Training Module on MW radio engineering

Learning today

Understanding Microwave link : applications, configuration, operating parameters, system calculations Line of Sight requirements and Antenna Heights Antenna Installation alignment and its parameters, safety and quality MW Link Installations and commissioning : standard practices : NECs approach Concluding : General site issues: questions & answers

excerpt from the Scientific American

July 1892

In the specification to one of his recent patents, Thomas A. Edison says: I have discovered that if sufficient elevation be obtained to overcome the curvature of the earths surface and to reduce to the minimum the earths absorption, electric signaling between distant points can be carried on by induction without the use of wires.
MICROWAVE PATH ENGINEERING OVER 110 YEARS AGO!

Basic characteristics

Operates on a Line-of-sight" principle Use Two antennas aimed directly at one another Transmit Digitally modulated Microwave Frequencies through free space from one terminal to another Typically transmit simultaneously in both directions (Full Duplex)

Line of sight Point to Point MW link

400

300

200

100

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

4 .0

4 .5

5 .0

D is ta n c e ( m ile s )

T y p ic a l P a th P r o file

Deployment and applications

FWS (Point-to-Point Transport) and FWA (BWA, Access) Hops
POP Point of Presence ClearBurst MB Point-to-Multipoint FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) Broadband Links Nodal (Hub) Site CPE CPE CPE

155 Mbit/s So net/SDH FWS (Fixed Wireless Sys tem) Hop

PB X

CPE Customers Premises Equipment:

- Sonet/SDH (PTP) - ATM Switch

- Frame Relay - Video

- LAN/IP - POTS

- Base Station - Sonet/ SDH

- T1/E1 - ISDN

Conference

FWS and FWA (BWA) Radio Hops

Long Distance 2xT1/E1 Unlicensed Hop

Access Hops

Short Distance 4xT1/E1 Hops

Short Distance SONET/SDH Hop

OC-12 or STM-4 Fiber Ring

X X

NMS system

Transport Hop
Sonet/SDH NxOC-3 or NxSTM-1 Backbone FWS (Radio-Relay) Hop

GSM Network layout

Fiber and MW transmission media in GSM/CDMA Networks

FWS Microwave Applications

PCS/Cellular Site Interconnection (North American Hierarchy)
z (N 8 GH 1) x DS

MTSO (MSC) - Switching Office BTS - Base Station BSC - Base Station Controller
23 GHz (OC-3)

18 G Hz (

DS3 )

BTS BTS BSC

(DS3 or OC-3NxO C-3 ) or 155 (Nx0 C

38 G

Hz ( Nx

DS1 )

BTS

BTS
-3) Self-Healing Ring

MTSO (MSC)

BSC

Access and metro /transport networks

Core Network Topologies

Some Attributes of Digital Microwave Radios

Superior availability - route security (no cable cuts) Rapidly expandable and upgradeable, in-service if protected High quality - no multihop noise addition Rapid deployment over difficult terrain and into urban areas Economical - no copper or fiberoptic cable deployment Robust to fading and interference Insensitive to antenna feeder system and long-delayed on-path echoes Highly efficient data and broadband transport Exacting in-service visibility of radio hop performance with NMS Seamless interconnectivity to an ever-expanding digital transport (fiberoptics and other), PABX/MSC switch, and LAN/IP world.

Typical Electromagnetic spectrum

M o b ile R a d io V H F T e le v is io n F M B r o a d c a s t R a d io S h o r tw a v e R a d io M o b ile R a d io F ib e r O p tic s A M B r o a d c a s t R a d io U H F T e le v is io n M ic r o w a v e s V is ib le L ig h t

1M H z

10M H z

100 M H z

1G H z

10G H z

100G H z

10

12

10

14

1000m (3 0 0 K H z )

100m (3 M H z )

10m (3 0 M H z )

1m (3 0 0 M H z )

10cm (3 G H z )

1cm (3 0 G H z )

1m m (3 0 0 G H z )

Transport and Access Bands

Network Management Element Manager
SNMP Interface 1:N

Capacity
NxOC-3/STM-1 3xDS3/OC-3/STS-3 4xDS3, 4xE3/STM-1 DS3 or 28 T1 E3 or 16 E1 16 T1 8 E1 4 T1/E1

Backbone Transport
Broadband Wireless Access (FWA) Backbone & Access
Unlicensed

Access

2 T1/E1
T1/E1 8 6 Frequency Band: 2 Typical Path Lengths: >15-60mi/25-100km 11 13 10 18 37 42 GHz 23 26 7-15mi/12-25km 5-10mi/8-17km 1-5mi/2-8km

Example of capacity and frequency bands

CEPT PDH Hierarchy

VF/data/LAN/IP and teleconferencing circuits
1 2 . . . 30/31*

1st Order

2.048 Mbit/s (30/31 Ch)

1 2 3 4

M2-8 2nd Order

8.448 Mbit/s (120 Ch)

1 2 3 4

E3
M8-34 3rd Order 34.368 Mbit/s (480 Ch)

PCM Channel Banks

E1

E2

*30 VF Channels with signaling channel or

31x64 kbit/s Data Channels (no signaling) E3 16 x 2.048 Mbit/s E1 Trunks
1 2 . . . 16 1 2 3 4

E4
M34-140 Radio MUX 140 Mbit/s (1920 Ch)

M2-34 Skip mux Skip Mux 34 Mbit/s (480 Ch)

PDH -Plesiochronous (asynchronous) Digital Hierarchy

CEPT Hierarchy is the international TDM digital standard everywhere except North America (USA, Canada), Taiwan, Korea and Japan.

TDM: CEPT PDH Hierarchy

PDH - Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Designation E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 No. of E1 Trunks 30/31 = 1E1 1 4 16 64/63* Bit Rate (kbit/s) 64 2,048 8,448 34,368 139,264 Line Code AMI HDB3 HDB3 HDB3 CMI Voice Channel Equivalent 1 30 120 480 1920/1890*

CEPT PCM Analog-Digital PCM Quantizing Code is A-Law

AMI, HDB3, & CMI codes are bipolar. Cable types: 120 Twisted Pair, 75 Coax (Length/type assigned for 6 dB maximum loss) Ref: ITU-T G.703, G.704

*63 E1 (1890 VF ch) are mapped in Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

SDH Fundamentals: Rates

Line Rate (Mbit/s)
2.048 34.368 51.84 139.264 155.52 622.08 2488.32 9953.28

SDH Signal
VC - 12 VC - 3 Sub-STM-1* VC - 4 STM - 1 STM - 4 STM - 16 STM - 64

PDH Signal # E1 (2048 kbit/s)

1 16 21 64 63 252 1,088 4,032

VF
30 480 630 1,920 1,890 7,560 30,240 120,960

Transport

Radio or Fibre

1:N Radio or Fibre Fibre

Ref.: ITU-R Rec. F.750-3 (1997)

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy *Sub-STM-1 RR-STM, STM-0 = 51 Mbit/s for Radio Relay)

SDH Fundamentals: Mux

Pointer Processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy STM Synchronous Transport Module VC Virtual Container TU Tributary Unit TUG Tributary Unit Group AU Administration Unit AUG Administration Unit Group ATM Asynchronous Transport Mode RRRP Radio-Relay Reference Point NNI Network Node Interface Sub-STM-1 = RR-STM (52 Mbit/s for radio) = STM-0

DS1 E1 DS1 DS2 E3 DS3

x1

VC11 VC12 VC2

x1

TU11 TU12 TU-2

x1 x1

x4 x3 x1

TUG-2

x7

VC3 TUG-3
x1 x3

AU3
x3

Sub-STM-1 AUG

RRRP NNI

VC3

TU-3

STM-N

E4 ATM

VC4

AU4

x3

Note: Bold indicates commonly available multiplexer interface

Basic Building blocks of MW Link

Basic Building blocks of MW Link

Classical Design
Waveguide RF
f [GHz]

Waveguide

Circulator, Filter (CBN)

Circulator, Filter (CBN)

RF = Radio frequency e.g. 7.5 GHz, 18.7 GHz

TX
Transmitter

RX
Receiver

IF = Intermediate frequency e.g. 140 MHz

Modulator 16 - 128 QAM Demodulator 16 - 128 QAM

BB = Baseband e.g. 155 Mbit/s Channel Channel

Basic blocks of radio

IDU

Important to know

IDU Functional blocks

ODU configuration

ODU Layout

 Outdoor Units (ODUs) are software configurable so that capacity upgrades can be made without climbing towers. Indoor Units (IDUs) support capacities of 2/4E1, 4/8E1, 16E1, E3, 4/8DS-1, or DS3 and are frequency independent so that they can be used with any ODU of like capacity.
Minimal Installation time Single coaxial cable connection between IDU and ODU Dual polarity DC input of (21.6 to 60 VDC) Adjustable transmit output power Frequency/channel setting via keypad or laptop PC Diagnostic loopbacks accessible via laptop PC Capacity to store 25 different channel plans

ODU functional modules

Link Block Diagram

Near End SP
LIU Input MUX PLL

Near End RF Plug-in

TX IF PLL TX IF Synth Up Conv. Osc Unlock Synth TX Offset Voltage Synth TX Main Loop Unlock Synth TX Offset Loop Unlock ALC

TX Synth

Line Interfac e DEMUX

TX MUX FPGA

MOD

310MHz

PA

RX FPGA DEMUX Frame Frame Sync Private Link

DEMOD Lock Low BER (>1e-9) AGC High BER (>1e-3) ODU Communication

Far End SP
LIU Input MUX PLL TX FPGA TX IF PLL TX IF

Line Interfac e DEMUX

MUX

MOD

DEMOD

AGC

DEMOD Lock AGC RX FPGA Low BER (>1e-9) DEMUX Frame High BER (>1e-3) ODU Communication Frame Sync Private Link

N x e l p r o

N e l p r o x

DEMOD

AGC

2158MH z IF LO RT 1848 PLL 1778MH z

PA

N e l p r o x

N e l p r o x

70MHz

LNA

Synth Rx Main Loop Unlock Synth Rx Offset Loop Unlock Synth Rx Offset Loop Voltage

RX Synth

Far End RF Plug-in

Synth Up Conv. Osc Unlock Synth TX Offset Voltage Synth TX Main Loop Unlock 310MH Synth TX Offset Loop Unlock z ALC

TX Synth

PA

2158MH z IF LO RT 1848 PLL 1778MH z

PA

70MH z

LNA

Synth Rx Main Loop Unlock Synth Rx Offset Loop Unlock Synth Rx Offset Loop Voltage

RX Synth

Link Block Diagram

IDU-Indoor Unit

ODU Components

Signals on IF cable IDU-ODU

Protection and Diversity Protection Schemes and Diversity Arrangements

Protection and Diversity The Need for Protection and Diversity In the past, short traffic interruptions without traffic disconnect in microwave links were often acceptable to many private users. Expectations changed with the digital microwave transport of MSC-cell site data, ATM, high speed data transfer, teleconferencing, imaging (medical, etc.), and such technology as the new digital mobile trunking systems. Excessive numbers of short fade hits (circuit interruptions) are now barely tolerable, except in LAN/IP transport and access (millimeterwave) hops impacted by rain cells, long-term outages (traffic disconnects) are usually unacceptable.

Protection Schemes

Equipment degradation, failure: 1+1, hot-standby or on-line modules HS 1:N, one standby for >2 modules ..HS Antenna system misalignment, failure: Split transmitters + RCS* .HS+ST Two-dish hybrid diversity** .HD, SD+ FD Self-healing ring (loop) architecture ..SR

*Reverse Channel Switch command from far end receivers ** If FD is permitted

87

Protection Types

1+1 hot-standby protection .HS 1+1 on-line (paralleled elements) protection ...HS 1:N module protection .HS 1:N multiline protection .HS or HS+FD Split transmitters with RCS* ....HS+ST Self-healing ring (or loop) architecture ..SR

*Reverse Channel Switch command triggered by the dual failure (outage) of both far-end receivers

Protected & Diversity - Dual Antenna

1+0 Equipment Protection - "1+1 HSB" Configuration

f1 f1a f1` f1b

Station A
PR
f1a f1a

Station B
PR

MD TX MD TX
Ch. 1 (STM-1) RPS OP PR
f1a f1b

RX DM RX DM
C B N C B N
10dB
f1a f1b

OP PR

RPS

Ch. 1 (STM-1)

DM RX DM RX
OP
f1b

TX TX
10dB
f1b

MD MD
OP

1+0 Equipment Protection - Space Diversity

f1 f1a f1` f1b

Station A
PR
f1a f1a

Station B
PR
CBN

MD TX MD TX
Ch. 1 (STM-1) RPS OP PR
f1a f1b

RX DM RX DM
f1a

C B N

DM RX DM RX
OP
f1b

C B N

OP PR

f1b

RPS

Ch. 1 (STM-1)

TX TX
f1b

MD MD
OP

CBN

Typical spacing for SD

Frequency (GHz)

Minimum Spacing (m)

Ideal Spacing (m)

6,8

4,5

10

4,5

10

13

2,5

15

2,0

Microwave Radio Technology - Space Diversity

MD
STM-1

TX RX RX

CBN Main CBN Div

CBN Main CBN Div

TX RX RX

MD
STM-1

DM +

+ DM
Length compensation

SD +HSB

Block Diagram - 2+0 Configuration with XPIC

horizontal f1a
Ch. 1 (STM-1)

MD

TX CBN
f1b

f1b horizontal

140 MHz

DM RX PW
f1a Ch. 2 (STM-1)

f1 OP1 OP2 f1

TX CBN f
f1a

MD

140 MHz

Ch. 1 (STM-1)

RX DM PW
f1b

MD

TX CBN

140 MHz

2 Waveguide pro Station

TX CBN

MD

140 MHz

Ch. 2 (STM-1)

DM RX vertical f1b

RX DM f1a vertical

Clock synchronization Data compensation

Microwave Radio Technology - Frequency Diversity

f f1 f3

f3a

MD TX MD TX
Channel 1 RPS

f3b

f1a

CBN

DM RX DM RX
f1b

f1 f1a

f3 f3a

f1 f1b

f3 f3b

Hot-Standby & Space Diversity Hot Standby Terminal Hot Standby Terminal with Space Diversity Receivers

* Power splitters in digital radios are always asymmetrical, not 3/3 dB as in analog radios, as data are errorlessly switched - not combined as are analog radio basebands. A 3/3 dB RF receiver splitter provides no protection benefits over the 1/7 dB splitter, and will lower fade margins 2 dB for 58% more outage time.

Splitter/Combiners
Waveguide Coupler 6 dB unequal coupler 3 dB equal splitter Primary Path Insertion Loss 1.6 dB 3.5 dB Standby Pass Insertion Loss 6.4 dB 3.5 dB

RFD Configurations

1+0

1+1 HH

2+0

1+1 HS

Hybrid module for NEC radios

Ring (Loop) Protection (SR) Benefits of Ring Protection Cost-effective method of providing T1/E1 trunk redundancy in mixed radio, fiberoptics, span lines. Protects against Path, Site, and Equipment Failures with non-protected radio repeaters - lowers costs ~40%. Only protection from long-term periods of unavailability due to fiber cuts, power fades such as heavy rain at higher frequencies, infrastructure failures, etc. Operation, fault location, testing, and maintenance are simplified. A ring-closure microwave hop (perhaps longer or with degraded performance) or other T1/E1 trunk for ring closure (fiber, leased line) is necessary.

Component mountings- IF Module

The IF Module (IFM) consists of the following items: TX IF assembly RX IF assembly DC-DC converter

dB

dB

dB

2 * Syn

IF
2 * Syn

High integrated RF Module

RF Diplexer

dB DC DC CPU

dB

dB

Modulare ODU-Design

Antenna

Some more configurations..

Operation mode 1+0 with integrated antenna
In some cases of interest in an offer because of the lowest price
IDU
STM-1
EOW DPU Power Supply Modulator Demodulator
f1

Frequencies 7 up to 38 GHz

coax. cable

ODU

H OP

Broad Band Filter

Operation mode 1+0 with separate antenna

IDU 155-16/128 LS
STM-1
EOW DPU Power Supply Modulator Demodulator
f1

coax. cable

wave guide

ODU
Broad Band Filter

H OP

Frequencies 7 up to 38 GHz

Operation mode 1+1 HSB with integrated antenna

Frequencies 7 up to 38 GHz
Master-IDU
EOW DPU Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

coax. cable

f1

ODU

1,3 dB
H
BK

Slave-IDU
EOW DPU Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

Coupler

ODU

6,3 dB

Operation mode 1+1 HSB with integrated antenna

Frequencies 7 up to 38 GHz
Master-IDU
EOW DPU Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

coax. cable

f1

ODU

1,3 dB
H
BK

Slave-IDU
EOW DPU Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

Coupler

ODU

6,3 dB

Operation mode 4+0 or 2x(1+1) dual polarized CCDP with XPIC

4 x IDU 155-16/128 LS
EOW Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

Frequencies 7 up to 38 GHz
ODU
Waveguide
H f1 f3

STM-1

DPU

EOW

STM-1

DPU

Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

OP1

OP2 OP4

Coupler

OP3

ODU

OMT

f1

f3

ODU LX Adjacent Channels ODU S 1 Ch. to be left

EOW

STM-1

DPU

Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

ODU
Wave guide

EOW

STM-1

DPU

Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

Coupler

ODU

Operation mode 4+0, coupler version in dual polarized CAP

4 x IDU
EOW Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

Frequencies 7 up to 38 GHz
ODU
Waveguide
H f1 f3

STM-1

DPU

OP1

OP2 OP3 OP4

EOW

STM-1

DPU

Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

Coupler

ODU

OMT

f2

f4

EOW

STM-1

DPU

Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

ODU
Wave guide

EOW

STM-1

DPU

Power Supply Modulator Demodulator

Coupler

ODU

Frequency Patterns - Transmission via 2 Polarizations

Orthomode transducer (OMT) f1a
V: vertical 90

f1 MD 1. Polarization TX
CBN

DM RX
f1b f1a
H horizontal

f1 MD 2. Polarization TX
CBN

DM RX
f1b

Waveguide H
H V

Waveguide V

Operational parameters and system planning

Microwave Frequency Required Necessary Antenna Gain Maximum Distance between terminals Receive Signal Level Margin Link availability

Understanding operating parameters

Understanding operating parameters

Understanding Threshold for receivers

Terms of Microwave Radio Technology - System Overview

TX

CBN waveguide

CBN waveguide

RX

Output power

Input power System attenuation (e.g. 71.7 dB)

Max. power e.g. +31 dBm [1.25 W]

Antenna CBN waveguide gain e.g. e.g. 41.4 dB 5.3 dB

Antenna CBN Free space attenuation e.g. 143.9 dB gain waveguide (Distance d = 50 km) e.g. e.g. (Frequency: f = 7.5 GHz) 41.4 dB 5.3 dB

System gain

Fading margin

) a = 92.4 + 20 log( d[km] f[GHz] 0

min. power e.g. -73 dBm [50 pW]

System Gain, Net Path Loss

EIRP = P0 - Lf + Ga (FCC/ETSI Constraints)
Ga FREE SPACE LOSS (NO FADE)

Lf NET PATH LOSS (NPL) SYSTEM GAIN (to 10-3 BER or Top of LOF) Bay
Antenna Port RSL IN
1 2 3

Transmitter Output Interface

P0
3 2 1

Receiver Input Interface

Repeater Station
SYSTEM GAIN. dB

Top of Bay Antenna Port

Terminal Station
RECEIVER RSL INPUT. dB RSL = XMTR Power Out - NPL THERMAL FADE MARGIN. dB TFM = System Gain - NPL

NPL - NET PATH LOSS. dB Waveguide In Site A to Waveguide Out at Site B. Typically 60 dB (Excluding Fade Activity)

XMTR Power Out - RCVR RSL In (for 10-3 BER) at the Antenna Ports. Typically 100 dB

Receive signal level calculation

RSL(dBm) = Tx power(dBm) + Tx antenna gain(dBi) Free Space Loss(dB) Branching Loss Feeder cable loss + Rcv antenna gain (dBi) where Free Space Loss(dB) = 32.4 + 20logF +20logD For example: where: D is Kms, Given: Path Distance F is MHz of 10 Kms, Radio Frequency is 7
GHz, Tx Power is 20 dBm, dBi and Antenna Gain(both sides) is 38

Free Space Loss = 32.4+20log(10)+20log(7000) = 32.4+20+76.90 = 129.30 dB RSL(dBm) = 20 dBm + 38 dBi 129.3 dB + 38 dBi = - 33.3 dBm

Receive signal level margin

Directly determines the availability of the link by providing threshold cushion against signal fade due to environmental conditions, i.e. rain, snow, hail, etc. Rain data for geographic location is needed to calculate availability once RSL margin is known.

Technology
Technical Topics that define Digital Radio Hops System Gain, Net Path Loss RF Signal, Noise, and Interference Levels Static and Dynamic Thresholds Microwave Spectral Efficiency QAM, QPSK Modulation DSSS, OFDM/COFDM Signal Spreading Microwave Spectrum Calculations Co-Channel Dual Polarization (CCDP) Latency ATPC and DTPC Frequency Bands, Interference, Terrain Scatter Frequency Band Selection

ATPC and DTPC

DTPC Dynamic Transmit Power Control (TRuepoint, Galaxy 23) ATPC Automatic Transmit Power Control (all other radios) ATPC or DTPC, features that reduce transmit powers except with farend receiver alarms during deep fades, are occasionally assigned to some microwave links for one of the following reasons: Prevents receiver front-end overload in higher frequency links assigned high rain fade margins Complies with FCC (and other) EIRP constraints in short hops, <17 km in the 6 GHz bands and <5 km at 10 and 11 GHz, Prevents receiver overload in shorter 6, 10, and 11 GHz paths requiring large antennas in frequency-congested areas Reduces interference levels at hubbing sites and into adjacent links in frequency-congested areas.

ATPC

ATPC

DTPC/ATPC
Transmit and Receive RF Levels During 1-Hour Fade Activity in a High Fade Margin (60dB) 23 GHz DTPC Link. RSL follows fades below the setting point, -45 dBm in this example
-10 0 -10 Fade Depth, RSL w/o DTPC 10-6 BER Receiver Overload
Error-free

Receive Signal Level, dBm

-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 RSL w/DTPC

Transmitter Output Power, dBm

Fade Depth, dB

-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70

DTPC RSL Setting Point -45 dBm Transmitter Output

+20 +10 0 -10

No Outage Outage Threshold

-80 0 10 20 30 40 1-Hour of Rain Fade Activity, Minutes 50 60

RSL

Fading

Stopped Fading

ATPC Off

10

Th + 15/18 dB

7/10 dB 7/10 dB BER = 10 BER = 10

-11

15/18 dB Un-Fading

-6

ATPC On

Time

ATPC

Important to know

Useful Formulas Supplementing the Outage Model

For
Path Loss Earths curvature F1 radius Fn radius Dish gain (55% efficiency) Dish BW, degrees Div. dish separation Multipath delay, nsec

English (ft, mi, GHz, dB)

96.6 + 20 log f + 20 log D 0.67 d1d2/k 72.1 (d1d2/f D)0.5 F1 (n)0.5 7.5 + 20 log f + 20 log d 66/fd 1200 D/f h(t) Fn /2f f = frequency, GHz

Metric (m, km, GHz, dB)

92.4 + 20 log f + 20 log D d1d2/12.7k 17.3 (d1d2/f D)0.5 F1 (n)0.5 17.8 + 20 log f + 20 log d 20/fd 127D/f h(t) Fn/2f D = path length d1, d2= distances (d1 + d2 = D) n = Fresnel zone number F1 = 1st Fresnel zone radius d = dish diameter

NOTATION:

k = k-factor (4/3rds, etc.) h(t) = Tx dish height above the reflection plane

Important to know
Site Details Address, Lat-Long, Azimuth wrt North, equipment layout Access /permission/approach road

Link Budget

Expected Receive level/ Tx Planner/Operator Fade Margin Frequency of operations and Tx power; Type of antenna, Height of antenna, Polarization LOS cleared

Cabling details

External alarm termination details/color code Traffic E1/STM1 termination /Through

NMS IP address/DCN planning /cabling/router/convert er EOW, Auxiliary channels/Sideway E1

Understanding Frequency plan Frequency Sub Duplex [MHz]

Band [GHz] 10 350 10224 10574 350 10252 10602 Capacity 16 E1 8 E1 4 E1 2 E1 BW [MHz] / Channel Raster 28 14 7 3.5

25 MHz Channel Filter Bandwidth

5.5 MHz

14 MHz

5.5 MHz

16 E1 CAPACITY

Fade Margin Degradations Effective diversity arrangements lessen the impact of otherwise unacceptable conditions: Co- and adjacent-channel interference Antenna k-factor decoupling Antenna misalignments Dispersive (spectrum-distorting) fades Ducting, defocusing, and obstruction fades EMI and other environmental effects

Low fade margins