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Subnetting
2006-01-05
Nera Networks AS
Nera Networks AS
Addressing an IP Network
Assigned an IP Network Address
152.77.0.0
(IP Address)
255.255.0.0 (Subnet Mask)
All Devices/Hosts on the Same Physical
Segment Must have the Same Network ID
One Network ID Supports Only
One Physical Segment!
Nera Networks AS
Nera Networks AS
Nera Networks AS
Why Subnet?
Nera Networks AS
Network Performance
Geographic
Different Topologies
Routers!
Subnet IDs
Nera Networks AS
(Network IP Address)
255.255.0.0
Nera Networks AS
2.
3.
Nera Networks AS
5 Physical Segments
With 5000 Hosts Each
ISP
Router
Problem:
Create an IP Addressing Plan for a Company that:
Has 5 Physical segments that each have a
maximum of 5000 host on each segment
And is assigned the Public Network Address
152.77.0.0
10
Nera Networks AS
Design Issues
Network Traffic
Geographic Locations
Hardware and Software Limitations
Mixing Topologies
Mostly Hardware Issues, Few Software or Addressing
Limitations
Outside the scope of this course
Segment
11
Nera Networks AS
Network
Address
Default SNM
D-SNM (Binary)
11111111.11111111.1000 0000.0000 0000 Custom SNM
Network . Network .SNID Host . Host
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
SNM
#of SN-IDs
128
2-2=0
32768-2=32766
12
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
Network
Address
Default SNM
D-SNM (Binary)
11111111.11111111.1100 0000.0000 0000 Custom SNM
Network . Network .SNID Host . Host
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
128
192
2-2=0
4-2=2
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
13
Nera Networks AS
Network
Address
Default SNM
DSNM (Binary)
11111111.11111111.1110 0000.0000 0000 Custom SNM
Network . Network . SNID Host. Host
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
SNM
#of SN-IDs
128
192
224
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
14
Nera Networks AS
Network
Address
Default SNM
D-SNM (Binary)
11111111.11111111.1111 0000.0000 0000 Custom SNM
Network . Network . SNID Host. Host
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
SNM
#of SN-IDs
128
192
224
240
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
15
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
11111111.11111111.1111 1000.0000 0000
Network Address
Default SNM
SNM (Binary)
Custom SNM
SNM
#of SN-IDs
128
192
224
240
248
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
16
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
11111111.11111111.1111 1100.0000 0000
Network Address
Default SNM
SNM (Binary)
Custom SNM
SNM
#of SN-IDs
128
192
224
240
248
252
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
1024-2=1022
17
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
11111111.11111111.1111 1110.0000 0000
Network Address
Default SNM
SNM (Binary)
Custom SNM
SNM
#of SN-IDs
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
1024-2=1022
512-2=510
18
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
11111111.11111111.1111 1111.0000 0000
Network Address
Default SNM
SNM (Binary)
Custom SNM
SNM
#of SN-IDs
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
256-2=254
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
1024-2=1022
512-2=510
256-2=254
19
Nera Networks AS
Router
5 Physical Segments
With 5000 Hosts Each
ISP
Problem:
Solution:
20
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
152.77.0.0
Default SNM
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000 SNM (Binary)
SNM (Last Two Octets)
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
SNM
#of SN-IDs*
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
256-2=254
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
1024-2=1022
512-2=510
256-2=254
21
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
33.0.0.0
Default SNM
255.0.0.0
11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000 SNM (Binary)
SNM (Last Three Octets)
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
SNM
#of SN-IDs*
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
256-2=254
8388608-2=8388606
4194304-2=4194302
2097152-2=2097150
1048576-2=1048574
524288-2=524286
262144-2=262142
131072-2=131070
65536-2=65534
22
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
206.123.88.0
Default SNM
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.0000 0000 SNM (Binary)
SNM (Last
Octet)
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111
SNM
#of SN-IDs*
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
256-2=254
128-2=126 (Invalid*)
64-2=62
32-2=30
16-2=14
8-2=6
4-2=2
2-2=0 (Invalid)
0 (Invalid)
23
Where to Subnet?
Nera Networks AS
Class A
33.0.0.0 (Network Address)
255.0.0.0 (Default SNM)
255.248.0.0
Class B
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0 (Default SNM)
255.255.248.0
Class C
207.176.12.0
255.255.255.0 (Default SNM)
255.255.255.248
24
Nera Networks AS
152.77.32.0 / 20
The /20 is the number of one bits in the SNM
20 = 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
20= 255.255.240.0
25
Nera Networks AS
Number of Hosts
Always (minus 2)
The First Host Address is zeros
The Last Host Address is ones
Number of Subnets
Dont (minus 2) if all hardware and software supports RFC
1812
All Current Stuff Does!
(Invalid*)
Valid if all Hardware and Software is RFC 1812 Compliant
Always the first Subnet ID Zero Subnet
Always the last Subnet ID Where the Subnet ID equals the
26
Nera Networks AS
27
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
152.77.0.0
Custom SNM
255.255.224.0
11111111.11111111.1110 0000.0000 0000
Network . Network . SNID Host. Host
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
224
8-2=6
8192-2=8190
28
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
Custom SNM
Subnet ID
(Decimal Conversion)
152.77.0.0
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0
152.77.160.0
152.77.192.0
152.77.224.0
(Invalid*)
(1st SN ID)
(2nd SN ID)
(3rd SN ID)
(4th SN ID)
(5th SN ID)
(6th SN ID)
(Invalid*)
29
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
Custom SNM
Subnet ID
(Decimal Conversion)
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0 etc.
30
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
Custom SNM
Subnet ID
(Decimal Conversion)
152.77.16.0
152.77.32.0
152.77.48.0
152.77.64.0 etc.
31
Nera Networks AS
SNM
1st Subnet ID
Increment of Each
Successive Subnet
ID
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
32
IP Address/SNM
Nera Networks AS
Subnet IDs
152.77.0.0
255.255.248.0
152.77.8.0
152.77.16.0
152.77.24.0 etc.
152.77.0.0
255.255.255.0
152.77.1.0
152.77.2.0
152.77.3.0 etc.
33.0.0.0
255.240.0.0
33.16.0.0
33.32.0.0
33.48.0.0 etc.
33
Nera Networks AS
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0
152.77.160.0
ISP
Subnet IDs (255.255.224.0 SNM)
34
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
SNM (Last Two
Octets)
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
Network Address
Default SNM
SNM (Binary)
SN
M
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
256-2=254
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
1024-2=1022
512-2=510
256-2=254
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
Increment of
Each
Successive
Subnet ID
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
35
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0 / 255.255.224.0
255.255.1110 0000.0000 0000
152. 77 .0010 0000.0000 0000
152. 77 .0010 0000.0000 0001
152. 77 .0010 0000.0000 0010
....
152. 77 .0011 1111.1111 1110
152. 77 .0100 0000.0000 0000
152. 77 .0100 0000.0000 0001
....
152. 77 .0101 1111.1111 1110
152. 77 .0110 0000.0000 0000
Subnet Mask
1st Subnet ID
1st Host ID
2nd Host ID
....
Last Host ID
2st Subnet ID
1st Host ID
....
Last Host ID
3rd Subnet ID
IP Addresses
152.77.32.0
152.77.32.1
152.77.32.2
....
152.77.63.254
152.77.64.0
152.77.64.1
152.77.95.254
152.77.96.0 etc.
36
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.224.0
Subnet ID
152.77.0.0 (Invalid*)
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0
152.77.160.0
152.77.192.0
152.77.224.0 (Invalid*)
1st Host on
Subnet
152.77.0.1
152.77.32.1
152.77.64.1
152.77.96.1
152.77.128.1
152.77.160.1
152.77.192.1
152.77.224.1
37
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.252.0
Subnet ID
152.77.0.0 (Invalid*)
152.77.4.0
152.77.8.0
152.77.12.0
152.77.16.0
152.77.20.0
152.77.24.0 etc.
1st Host on
Subnet
152.77.0.1
152.77.4.1
152.77.8.1
152.77.12.1
152.77.16.1
152.77.20.1
152.77.24.1
38
Nera Networks AS
33.0.0.0
255.248.0.0
Subnet ID
33.0.0.0 (Invalid*)
33.8.0.0
33.16.0.0
33.24.0.0
33.32.0.0
33.40.0.0
33.48.0.0 etc.
1st Host on
Subnet
33.0.0.1
33.8.0.1
33.16.0.1
33.24.0.1
33.32.0.1
33.40.0.1
33.48.0.1.
39
Nera Networks AS
Router
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0
152.77.160.0
ISP
Subnet IDs and Host Addresses
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0
152.77.160.0
152.77.192.0 (Unused)
Subnet Mask
255.255.224.0
40
Subnet address 0
Broadcast address 255
Number of available ip addresses 254,
from x.x.x.1 to x.x.x.254
255
Nera Networks AS
41
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
Broadcast address 127
Number of available ip addresses
126,
255
Nera Networks AS
from 1 to 126
2
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 128
Broadcast address 255
Number of available ip addresses
126,
128
127
42
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
Broadcast address 63
255
from 1 to 62
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 64
Nera Networks AS
from 65 to 126
Subnet 3;
192
63
191
64
3
Subnet 4;
128
127
43
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
Broadcast address 31
255
from 1 to 30
31
32
223
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 32
Broadcast address 63
Subnet 3;
Subnet address 64
Broadcast address 95
224
from 33 to 62
192
63
191
64
6
from 65 to 94
95
160
Subnet 4;
Subnet address 96
Nera Networks AS
96
159
128 127
from 97 to 126
44
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
Broadcast address 15
240
239
from 1 to 14
255
Nera Networks AS
15
16
31
224
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 16
Broadcast address 31
from 17 to 30
223
16
Subnet 3;
Subnet address 32
Broadcast address 47
from 33 to 46
191
Subnet 4;
Subnet address 48
Broadcast address 63
63
64
12
176
48
13
175
79
11
80
10
9
160
47
3
14
207
192
15
208
32
95
96
159
144
143
128
127
112
111
from 49 to 62
45
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
Broadcast address 7
239 240
from 1 to 6
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 8
Broadcast address 15
from 9 to 14
231
224
248 255 0
15 16
232
31 32
223
32
39
40
5
28
207
24
31
29
208
23
30
216
215
200
247
Nera Networks AS
47
48
27
55
26
56
199
25
192
Subnet 3;
Subnet address 16
Broadcast address 23
from 17 to 22
Subnet 4;
Subnet address 24
Broadcast address 31
191
63
64
10
71
72
24
184
23
183
176
11
22
12
21
175
88
14
18
17 16
95
15
96
103
159
152
87
13
20
19
168
167
160
79
80
144 143
151
136 135 128 127 120
112
119
111
104
from 25 to 30
46
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
Broadcast address 3
236
232
from 1 to 2
227
223
216
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 4
Broadcast address 7
from 5 to 6
212
208
219
215
Subnet 3;
Subnet address 8
Broadcast address 11
from 9 to 10
from 13 to 14
64
16
15
60
24
23
20
19
3
2
62
12
11
28
27
56
10
52
191
36
35
58
32
31
54
39
40
43
44
47
48
12
51
13
52
55
14
56
15
59
60
16
63
11
67
64
71
68
17
48
188
18
187
184
47
19
46
180
45
44
179
175
164
43
42
24
41
40
159
39
156
155
152
32
35
151
147
143
148
139 135
144
140
136
132
29
31
33
131 127
128
124
123
120
119
115
116
95
111
80
84
88
96
103
107
76
92
99
27
30
34
37
25
28
36
87
91
26
38
83
23
72
79
21
22
163
160
75
20
183
171
168
167
61
63
49
172
Subnet 4;
Subnet address 12
Broadcast address 15
243
251 255
50
195
176
247
51
196 199
192
57
55
211
204 207 53
200 203
239
228
235
231
224
59
220
240
248 252
244
Nera Networks AS
100
104
108
112
47