x2

Inx -

1) -;=1

10-1/x x -'- 1 - In x !!. lim /) :::;lim ( -l)lnx -,,_1 (x-I)(I x

",_1 X

In x ' ;; I

_ l'
al I[ = I'irn ax - '_ ",_I a.I[],

19. This limit has the form 1

-2x

g,

x_I

lim

z" - ax + a-I (x - 1)2

2(x - 1)

= x-I im

a(a - 1)
2

x-I

im

.
X-

x-

III

1 + xlnx In y

",-1

lim 1 + I , lim 21

+ In x
x

= Un H

--

2
/

II'm 2D. ",-0

- ex sec

11 -1--

= O.
(-00),

L'Hospita I's Ru Ie does not app Iy, We need to write this product as a quotient, but keep in mind that we will have to

31, Y

Iny.= x

2I

nx,
eO

so lim

",-0+

",-0+

x nx -

lim

In x -0+ 1/ x2

",-0+-

hm

'

2/x3

lim
",-0+

(-~x

2)

==

;,'C-t-O+

ln x'" 2 = I' e 11 -im

x-o+

= l.

21. This limit has the form 0 '

32, Y = (tan 2x)'"

differentiate both the numerator and the denominator, If we differentiate ~.

In y = x . In tan 2x, so li Iny 1m lim

~-

nx

we get a complicated expression that results in a

..,

ite t ' In more diff cu It I' 'I nstea d we wnte th e quotient as x-1/x ' I nrut, 2 I'im vr: In x x li = x-o+ im
~

;1:-.0+

0+

z : In tan 2x

==

"'-

Intan2x li~+ l/x

~ lim
",-0+

(1/ tan 2x)(2 sec 2x)

_1/x2

[, -2'x1

x_O+

~/2

In x xJ;,

H =

",-0+

I'un

Ilx

_2X3/2
3/2' --/-

-2x3

)'im = x-o+

(2 -

vt:) x

=a

1
I'm (tan2x)'"
.,2.0+

, I1m , == x-o+ sIn 2_,.cos2 '"

-2x

cos 2 x _ lim _,2x 'n2x 2x ",_0+ SI

l'rm -2_"- 1 ' a -x x-o+ cos ..,

:::;0 ~

=
1/'"

' lun elnll-eo=I, ",-0+

22, 23, This limit has the form lim x-o cot2x sm6x ,',
00

lim
:£--00

-e-~

x--oo

lim

2.. = e-:E"
6(1)

lim
X--DQ

2ex

=0

33, y

(I - 2x )

=>

In y

= ;;
:::;

li 1 In(I- 2x) so lim Iny = I~

'x-o

x-

In(I _ 2x) l!. I' -2/(1 - 2x) - irn 1 X x-a

-2

'0, We'll change it to the forin ~.

= hm

x-a --2- x tan.

,sin6x

= ",-0 2 sec22 x lim

1[,

6cos6x

, (1 - 2x )1/"':::; ",_0 elny lim x-a

hm _

e-

= 2(1)2 = 3. _-e-' ____

,i

CHAPTER 5 34, Y "'"

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

(1 + -xa)

b", ==I>

my =
l/x

bXIn(l

+ ;).

so 1

SECTION5.8 INDETERMINATEFORMSAND L'HOSPITAL'S RULE

"'-<Xl

lim Iny = Jim !!_n(l

I, (1 im "'-00

rr +X
"=

z--oo

+ a/x)
In
II

H. b = Jim _

(1 +

"'--00

ax -1/x2

)(

-.!:_) x
2

41. First

we will find ;~

==

= ",2.~ e
==I>

I'

= eQb,
--.>.c

b lim a _ "'-co 1 + a/x - ab

,

=?

n-<Xl

lim In y

= n-oo

(1 + ~)"'t, which is of the form 1""', Y (1 + '* . ('I') ,In(l + 'I'/n) (-r/n lim nt In 1 + - = t lim. / == t lim (1 I){ 1/
=:

.r

295

Iny
n 2)

= nt In( 1 + ~),
,r

so

H,

n-oo

1n

n-oo

+ 'I'

n-

= t n~oo --./- t lim 1+

= tr

=?

I 1 nY=-Incosx x2

"_00
_"

lim y

= «: Thus,
=
t-oo

as n --+

00,

r A = Ao ( 1 + -

)"t

..... rt, Aoe

Jim In y "'-0+

11'm In Cos x "'--0+ - x2

-

= "'-0+

I' _ 1m -tanx
2x
-

lim (COSX)l("'~ "'_0+

z-o+

J' In " irn e· 1/ = e-1/2

- r~o+ 1m

H _]'

- sec2 x

1/ve '==I>

1 2

,I
j
= 11m
.
.;t"-oo

42. (a)

t-oo

lim v

lim mg
C

(1 0)

e-eIITn)
[because

== ~
C

lim
t~oo

(1 _ e-ee/m)
-00 as

= mg (1c mg c (b) lim v = lim

-ct/m -

t ..... oo]

which is the speed the object approaches as time goes on, the so-called limiting velocity. mg

36,
II" '

Y=x(1112)((I+I",,)

==I>

Jny= ~ l.+lnxlnx

c_o+

c-o+

,}!.~Iny =
II.

so lim
x-oo

X(ln 2)/(1

+ In z)

"'-"'> ]
=

lim

(ln2){lnx)

lim

(jn2)(1/x)

+Jnx 2.
-I nx ]

"'-00

llx -

In2==In2

11

- "'_~

In
II

'

= e1n2

37, From the grapb, it appears that lim x [In(x

"'-..co
I(

+ 5)
--+

In(x

+ 5) -

lnx = In x

-=n
J;

+5

1+-

5) x

= 5 . To prov e thiIs. we x
--+ 00,

first note that

In 1

::-;: as 0
H

Thus,

6 ....

",~~x{ln(x+5)-Inx]=

"'-"'>
'=

lim

In(x+5)-Inx

l/x'
(x

= 'I
R:::

_!__-.!
"'-00
lim

X+5
lim

"'-co

lim

[X -

x(x+5)

+ 5)

_X2]
0

-1/z2

x
5

V'"

_- .....

,,I
...... - ...

~ mg lim

(1(_e-

e-d/m)

=: mg lim

c-O+

.- e

-<tim

[form is

~l

ct/Tn)

. (-t/m) 1

d
~. Ii '

c-O+

;, mgt

c_O+

lim e-ct!m

=:

gt(l) = gt

The velocity ofa falling object in a vacuum is directly proportional to the amount of time it falls.

=hm
II

,
.

E(eFf + e-E) -1(eE_

(eE EeE
-

e-E)

E_O+

_-._-- ... __ ._--

e-E) E

=:hm
•

EeE

+ Ee-E
EeE
-

E--O+

eE Ee-E
_

+ e-~

[form is

g]

I
.,
200

E_O+

hm

+ eE

1 + E(

EeE

+ eE,

_e.-E) + e-E
1- [E(-e-E)

1- eE

+ e-E,

+ (_e-E)
1]
[divide by EJ

38, From the graph. it appears tha' I' ( , rrn tanx)tan:1", Now y

"'-"'" x2 +5x

....J!_ =

ol--

= (tan xl

X_1t(4 an2",

==>

In _
H

.368. The limit has the form 1 oc so

0.38

y - tan2x In(tanx),
:2

= -2

o
+

L ' where L = lim

~

eE

lim Iny - li In(tanx) "'-1T/4 - "'-"/4 cot2 rm

X-""(4

= lim
X-rr/4
I nl/

. lim (tan

_se_c_x..:.,/....:,t:;:a::n_...x _ 2/1

-2csc22x
1/

-=2(1)==-1

==>

X)t81l2'"

_, -

lim e "'-""/4
H

= e-I

e::::;: 0.3679.

39, lim -=: e'" "'-a;, x" 40, lim ~

e-c-co

"'~OD

I'im _- e'" nx"-l

I' e '" im ~-~ __ >:~OD n(n - 1)X"-2

f.!!. Ii, eZ - . , ''''' Jim z--+oc n!

=:

0.2 ~-~-""__0.36

_J

f + 0.2

E-O+

e-s

[form is ~]

E_O+

lim

eE +e-E
1

1 = -- + 1 =2 1

Thus,

lim P{E) = _Q__2 £-0+ 2+

==

O.

00

44, (a) RI~~+ v=

R~~+

[-c(iY In (i)] =
[-c(

_cr

R~~+

(~y

In(i)]

= _cr

'1'12 ·1n1

= -c'

0=0

xP

~ lim l/x "'--"" pxP-l

=
.

. 1 hm 0. -P "'-""px == SlIlce p

> 0.
I

As the insulation of a metal cable becomes thinner, the velocity of an electrical impulse in the cable approaches zero. (b)

r~~+

v ==

r~~+

it

In (~)

=-

;2

r~~+

[r2ln (~)]

[form is 0, oo]

c, In(i) =-- lim --R2 r_O+ 1

(form is 00/00]

r2

~ -.!_ lim ~ R2 r-O+

R -, -1 = -~

7l

-2

R2

r_O+

lim

( 2) =
-!:.._ 2

As the radius of the meta! cable approaches zero, the velocity of an electrical impulse in the cable approaches zero,

SECTION 5.B INDET 298 0 CHAPTER5 INVERSEFUNCTIONS

ERMINATE FORMSANDl'KOSPIT~S RULE

297

45. We see that both numerator and denominator approach 0, so we can use l'Hospital's Rule: . v'2a3x:hm
X4;4~

50 .

Since 11m li<x

10-0

+ h) - 2f(x

) + tt» - h)1 == I(x) - 2j(x)

_ 0 (f is differentiable an d b ence + f(x) -

continuoUS) and

"

. ar.::-:::= a ~aax
,

, I' Rule' hl _ 0 we can apply I'Hosplta s .

,

I'

"'-Q

a - vax3

= x-a hm

fl.

1 2a 2 (3 x_- x 4)-1/2(2 a 3 - 4x 3) - a (1)( aax )-2/3 a '2 '3

-Hax3)3/4'

~I~(),

(3ax2)

lim

f(x

+ h)

"-0
51. (a) We shoW that!~

- 2f(x) h2

+ f(x

j'(x - h) ~ lim
11._0

+ h)

- J'(x - h) 2h

= /,,(x)
"

'II . ,:\

At the last step, we have app If!

l' d the result of Exercise 49 to I'(x).

i 11 ,1

. flx) _

7_1/",2

1 Let '!I - -. 2 0 for every integer n ~. O -x

Then n!

46. Let the radius of the circle be r, We see that A(9) is the area of the whole figure (a sector of the circle with radius 1), minus
the area of 60P R. But the area of the sector of the circle is ~r20 (see Reference Page J), and the area of the triangle is

!~
",_0

ir IPQI = tr(rsin6)
trigonometry, 8(8) So the limit we want is lim
6-0+

= tr2 sin 6. So we have A(9) ::: tr28 - tr2 sin 0 = tr2(O - sin 9). Now by elementary

=! IQRIIPQI
A(B) B(O)
lim
9_0+

= !(r -IOQ\) IPQI =

tCr -

rcos9)(rsinO)

=;

tr2(L-

cos 0) sin fl.

ACB)=::
B(B)

lim

tr2(B-sinB)
- cos

~ lim B) sine

l-cosB

(n) I ) exists for x O. In fact, we pr tient Rule we see that f \x (b) Using the Chain Rule and the uo .' k with f(rll{x) = Pn(x)f(x)/x .I nd a non-negatrve Integer n. h is a polynom1a pn a 3) each n ~ O,t et e .' f'ex) == f(x)(2/x ,so . . . tJue for the nth defwatl'le. Then true for n 0; suppose It IS k -1 ()f(x)]x-'lkn k x" p .. x )f'()\ f(n+1)(x) == lx~"Jp~(x)f(x) +pn(:X: x-n _:lk ..

e . I( x ) _ lim --n" Tn - x-o (x2) f{x) ) = lim xn-y.;lim f(x

z" ",~o r

1'" im
lI-qo

1,n

-;

irn 1I~""
f(x)
x2n

l'

.. -1

,!.!, ."

ell

== lim -; y-"" e
.

=0

*
=
lim
"'~O

= ",1!!1X Q

"lim
",-0

:0. Thus, 1'(0)

=!~

1(x) - f(O)

() x ~ O.

"

x- 0

x
ove by induction that for
I.:
n

i=

or x

0 This is

-. I'
'.~,\

,,

6~O+ tr2(1

6_()+ (1 -::-" cosO) cos 6

+ sin

0 (sin B)
:::=

rxknp~(X
l

{ ) ('2/x3) ) + pn\X

_ knXk .. -1Pn(X)1!(x)x
t,

6_l'{/+
= lim
9_0+

Ii

cos

e-

1 - cosO cos2 B +. Sip,2

B-

.!!. l'

I).!.~+-

sinO sinO - 2 cosO (- sinO)

+ 2sinB

(cos 6) · h has the desired fonn. W h IC

== lxkn+3p~{x) + 2p,,(X) - "n

kn+2 p (x)
n

1f (x )x _(2k +3)
n

sin 0 -sinB+4sinOcosO

= lim
9~()+

1 -1+4cosO

1 -1+4c050

=!
3

Now we show by induction that 47. Since f(2)

(n)

(0)

(a) f'(O) 0 for an n. By part a,

= o. Suppose that
Xk"

f(nl(o) .,-0 x

0 Then .

= 0, the given limit has the form ~.

.,_0

lim /(2

+ 3x) + 1(2 + 5x)

x

~ lim 1'(2 + 3x) ,3+

.,-0

/,(2 + 5x) . 5 ::::: ,(2) /

.3
2

+ /,(2)
.

.5

= 8/'(2) = 8,7 = 56
03'2
,

(7)+I)

(0)

f(n)(x)-fn
",-0

( )(0)
_0

,(nl(x). =lim~=;l~
:>:_0

p,,{x)!(x)/ x

= lim

p,,(x)ftx)
k .. +l

lim -

· 48. L = 1rm (Sin2X--3

.,-0

u + a + --;; = ",_0 rm x
+

b)

sin2x+ax +bx
X 3

H rrn =u
",-0

2cos2x+3ax +b
3
X 2

S X --t

--t

,an

d
52. (a) For

= lim Pn(x) h~
x-o

f(x)
xkn+l

_
-

p"

(0) . 0= 0
1. We note that for

(2 cos 2x + 3ax2
Ii "'~
2

b) -; b + 2,

so the last limit exists only if b + 2

= 0, that
:=

is, b

-2.

Thus,

I to be continUO

us we need lim f(x) , x~o

. ~1~

'"

_ 1(0)
-

x j 0, In f(x

) _ In

lxl'" == x In'lxl·
In f(o;) -

So

2cos2x+3ax -2
3x2

Hr -4sin2x+6ax = "'~ 6x

= z~

Ii

-8cos2x+6a 6

6a-8 h' h i I 0'[ d r if -6-' w IC IS equa to 1 an on y I

a=

t. Hence,

x~o So

lim lIlJ(:r:) = !~vdnlxl:::

In \lXi",E!. \ l/x

- x-o
.

/. f() - hm e _ 0 Therefore, hmo x - ",-0 llm --""2 - . .,1X

-e

o ~ l.

-st«

L = 0 if and only ifb = -2 and

a = ~.
= 0 (/ is differentiable and hence continuous) and lim 2h ::: 0, we use
10-0

is contim.loUSat O. h

49. Since lim lJ(x h-O l'Hospital's

+ h)

- f(x - h)]

= I(x)
J'(x

- f(x)

(b) From the graphs, it appears t at

I is differentiable

at O. 1.1

Rule: - f(x 2h

\
0,05 -0.01

1.01

..

r
h~

f(x

+ h)

- h)

II]'

+ h)(l) - 1'(x - h)(-l)

2

= h1-To = f'(x)

+ J'(x)
2

~
= f'(x)
Q.99

0,0\

= 2/,(x) 2

f(x

+ h) 2h I(x -

- h)

-Il-------o~-----o
:z-h :z :z+h

-0.05

0,9

is the slope of the secant line between

(x - h, f(x - h)) and (x

+ h, f(x + h)).

As h -. 0, this line gets

closer to the tangent line and its slope approaches /,(x).

r
j

298

CHAPTER S JNVERSE FUNCTIONS

(e) To find /" we use 'o","ihm'e dHf,rentj""n. 1'(x) = f(x)(1

In I( x) ~x In Ixl O. Now 1'(x)

;(~i G) + =
x as x
-+

In Ixl

~
'" e-'" 5 sinh x = e - 2', cosh x The fact ""n"
. 6. (a) y = e'"

+ In

Ix!)

= Ix/"'(1 + In /xl), x"l

-+ -00

0 [since /xJ'" z., 1 and

=.

e '"+ e -0; tanhx 2' 1

sinh x coshx

:::=

e '" - e -0; ., e'" + e(b) y ::::a.% (d) y log,

Xl
In

(1 + In IxJ) - -00 J, so the curve has a "<"I,,, ta"",""1 (0, 1) and I, the"fo" be seen in the graphs in part (b) because In /x/ -> -00 very slowly as x ..... O.

not dlfT~'"tl,ble ''''re.

Review CONCEPT CHECK

. = sm -1 (g)y== t an
(e) y

c)

y == In x

'* ==> y' l/x 1/v1-x• v= -lx =

X ~

!:;}

y' = eo;

=> y = a no. x => y' = 1/(x

-1 .~

a)
2

' r;---::>r

(f) y :: cos

y' =

-iN! _ X

.,::Ii

y'

1. (a) A f""'tio"
Xl

I is "lied a O~-J..",., function if it never takes 0" the "me vatue twice; "'" is f. X2. (Or, 1 is 1-1 if each output corresponds to only one input.)

if f (x,) "

f (x,) wI"."""

(i) y == cosh x (k) y (m) y . == sin h-1 x

=> y'

= 1/(1 + = sinh x
y' == 1/(1 t

x2)

(h) y = sinh s:

:::}

y':::::: cosh x

(j) Y = tanh x
(I) y

:::} y I == s ech2 X

~I,I ~

'I

:::} y' = 1/~

:::?

== cosh-1 x

'*

y' =

I/~

== t an h-l x

x2) 2.. dy ' is constant. <It

..

thanUse the Horizontal Line Test: A function is one-to-one ifand only If no horizontal line intersects irs graph more once. (b) If /

. " - k . the relative "" wth "

C,

I,. -to-o",

fo","<m with domain A and range B, the" '_"fonction ..

defi ne d by the line y == z: (y) = x

r:

't.

t,

f (x) = " for '"Y y in B. The graph or

r: is obtai ne d by reIIecting

r: has domain B .. d,...".,

the graph of

A and

I,

(a) dt y, (b) The -equation in part (a) IS an app ropy . date mode! for population growth if we assumethat there If we assume

1"""0"" room and nutntion

oii...

to support the growth.

(c) Ify(O) = Yo. then the solution
lS y(t)
•

I about

== yoe

kt

J
I

.\
!ij
H

8. (a) See I'Hospi'tal's Rule and the three notes that follow it in Section 5.g.

1
2. (a) e

"'-0

lim (1 + X)1/%

(b) Write /9" l/g or 1/ lizing, factoring, or some other method. . . common denominator, ratrona [z[ (c) Convert the difference into a quotient usmg a . f_ or by writing as e [n f. 9 (d) Convert the power to a pro d uct by taking the natura! logarithm of both SIdes 0 y;-

(b) e " 2.71828 (c) The differentiation formula for y (d) The djffere~tiation formula for y

=<

a'"

[y' = a" In a]
X

is simplest when a == e because In e is simplest when a

== L
In e

TRUE-fALSE QU'1

= log"

[yf ~ 1/( x In a)]

= e because

= 1.
1. True. 2. False. r 3. False. 4. False. If

3. (a) The function /(x) = e'" has domain lRand range (0, (0).
(b) The function f(x) = ln z has domain (0, (0) and range

1R.

1is one-to-one,

with domain JR, then .

1-1(1(6» = 6 by the first cancellation

equation in (3.2.4).

(c) The graphs are reflections of one another about the line y =». See Figure 5.3. I. Inx (d) 10gQ x = Ina 4. (a) The inverse sine function lex)

By Theorem 3.2.7, (f -1' (6) _ ) -

1 f' (/-1 (6» ,nor _/_1_ unless f (6)

is not 1-1.
-1'

1(6)

= 6.

sin-1
X

x is defined as fallows:

"For example, cos 2' - cos

(_zr.) so cos x 2'

-1 lS 2' 2 (-.!!. .!.),wemusthavetan

__

z
4'

sin

-1

=Y

sin y = x

Its domain is ·-1 $ x S 1 and its range is -~

SY $

f-

and

--2 - y - 2 < <-

7r

1r

(b) The inverse cosine function I(x) = c08-1 x is defined as fOllows:

cos"?
X

,
1

r'

It is true that tan T - -1, but since the range of tan 3" -

(-I) -

5. True, since ln z is an increasing function on (0,00). . i 6. True. 7. True. 8. False. g. False.

10. False. 11"../5 ::: {e1n",)..;'S = evf;ln"
• We can divide by e :r' since e"
_J.. 0 r:

=Y

cos y = x

Its domain is -1 $ x .$ 1 and its range is 0;; Y S 11'. (c) See Definition 5.6.7. Domain

and

= JR, Range

= (-1'

f).

I I,
I

for every z, }6

For examp Ie, 1n(1 Let x

+ 1) = In2 • but In! + ln l = O. In fact Ina + Inb= In(ab).

6-(lne)6:::'16'=l,but6Inx= 61ne='- 6 1 - 6

See Figure 10 in Section 5.6.

,~

= e. Then (lux)

i 1 = {In x .

!!:._ 10'" = 10'" In 10

dx
In 10 is a constant, so its derivative is 0.

11. False.