Power System Security

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GEC Thrissur

Electrical Power System

   

System which Generates ..generators Controls .transformers Transmits ..transmission lines Consumes Electric Energy .load

Power system should be Economic Reliable Secure

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Power System Security

Degree of risk in power systems ability to survive imminent disturbances (contingencies) without interruption to customer service Depends on

System operating condition reserve capacity available (unused generators & no. of parallel lines) Contingent probability of disturbances
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Necessity for security

Insufficient degree of security leads to

severe system failures enormous economic cost loss of life

To ensure system reliability

1. 2.

Proper design with security as primary consideration Monitored during operation to ensure sufficient security margin exists at all times

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In small power system, security assessment can be conducted in an off line operating planning environment in which performances were determined as
o o

Steady state performance..power flow Dynamic performance..time domain simulation

System security involves:

Practices designed to keep the system operating when component fails
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Example
Generator taken off-line because of auxiliary equipment failure


Remaining units on the system can make up the deficit

o By maintaining proper amounts of spinning reserve o without too low frequency drop o without load shedding

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Example
Transmission line damaged by storm taken out by automatic relaying


Committing & dispatching generation

o Transmission flows is maintained
o Remaining transmission lines can take the increased loading o Lines still remain within limits

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Blackout

Typical feature of PS Security Cascading failure of equipments leads to entire system collapse

Power system equipment is designed to be operated within certain limits, most of them are protected by automatic devices & switched out of the system if limits are violated, may lead to cascading failures.
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New York City

Example

July 13,1977

2000 hr : Electrical load peaking around 6000 MW (half is being imported via overhead tie-lines & underground cables), system in Normal state. 2031 hr : Severe lightning hits transmission tower carrying two 345 kV lines causing permanent tripping of both. Network losses 1000 MW, remaining lines loaded, system in Alert state. 2055 hr : City generation raised by 550 MW to strain off tielines which are still below their thermal limits, still in Alert state.
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2056 hr : Second lightning stroke cripples a third 345 kV line, within fraction of a second a fourth line trips due to power transients, remaining lines are pushed above their thermal limits, system in Emergency state, every serviceable generator is running. 2119 hr : Thermal expansion of one 345 kV line, sag deep to cause short circuit via small tree, the line trips further overload to few remaining ties which one by one break open, system in Extremis state.

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2129 hr : Last tie trips, system with deficiency of 1700 MW resulting in rapid loss of frequency, under frequency relays automatically initiate preset load shedding of section upon section of the city, loss of frequency cannot be halted & generators are tripped automatically & manually to avoid catastrophic machine damage. 2136 hr : New York City goes totally back

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Examples of Major System Disturbances/Blackouts

July 2, 1996 disturbance of WSCC (Western North American Interconnected) System August 10, 1996 disturbance of WSCC system 1998 power failure of Auckland business districts, New Zealand March 11, 1999 Brazil blackout July 29, 1999 Taiwan disturbance August 14, 2003 blackout of Northeast U.S. and Ontario
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POWER SYSTEM OPERATING STATES

E,I Normal

Restarts Load Pickup

Preventive control

E,I Restorative Alert

E,I

Resynchronization

Emergency control

E,I Extremis Emergency

E,I

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Preventive control:
Start-up of stand-by units/ generation rescheduling/change in interchange schedule Emergency control: Lowering bus voltage, starting quick start units Load shedding, network rearrangement Restorative state:
Rescheduling of active & reactive power unit restraints Resynchronization & gradual load pick-up
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Normal operation of power system

Conditions to be fulfilled:
1. Load demands are met & load flow equations are satisfied 2. Frequency is constant 3. Bus voltage magnitude are within prescribed limits (+6%) Power equipment are supposed to operate at a given rated voltage 4. No power system element is overloaded Overloading results in higher temperatures & component is likely to be damaged.
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If tried to transmit more power than static power limit synchronism is lost & transmission system will collapse. For short lines (300 kms) thermal limit fixes the loading of the line. For long lines static power limit becomes the limiting factor

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DEFINITIONS
Security: An instantaneous time-varying condition reflecting the robustness of the system relative to imminent disturbances. Security Monitoring: The on-line measurement of system and environment variables that affect system security; provides base case conditions for analysis of the effects of contingencies.
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DEFINITIONS
Security Assessment: The evaluation of data, provided by security monitoring, to estimate the relative robustness (security level) of the system in its present state. (determination of whether the system is in the normal or Alert operating state). Security Enhancement: Specific operations taken on-line to improve system robustness. Includes security control, corrective rescheduling, preventive actions etc.
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DEFINITIONS
Security Control: It is an umbrella term comprising security monitoring, assessment and enhancement. Emergency control: Control taken after one or more operating constraints have been violated in order to return the system to the normal state. May include or be referred to as remedial action, determined in advance relative to one or more possible contingencies for which security enhancement is not feasible.
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DEFINITIONS
Reliability : National Electric Reliability Council (NERC) defines reliability as comprising of two components, adequacy and security. Adequacy is the ability to supply energy to satisfy load demand. Security is the disturbances.
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ability

to

withstand

sudden

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Factors affecting power system security

Characteristics Aging transmission infrastructures

Impact Increased probability of component failures and malfunction leading to system disturbances Overloading of transmission facilities leading to protection operation or contributing to phenomena such as voltage collapse
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Lack of new transmission facilities

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Characteristics

Impact

Cutbacks in maintenance

system

Increased dependence on controls and special protection systems

Large numbers of small and distributed generators

Component failures and disturbances such as flash overs to trees Increased probability of inadvertent/incorrect operation of protections Increased unpredictability of cascading events Increased difficulty in adequate system design due to uncertainty in generation plans
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Characteristics Market-driven transactions

Increased dependence on communications and computer systems

Impact Unpredictable power flows and system usage leading to congestion and/or poor dynamic behavior, New forms of stability problems such as voltage and small signal stability Software/hardware failures may leave large portion of the system unobservable to operators, leading to inappropriate, or lack of, control actions during disturbances
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Characteristics Limited integrated system planning Trend interconnection toward

Impact Insufficient/improper generation and transmission resources Exposure to cascading disturbances brought on by events in neighboring systems New forms of stability problems such as small signal stability

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Characteristics New technologies such as advanced control systems, wind power, biomass, fuel cells, etc

Aging and workforces

downsized

Impact Lack of operating experience with technologies which may have unique dynamic characteristics Unpredictable behaviors during disturbances Lack of experienced personnel that may lead to the inability to deal appropriately with emergency conditions
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SECURITY ASSESSMENT APPROACH

Two approaches Direct - probabilistic view point - analysis of a fixed set of contingencies - classify the system as insecure if any member of the set would result in transition to the emergency state Indirect - deterministic view point - tracks a variety of reserve margins (MW,VAR reserves) - determined by off-line studies
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Important & Probable Contingencies considered:

o o o

Outage of a circuit Outage of a unit 3-phase or L-G fault

Security monitoring: (continuous activity)

o o

Energy control centre/Load despatch centre On-line identification of actual operating condition of power system

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 Static state estimation (computer based technique) provides database for analysis gives bus voltages at any instant from telemetered data & breaker status. Security analysis by security analyzer then finds out impact of contingencies using fast load flow method (FDLF) If system is found insecure, system engineer determines preventive control. If in emergency state due to cascading events corrective emergency controls are to be applied
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Methods of Enhancing Security



Impractical to achieve complete immunity to blackouts need to strike a balance between economy and security Good design and operating practices could significantly minimize the occurrence and impact of widespread outages Reliability criteria On-line security assessment Robust stability controls Coordinated emergency controls Real-time system system monitoring and control Wide-spread use of distributed generation
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References
1. Allen J.Wood and Bruce F.Woolenberg, Power generation, operation and control, John Wiley & sons Inc.

2. A. K.Mahalanabis, D.P.Kothari, S. I. Ahson,Computer aided power system analysis and control, Tata McGrawHill publishing company limited, New Delhi. 3. Olle l. Elgerd,Electric Energy Systems theory An Introduction, T M H Edition. 4. Kip Morison, Lei Wang, Prabha Kundur, Power System Security Assessment,IEEE power & energy magazine, sep/oct 2004, pp30-39.
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