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Life
Life is a battle
For the one who dares to fight
Life is a rough journey
For the one who goes through it
Life is an expectation
For the one who has ambition
Life is enjoyment
For the one who feels pleasure
Life is just a moment
For the one who get contrition
Life is a water-bubble
For the one who seeks the natural truth
Oh.....my friend!
What is life?
It is as what you think!!

Life is...........
Oh..... my friend!!
If life is happiness, share it to other.
If life is a right, take it fairly.
If life is a competition, you just enter the contest.
If life is a sadness, try to overcome it bravely.

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