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Geography Winter School 2011 4 July 15 July Learners Guide

Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 Introduction: Have you heard about Mindset? Mindset Network, a South African non-profit organisation, was founded in 2002. We develop and distribute quality and contextually relevant educational resources for use in the schooling, health and vocational sectors. We distribute our materials through various technology platforms like TV broadcasts, the Internet (www.mindset.co.za/learn) and on DVDs. The materials are made available in video, print and in computer-based multimedia formats. At Mindset we are committed to innovation. In the last two years, we successfully ran a series of broadcast events leading up to and in support of the NSC examinations Now we are proud to announce our 2011 edition of Matric Exam Revision, which will begin with our Winter School in July. Weve expanded the broadcast to support you in seven subjects - Mathematics, Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, Mathematical Literacy, English 1st Additional Language, Accounting and Geography. During our Winter School, you will get Exam overviews, study tips on each of the topics we cover, detailed solutions to selected questions from previous examination papers, short question and answer sessions so you can check you are on track and live phone in programmes so you can work through more exam questions with an experienced teacher. Getting the most from Winter School Before you watch the broadcast of a topic, read through the questions for the topic and try to answer them without looking up the solutions. If you get stuck and cant complete the answer dont panic. Make a note of any questions you have. When watching the Topic session, compare the approach you took to what the teacher does. Dont just copy the answers down but take note of the method used. Make sure you keep this booklet for after Winter School. You can re-do the exam questions you did not get totally correct and mark your own work by looking up the solutions at the back of the booklet. Remember that exam preparation also requires motivation and discipline, so try to stay positive, even when the work appears to be difficult. Every little bit of studying, revision and exam practice will pay off. You may benefit from working with a friend or a small study group, as long as everyone is as committed as you are. Mindset believes that the 2011 Winter School programme will help you achieve the results you want. If you find Winter School a useful way to revise and prepare for your exams, remember that we will be running Spring School from the 3rd to 7th October and Exam School from 19th October to 22nd November as well.

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Programme Outline The Mindset Winter School is designed to focus on two subjects each day. For each subject you will find the following sessions: Examination Overview This is a 15 minute session that gives details of what you can expect in each examination paper. Practical guidelines are also given on how to prepare for the day of the exam. Topics Tips In this session you will be given a 15 minutes summary of the key ideas you need to know, common errors and study hints to help you prepare for your exams. Topic Session An expert teacher will work through specially selected questions from previous exam papers. Interactive Q & A After every topic you will get the chance to test yourself. Live Phone-in This is your chance to ask your own questions. So submit your question to the Help Desk and we might call you back to help you live on TV. All questions you submit will be answered within 48 hours as normal.

Winter Broadcast School Schedule

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za TOPIC 1: GEOMORPHOLOGY QUESTION 1 Adapted from November 2008 Question 1.2 Use the FIGURE 1 which shows the different fluvial processes and characteristics of a drainage basin to assist you to give ONE term for each of the descriptions below. FIGURE 1

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Area where a river gets its water from Area drained by a river and its tributaries The point where a tributary meets the main stream Section of a stream that separates two drainage basins High lying area that separates two drainage basins (5 X 2) (10)

QUESTION 2 Adapted from November 2008 paper 1 Question 2.5 Figure 2 A illustrates a drainage basin. FIGURE 2 B shows the three river courses associated with a river system. Examine both diagrams carefully.

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Figure 2A

Figure 2B

2.1 The drainage basin illustrated in FIGURE 2.A shows a low drainage density (coarse texture) What does this mean? (1 X 2) (2) 2.2 Give TWO possible reasons why this drainage basin has a low drainage density (coarse texture) (2 X 2) (4) 2.3 Explain why the two factors mentioned in Question 2.2 will result in a low drainage density. (2X2) (4)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 2.4 Identify the THREE main river courses labelled R,S and T in FIGURE 2.B respectively. (3 X 2) (6) 2.5 Along which ONE of the three courses labelled R,S or T will flooding most likely occur. (1 X 2) (2) 2.6 Explain how the characteristics of the river course mentioned in QUESTION 2.5 will promote flooding here. (2X2) (4) QUESTION 3 Adapted from November 2009 Paper 1 Question 2.2 Refer to FIGURE 3 illustrating the four slope elements/forms. Choose the correct term from those given in brackets to make all the statements below TRUE. FIGURE 3

3.1 The landform illustrated in FIGURE 3 is associated with (tilted/horizontal) sedimentary rock layers. 3.2 Slope element W is called the (crest/cliff).

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 3.3 Slope element W consists of (soft/resistant) rock. 3.4 The angle at which slope element X develops (remains constant/changes constantly). 3.5 Slope element Y gets (wider/narrower) as slope element X retreats (5 x 2) (10) QUESTION 4 Adapted from November 2009 Paper 1 Question 2.5 Carefully examine FIGURE 4 which illustrates a drainage basin before answering the questions that follow FIGURE 4

4.1 Define the term drainage basin. (1 X 2) (2)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 4.2 Identify the drainage pattern assumed by the river system in this drainage basin. (1 X 2) (2) 4.3 Give ONE reason, visible in FIGURE 4, for your answer to QUESTION 4.2. (1 X 2) (2) 4.4 The drainage density of the river system seems to be denser (finer) at A than at B. Explain why this is the case. (2 X 2) (4) 4.5 Determine the stream order of the river system where it flows out of the drainage basin at Y. (1 X 2) (2) 4.6.1 At which point, X or Y, would there be a greater risk of flooding? (2) 4.6.2 Explain your answer to QUESTION 4.6.1 (2) 4.7 In order to manage a drainage basin, the whole area that is drained by a river, including the tributaries, needs to be taken into consideration. What happens upstream in the tributaries will affect the main river downstream. Conservation of the whole drainage basin must be sustainable, so that future generations can benefit from the water system and its related ecosystems. With reference to FIGURE 4, write a short essay (no more than 12 lines) outlining measures that could be implemented to restore the drainage basin illustrated in FIGURE 4 to become a sustainable unit once again. (6 x 2) (12) QUESTION 5 Adapted from November 2010 paper 1 Question 2.2 Study FIGURE 5 showing a photograph of a section of a river. Various options are given as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A D) below the questions.

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za FIGURE 5

5.1 The feature labelled Y is a/an A undercut slope. B slip-off slope. C ox-bow lake. D dip slope. (2) 5.2 The section of the river shown in the photograph is in its course. A upper B middle C lower D base 5.3 During a flood the river is likely to break through at point Z, resulting in the formation of a/an A rapid. B ox-bow lake. C meander. D floodplain 5.4 The river shown in this photograph flows throughout the year and is therefore referred to as A episodic. B permanent/perennial. C seasonal. D periodic.

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za (2) 5.5 The river shown in this photograph displays a stream channel pattern. A dendritic B braided C rock-controlled D meandering (2) QUESTION 6 Adapted from November 2010 Paper1 Question 2.6 FIGURE 6 illustrates the concept of river capture/stream piracy. FIGURE 6

6.1 Name ONE factor which could have resulted in the Berg River eroding through the watershed to capture the Kort River. (2) 6.2 Name TWO features of river capture that could develop at point X. (2 x 2) (4) 6.3 Why is the beheaded stream (Kort River) in sketch B referred to as a misfit stream? (1 x 2) (2) 6.4 Name TWO effects that river capture has on the captor stream (Berg River) in sketch B. (2 x 2) (4) 6.5 Write a single paragraph (no more than 12 lines) presenting a detailed report on how river capture influences human activities along the Kort and the Berg Rivers respectively (6 X 2) (12)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za QUESTION 7 Adapted from March 2010 paper 1 Question 1.5 Refer to FIGURE 7 showing a longitudinal river profile after rejuvenation has occurred. FIGURE 7

FIGURE 7 shows the effects of rejuvenation along the lower course of a river. Meanders may have been present along the river course. These meanders would have formed on a floodplain. Once the river is rejuvenated, it will incise and the meanders will no longer be on a plain but in deep, steep-sided valleys 7.1 Define the following terms indicated on FIGURE 7: (a) Graded profile (1 X 2) (2) (b) Base level (1 X 2) (2)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 7.2 Draw a diagram similar to FIGURE 7 to show a graded longitudinal river profile. (2 X 2) (4) 7.3 Provide evidence, visible in FIGURE 7that rejuvenation has occurred. (1 x 2) (2) 7.4 Provide possible reasons why rejuvenation has occurred in this landscape. (2 x 2) (4) QUESTION 8 Adapted from March 2011 paper 1 Question 2.5 Figure 8 illustrates a typical slope. FIGURE 8

8.1 Describe the shape of the crest. (1 X 2) (2) 8.2 Why is the cliff slope so steep? (1 X 2) (2)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 8.3 Where did the rock fragments on the talus slope come from? (1 X 2) (2) 8.4 Name two characteristics of the talus slope. (2 X 2) (4) 8.5 Name slope element labelled D. (1 X 2) (2) 8.6 Explain why slope element D supports farming practices. (1 X 2) (2) QUESTION 9 Adapted from March 2011 paper 1 Question 2.6 Figure 9 illustrates the steam profiles of a typical South African river from its source to its river mouth. Various base levels of erosion are indicated along the stream profile. FIGURE 9

9.1 What is a base level of erosion? (1 X 2) (2) 9.2 Identify ONE temporary base level of erosion in FIGURE 9. (1 X 2) (2)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 9.3 Draw a labelled longitudinal profile of the river illustrated in FIGURE 2.6, clearly showing how the temporary base levels of erosion could have influenced the shape thereof. (2 X 2) (4) 9.4 How would you describe the longitudinal profile that you have drawn in QUESTION 9.3? (1 X 2) (2) 9.5 Name ONE of the most noticeable changes visible in the cross-section profiles of the river from its source to its river mouth. (1 X 2) (2) 9.6 Write a single paragraph (no more than 12 lines) explaining why the cross-section profiles of the river change from its source to its river mouth. (6 X 2) (12)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za TOPIC 2: CLIMATOLOGY QUESTION 1 Adapted from: MARCH 2009 P1 Original Question 1.3 Refer to Figure 1 below showing the Global Circulation of the Earths pressure belts, planetary wind belts and the tri- cellular circulation of air and answer the questions that follow. The planetary wind system is the result of the Coriolis force which causes air to deflect. Figure 1

1.1 a) What is responsible for the existence of the Coriolis force? (1x2) (2) b) How does the strength of the Coriolis force change from the equator to the poles? (1x2) (2) c) Explain how the Coriolis force results in the planetary wind belts as illustrated in FIGURE 1 (2x2) (4) 1.2 a) Identify the planetary wind belts labelled A and B respectively. (2x2) (4) b) In which ONE of the planetary wind belts mentioned in QUESTION 1.2do mid-latitude cyclones develop? (1x2) (2) c) Taking your answer to 1.1.2(b) into account, give the general direction of movement of a mid-latitude cyclone. (1x2) (2) 1.3 a) At which position D, E, or F does one expert to find convectional thunderstorms (1x2) b) Explain your answer in 1.3(a) (2x2)

(2) (4)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za QUESTION 2 Adapted from November 2010 P1 QUESTION 1.1 Refer to FIGURE 2 showing the global pressure belts and winds.

Various options are given as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A D) next to the question number (2.1 2.5). 2.1 Figure 2.1 illustrates ______________ circulation A primary B secondary C tertiary D upper atmospheric 2.2 Convergence occurs in this area to form the ITCZ AW BX CY DZ 2.3 The westerlies and polar winds converge here to form the polar front AW BX CY DZ

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 2.4 The northwesterlies diverge from this pressure belt. AW BX CY DZ

2.5 This area is associated with the origin of the polar easterlies. AW BX CY DZ (5x2) QUESTION 3 Adapted from November 2010 P1 Question 2.1

(10)

Refer to FIGURE 3 showing the Tri-cellular arrangement of atmospheric circulation. Match each statement below with the Hadley/tropical, Ferrel/mid-latitude or polar cell.

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

Convergence of surface air causes uplift along the equator. Occurs between 60 90 degrees N of the equator. Air in the upper atmosphere is heated as it moves towards the equator. This is a heat- generated cell of circulation. Develops in the northern side of the polar front.

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za QUESTION 4 Adapted from February / March 2010 Question 1.4 FIGURE 4 is a cross-section showing a berg wind that often occurs along the south coast of South Africa. Use your knowledge of berg winds and also refer to FIGURE 4 to answer the questions below.

4.1

Identify the type of low pressure, visible in FIGURE 4, which plays a role in the development of berg winds. (1 x 2) Explain why berg winds will result in warm, dry conditions along the south coast of South Africa. (3 x 2) Veld fires often accompany berg winds. Give ONE preventative measure that can be introduced to reduce the spreading of veld fires. (1 x 2) Which weather system is responsible for the dissipation of berg wind conditions? (1 x 2)

4.2

4.3

4.4

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za QUESTION 5 Adapted from Nov 2009 Paper 1 Question 2.1 Refer to FIGURE 5, below, illustrating a very specific climatic condition that will develop in a valley in the southern hemisphere lying outside the Tropic of Capricorn. Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

FIGURE 5 illustrates the development of an anabatic wind. The climatic condition illustrated in FIGURE 5 develops at night. The zone marked B is the warm thermal belt. Place C will record the highest temperatures in this valley. At night warm air sinking down the slope, will collect at D. 2 x5 = (10)

QUESTION 6 Adapted from Nov 2009 Paper 1 Question 1.4 Climatologists discovered many years ago that a reversal in wind direction occurs along the coastline from daytime to night-time. These reversed wind conditions are referred to as land and sea breezes. Land and sea breezes are localised and have a moderating influence on coastal temperatures. Use your knowledge of land and sea breezes and also refer to FIGURE 6 to answer the questions below.

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

Does FIGURE 6 illustrate a land breeze or a sea breeze? What does it mean if one says the breeze is localised? Briefly describe the development of the breeze illustrated in FIGURE 6. The breeze illustrated in FIGURE 6 will result in high-income suburbs with high land values along the coastline bordered by warm ocean currents. Give ONE reason why this is so.

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za QUESTION 7 Adapted from Nov 2009 Paper 1 Question 1.1 Refer to FIGURE 7 below, showing a simplified synoptic weather map of South Africa.

Various options are given as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A D) next to the question number 7.1 A B C D 7.2 A B C D High-pressure cell H1 is the high-pressure cell. South Pacific South Atlantic South Indian Kalahari The following air movements are associated with high-pressure cell H1: Subsidence, convergence, clockwise rotation Uplift, divergence, anticlockwise rotation Uplift, convergence, clockwise rotation Subsidence, divergence, anticlockwise rotation

7.3 Low-pressure cell L1 is in the stage of development. A polar front/initial B wave C warm sector/mature D occlusion

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 7.4 A B C D The lines on the synoptic weather map linking places of equal pressure are known as isobars. isotherms. isohyets isotopes.

7.5 Low-pressure cell L2 is a/an low pressure. A coastal B tropical C extra-tropical D equatorial QUESTION 8 Adapted from Nov 2009 Paper 1 Question 2.3

(5 x 2) (10)

Refer to FIGURE 8, showing the position of an approaching low-pressure system west of South Africa. Read the accompanying weather forecast before answering the questions that follow.
Figure 8: Satellite image showing the approaching low-pressure system on Monday the 30th June 2008

(Image courtesy Eumetsat, 2008).

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Weather Report KEEP YOUR WINTER WOOLIES OUT (Tuesday, 1 July 2008)
Nice clear skies with cool temperatures can be expected for Tuesday and Wednesday, but people in the Western Cape need to brace themselves for another few cold, wet and windy days from Thursday the 3rd of July 2008. The South African Weather Service has been issuing advisories for this approaching system since the beginning of the week. On Thursday gale-force northerly to north-westerly winds are expected between Cape Columbine and Cape Agulhas, accompanied by very rough seas, with wave heights in excess of 5 m. Very cold conditions over the western interior of the Western and Northern Cape, spreading to the northern interior of the Eastern Cape and southern Free State, can be expected. The colder conditions are expected to reach the north-eastern parts of the country on Saturday, with temperatures falling into the cold category. Isolated heavy falls of rain, which could lead to localised flooding, are expected over the Peninsula, Boland and Overberg areas on Thursday and Friday. The South African Weather Service appeals to the public to forward to them any reports or confirmation of significant weather events such as snowfalls, hailstorms, heavy rain, damaging winds etc, when they are observed. Such information can also be used for further research, which will contribute to the improvement of weather predictions for that particular area.

8.1

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Identify the low pressure system labelled K on the satellite image in FIGURE 8. (2) During which season does the above-mentioned low-pressure system usually affect the weather of South Africa? (2) Give the general direction of movement of the low-pressure system mentioned in QUESTION 8.1(a). (2) Give ONE reason for the direction of movement of the low pressure system as mentioned in QUESTION 8.1(c). (2) Draw a sketch map of the satellite image in FIGURE 8, indicating the position of the low-pressure system in relation to South Africa. Clearly label the cold front, the warm front and the warm sector on the drawing. (6)

8.2 Why is it important for the South African Weather Service to issue weather warnings? Use the source in FIGURE 8 and write a short essay (no longer than 12 lines), clearly indicating the value of weather forecasts and warnings. In your answer also indicate how reports forwarded by the public can improve weather forecasts.

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za QUESTION 9 Adapted from Nov 2009 Paper 1 Question 2.4 The Kalahari high-pressure cell causes a subsidence inversion over the South African interior. The base height of this subsidence inversion varies from summer to winter. FIGURE 9 is a cross-section that shows how the base height of the subsidence inversion varies from summer to winter.

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4

Define the term temperature inversion. Which of the diagrams, FIGURE 9A or 9B, represents summer months? Give ONE reason for your answer to QUESTION 9.2. Describe the effect that the base height of the subsidence inversion will have on the climate of the South African interior during summer and winter months respectively.

(2) (2) (2)

(8)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za QUESTION 10 Adapted from Nov 2009 Paper 1 Question 1.3 FIGURE 10 below represents a section of the world map showing the location and movement of tropical cyclones / hurricanes in the South Indian Ocean and the West Indies respectively.

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4

Give ONE similarity, visible in FIGURE 10, between tropical cyclones in the South Indian Ocean and hurricanes in the West Indies. Explain the point of origin of both tropical cyclones and hurricanes. Very intense hurricanes, such as Ike, occur more often and more regularly. Many meteorologists link the latter with global warming. Why is this so? With reference to FIGURE 10, give ONE reason why tropical cyclones seldom hit the coast of Southern Africa.

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za TOPIC 3: MAPWORK QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Refer to the 1:50 000 topographical map 2527CA RUSTENBURG and the orthophoto map of the same area to answer the following questions. Various options are provided as answers for the following statements. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A - D) next to the questions number (1.1 1.10) in the block nest to each statement. The scale of the orthophoto map is A 5 times smaller than the scale of the topographical map. B is equal to the scale of the topographical map. C 10 times smaller than the the scale of the topographical map. D 5 times larger than the topographical map. 1.2 The orthophoto map is obtained from a ... A horizontal photograph. B low oblique photograph. C high oblique photograph. D vertical photograph. 1.3 The topographic map is drawn on a calculated grid of latitudinal and longitudinal lines. This projection is referred to as the _______ projection. A mercator B lambert C transverse D gauss conform 1.4 Spot heights, bench-marks, trigonometrical stations and contour lines represent ______ on the topographical map. A lines joining places of equal height. B altitude (height) above sea level. C the height of features such as mesas. D the gradient of the area. 1.5The map reference/code of the topographical map directly west of 2527CA is ___________ A 2527DA B 2526DB C 2525CC D 2525CD 1.6 The feature marked 1 on the orthophoto map is a/an A sports field. B dam. C reservoir. D excavation. 1.7 Identify the street pattern found around 6 on the 0rthophoto map. A gridiron B planned irregular C radial D unplanned irregular 1.1

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 1.8 The slope element marked A in block G5 on the topographical map is the _________ slope. A scarp/cliff B crest/waxing C pediment D talus/debris/scree The main primary economic activities taking place at B (block E10) on the topographical map is _________ A forestry and crop farming. B forestry and mining. C mining and crop farming. D mining and livestock farming. The major raw material mined around the Rustenburg area is ________ A platinum. B coal. C diamonds. D iron ore. The coordinates/ grid reference of spotheight 1146 in block C8 is________ A 2535.3S 2712.4E B 2535.3E 2712.4S C 2735.3S 2512.4E D 2712.4S 2535.3E

1.9

1.10

1.11

THIS SECTION IS MADE UP OF TEN QUESTIONS (2 MARKS EACH = 20 MARKS) FOR THE END OF YEAR EXAMINATION QUESTION 2: GEOGRAPHICAL TECHNIQUES AND CALCULATIONS 2.1 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. Calculate the straight line distance between 37 (D3) and 1232 (D5), in Km. (2) Calculate the curve / winding distance from G (F2) to H (E4), in metres. (3) Determine the area of Block K7, in Km. (4) How long will it take a car travelling at 50km per hour to drive from H (E4) to the N4 sign (E-F 7) along the National Route? (4)

2.5.

Determine the Magnetic Bearing of 1561(D2) from 1322 (C3) for the current year. (6) 2.6. Draw a cross-section from spot height 1328 (A3) to the 252 (B4) on your cross section show the other road. The Vertical scale is 1cm:20m (8) 2.7.1 Calculate the average gradient between 1328 (A3) and 252 (B4) (4) 2.7.2. Explain your answer to question 2.7.1 (2) 2.8. Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section between 1328 and 252 (Vertical scale - 1cm: 20m) (4) 2.9. Determine the intervisibility of 1238 from S and 252 from R on the cross section provided. (2x2) (2)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za THIS SECTION IS FOR 20 MARKS FOR THE END OF YEAR EXAMINATION QUESTION 3: APPLICATION OF THEORY/MAP AND PHOTO INTERPRETATION 3.1 RELIEF 3.1.1. Determine the height of the following: 3.1.1.1 Trigonometric beacon 29 (B7) (2) 3.1.1.2 Height at spotheight 1256 (B6) (2) 3.1.1.3 Contour line A (G5) (2) 3.1.1.4 State the direction of: 3.1.1.4.1. O (block F9) from B (block E10) (2) 3.1.1.4.2. Slimes Dam (block D9) from B (block E10) (2) 3.1.2. Determine the difference in height between 29 and 1256. (2) 3.1.3. State the contour interval of the topographic map and orthophoto map (2x2) (2) 3.1.4. Identify the feature marked E on the topographical map. (2) 3.1.5. Is feature marked E (F4) associated with inclined or horizontal rock strata? (2) 3.1.6 Draw a rough cross-section from 46 (J5) to Omdraai (J4). On your crosssection label the four slope elements. (6) 3.1.7 Locate the Rustenburg Hiking Trail in blocks J 7/8. 3.1.7.1 You are a novice hiker, who is very unfit. You are given a choice between doing hiking trail C or D starting at F in J8. Which hiking trail would you choose? Give ONE reason for your answer. (2x2) (4) 3.1.7.2 Identify the landform at F from where you will start your hike. (2) 3.2 DRAINAGE 3.2.1 Differentiate between the Selons River (K1) and the river in Block K4. (2x2) (4) 3.2.2 State the general direction of the river running through Doornlaagte (K1) and give a reason for your answer. (2) 3.3.3 Identify the Drainage pattern in Blocks C7/8. (2) 3.2.4 The river is rejuvenating itself in Block J10. Give ONE piece of evidence from the topographical map to substantiate this statement. (2) 4. VEGETATION AND CONSERVATION 4.1 The mapped area has a limited amount of natural vegetation. Give a reason for this. (2) 4.2 Give ONE piece of evidence from the topographic map to show that nature conservation is a priority in the mapped area. (2) 5.INFRASTRUCTURE 5.1 Identify the street pattern at N (A5) and I (G9). (2x2) (4) 5.2 What do the street patterns tell us about the age of areas N and I (2x2) (4) 5.3 Name the main form of transport that links Rustenburg West to the other towns and state the main purpose of this form of transport. (2x2) (4)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 6. LANDUSE AND SETTLEMENT 6.1 Locate the area marked 3 on the orthophoto map 6.2 This area low income residential area. Give ONE piece of evidence from the orthophoto map to support this statement. (2) 6.3 The local government in charge of area marked 3 is posed with many challenges pertaining to service delivery. Mention TWO possible challenges that they could face. (2x2) (4) 6.4 Refer to group of farms in E5 and the farm Omdraai in J4. 6.4.1 Compare the group of farms in E5 and Omdraai in J4 in terms of the settlement pattern that they assumed. (2x2) (4) 6.4.2 Give TWO pieces of evidence found on the topographical map to suggest that commercial farming is taking place in E5. (2x2) (4) 6.5 There are no rivers flowing through E5. Give ONE measure that farmers have introduced to obtain water in his area. (2) 6.6 Environmentalists criticize mining companies because of the damage that is caused by shaft mining. Suggest ONE way in which mines in RUSTENBURG can rehabilitate the environment. (2) 6.7 Area R (F8) is an industrial area. 6.7.1 Is this a heavy or light industry? Give a reason for your answer. (2x2) (2) 6.7.2 Identify the following features on the orthophoto map: 7 9 12 (3x2) (6) THIS SECTION IS FOR 40 MARKS FOR THE END OF YEAR EXAMINATION QUESTION 4: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) Refer to the map and orthophoto of Rustenburg West and answer the questions that follow:4.1 Explain the following concepts: 4.1.1 Buffering (2) 4.1.2 Database (2) 4.2. Mention TWO ways in which the farmers in E5 could put GIS to use. (2x2) (4) 4.3 Spatial analysis is used in various ways in our daily life. Mention ONE way in which spatial analysis is used in our daily lives. (2)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 4.4 Study the diagram below showing thematic layering and answer the questions that follow.

4.4.1 Explain the meaning of the term thematic layering. (2) 4.4.2 Explain TWO uses of data layering in a GIS. (2x2) (4) 4.5 A person is considering building a holiday resort in block J4. Name any TWO layers of information, found on the topographic map,that he would consider. (2x2) (4) THIS SECTION IS FOR 20 MARKS FOR THE END OF YEAR EXAMINATION

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za SOLUTIONS TO TOPIC 2: CLIMATOLOGY QUESTION 1 1.1 (a) Rotation of the Earth (2) (b) Strengthens/ get stronger (2) (c)Air moves from HP to LP (2) Coriolis force results in air being deflected to the left in the S hemisphere and right in the N hemisphere (2) 1.2 (a) A- Westerlies B-Tropical easterlies/Trade wind belt (b) A- Westerlies (c) West to east/eastwards 1.3 (a) D (2) (b) Extremely warm air at the equator/high temperature Warm air rises rapidly to great altitudes/height Large scale condensation results in thunderstorms [Any TWO] QUESTION 2 2.1 A/B 2.2 C 2.3 D 2.4 B 2.5 A QUESTION 3 3.1 Hardley / Tropical 3.2 Polar cell 3.3 Ferrel / Mid- latitude 3.4 Hardley/Tropical 3.5 Polar QUESTION 4 4.1 Coastal low 4.2 Air descends the plateau Warms adiabatically Subsiding air does not allow for condensation to take place It is dry since it is an offshore wind It decreases atmospheric humidity [Any THREE. Must refer to temperature and humidity] 4.3 Fire breaks Early warning over weather reports [Any ONE] 4.4 Mid-latitude cyclone (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(5X2) (10)

(5x2) (10)

(1 x 2)

(3 x 2)

(1 x 2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (6) (2) (2) (2) (1)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za
QUESTION 5 5.1 False 5.2 True 5.3 True 5.4 False 5.5 False QUESTION 6 6.1 Sea breeze 6.2 Happens on small / local scale / in immediate surroundings Microclimatic condition Tertiary circulation [Any ONE]

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (10) (1x2) (2) (2) (2) (1x2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 3x2 = (6)

6.3

Land heats up more during daytime Causes low pressure to develop over land Air rises over land Sea takes longer to heat up during the day High pressure at sea Air moves from high to low pressure Breeze from sea to land [Any THREE]

6.4

High-income suburbs along the coastline will benefit from the cooling / Moderating effect of the sea breeze Experiences clean, fresh air Breeze blows from sea to land [Any ONE] 1x2 = QUESTION 7 7.1 B 7.2 D 7.3 C 7.4 A 7.5 A/B/D
QUESTION 8 8.1 a) Midlatitude / temperate cyclone / midlatitude depression / frontal depression / extra-tropical cyclone b) Winter c) West to east / eastward / to the east d) Situated in the westerly windbelt Driven by the westerly winds [Any ONE]

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (10)

1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) (2) (2) 1x2 = (2)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 8.1 e)

[Award single marks if no labels] 8.2 Value of weather forecasts and warnings: To timeously alert people Possible precautionary measures can be taken Evacuation can take place Preparation can be done in terms of protection for harsh weather Fishermen will know not to go out on the sea Cancel outdoor activities Rescue services alerted beforehand Tourists can adjust their plans [Accept others] Role of the public: Forecasts will be localised and not generalised Used for further research Will improve predictions Preventative measures can also be localised [Accept others] [Must make at least ONE reference to each of the aspects.] [Single marks only if answered in point form and not in paragraph / essay style] 9.1 9.2 9.3 A rise / increase in temperature with increase in altitude B Inversion layer is above the escarpment The base of the inversion is higher above sea level Moist air is advected onto the plateau [Any ONE] Summer: Moist air will reach the interior High humidity More condensation Cloud formation Precipitation Smaller temperature range

3x2 = (6)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2)

6x2 = (12) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1x2 = (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

9.4

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Winter: Moist air prevented from reaching interior Low humidity Little condensation No / few clouds Colder night temperatures Frost may occur Larger temperature range [Any FOUR. Must refer to summer and winter] QUESTION 10 10.1 Develop along east coast Latitudinal position similar Move away from equator Move east to west Develop over warm tropical ocean Develop on western side of ocean [Any ONE] 10.2

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 4x2 = (8)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1x2 = (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (6) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (6) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

Originate between 5 - 25N and S Need Coriolis force that comes into operation at 5 Coriolis force does not exist at equator Situated over hot ocean / 26C - 27C Greatest evaporation between 5 - 25 N and S Latent heat needed for development, stored in water vapour Large scale condensation Temperature high in these latitudes Low pressure Cyclones do not develop where there are high pressures / anti-cyclones Develop along east coast [Any THREE] 3x2 = Global warming increases temperatures Ocean temperatures increase and stay warmer for longer Increased temperatures increase evaporation / humidity / condensation Leads to the release of more latent heat Leads to the deepening of the low More energy thus more intense hurricanes developing more often [Any THREE] 3x2 = Southern Africa is shielded / protected by Madagascar Tropical cyclones dissipate over Madagascar / friction over Madagascar Steered away by South Indian Anticyclone / High Pressure Recurved away from coast Move to colder ocean [Any ONE] 1x2 =

10.3

10.4

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za SOLUTIONS TO TOPIC 3: MAPWORK QUESTION 1 1.1 D 1.2 D 1.3 D 1.4 B 1.5 B 1.6 A 1.7 A 1.8 B 1.9 C 1.10 A 1.11 A QUESTION 2 2.1 Calculate the straight line distance between 37 (D3) and 1232 (D5), in Km. AD = MD x S = 8.8cm x 50 000 cm = 440 000 cm (2) Converted to =4.4 km Converted to = 4400m Calculate the curve / winding distance from G (F2) to H (E4), in metres. AD = MD x S = 7 cm x 50 000 cm = 350 000 cm Converted to = 3.5 Km Converted to = 3500 m Determine the area of Block K7, in Km Area = (L x S) X (B x S) = (3.7cm x 50 000cm) x (3.3cm x 50 000cm) = (185000 cm) x (165000 cm) Convert to km = 1.85 Km x 1.65 Km = 3.1 Km

2.2

(3)

2.3

(4)

(In this section your final answer must be worked out in the unit of measurement indicated by the question) 2.4. How long will it take a car travelling at 50km per hour to drive from H (E4) to the N4 sign (E-F 7) along the National Route? Distance = 10 cm = 5 km Time = distance = 5km Speed = 50Km /h =0.1 hrs (Multiply by 60) = 6 Minutes

(4)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 2.5. Determine the Magnetic Bearing of 1561(D2) from 1322 (C3) for the current year. True bearing = 213 MD for 1997 Difference in years = 15 57 W of TN = 2011 - 1997 = 14 yrs = 2 W = 14 x 2'W = 28 W = 1557 W + 28 W = 1585' W = 1625' W of True North = Magnetic declination + True bearing = 1623' + 213 = 22923 (6)

Mean annual change Total change

Magnetic declination 2011

Magnetic bearing

2.6.

Draw a cross-section from spot height 1328 (A3) to the 252 (B4) on your cross section show the other road. The Vertical scale is 1cm:20m

(8) 2.7.1. Calculate the average gradient between 1328 (A3) and 252 (B4) . G = VI (VD) HE (HD) = 53.2m 53.2 1600m 53.2 =1 Brought to you by VI = 1381.2m-1328m=53.2 m HE=3.2 cm x 500m = 1600m

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 30 = 1:30 2.7.2. Explain your answer to question 2.7.1 This means that for every 30 metres that you travel horizontally, there will be an elevation of 1 metre. (2) 2.8. Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section between 1328 and 252 (Vertical scale - 1cm: 20m) Vertical exaggeration (VE) = vertical scale (VS) Horizontal scale (HS) VE = __1__ VS- 1cm: 20m = 1cm: 2000m 2000_____ _1__ 50 000 = 1__ x 2000 = 25 times 2.9. 50 000 1 (4)

(4)

Determine the intervisibility of 1238 from S and 252 from R on the cross section provided. 1238 is visible from R 252 is not visible from R (2) (2)

THIS SECTION IS FOR 20 MARKS FOR THE END OF YEAR EXAMINATION QUESTION 3: APPLICATION OF THEORY/MAP AND PHOTO INTERPRETATION 3.1 RELIEF 3.1.1. Determine the height of the following: 3.1.1.1 Trigonometric beacon 29 (B7) 1233.5m 3.1.1.2 Height at spotheight 1256 (B6) 1256m 3.1.1.3 Contour line A (G5) 1600m 3.1.1.4 State the direction of: 3.1.1.4.1 O (block F9) from B (block E10) South West. 3.1.1.4.2 Slimes Dam (block D9) from B (block E10) North West. 3.1.2. Determine the difference in height between 29 and 1256. 1256m-1233.5m =22.5 m 3.1 .3. State the contour interval of the topographic map and orthophoto map Topographic map 20m Orthophoto map 5m

(2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (4)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 3.1.4 Identify the feature marked E on the topographical map. Mesa (2) 3.1.5. Is the feature, marked E, associated with inclined or horizontal rock strata Horizontal (2) 3.1.6. Draw a rough cross-section from 46 (J5) to Omdraai (J4). On your crosssection label the four slope elements.

46 CREST

CLIFF TALUS

PEDIMENT

Omdraai

(Two marks for sketch and one mark each for each of the four slope elements) (6) 3.1.7 Locate the Rustenburg Hiking Trail in blocks J 7/8. 3.1.7.1 You are a novice hiker, who is very unfit. You are given a choice between doing hiking trail C or D starting at F in J8. Which hiking trail would you choose? Give ONE reason for your answer. D D has a gentler slope than C D is a shorter route than C (Any ONE reason) (2x2) (4) Identify the landform at F from where you will start your hike. Valley (2)

3.1.7.2

3.2 DRAINAGE 3.2.1 Differentiate between the Selons River (K1) and the river in Block K4 Selons River is a perennial river River in Block K4 is a non-perennial river (2x2) (4) 3.2.2 State the general direction of f the river running through Doornlaagte (K1) and give a reason for your answer. NNW The dam wall is on the north section of the dam (2x2) (4) 3.2.3 Identify the Drainage pattern in Blocks C7/8.

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Blocks C7/8 Dendritic 3.2.4 The river is rejuvenating itself in Block J10. Give ONE piece of evidence from the topographical map to substantiate this statement. There is a waterfall in this area (2) 4. VEGETATION AND CONSERVATION 4.1 The mapped area has a limited amount of natural vegetation. Give a reason for this. Area receives limited/seasonal rainfall l There are many non-perennial streams and many dams. (Any ONE) (2) Give ONE piece of evidence from the topographic map to show that nature conservation is a priority in the mapped area. Rustenburg Nature Reserve Magaliesberg Protected Natural Environment (Any ONE) (2)

4.2

5. INFRASTRUCTURE 5.1 Identify the street pattern at N (A5) and I (G9). N- Irregular pattern I-Grid Iron pattern What do the street patterns tell us about the age of areas N and I N newer area I older area Name the main form of transport that links Rustenburg West to the other towns and state the main purpose of this form of transport. The National Route/N4 - is used to transport people and goods. (2x2)

(2) (2) (2) (2)

5.2

5.3

(2)

6. LANDUSE AND SETTLEMENT 6.1 6.2 Locate the area marked 3 on the orthophoto map This area low income residential area. Give ONE piece of evidence from the orthophoto map to support this statement. Houses appear small Plots appear small No established vegetation (Any ONE Accept other) (2) The local government in charge of area marked 3 is posed with many challenges pertaining to service delivery. Mention TWO possible challenges that they could face. - Building proper houses - Building more houses - Putting in piped water Brought to you by Page 37

6.3

Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za - Improving electricity - Providing proper sanitation - Building proper roads - Providing recreation areas - Reduce crime (Any TWO) (2X2) (2) 6.4 Refer to group of farms in E5 and the farm Omdraai in J4. 6.4.1 Compare the group of farms in E5 and Omdraai in J4 in terms of the settlement pattern that they assumed. Group of farms clustered/nucleated Omdraai isolated/dispersed 6.4.2 Give TWO pieces of evidence found on the topographical map to suggest that commercial farming is taking place in E5. - Intensive farming - Farm boundaries - Farms have names - Reservoirs to store water and for irrigation - Near transport routes e.g. roads (Any TWO) (2X2) (4) 6.5 There are no rivers flowing through E5. Give ONE measure that farmers have introduced to obtain water in his area. Reservoirs Dams (Any ONE) (2) 6.6 Environmentalists criticize mining companies because of the damage that is caused by shaft mining. Suggest ONE way in which mines in Rustenburg West can rehabilitate the environment. - Fill the land - Plant more vegetation (Any ONE Accept other) (2) 6.7 Area R (F8) is an industrial area. 6.7.1 Is this a heavy or light industry? Give a reason for your answer. Heavy industry Outskirts of the CBD Near bulk transport/National route/N4 Flat land Near low income area for labour (Any ONE reason) (2X2) (4) 6.8. Identify the following features on the orthophoto map: 7 Slimes Dam 9 Industries 12 Golf Course (3X2) (6)

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Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za THIS SECTION IS FOR 40 MARKS FOR THE END OF YEAR EXAMINATION QUESTION 4: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) Refer to the map and orthophoto of Rustenburg West and answer the questions that follow:4.1 Explain the following concepts: 4.1.1 Buffering Process of demarcating an area, around a polygon/feature [Concept] (2 4.1.2 Database A collection of data organized for use in computers [Concept] (2) 4.2. Mention TWO ways in which the farmers in E5 could put GIS to use. - Determine soil type - Determine soil fertility - Determine drainage - Determine availability of underground water - Determine slope of land (gradient) - Early detection of crop diseases/pests [Any TWO - Accept other logical answers] (2X2) (4) 4.3 Spatial analysis is used in various ways in our daily life. Mention ONE way in which spatial analysis is used in our daily lives. - Deciding which route is the shorter when you travel to school - Deciding which areas are affected by crime - Deciding which route will be best to reduce traffic congestion [Any ONE suitable answer] (2) 4.4 Study the diagram below showing thematic layering and answer the questions that follow.

4.4.1 Explain the meaning of the term thematic layering. Maps showing different types of information are projected onto one another/placed on top of one another [Concept] (2) Brought to you by Page 39

Geography Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 4.4.2 Explain TWO uses of data layering in a GIS. - Different sets of data can be compared - Relationships between different sets of data can be established - Analysing different sets of information - Comparisons can assist with future developments [Any TWO - Accept other logical answers] (2X2) (4) 4.5 A person is considering building a holiday resort in block J4. Name any TWO layers of information, found on the topographic map, that he would consider. - Vegetation - The river - Conservation areas - Relief - Infrastructure - Land-use (Examples will also be accepted) [Any TWO] (2X2) (4) THIS SECTION IS FOR 20 MARKS FOR THE END OF YEAR EXAMINATION

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