CHAPTER 15 SHAFTS

A shaft is one of the most important components in machines. Shafts are used to support rotating elements. And transmit rotational motion and power.

15.1 INTRODUCTION TO SHAFTS The types of shafts According to the shapes, there are crank shaft, the axis is not at a horizontal line; straight shaft: The axis is at a horizontal line; flexible shaft, convoluted by groups of steel wire ,goodflexibility.

According to the straight shafts, there are plain shaft, no-diameter-change shafts, simple, is prone to machining, inconvenient to install the components on the shafts; stepped shaft: inconvenient to install the components on the shafts; hollow shaft and solid shaft

To machining technics, straight shafts are the best, but difficult to fixed. To the forces on the shafts, equality intensity shafts are good, but difficult to machining and install. Hence, there are all stepped shafts. The word shaft covers numerous variations and according to the loads exerted on the shafts, the shafts can be classified into three groups: (a) Shafts with only bending moments, usually called axle; (b) Shafts with only torsional moments, usually called spindle. (c) Shafts with bending and torsional moments;

rotating axle

fixed axle

Spindle

Rotary shaft

(a) shaft

(b) axle

(c) spindle

The material of shafts Carbon steel In common use:304045steel Alloy steel 40Cr40CrNi20Cr20Cr2Ni4A38SiMnMo Cast steel QT6003QT8002 Selecting the material and heat treatment of the shafts mainly accord to the strength and wearing resistance, but not the bending and tension rigidity. 15.2 CONFIGURATION DESIGN OF SHAFTS 1. The factors relative to the configuration of shafts The location and modality of the shafts installing on machine ; The types, size, amount of elements on the shaft ; The character, magnitude orientation and distributing of load on the shaft; The types, size, collocation of bearing; The roughcast and machining technics of shafts The assembly project of elements on shaft. 2The conditions the configure of shafts should to satisfy The elements on the should have exact working location, convenient for to dismantle and install and rectify, Have good machining technics.

3The names of segments of shaft

4The ways of shaft design When select the project, it is possible to reduce the quantity of elements on shaft and deadweight of shaft, have good machining technics and proper forces on it.

T =
d 3

955 10 4 P n [ T ] 0.2d 3

955 10 4 P 955 10 4 3 P P =3 = A0 3 0.2[ T ]n 0.2[ T ] n n

Where nrotate speed of shaftrmin Pthe power transmitted by the shkW [T]the permissible shear stress for the shaftMPa A0coefficientTable 153 P To hollow shaft d A0 3 n(1 4 ) When d100mm single key groove aggrandize3% double key groove aggrandize7% When d100mm single key groove aggrandize57% double key groove aggrandize1015% The location of elements on shaft

Orientation by sleeve Used for orientation between two elements, inconvenient to locate the elements with big distance, not feasible for the occasion where rotational speed is high. Orientation by retaining rings

Orientation by nuts

Orientation by bearing cover Orientation by flexible retaining rings Orientation by fixed screw Orientation by fixed retaining rings Orientation by cone

Peripheral orientation of elements on shaft, key spline interference-fit joint fixed screw. 15.3 CONSIDERATION FOR SHAFT GEOMETRY The location of elements on shaft In order to ensure the fixed position of elements on the shaft, it is needed to fix each element on the shaft radially and axially Radial location of shafts

Key joints

Spline joints

Pin joints

interference-fit joints

Axial location

Locknut

Shoulder fillet

Locknut

Snap ring

End plate

Screw

configuration technics of shaft As long as possible to aggrandize the transition fillet radius, as soon as possible to unify the fillet radius of shaft. For install elements conveniently, we should wipe off the burr, the ends of the shaft should be 45, there must be grinding wheel outre groove to grind and cut rounding chamfer. To machining screw thread by lathe, there should be a groove for the reamer exit. The groove for keys should be in a horizontal line

15.4 CALCULATION OF SHAFT Calculate accord to bending-torsion strength. To ensure horizontal forces and vertical forces Calculate bending moment MH and MV Draw torque moment diagramT Calculate bending moment

M ca = M 2 + ( T)2 Checking the strength

ca =

M 2 + ( T)2 M ca = [ 1 ] W W

Checking exactly according to fatigue strength Sca = Only normal stress S = S S

2 S + S2

1 S K a + m 1 S K a + m

Only torsional shear stress S =

Safety factor When even material, precise calculated load and stress ,S1.31.5 When uneven material, low precise calculated load and stress, S1.51.8 When even material, lowest precise load and stress, or the diameter of shaft d 200mm, S1.82.5 The measure when calculating dissatisfy Lower concentrative stress effect when configuration design; Aggrandize fillet radius Machining with crew thread on unload region Loosen combination of shaft and elements.

Intensify mechanical property Minish the roughness of the surface Surface preening Roller compaction, rotoblast the surface Using the material with high strength, or increase the diameter of shaft Checking according to static strength Condition of strength SS SS SSca = SS 2 2 SS + SS SSca static strength calculated safety factor of the jeopardy section SSCalculate design safety factor according to yield strength S SS = M F ( max + max ) W A SSthe safety factor when only consider bending and axial force SSthe safety factor when only consider torque SS = S Tmax WT 2Checking calculate rigidity of shaft check by bending rigidity of shaft L dv = z y [y] [ ]
4 i =1

li
4 i

lithe length of the i segment of stepped shaft dithe radius of the i segment of stepped shaft Lthe calculated length of stepped shaft zthe number of segments of shaft in calculated length [y]allowable flexivity of shaftTable 155

[]allowable deflection angle of shaft,Table 155 Check the torsional rigidity of shaft T plain shaft = 5.73 104 [ ] Stepped shaft GI P 1 z Ti li Tthe torque on shaft = 5.73 104 [ ] LG i =1 I Pi Gshear elasticity modulus of material of shaft Steel G8.1104 IPpolar moment of inertia of shaft section Lthe length of the shaft supporting torque TiliIPithe torque, length, polar moment of inertia of i segment of shaft zthe number of segments of stepped shaft []allowable torsion angle per mile of shaft MAIN CONTENT OF THIS CHAPTER Configuration design of shaft Three calculation methods of shaft strength Rigidity calculation of shaft, stability of vibration, etc. KEY POINTS Stepped shaft design , strength and rigidity checking Example 15.1 A transmission shaft ,given: transmitted power p=10kw,rotational speed n=120r/min,estimate the diameter of shaft. Example 15.2 There is a shaft system shown in Fig.15.6, and there are some errors and unsuitable points, mark them by order, and make a brief illustration. I P = d 4 32