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Sociology is the scientific study of society, culture, and social interaction. It uses empirical research methods and critical analysis to understand human social behavior and how social factors influence individuals. The goal of sociological inquiry is to obtain an understanding of the observable social world using fundamental procedures like defining problems, formulating hypotheses, systematically collecting and analyzing data, interpreting and explaining findings, and developing theories. Sociological research provides factual information about society that enables understanding social issues more objectively and informing community and government policies.
Sociology is the scientific study of society, culture, and social interaction. It uses empirical research methods and critical analysis to understand human social behavior and how social factors influence individuals. The goal of sociological inquiry is to obtain an understanding of the observable social world using fundamental procedures like defining problems, formulating hypotheses, systematically collecting and analyzing data, interpreting and explaining findings, and developing theories. Sociological research provides factual information about society that enables understanding social issues more objectively and informing community and government policies.
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Sociology is the scientific study of society, culture, and social interaction. It uses empirical research methods and critical analysis to understand human social behavior and how social factors influence individuals. The goal of sociological inquiry is to obtain an understanding of the observable social world using fundamental procedures like defining problems, formulating hypotheses, systematically collecting and analyzing data, interpreting and explaining findings, and developing theories. Sociological research provides factual information about society that enables understanding social issues more objectively and informing community and government policies.
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Vanessah Valle Vanessah Valle- -Castillo Castillo Sociology defined Study of society A social science that uses various methods of empirical investigations and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social activity often with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare hy study sociology hy study sociology To To obtain obtain factual factual information information about about our our society society and and different different aspects aspects of of our our social social life life Sociological Sociological information information enables enables us us to to understand understand our our society society more more objectively objectively and and to to see see our our place place in in it it Sociology Sociology enables enables us us to to learn learn the the application application of of scientific scientific information information to to daily daily life life and and problems problems Sociology Sociology performs performs its its most most important important function function when when superstition superstition and and misinformation misinformation are are replaced replaced by by accurate accurate knowledge knowledge about about human human behavior behavior Results Results of of sociological sociological investigations investigations are are useful useful to to community community leaders, leaders, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, and and government government officials officials in in maintaining maintaining social social order order and and plotting plotting causes causes of of action action for for the the future future of of a a society society The Sociological magination The Sociological magination AA quality quality of of mind, mind, a a capacity capacity to to understand understand the the interplay interplay of of individual individual and and society, society, biography biography and and history, history, of of self self and and the the world world (C (C.. right right Mills) Mills) t t enables enables us us to to see see the the connection connection between between our our own own personal personal experiences experiences and and the the social social forces forces in in the the bigger bigger social social world world which which influence influence our our life life Areas of Sociology Areas of Sociology 1. 1. Social Social organization organization investigation investigation of of social social groups, groups, social social institutions, institutions, social social stratification stratification and and mobility mobility 2. 2. Social Social psychology psychology concerned concerned with with the the study study of of human human nature nature as as the the outcome outcome of of group group life, life, personality personality formation formation and and collective collective behavior behavior;; it it studies studies how how group group behavior behavior affects affects the the individual individual and and vice vice- - versa versa .. Social Social change change (social (social organization organization and and social social disorganization) disorganization) involves involves the the study study of of change change in in culture culture and and social social relations relations and and ongoing ongoing social social problems problems 4 4.. Human Human Ecology Ecology studies studies the the behavior behavior of of a a given given population population and and its its relationship relationship to to the the group's group's social social institutions institutions 5 5.. Population Population Studies Studies concerned concerned with with population population count, count, composition, composition, change change and and quality quality as as they they influence influence the the economic, economic, political political and and social social systems systems and and vice vice versa versa.. .. Sociological Sociological theory theory and and research research concerned concerned with with the the discovery, discovery, development development and and replication replication of of research research tools tools that that will will test test the the applicability applicability and and usefulness usefulness of of the the principles principles of of group group life life 7 7.. Applied Applied Sociology Sociology the the findings findings may may be be applied applied to to fields fields such such as as marriage marriage and and family family and and counseling, counseling, child child development, development, criminology, criminology, social social work, work, education, education, communication, communication, mental mental health, health, ethnic ethnic relations relations and and others others Relationship of Sociology Relationship of Sociology to the other Sciences to the other Sciences 1 1.. Economics Economics concerned concerned with with human human activities activities related related to to the the production, production, consumption consumption and and distribution distribution of of goods, goods, services services and and wealth wealth within within societies societies - - the the economic economic figures figures are are reflections reflections of of the the individual individual and and group group behavior behavior as as they they affect affect population population movements, movements, family family and and other other institutional institutional structures structures and and functions functions and and social social stratification stratification 2. Political Science 2. Political Science Concerned Concerned with with political political processes, processes, power power struggle struggle and and governments, governments, voting voting patterns patterns changes changes from from previous previous elections elections and and the the nature nature of of voters voters Of Of interests interests to to sociologists sociologists are are social social backgrounds backgrounds of of political political activists, activists, distribution distribution of of power, power, source source of of political political beliefs beliefs of of the the electorate electorate and and role role of of women women and and ethnic ethnic minorities minorities . Anthropology . Anthropology Study a wide range of Study a wide range of cultures from primitive cultures from primitive to modern to modern Attempts to study Attempts to study tribes, subcultures or tribes, subcultures or society as a whole society as a whole 4. Psychology 4. Psychology nterested nterested in in a a wide wide range range of of psychological psychological and and behavioral behavioral processes processes such such as as learning, learning, human human and and personality personality development, development, perception, perception, emotion, emotion, cognition, cognition, motivation, motivation, creativity, creativity, personality personality disorders disorders and and mental mental illness illness Social Social psychology psychology is is a a new new field field formed formed by by integrating integrating sociology sociology and and psychology psychology 5. History 5. History Primarily Primarily descriptive descriptive of of the the chronology chronology of of significant significant past past events events Sociology Sociology makes makes use use of of data data and and information information that that is is provided provided by by historians historians n n the the search search for for the the underlying underlying forces forces that that influence influence human human behavior, behavior, history history uses uses sociological sociological approach approach Social Research Procedures Social Research Procedures Social Social nquiry nquiry has has goals goals to to achieve, achieve, rules rules to to follow follow and and strategies strategies to to work work out out in in order order to to obtain obtain a a high high probability probability of of success success - - involves involves participants participants (the (the scientists, scientists, their their assistants assistants and and other other workers workers;; the the recipients, recipients, either either interested interested or or not, not, appreciative appreciative or or not, not, benefited benefited or or not) not) Social Action Social Action The The way way by by which which human human beings beings interact interact with with other other in in social social units units such such as as the the family, family, the the school school and and the the factory factory The The prime prime concern concern of of sociological sociological inquiry inquiry This This concern concern goes goes beyond beyond the the study study of of face face to to face face contact contact The The systematic systematic analysis analysis of of the the motivations motivations and and behavior behavior of of individuals individuals within within groups groups The basic goal of The basic goal of Sociological nquiry Sociological nquiry To To obtain obtain an an understanding understanding of of the the observable observable social social world world undamental Procedures in undamental Procedures in Sociological nquiry Sociological nquiry 1. 1. Defines Defines the the problem problem locating locating and and evaluating evaluating what what is is already already known known about about the the prospective prospective area area of of inquiry inquiry 2. 2. Gathering of the data Gathering of the data . . Analysis Analysis of of data data involves involves the the testing testing of of the the hypothesis hypothesis or or answering answering questions questions or or assumptions assumptions with with facts facts that that have have been been gathered gathered 4. 4. Verification Verification further checking of the further checking of the findings findings Culture Culture AA complex complex whole whole which which includes includes knowledge, knowledge, belief, belief, art, art, law, law, morals, morals, customs customs and and many many other other capabilities capabilities and and habits habits acquired acquired by by people people as as members members of of society society AA person's person's social social heritage heritage or or the the customary customary ways ways in in which which groups groups organize organize their their ways ways of of behaving, behaving, thinking thinking and and feeling feeling Culture and behavior Culture and behavior That That complex complex whole whole which which includes includes knowledge, knowledge, belief, belief, art, art, morals, morals, law, law, custom custom and and any any other other capabilities capabilities and and habits habits acquired acquired by by man man as as a a member member of of society society The The entire entire way way of of life life followed followed by by a a people people and and everything everything learned learned and and shared shared by by people people in in society society Society Society Group Group of of people people bound bound together together in in a a more more or or less less permanent permanent association association organized organized for for collective collective activity activity The The common common pattern pattern to to which which they they are are reacting reacting is is the the culture culture of of the the society society Culture Culture is is a a system system of of behavior behavior shared shared by by members members of of a a society society Society Society is is a a group group of of people people who who share share a a common common culture culture No No society society can can exist exist without without a a culture culture and and no no culture culture can can develop develop without without a a society society Characteristics of Culture Characteristics of Culture 1. 1. Learned Learned from parents and family from parents and family - - additional additional sources sources are are playmates, playmates, work work companions, companions, school, school, churches, churches, books, books, television, television, radio, radio, movies movies and and computers computers 2 2.. Shared Shared individual individual habits habits that that can can be be shared shared .. Cumulative Cumulative knowledge knowledge is is stored stored and and passed passed on on from from one one generation generation to to the the next next and and new new knowledge knowledge is is constantly constantly being being added added to to the the existing existing stock stock while while information information which which is is no no longer longer useful useful is is slowly slowly discarded discarded 4 4.. Dynamic Dynamic stems stems from from cumulative cumulative quality quality - - no no culture culture is is ever ever in in a a permanent permanent state state Culture as a System of Norms Culture as a System of Norms s normative since it regulates our action s normative since it regulates our action and conduct and conduct Norm Norm behavior expectation behavior expectation - - an idea of how people are supposed an idea of how people are supposed to act and behave to act and behave Examples:1. when death occurs Examples:1. when death occurs 2. family purse 2. family purse Language Language A factor responsible for the existence and A factor responsible for the existence and development of culture development of culture AA systematized systematized usage usage of of speech speech and and hearing hearing to to convey, convey, communicate communicate or or express express feelings feelings and and ideas ideas Symbolic Symbolic language language colors, colors, emblems, emblems, gestures, gestures, designs, designs, marks marks or or words words Culture Shock Culture Shock hen hen one one loses loses the the familiar familiar signs signs and and symbols symbols of of social social intercourse intercourse and and may may experience experience some some unpleasant unpleasant sensations sensations or or frustrations frustrations t t may may be be a a reaction reaction to to unpalatable unpalatable food food which which one one may may consider consider obnoxious, obnoxious, the the inability inability to to perform perform natural natural functions functions like like sleeping sleeping or or moving moving one's one's bowels, bowels, a a repulsion repulsion to to the the norms norms and and values values of of the the group group or or a a lack lack of of communication communication with with the the new new society society hen hen people people encounter encounter another another culture culture whose whose patterns patterns of of behavior behavior are are diverse diverse from from their their own own AA situation situation brought brought about about by by unfamiliarity, unfamiliarity, lack lack of of understanding understanding and and inability inability to to communicate communicate with with the the society society they they come come in in contact contact with with &nity in Culture &nity in Culture 1. 1. Human Human biological biological drives drives all all persons persons are are alike alike in in range range of of emotions, emotions, in in the the need need for for love love and and security, security, in in the the capacity capacity to to symbolize symbolize and and in in being being subject subject to to conditioning conditioning 2. 2. Psychic Psychic unity unity one's one's psychic psychic unity unity is is not not exactly exactly identical identical with with his his inherited inherited psychological psychological traits traits a. a. Cognitive Cognitive structure structure made made up up of of concepts concepts and and beliefs beliefs by by which which one one defines defines the the world world around around him him - - where where members members of of the the society society draw draw their their definitions definitions of of reality reality b b.. Habit Habit structure structure are are acquired acquired through through learning learning - - regularly regularly pattered pattered ways ways of of acting, acting, feeling feeling or or thinking thinking cc.. Trait Trait configurations configurations any any characteristic characteristic that that can can be be observed observed and and measure measure - - a a repetitive repetitive way way of of reacting reacting to to a a particular particular event event - - it it simply simply gives gives a a pattern pattern of of behavior behavior a a name name (extroverted, (extroverted, lover lover;; aggressive aggressive;; pushy pushy;; workaholic, workaholic, charming charming..) ) d d.. Acquired Acquired predisposition predisposition refer refer to to the the repetitive repetitive manner manner in in which which an an individual individual appears appears inclined inclined to to favor favor a a person person or or group, group, an an object object or or situation situation that that arises arises periodically periodically in in his his environment environment (preferences, (preferences, attitudes, attitudes, values, values, prejudices) prejudices) .. Dependence Dependence upon upon group group life life The The size size and and types types of of groups groups persons persons will will continually continually enjoy, enjoy, the the people people they they will will cooperate cooperate and and compete compete or or even even have have conflict conflict with with to to achieve achieve their their goals, goals, the the group group they they will will depend depend on on for for help help are are factors factors involved involved in in the the constant constant struggle struggle for for survival survival 4 4.. Physical Physical and and social social environment environment the the geographical geographical environment environment can can have have significant significant conditioning conditioning effects effects upon upon the the economic economic aspects aspects of of societies societies Diversity in cultures Diversity in cultures 1. 1. Cultural Cultural Variability Variability cultures cultures differ differ because because of of the the great great variety variety of of solutions solutions people people of of different different societies societies evolve evolve in in solving solving life life problems problems 2. 2. Cultural Cultural integration integration cultures cultures vary vary significantly significantly in in the the degree degree of of their their being being internally internally consistent consistent in in their their patterns patterns of of values, values, beliefs beliefs and and behavior behavior . Cultural relativity . Cultural relativity Difference Difference in in culture culture also also arise arise from from the the relativity relativity of of the the standards standards that that societies societies uphold uphold and and use use for for evaluating evaluating truth, truth, right, right, virtue, virtue, morality, morality, legality, legality, justice, justice, beauty beauty and and the the means means of of adhering adhering to to it it Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism Extreme Extreme preferential preferential feeling feeling which which individuals individuals have have for for the the customs customs of of their their own own group group The The idea idea that that one's one's own own group group is is more more important important that that any any other other Expression Expression of of group group solidarity solidarity combined combined with with antagonism antagonism toward toward the the outside outside groups groups enocentrism enocentrism Opposite of ethnocentrism Opposite of ethnocentrism Preference for things foreign Preference for things foreign hat comes from far away has a special hat comes from far away has a special quality or charm quality or charm enophobia enophobia distrust of anything foreign distrust of anything foreign Stereotypes Stereotypes Group Group- -shared image of another group shared image of another group or category of people or category of people Applied Applied indiscriminately indiscriminately to to all all members members of of stereotyped stereotyped group group without without allowance allowance for for individual individual differences differences Selective Selective identification identification mukhang mukhang taga taga- -baryo baryo Selective Selective exception exception He's He's not not behaving behaving like like a a Tagalog! Tagalog! Philippine Values Philippine Values hat are values? hat are values? Expressions Expressions of of the the ultimate ultimate ends, ends, goals goals or or purposes purposes of of social social action action Society's Society's moral moral imperatives imperatives that that deal deal with with what what ought ought to to be, be, and and are are therefore therefore considered considered desirable desirable and and important important by by the the members members of of society society Values Values are are generated generated in in nature nature Values Values influence influence a a person's person's behavior behavior towards towards a a large large class class of of objects objects or or persons persons although although they they are are not not related related to to any any specific specific object, object, person person or or group group Standards Standards for for determining determining whether whether something something is is good good and and desirable desirable or or not not and and serves serves as as the the criteria criteria by by which which norms norms themselves themselves are are judged judged AA thing thing has has value value when when it it is is perceived perceived as as good good and and desirable desirable ood, ood, money money and and housing housing have have value value because because they they are are perceived perceived as as good good;; and and the the desire desire to to acquire acquire them them influences influences our our attitudes attitudes and and behavior behavior Not Not only only material material goods goods but but also also ideals ideals and and concepts concepts are are values, values, such such as as truth, truth, honesty honesty and and justice justice Value Value commands commands in in us us an an inner inner commitment commitment which which in in turn turn translates translates itself itself into into our our daily daily speech speech and and action action Values Values are are standards standards and and principles principles for for judging judging what what is is correct correct and and incorrect incorrect behavior, behavior, what what is is worth worth attaining attaining or or not not attaining, attaining, what what is is desirable desirable or or undesirable undesirable inds of values inds of values 1. 1. Terminal Terminal end state end state 2. 2. instrumental instrumental An example of a value in its end state is An example of a value in its end state is peace peace To attain peace, one must respect others To attain peace, one must respect others as a mode of behavior type of value as a mode of behavior type of value Values guide judgments across Values guide judgments across situations, decisions and actions situations, decisions and actions Human Human behavior behavior is is judged judged by by the the standards standards of of good good and and bad bad Members Members of of a a society society tend tend to to pattern pattern and and standardize standardize their their behavior behavior in in accordance accordance with with these these values values Those Those who who fail fail to to do do so so or or violate violate accepted accepted behavioral behavioral patterns patterns face face the the prospect prospect of of being being ostracized ostracized or or censured censured by by the the members members of of society society The Study of Values The Study of Values Values determine the behavior of people Values determine the behavior of people Values Values cannot cannot be be readily readily identified identified since since they they are are abstractions abstractions from from reality reality Values Values must must be be deduced deduced from from social social action action Sociologists Sociologists watch watch the the way way people people behave, behave, listen listen to to what what they they say say and and note note the the comments comments and and insights insights made made by by others others who who observe observe these these actions actions our our fold test of Robin illiams fold test of Robin illiams Needed to identify the values operative Needed to identify the values operative in a given society in a given society 1. 1. Extensiveness Extensiveness when when the the value value is is recognized recognized by by a a representative representative number number of of people people within within the the society society 2. 2. Duration Duration when when the the value value has has been been shared shared and and practiced practiced in in common common for for some some time time .. ntensity ntensity when when the the value value involves involves the the emotions emotions and and is is taken taken seriously seriously and and sought sought after after by by many many 4 4.. Prestige Prestige of of its its carrier carrier when when the the value value provides provides ready ready- -made made means means for for judging judging the the social social worth worth of of persons persons or or groups groups who who share share or or practice practice it it The forces that shape The forces that shape contemporary values contemporary values ilipinos are cosmopolitan in nature ilipinos are cosmopolitan in nature They are both oriental and occidental They are both oriental and occidental The The Aeta, Aeta, ndonesian, ndonesian, Malayan, Malayan, Hindu, Hindu, Arabian Arabian and and Chinese Chinese elements elements are are the the foundation foundation of of the the ilipino's ilipino's oriental oriental nature nature the the core core of of their their moral moral and and social social conscience conscience and and cultural cultural identity identity nterpersonal nterpersonal and and social social relationships relationships revolve revolve around around "blood "blood ties, ties, marriage marriage and and ritual ritual kinship kinship Spanish Spanish and and American American culture culture compose compose the the ilipinos' ilipinos' occidentalism occidentalism Spanish Spanish influence influence found found its its way way into into our our religious, religious, political, political, economic economic and and educational educational life, life, as as well well as as into into our our language, language, dress dress and and diet diet Spain Spain introduced introduced Roman Roman Catholicism, Catholicism, the the encomienda, encomienda, galleon galleon trade, trade, fiesta, fiesta, municipal municipal building, building, village village plaza plaza and and compadre compadre system system Preparation of life after death Preparation of life after death Has Has set set the the foundation foundation for for the the contemporary contemporary ilipino ilipino attitude attitude towards towards divorce, divorce, birth birth control control legislation, legislation, fiesta fiesta and and ceremony, ceremony, gambling, gambling, along along with with charitable charitable activities activities and and faithful faithful attendance attendance of of mass mass Spain Spain caused caused us us to to regard regard our our own own way way of of life life as as degraded degraded or or inferior inferior and and developed developed in in us us an an aversion aversion to to manual manual Compadre Compadre system system initiated initiated the the practice practice of of extended extended families families t t has has strengthen strengthen the the notorious notorious practice practice of of nepotism nepotism and and favoritism favoritism Oppressive Oppressive policies policies of of the the Spanish Spanish colonizers colonizers developed developed in in the the ilipino ilipino a a hatred hatred for for manual manual labor labor The The Americanization Americanization of of the the ilipino ilipino consisted consisted mainly mainly of of the the introduction introduction of of a a democratic democratic system system of of government government Popularized Popularized education education as as the the most most essential essential channel channel for for social social mobility mobility ntroduced ntroduced the the English English language language as as the the medium medium of of instruction instruction in in the the school school system system which which they they established established This This intensified intensified the the ilipino's ilipino's preference preference for for the the academic academic white white collar collar occupations occupations and and encouraged encouraged the the use use of of honorific honorific titles titles English English language language and and the the diploma diploma system system also also served served the the further further the the stratification stratification of of Philippine Philippine society society because because the the primary primary beneficiaries beneficiaries of of American American- -sponsored sponsored education education were were the the ilipino ilipino elite elite Americans Americans also also introduced introduced the the values values of of materialism materialism and and consumerism consumerism Most significant influence Most significant influence DECS 1988 DECS 1988 Launched Launched the the comprehensive comprehensive Values Values Education Education Program Program Draws Draws inspiration inspiration from from the the 198 198 EDSA EDSA Revolution Revolution and and 1987 1987 Philippine Philippine Constitution Constitution "a "a just just and and humane humane society society Calling Calling for for a a shared shared culture culture and and commonly commonly held held values values such such as as truth, truth, justice, justice, freedom, freedom, love, love, equality equality and and peace peace.. Different Value Orientations Different Value Orientations 1. 1. Non Non- -rationalism rationalism Rationalism Rationalism Non Non- -rationalism rationalism man has to adapt himself to nature and to man has to adapt himself to nature and to forces outside himself forces outside himself - - &ncritical acceptance, reverence and &ncritical acceptance, reverence and protection of traditions and rituals protection of traditions and rituals - - Resistance to scientific methods and Resistance to scientific methods and unquestioning obedience to authority unquestioning obedience to authority Rationalism Rationalism - - AA belief belief that that by by systematic systematic planning, planning, studying studying and and training, training, once once can can actively actively control control and and manipulate manipulate his his or or her her destiny destiny - - One One is is thus thus greatly greatly responsible responsible for for his his or or her her own own success success or or failure failure - - The The rational rational person person is is future future- -oriented oriented rather rather than than past past or or present present oriented oriented - - Thoughts Thoughts and and actions actions are are characteristically characteristically scientific scientific- -oriented oriented ahala ahala na, na, palabas, palabas, pakitang pakitang tao, tao, pagyayabang, pagyayabang, espiritista, espiritista, mangkukulam, mangkukulam, tinalaga tinalaga ng ng Diyos, Diyos, gulong gulong ng ng palad, palad, iginuhit iginuhit ng ng tadhana, tadhana, malas, malas, napasubo, napasubo, hiya, hiya, utang utang na na loob,amor loob,amor propio propio (self (self esteem), esteem), SR SR (smooth (smooth interpersonal interpersonal relations) relations) ilipinos ilipinos find find it it difficult difficult to to say say no no to to a a request request or or an an invitation invitation and and use use expression expression like like kuwan, kuwan, marahil, marahil, tila tila nga nga and and pipilitin pipilitin ko ko 2. Personalism and mpersonalism 2. Personalism and mpersonalism Personalism Personalism Attaches major importance to personal Attaches major importance to personal factor which guaranties intimacy, warmth factor which guaranties intimacy, warmth and security of kinship and friendship in and security of kinship and friendship in getting things done (pakiusap, areglo, getting things done (pakiusap, areglo, lakad lakad weaken the merit system in weaken the merit system in employment) employment) mpersonalism mpersonalism Tendency to eliminate the influence of Tendency to eliminate the influence of friendship or kinship in working situations friendship or kinship in working situations . Particularism . Particularism - - &niversalism &niversalism Particularism Particularism Centered Centered on on sub sub- -groups groups made made up up of of relatives, relatives, friends, friends, colleagues, colleagues, associates, associates, religious religious affiliates affiliates or or members members of of his his ethnic ethnic regional regional group group in in the the larger larger society society to to which which he he belongs belongs &niversalism &niversalism one's one's main main concern concern is is the the advancement advancement of of the the collective collective or or national national good good ilipino Nationalism ilipino Nationalism Nationalism Nationalism is is the the advocacy advocacy of of making making one's one's own own nation nation distinct distinct and and separate separate from from others others in in intellectual, intellectual, social, social, cultural, cultural, economic, economic, political political and and moral moral matters matters eeling eeling of of oneness oneness among among the the nationals nationals who who seek seek to to establish establish the the identity identity and and the the good good of of the the nation nation More More than than just just a a sentiment sentiment of of love, love, affection affection or or feeling feeling of of patriotism patriotism for for one's one's country country s s a a philosophy philosophy or or a a doctrine doctrine of of what what a a country country is, is, what what its its goals goals are are and and how how it it is is to to achieve achieve these these goals goals Can Can be be a a factor factor for for either either evil evil or or good good May May take take the the form form of of ethnocentrism ethnocentrism or or racism racism or or xenophobia xenophobia The The Philippines Philippines suffer suffer from from "national "national amnesia amnesia and and colonial colonial mentality mentality Philosophy of the Philosophy of the Values Education Program Values Education Program The Human Person The Human Person His/her role in shaping of society and the His/her role in shaping of society and the environment environment Subject Subject of of education education center center of of the the curriculum curriculum and and the the entire entire program program The The task task of of education education is is to to help help the the ilipino ilipino develop develop hi hi human human potential, potential, contribute contribute to to the the growth growth of of Philippine Philippine culture culture Multi Multi- -dimensional (the person as self and dimensional (the person as self and the person in the community) the person in the community) Physical being Physical being has material needs has material needs Does Does not not live live in in isolation isolation but but in in community community with with other other persons persons elongs elongs to to a a family family s s also also economic economic The The human human being being is is political political Core Values Core Values The human person is of infinite value. The human person is of infinite value. As As physical physical (made (made of of matter), matter), one one must must maintain maintain health health and and harmony harmony with with nature nature As As spiritual spiritual (capable (capable of of higher higher concerns concerns and and of of rising rising above above the the material) material) one one must must cultivate cultivate a a sense sense of of spirituality spirituality in in consonance consonance with with his his nature nature and and respond respond to to God God in in faith faith As As intellectual intellectual (gifted (gifted with with mind, mind, the the faculty faculty of of knowing) knowing) one one must must constantly constantly search search for for the the truth truth and and must must seek seek knowledge knowledge that that will will transform transform society society and and the the world world As As moral moral (endowed (endowed with with the the faculty faculty of of freely freely choosing choosing and and loving) loving) one one must must go go out out to to others others and and in in fact fact to to all all humanity, humanity, in in love love As As a a social social being being (living (living in in a a community) community) one one must must cultivate cultivate the the sense sense of of social social responsibility, responsibility, aware aware of of his his unique unique participation participation in in the the pursuit pursuit of of the the welfare welfare of of the the family family and and the the common common good good of of the the larger larger society society As As economic economic (bound (bound to to concerns concerns of of livelihood) livelihood) one one has has the the obligation obligation to to help help achieve achieve economic economic efficiency efficiency for for the the community community As As political political (member (member of of the the nation), nation), one one must must foster foster the the sense sense of of nationalism nationalism and and patriotism patriotism Related Values Related Values 1. 1. Health Health implies implies physical physical fitness fitness and and cleanliness cleanliness.. 2. 2. Truth Truth implies implies the the tireless tireless quest quest for for knowledge knowledge in in all all its its forms forms.. . . The The moral moral nature nature of of the the human human being being places places primacy primacy in in the the value value of of love love.. 4. 4. Human Human existence existence especially especially experiences experiences such such as as love love and and suffering suffering points points to to a a reality reality beyond beyond one's one's experiences experiences.. 5 5.. Social Social responsibility responsibility means means strengthening strengthening the the family family as as "the "the foundation foundation of of the the nation nation and and "a "a basic basic autonomous autonomous social social society, society, weathering weathering the the impact impact of of modernization modernization and and technology technology.. .. Economic Economic efficiency efficiency is is achieved achieved by by people people through through work, work, the the exercise exercise of of human human mastery mastery over over the the resources resources of of nature nature and and creative creative imagination imagination in in the the solution solution of of complex complex problems problems.. 7 7.. The The spirit spirit of of nationalism nationalism and and patriotism patriotism means means love love of of country country.. Translating the Values Education Translating the Values Education ramework into Programs ramework into Programs 1. 1. Establish school Establish school- -community linkages and community linkages and networks networks 2. 2. Maximize Maximize the the use use of of community, community, human human and and material material resources resources . . Consolidate Consolidate efforts efforts of of both both government government and and non non- -government government agencies agencies and and institutions institutions for for the the purpose purpose of of minimizing minimizing costs costs and and maximizing maximizing results results Personality and Personality and Socialization Socialization hat is Personality? hat is Personality? AA more more or or less less enduring enduring organization organization of of forces forces within within the the individual, individual, associated associated with with a a complex complex of of fairly fairly consistent consistent attitudes, attitudes, values values and and modes modes of of perception perception which which account account for for the the individual's individual's consistency consistency of of behavior behavior AA product product of of socialization socialization Determinants of Determinants of Personality ormation Personality ormation 1. 1. iological inheritance iological inheritance rom parents to off spring through the rom parents to off spring through the mechanisms of the genes found in the mechanisms of the genes found in the chromosomes of the sex cells chromosomes of the sex cells 2. Geographic environment 2. Geographic environment Refers to location, climate, topography Refers to location, climate, topography and natural resources and natural resources . Cultural environment . Cultural environment refers to the learned ways of loving, the refers to the learned ways of loving, the norms of behavior norms of behavior 4. Social environment 4. Social environment Refers to the various groups and social Refers to the various groups and social interactions going on in the groups of interactions going on in the groups of which one is a member which one is a member Theories of Theories of Personality Development Personality Development reud's Theory of Socialization reud's Theory of Socialization Sigmund reud Sigmund reud ormulated the first comprehensive theory ormulated the first comprehensive theory of personality of personality s s a a form form of of biological biological determinism determinism which which holds holds that that socialization socialization is is a a process process characterized characterized by by the the internal internal struggle struggle between between the the biological biological components components and and the the social social- -cultural cultural environment environment Three major systems of personality Three major systems of personality 1. 1. d d the biological component which is the biological component which is the source of a number of drives and the source of a number of drives and urges urges - - it centers around the satisfaction of it centers around the satisfaction of basic needs like food and sex basic needs like food and sex - - operates on the pleasure principle operates on the pleasure principle 2 2.. Ego Ego the the mediator mediator between between the the needs needs of of the the individual individual and and the the world world of of reality reality and and strives strives to to delay delay tension tension until until the the suitable suitable environment environment exist exist - - the the cognitive cognitive and and intellectual intellectual processes processes are are controlled controlled by by the the ego ego .. Superego Superego the the moral moral arm arm of of personality personality representing representing the the traditional traditional rules, rules, values values and and ideals ideals of of society society "The "The id id and and the the superego superego are are continually continually in in conflict, conflict, while while the the ego ego mediates mediates between between them them.. Personality Personality development development undergoes undergoes different different stages stages which which show show the the unfolding unfolding of of the the sex sex instinct instinct The various stages of development The various stages of development 1. 1. Oral Oral stage stage (birth (birth to to 1 1 year) year) eating eating is is the the major major source source of of satisfaction satisfaction.. rustration rustration or or overindulgence overindulgence at at this this stage stage can can lead lead to to overeating overeating and and alcoholism alcoholism in in adulthood adulthood 2. 2. Anal Anal stage stage ( (1 1 years) years) toilet toilet training training.. The The result result of of fixation fixation at at this this stage stage are are personalities personalities who who are are grasping grasping and and stingy stingy . Phallic Stage( . Phallic Stage( years) years) pleasure pleasure comes comes from from the the sex sex organs organs.. This This is is the the time time when when the the child child desires desires parents parents of of the the opposite opposite sex sex Oedipus Oedipus complex complex boys boys desire desire for for their their mothers mothers Electra Electra complex complex girls girls desire desire for for their their fathers fathers The The child child represents represents erotic erotic desire desire toward toward the the parent parent of of the the opposite opposite sex sex and and hostility hostility for for the the parent parent of of the the same same sex sex 4. Latency period 4. Latency period ( years ( years Adolescence) Adolescence) Children Children turn turn their their attention attention to to people people outside outside their their families families like like teachers teachers and and friends friends Erotic Erotic impulses impulses are are dormant dormant 5. Genital stage 5. Genital stage (Adolescence and beyond) (Adolescence and beyond) The sexual impulses become active again The sexual impulses become active again and the individual focuses on the opposite and the individual focuses on the opposite sex sex Looks Looks around around for for potential potential marriage marriage partner partner and and prepares prepares for for marriage marriage and and adult adult responsibilities responsibilities Culture and Personality Culture and Personality The personality development theory The personality development theory ranz oas, an American anthropologist, ranz oas, an American anthropologist, was the proponent of this study was the proponent of this study Personality Personality development development is is a a result result of of learning learning what what is is found found in in the the culture culture and and that that significant significant differences differences in in personality personality are are learned learned ndividual ndividual personalities personalities of of members members of of society society are are tiny tiny replicas replicas of of their their overall overall culture culture Members Members of of a a society society are are subjected subjected to to similar similar childhood childhood experiences, experiences, producing producing similarities similarities in in personality personality There There are are cultural cultural determinants determinants of of personality, personality, ranging ranging from from matters matters of of the the social social graces graces and and rules rules of of etiquette etiquette to to attitudes attitudes toward toward society society and and the the universe universe The The cluster cluster of of behavior behavior patterns, patterns, attitudes attitudes and and values values shown shown by by members members of of a a society society is is known known as as society's society's basic basic personality personality Symbolic nteractionism Symbolic nteractionism ased ased on on the the works works and and ideas ideas of of George George Herbert Herbert Mead Mead and and Charles Charles Horton Horton Cooley Cooley The The basic basic idea idea in in this this theory theory is is personality personality is is a a result result of of the the interaction interaction between between individuals individuals mediated mediated by by symbols symbols or, or, in in particular, particular, language language.. Language Language is is crucial crucial in in the the development development of of social social self self The The symbols symbols that that constitute constitute a a language language represent represent concept concept by by which which the the person person engaged engaged in in cooperative cooperative activity activity acquire acquire the the attitudes attitudes of of others others involved involved in in that that activity activity To To the the proponents proponents of of symbolic symbolic inter inter- - actionism, actionism, the the development development of of the the social social self self and and the the generalized generalized others others are are important important Development of the Social Self Development of the Social Self The The human human infant infant is is born born helpless helpless and and without without a a sense sense of of self self The The self self emerges emerges in in the the process process of of socialization socialization a a process process of of social social interaction interaction and and social social activity activity mediated mediated by by language language This This starts starts at at birth, birth, when when parents parents hold hold their their baby baby and and attend attend to to his his or or her her needs needs The The baby baby begins begins to to realize realize that that he he depends depends on on other other people people for for comfort comfort nitially nitially the the baby baby acquires acquires some some significant significant symbols symbols and and learns learns that that certain certain actions actions like like crying, crying, smiling, smiling, screaming screaming and and reaching reaching our our will will elicit elicit responses responses from from the the people people around around Through Through make make- -believe believe verbal verbal play, play, they they develop develop the the ability ability to to look look at at themselves themselves from from the the standpoint standpoint of of others others The The self self consists consists of of two two parts, parts, the the ", ", which which is is active active and and spontaneous spontaneous and and the the "me "me which which is is the the product product of of socialization, socialization, resulting resulting in in a a social social self self The Looking Glass Self The Looking Glass Self The The ability ability of of children children to to visualize visualize themselves themselves though though the the eyes eyes of of others others To To imagine imagine how how they they appear appear to to others others The The social social self self amily, amily, friends, friends, teachers, teachers, classmates classmates and and peer peer group group exert exert a a group group or or form form a a part part of of what what is is called called "significant "significant others others Significant Significant others others become become models models for for the the child child who who usually usually identifies identifies with with them them Three elements Three elements of the looking glass self of the looking glass self 1. 1. The imagination of how we appear to The imagination of how we appear to other persons other persons 2. 2. The imagination of the judgment of that The imagination of the judgment of that appearance appearance . . Some sort of feeling Some sort of feeling The Generalized Others The Generalized Others at at the the age age of of 8 8 or or 9 9,, children children engage engage in in games games where where they they are are able able to to take take the the attitudes attitudes and and responses responses of of others others in in social social activity activity The The individual individual thinks, thinks, feels feels and and sees sees things things from from a a perspective perspective characteristic characteristic of of the the group group of of which which he he is is a a member member The Process of Socialization The Process of Socialization Human Human beings beings are are born born without without any any concept concept of of self self The The culture's culture's symbols symbols and and ways ways of of classifying classifying experiences experiences are are taught taught to to children children through through the the medium medium of of language language so so that that they they begin begin to to interact interact with with others others and and share share in in the the culture's culture's common common stock stock of of symbols, symbols, norms norms and and values values Teaching Teaching and and learning learning the the culture culture enables enables the the child child to to become become part part of of the the society society The The process process by by which which children children become become participating participating and and functioning functioning members members of of society society is is socialization socialization Socialization Socialization is is the the process process of of fitting fitting into into an an organized organized way way of of life life and and established established cultural cultural tradition tradition and and includes includes the the complementary complementary process process of of transmission transmission of of the the culture culture and and social social heritage heritage and and development development of of personality personality unctions of socialization: unctions of socialization: 1. 1. The The group group transmits transmits its its values, values, customs customs and and beliefs beliefs from from one one generation generation to to another another 2. 2. Socialization Socialization enables enables the the individual individual to to grow grow and and develop develop into into a a socially socially functioning functioning person person . . Socialization Socialization is is a a means means of of social social control control by by which which members members are are encouraged encouraged to to conform conform to to the the ways ways of of the the group group by by internalizing internalizing the the group's group's norms norms and and values values 2 types of socialization 2 types of socialization 1. 1. Deliberate Deliberate or or conscious conscious persons persons are are explicitly explicitly and and directly directly taught taught the the norms norms and and values, values, the the social social expectations expectations and and obligations obligations of of the the group group - - Socialization Socialization is is deliberate deliberate as as carried carried out out in in the the family family and and other other agencies agencies of of socialization socialization 2 2.. Non Non- -deliberate deliberate or or unplanned unplanned when when individuals individuals learn learn the the norms norms and and values values by by themselves themselves from from observations observations in in the the various various groups groups they they come come in in contact contact with with *Social *Social pressures pressures are are applied applied to to make make members members conform, conform, but but members members may may react react differently differently.. *The *The individual individual being being socialized socialized is is not not a a passive passive object object.. *There *There are are times times when when one one rebel rebel or or deviate deviate.. Agencies of Socialization Agencies of Socialization The FamiIy The FamiIy Plays Plays a a unique unique role role in in personality personality development development Main Main link link between between the the child child and and the the society society Responsible Responsible for for initiating initiating the the child child into into the the culture culture of of the the group group here here the the child child gains gains his his first first experience experience of of love, love, affection, affection, kindness, kindness, sympathy, sympathy, courtesy courtesy and and other other traits traits.. Set Set examples examples to to the the child, child, who who learns learns the the habits, habits, attitudes attitudes and and values values Performance Performance of of socially socially accepted accepted behavior behavior is is rewarded, rewarded, while while socially socially undesirable undesirable is is punished punished Acts Acts as as the the social social laboratory laboratory which which prepares prepares the the child child for for life life in in the the bigger bigger society society and and that that it it is is the the family family which which is is first, first, the the closest closest and and most most influential influential social social group group in in the the child's child's life life Parents Parents have have the the primary primary right right and and obligation obligation to to provide provide for for the the upbringing upbringing of of their their children children and and to to discipline discipline them them as as may may be be necessary necessary for for the the formation formation of of their their good good character character Children Children learn learn to to cooperate, cooperate, compete compete and and accommodate accommodate This This will will determine determine their their relationship relationship with with others others The Peer Group The Peer Group As As the the child child grows grows older older he he joins joins groups groups linked linked with with his his age age and and interest interest Child Child tends tends to to associate associate with with children children of of the the same same age age coming coming from from kin kin group, group, neighborhood neighborhood or or school school Peer Peer groups groups in in adulthood adulthood are are formed formed in in places places of of work, work, politics, politics, fraternities fraternities or or sororities sororities or or religion religion.. Egalitarian Egalitarian in in nature nature equality equality in in status status Child Child gains gains freedom freedom as as he he is is released released from from the the dominating dominating pressures pressures of of adults adults and and in in cooperative cooperative interaction interaction with with equals equals Should Should there there be be conflict conflict he he settled settled it it with with equals equals here here the the child child learns learns to to make make decisions decisions as as he he is is introduced introduced to to a a world world often often in in conflict conflict with with adult adult world world Learns Learns to to develop develop self self- -sufficiency sufficiency Adolescents Adolescents are are warned warned against against joining joining the the barkada barkada because because the the parents parents feel feel that that such such kind kind of of intense intense attachment attachment brings brings more more harm harm than than good good nfluences nfluences the the norms norms and and values, values, interests interests and and activities activities of of its its members members Members Members develop develop storing storing attachment attachment and and loyalty loyalty to to the the group, group, getting getting support support and and security security in in times times of of uncertainty, uncertainty, stresses stresses and and strain strain Develop Develop among among members members a a sense sense of of belonging belonging and and a a strong strong we we- -feeling feeling Their Their style style in in life, life, consumption consumption needs, needs, recreation recreation and and other other activities activities are are influenced influenced by by the the peer peer group group aided aided by by media media They They improvise improvise words words or or have have a a lingo lingo to to set set them them apart apart from from others others Some Some committed, committed, cause cause- -oriented oriented groups groups dedicate dedicate themselves themselves to to working working for for certain certain ideals, ideals, like like social social justice justice and and human human rights rights ecome ecome especially especially influential influential when when parental parental guidance, guidance, affection affection and and are are lacking lacking Schools Schools The The primary primary agent agent for for weaning weaning the the child child from from home home and and introducing introducing him him into into the the society society here here the the child child gets gets his his formal formal instruction instruction and and acquires acquires skills skills The The child's child's emotional emotional and and intellectual intellectual growth growth is is forged forged nculcates nculcates the the basic basic cultural cultural values values and and selective selective knowledge knowledge they they will will need need to to participate participate in in the the society society to to which which they they belong belong Mass Media Mass Media ts ts functions functions are are primarily primarily to to inform, inform, entertain entertain and and educate educate Substitute Substitute for for activities activities like like reading reading and and playing playing Parents Parents usually usually find find it it convenient convenient for for their their children children to to view view TV TV programs programs as as it it enables enables them them to to do do their their household household chores chores or or orkplace orkplace n n the the rural rural communities, communities, farmers, farmers, fisherfolks fisherfolks and and craftsmen craftsmen live live close close to to their their place place of of work work so so that that their their work work is is usually usually tied tied up up with with other other activities activities in in the the home home or or community community n n urban urban areas, areas, the the work work activity activity of of people people is is usually usually distinct distinct from from other other activities activities Employees Employees are are socialized socialized according according to to their their role role expectations expectations Social Change Social Change AA significant significant shift shift or or modification modification in in the the lifestyle lifestyle of of a a society, society, affecting affecting major major segments segments of of the the population population and and bringing bringing about about transformation transformation of of its its social social structure, structure, its its institutions institutions and and its its traditional traditional values values and and patterns patterns of of behavior behavior Social nstitution Social nstitution amily amily The Marriage Process The Marriage Process a. a. inding a potential spouse inding a potential spouse b. b. Securing the marriage Securing the marriage c. c. Maintaining it Maintaining it a. Choosing a spouse a. Choosing a spouse Rules vary among societies Rules vary among societies Endogamous Endogamous mate must come within mate must come within one's community one's community Exogamy Exogamy spouse may be chosen spouse may be chosen outside the community outside the community n extreme cases, members resort to n extreme cases, members resort to marriage by capture marriage by capture n the Philippines, it is locally known as n the Philippines, it is locally known as "pikot "pikot Marriage Marriage has has to to be be arranged arranged by by families families of of the the couple couple Child Child marriage marriage among among the the T'boli T'boli Meeting Meeting the the Terms Terms:: He He is is expected expected to to perform perform the the bride bride service service (one (one year year or or more) more) Depending Depending on on the the wishes wishes of of the the bride's bride's parents parents b. Securing the Marriage b. Securing the Marriage Marriage is secured through the payment Marriage is secured through the payment of bridewealth of bridewealth ridewealth ridewealth given to the parents of the given to the parents of the bridegroom for the fertility of the woman bridegroom for the fertility of the woman Dowry is the recognition of the virility of Dowry is the recognition of the virility of the man the man Residence After Marriage Residence After Marriage Neolocal residence Neolocal residence couple live in a place far couple live in a place far from the residence of their parents from the residence of their parents Patrilocal or virilocal residence Patrilocal or virilocal residence the man brings the man brings his wife to his parent's house his wife to his parent's house Matrilocal or uxorilocal residence Matrilocal or uxorilocal residence wife brings the wife brings the husband to her parents' house husband to her parents' house ilocal residence ilocal residence shift from matrilocal to shift from matrilocal to patrilocal or vice versa patrilocal or vice versa orms of Marriage orms of Marriage 1. Monogamy 1. Monogamy most common and universal form most common and universal form &nion of a man and woman &nion of a man and woman Predicated on the personal choice of the Predicated on the personal choice of the couple couple Serial marriage Serial marriage one has a number of one has a number of spouses but he or she is married to them spouses but he or she is married to them consecutively consecutively 2. Polygamy 2. Polygamy Refers to a plural union where an Refers to a plural union where an individual is married to several individuals individual is married to several individuals at the same time at the same time nvolvement of man to several women nvolvement of man to several women The Muslim marriage exemplifies this form The Muslim marriage exemplifies this form as it is provided in the oran as it is provided in the oran Polyandry Polyandry woman involved with several woman involved with several men men Social scientists believe that this is Social scientists believe that this is effective means of population control effective means of population control . Adoptive Marriage . Adoptive Marriage orm of marriage found in Japan orm of marriage found in Japan One's One's surname surname is is patronymic patronymic (surname (surname is is transferred transferred from from father father to to son) son) amilies amilies who who only only have have daughters daughters adopt adopt the the prospective prospective son son- -in in- -law law before before the the wedding wedding thus thus his his surname surname is is changed changed to to that that of of the the bride's bride's family family 4. ictive Marriage 4. ictive Marriage &nion between two women, an older and a &nion between two women, an older and a younger one younger one The The older older woman woman has has been been divorced divorced by by her her husband husband because because of of her her being being barren barren She She will will marry marry a a younger younger woman woman to to take take care care of of her her The The younger younger woman woman can can have have a a relationship relationship with with a a man, man, and and their their children children will will be be considered considered as as the the children children of of the the couple couple Sex Sex is is never never the the function function of of such such union union Lesbianism Lesbianism is is out out of of the the question question 5. Sister 5. Sister- -Exchange Exchange This This form form of of marriage marriage is is prevalent prevalent in in some some agricultural agricultural areas areas where where every every member member of of the the family family must must be be a a farm farm helper helper AA man man cannot cannot be be allowed allowed to to marry marry unless unless the the sister sister of of the the bridegroom bridegroom agrees agrees to to marry marry the the brother brother of of the the bride bride . ride Capture . ride Capture n itself part of the marriage ritual (legal) n itself part of the marriage ritual (legal) Tikopia, an island in the Pacific Tikopia, an island in the Pacific Relatives of the bridegroom assist him in Relatives of the bridegroom assist him in "capturing the bride "capturing the bride f the bride is not in favor, she makes this f the bride is not in favor, she makes this known to her relatives and they in turn see known to her relatives and they in turn see to it that she never gets captured to it that she never gets captured There are other forms of marriage There are other forms of marriage which are considered as which are considered as second marriages second marriages 1. 1. Sororate Marriage Sororate Marriage sister sister- -in in- -law marriage law marriage The man remarries his deceased wife's The man remarries his deceased wife's sister sister Also referred as the inheritance Also referred as the inheritance Commonly practiced in African societies Commonly practiced in African societies 2. Levirate Marriage 2. Levirate Marriage brother brother- -in in- -law law marriage marriage A woman marries the deceased husband's A woman marries the deceased husband's brother brother The objective is to take care of the The objective is to take care of the brother's children and his widow brother's children and his widow . Ghost Marriage . Ghost Marriage similar to levirate similar to levirate marriage marriage The difference lies in the fact that children The difference lies in the fact that children by the second marriage are considered to by the second marriage are considered to be "sired by the dead husband be "sired by the dead husband eyond Monogamy eyond Monogamy 1. 1. Husband Husband ife Swapping ife Swapping - - There There is is an an organization organization which which handles handles the the activities activities of of the the participating participating members members - - Singles Singles not not allowed allowed - - No No emotional emotional relations relations to to be be established established between between partners partners - - Parties Parties are are held held after after nine nine in in the the evening evening 2. Live 2. Live- -n Relationship n Relationship Relationship Relationship between between single single man man and and single single woman woman who who agree agree to to live live together together as as husband husband and and wife wife without without the the formal formal marriage marriage rites rites Resembles Resembles the the common common- -law law relationship relationship The The difference difference is is that that the the couple couple may may be be married married to to other other persons persons C. Other forms of Relationship C. Other forms of Relationship Swingers Swingers middle middle- -aged aged men men who who find find pleasure pleasure in in going going to to bars bars and and attracting attracting women women They They collect collect women women Their Their egos egos are are inflated inflated when when they they realize realize that that there there are are still still women women who who fall fall for for them them in in spite spite of of their their age age Dual Career Dual Career- -amily amily The The task task of of providing providing for for the the economic economic needs needs of of the the family family is is no no longer longer the the sole sole responsibility responsibility of of the the husband husband and and father father but but also also of of the the wife wife and and mother mother oth oth husband husband and and wife wife pursue pursue their their individual individual careers careers Husband Husband must must also also share share in in the the household household tasks tasks oth oth participate participate in in domestic domestic chores chores Changing Role of omen Changing Role of omen Gender Gender inequality inequality one one of of the the issues issues associated associated with with the the emergence emergence of of the the dual dual career career family family Most Most companies companies prefer prefer male male employees employees because because of of the the "burden "burden women women bring bring The The take take- -home home pay pay of of the the wife, wife, as as well well as as her her successful successful career, career, is is often often the the source source of of tension tension within within the the family family efore efore industrialization industrialization and and urbanization, urbanization, women women were were confined confined to to the the homes homes and and tied tied down down to to domestic domestic chores chores n n slums, slums, women women are are the the principal principal wage wage earners earners for for their their families families (husbands (husbands are are usually usually unemployed unemployed or or on on contractual) contractual) omen omen in in the the middle middle and and upper upper classes classes get get better better training training and and complete complete tertiary tertiary education education from from reputable reputable institutions institutions Causes of Change in the amily Causes of Change in the amily Attributed to the introduction of more Attributed to the introduction of more sophisticated technology sophisticated technology Available family planning methods Available family planning methods Mass media and group influence have Mass media and group influence have also been responsible for some of the also been responsible for some of the changes in the family changes in the family Technological changes have also been Technological changes have also been responsible for the distance between and responsible for the distance between and among family members among family members Has Has brought brought about about the the rise rise of of more more dual dual- - career career families families in in order order for for parents parents to to meet meet the the needs needs and and demands demands of of family family members members Has Has given given rise rise to to institutions institutions such such as as schools schools (pre (pre- -schools schools and and nursery) nursery) ast ast food food chains, chains, instant instant meals, meals, ready ready- -to to- - cook cook meals meals available available at at the the market market orking orking parents parents may may not not find find time time to to eat eat dinner dinner at at home home Husbands Husbands and and wives wives become become physically physically and and psychologically psychologically distant distant from from each each other other This This may may lead lead to to cooling cooling off off period period to to legal legal separation separation uture of the amily in the uture of the amily in the Philippines Philippines Remains Remains to to be be strong strong and and vital vital institution institution in in molding molding the the character character of of its its young young members members oreseen oreseen decrease decrease in in the the size size of of the the family family as as younger younger couples couples realize realize the the value value of of having having fewer fewer children children Proliferation Proliferation of of agencies agencies and and services services available available to to assist assist working working women women with with the the burden burden of of housekeeping housekeeping orking orking women women will will continue continue to to assume assume some some of of their their traditional traditional roles roles Men Men will will share share in in the the traditional traditional roles roles of of women women;; they they will will begin begin to to be be supportive supportive of of the the careers careers of of their their wives wives after after marriage marriage omen omen who who are are career career- -oriented oriented will will put put off off marriage marriage Stable Stable jobs jobs before before marriage marriage because because of of the the significant significant contributions contributions to to the the family family income income Economic Organization Economic Organization Economy Economy The The decision decision that that people people make make given given the the limited limited resources resources or or wealth wealth on on hand hand The The desire desire to to obtain obtain or or utilize utilize unlimited unlimited goods goods and and services services To To maximize maximize the the achievement achievement of of goods goods while while at at the the same same time time minimizing minimizing expenditure expenditure Activities Activities people people engage engage in in to to produce produce and and acquire acquire goods goods and and services services Modes of production Modes of production 1. 1. Hunting and foraging Hunting and foraging 2. 2. Horticulture Horticulture associated with slash associated with slash- -burn burn method method . . Pastoralism Pastoralism involves involves a a primary primary dependence dependence on on herding herding and and animal animal husbandry husbandry 4. 4. Agriculture Agriculture Money serves Money serves three important purposes three important purposes 1. 1. As means of exchange As means of exchange 2. 2. As mode of payment As mode of payment . . A standard of value A standard of value Exchange Exchange Simply refers to the practice of giving Simply refers to the practice of giving and receiving valued objects and and receiving valued objects and services services Comes in various forms: Comes in various forms: 1. 1. Reciprocal Reciprocal 2. 2. Redistributive Redistributive . . market market Reciprocal Exchange Reciprocal Exchange The The exchange exchange process process noted noted among among simple simple and and small small- -scale scale societies societies characteristics characteristics:: 1. 1. No No immediate immediate return return 2. 2. No No systematic systematic calculation calculation of of the the value value of of the the products products and and services services exchanged exchanged . . An An overt overt denial denial that that a a balance balance is is being being calculated calculated or or that that the the balance balance must must come come out out even even Redistributive Exchange Redistributive Exchange An An extreme extreme case case of of reciprocity reciprocity where where the the redistributor redistributor gives gives away away everything everything and and gets gets nothing nothing in in exchange, exchange, but but the the admiration admiration of of those those who who benefit benefit from from the the transaction transaction (an (an egalitarian egalitarian redistributive redistributive exchange) exchange) The The redistributor redistributor withholds withholds his his labor labor from from the the production production process, process, keeps keeps the the largest largest share share and and therefore therefore gets gets more more material material goods goods for for himself himself (stratified (stratified redistribution redistribution exchange) exchange) Price Market Exchange: Price Market Exchange: uying and Selling uying and Selling Market Market is is a a place place where where people people assemble, assemble, buy buy and and sell sell commodities commodities that that they they produce produce and and the the services services they they need need Market Market is is also also a a place place for for socialization socialization Suki Suki frequent frequent market market buyers buyers - - gets gets an an extra extra treat treat The rural household and its The rural household and its contribution to economic production contribution to economic production Household Household is is the the basic basic unit unit of of economic economic organization organization (economists) (economists) Household Household is is the the basic basic unit unit of of analysis, analysis, particularly particularly in in terms terms of of production production and and consumption consumption (anthropologists) (anthropologists) The The household household is is the the only only easily easily identifiable identifiable starting starting point point for for any any kind kind of of socio socio- -economic economic investigation investigation in in most most of of the the societies societies they they have have studied studied The economic value of children The economic value of children 1. 1. hen the mothers become widowed and hen the mothers become widowed and the control of the household's productive the control of the household's productive assets have been transferred to the next assets have been transferred to the next generation generation 2. 2. hen hen a a child child returns returns to to the the parental parental household household after after having having spent spent some some years years in in a a position position of of independence independence Political Organization Political Organization "Politics begin where "Politics begin where kinship ends kinship ends Political Organization Political Organization is is a a part part of of the the total total organization organization concerned concerned with with the the preservation preservation of of social social order order within within a a specified specified territory territory by by a a duly duly recognized recognized authority authority Politics Politics is is about about the the absolute absolute power power to to make make decisions decisions in in society society Always Always associated associated with with government government Exists Exists in in all all societies societies The government's decision is authoritative The government's decision is authoritative and can be coercive at times through the and can be coercive at times through the use of police, law courts, prisons and other use of police, law courts, prisons and other institutions institutions n effect power is vested in government n effect power is vested in government Concept of Power Concept of Power The key concept of politics is power The key concept of politics is power Power Power is is defined defined as as the the ability ability to to make make others others do do what what others others would would not not otherwise otherwise do do Can Can operate operate in in various various levels levels 1. 1. Personal Personal 2. 2. Organizational Organizational . . National National 4. 4. nternational nternational The problem arises when power is used simultaneously, confusion emerges and therefore difficult to resolve particularly, when the people involved do not have power that is, to make final decision on the problem, but nevertheless have the influence and can affect decisions Power can be used and abused in the following ways: &ses 1. To gain consent 2. To secure agreement . To find general good 4. To find what people want 5. To act quickly in an emergency . To maintain the society Abuses 1. To gain obedience 2. To override reasoned opposition . To push a special interest 4. To tell people what they ought to want 5. To use emergency powers to keep oneself in power Theories of Political Power 1. Those who believe that the key to political power lies in the economic organization. This is related to the idea that the class who controls means of production has political power. 2. Those who believe that the political power is in the hands of the few (ruling elite) . Those who believe that political power is widely distributed in society and that for every center of power there is the countervailing center of power (the pluralist model) Model Source earers Conscious? Means Ruling Class Economic Class Yes Control of production Model Source earers Conscious? Means Ruling Elite Group cohesion Elite Yes Control of information Model Source earers Conscious? Means Pluralist Popular with organization Competing groups No Countervailing power Ruling Class Model The Marxist view upholds the theory that the real centers of power are the classes People who compose them have a common interest and can develop common purpose predicated on a common relation to the factors of production Economic is the primary source of power in a capitalist society (Marx) The ruling class enjoys the following powers Controls the state (government, police, judiciary, army) and can coerce others in obeying it Controls the processes of information (media, educational system) Ruling Elite Model Elite refers to a small groups of people who occupies the most influential and prestigious positions in society A political elite refers to those people who have a disproportionate share of power Elite theory has its origin in taly by those pessimists who decry the possibility of democracy The term elite was coined by Vilfredo Pareto, an talian economist who developed interest in sociology in his later life rom Robert Michel's point of view, oligarchy, the rule by the few, is inevitable product of the basic principles of the organization asic Principles of the organization 1. Size-increase in the size of an organization inevitably results in the division of labor and eventually specialization.. 2. Power and influence Specialists begin to take the status of experts. Concentration of expertise leads to concentration of power. . Lack of participation The rank and file within an organization do not have the necessary training as specialists and therefore cannot participate. 4. Organizational facilities for power maintenance. Leaders can remain in power by: 1. Superior knowledge because of specialization, access to files, just being around when decisions are made. nowledge can empower one to manipulate the organization. 2. Control of the organizational media (journals). Views approved by the top are transmitted to the subordinates. . Time leaders are highly paid and given incentives. They have plenty of time on hand to accumulate knowledge. 4. Political skill a factor in order to achieve power, once in power, leaders have this skill and eventually become full time politicians actors to consider which are external to the organization but contributory to oligarchy 1. The generally illegitimacy of opposition. Criticism is viewed as subversion 2. The economic and social gap between leaders and followers. . Psychological factor (The masses are incompetent and apathetic. As such they are grateful to the leaders for assuming the responsibility to govern them) Pluralist Model &phold the view that the group, not individuals, can command power t oppose the view that in a democratic society, every citizen has equal chance to influence decisions Political Party exists to contest for political office Pressure group exists to influence on decision makers like the politicians ays by which pressure groups exert their influence Media Public demonstration (rally, meeting or lobbying) Representations to members of Congress Political Community Consists of people with similar political norms and goals Agree to follow the same political procedures &nique in the specific avenues for the acquisition of power The Political Elite Those people within a community that weld power and leadership Leaders are example of a member of the political elite An individual who has the power to make decisions for and in behalf of a group Political power of a leader is personal (within the context of the socioeconomic setting where a leader lives Political Organization of Societies Two broad categories: 1. Those associated with states characterized by the presence of centralized authority, administrative machinery and judicial institution 2. Those associated with stateless societies small scale societies, without the specialization present in state governance Stateless societies are of two types 1. Acephalous (headless) consists of people who live and work together in bands, camps or villages. - t is usually a small group consisting of about twenty to twenty-five people who are related by blood or marriage - decision is done by consensus - commonly organized into loose alliances known as tribes A tribe consists of people with certain cultural characteristics, a common territory and enjoys political autonomy 2. Chiefdom its administrative structure integrates a number of communities and therefore highly stratified Status above the other members of the society The position is hereditary Chief accumulates goods which he redistribute (feast or dole out) Population size and growth are important factors in the transformation of acephalous to chiefdom and chiefdom to states Higher population densities imply specialization and a more intensified production which contribute to a greater accumulation of wealth and power State An autonomous integrated political unit, encompassing many communities within its territory with a highly specialized central governing authority Has a monopoly of power Many states were creations of colonial powers Conflict People within a community are bound to experience interpersonal and social tension Communities have devised certain strategies to cope with such problems t is possible that those in power are motivated to want more and are unwilling to give it up or those not in power, they resort to conflict as a resource to increase their position in society Rebellion nvolved in the struggle for power and change nvolves the innocent masses at the crossfire Disrupted the operations of government and economy The effect led to the loss of lives ig chunk of government's expenditure and budget went to the National Defense department, rationale to protect internal security ncentives are offered to lure rebels to put down their arms and recognize government authority Revolution nvolves fundamental change in the nature of the state, the functions of government, the principles of economic production and distribution, the relationship of social classes, particularly as regard the control of government a significant break with the past Revolution are rare because of the following reasons Lack of power nability to organize Motives are simple Multiple and divided loyalties that make change difficult Decisions made by those in power institute reforms to ease pressure Ability of those in power to co-opt the leadership of the opposition