Lab 1 Impact of Jet

Course: Date Performed: Group Members: Submitted By: Date Due: Date Submitted: Professors:

CE 3142-001 Fluids Laboratory June 8, 2011 Michael York, Jose Rojas, Sandip Tamrakar, Jarryd Tibbetts (Group 4) Michael C. York June 15, 2011 June 15, 2011 Amir Norouzi

Abstract
The objective of this experiment is to study the force of a jet as it impacts targets with varying deflection angles. To do this, a jet stream will be applied to targets of various deflection angles, and weights will be applied to balance the force of the impact from the jet stream. The quantity of weight will be recorded, and through calculations, a relationship between the theoretical calculated force and the experimental measured force can be obtained and analyzed.

Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the reaction force produced by the impact of jet of water on to targets with different deflection angles. Also, to experimentally determine the force required to keep a target at an equilibrium level while it is subjected to the impact of water jet. The final purpose of this experiment is to compare the experimentally measured force with the theoretical calculated force. When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a solid surface, the water is deflected to flow along the surface. Newtons second law of motion states that the change of momentum of a body is proportional to the impulse impressed on the body, and happens along the straight line on which that impulse is impressed. The analogy to Newtons second law in fluid mechanics is known as the momentum equation. For all diagrams, equations, and derivations necessary to explain, identify, and clarify the work and conditions investigated, reference the Impact of Jet handout in the appendix.

Procedure
For description of apparatus, procedures, application to theory, routine maintenance procedures, and a related diagram reference the Impact of Jet handout in the appendix.

Raw Data Table

RAW DATA TABLE Volume Time Deflect Collecte to or Type d Collect () (V) (t) (degree s) (L) (s) 90 90 90 90 120 120 4 4 4 4 4 4 22.6 18.6 8.9 12.2 17.6 13.3 Mass Applie d (m) (kg) 0.110 0.300 0.300 0.230 0.140 0.225

Sr. no.

Nozzle Diamet er (m)

Area (A)

Density * () (kg/m3) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1 2 3 4 5 6

0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

(m2) 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05

7 8 9 10 11 12

0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

120 120 180 180 180 180

4 4 4 4 4 4

9.7 10.0 17.2 13.2 11.9 36.3

0.375 0.370 0.180 0.295 0.405 0.060

5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

*Density of water was assumed to be 1000 kg/m3

Sample Computations
Deflec tor Type () (degre es) 90 120 180 Calculations & Formulas Volum Time e to Mass Collect Collec Applied ed t (m) (V) (t) (L) chosen (s) record ed (kg) determin ed

Sr. no.

Nozzle Diamet er (m)

Weight Applied (W) (N) mG (G = 9.81 m/s2)

Flow Rate (Qt)

(m3/s) Vt/t

1-4 5-8 912

given

% Error formula used: (Calculated Slope Measured Slope) / Measured Slope

Calculations & Formulas (cont.) Volum e Collect ed (Vt) (m3) V/1000 Area (A) (m2) given Veloc ity (v) (m/s) Qt/A Velocit y2 (v2) (m/s)2 v2 Force (Fy) (N) Av2(cos(180- ) +1) Theoretical Slope (s) (kg/m) A(cos(180-) +1) Density () (kg/m3) determin ed

Results
As it is apparent from the results of this experiment, the velocity and the reaction forces are proportional in their amounts. The theoretical calculated slope was larger compared to the experimental measured slope for the 120 degree target, but smaller than the 90 and 180 degree targets.

The theoretical calculated slope shows that the 120 degree, hemispherical, target has the lowest flow rate. However, the experimental measured slope shows that the 90 degree target has the lowest flow rate. The results display inconsistencies which indicate errors incurred during the procedure. It is also apparent that the errors were largest for the 90 degree target.
RESULTS TABLE Time Deflecto Volume to r Type Collected Collec () (V) t (t) (degrees ) (L) (s) 90 90 90 90 120 120 120 120 180 180 180 180 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 22.6 18.6 8.9 12.2 17.6 13.3 9.7 10.0 17.2 13.2 11.9 36.3

Sr. no.

Nozzle Diamet er (m)

Mass Appli ed (m) (kg) 0.110 0.300 0.300 0.230 0.140 0.225 0.375 0.370 0.180 0.295 0.405 0.060

Weig ht Appli ed (W) (N) 1.079 2.943 2.943 2.256 1.373 2.207 3.679 3.630 1.766 2.894 3.973 0.589

Flow Rate (Qt) (m3/s) 1.77E04 2.15E04 4.49E04 3.28E04 2.27E04 3.01E04 4.12E04 4.00E04 2.33E04 3.03E04 3.36E04 1.10E04

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

RESULTS TABLE (cont.) Volum e Collec ted (Vt) (m3) 0.004 Area (A) Velocit y (v) (m/s) 3.52 Velocit y2 (v2) (m/s)2 12.40 Force (Fy) Theoretic al Slope (s) (kg/m) 0.0277425 Densi ty () (kg/m 3 ) 1000 Error

(m2) 5.0265E-

(N) 0.344

(%) 16.339

0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004

05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05 5.0265E05

4.28 8.94 6.52 4.52 5.98 8.20 7.96 4.63 6.03 6.69 2.19

18.30 79.95 42.55 20.44 35.80 67.30 63.33 21.41 36.34 44.72 4.81

0 0.507 8 2.218 0 1.180 4 0.048 9 0.085 6 0.161 0 0.151 5 2.151 9 3.653 7 4.495 6 0.483 1

8 0.0277425 8 0.0277425 8 0.0277425 8 0.0023919 62 0.0023919 62 0.0023919 62 0.0023919 62 0.10053 0.10053 0.10053 0.10053

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

11 16.339 11 16.339 11 16.339 11 0.5309 88 0.5309 88 0.5309 88 0.5309 88 10.967 86 10.967 86 10.967 86 10.967 86

Application & Significance

From this experiment, it can be concluded that the impact of a jet will be greatest upon a target with a deflection angle of 180 degrees. This could be important for industries that are involved in work pertaining to jet propulsion, as well as other industries that work with jet streams of similar nature.

Discussion, Conclusion, & Recommendations

In conclusion, the calculated theoretical force is correlated with the experimental measured force. Both forces have a directly proportional relation. Theoretically, both forces should be equal, however this is not the case due to errors incurred during the experiment. It can be determined from this experiment that higher water jet velocity will produce a higher force exerted onto the target vane. The amount of weight required to achieve a state of equilibrium is directly proportional to the amount of force exerted by the jet. According to the results, the theoretical calculated slope shows that the 120 degree, hemispherical, target has the lowest flow rate. However, the experimental measured slope shows that the 90 degree target has the lowest flow rate. These inconsistencies infer that errors were accumulated during the procedure. Most likely, the errors occurred during the recording of the time taken to collect the desired volume. I believe that this experiment could possibly be improved by choosing a higher collection volume. I believe that this would allow for less error when recording the time to collect that volume because it would lengthen the time.

References
P.Kundu, and I.Cohen Fluid Mechanics. Academic Press. 2nd edition. White, Mark M. Fluid Mechanics. Mcgraw-Hill College. 4th edition.

Appendix