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TllQ,:~lrl;ollt ofthe,JlOO:of indopendcnt·borso cavnlry un1toby,the.;,Gerll4"m Al'm1 in ~/orld WtLrlI!ya~1od invorcolytdiib GOl"1UaIlfort'Wlee.Dur:lng 1;h.e.; first t~'0e"YCnI"5 .ot.,tnolfar, ~lhen GCrm.a.Dyt:ruo in the,qascendo.n'~o Buchunits ware ulil()G~.a~donod'fllto@)ther;thcy novGreJtcae(l.edonl3.dlvision. ll'rolt ':. 1943 on,J}.()w~vert nel~Oa,,.alry unj.tS<we4'0 fqrmed,an~·.'by,early, 191;e5thora u,~,:' w~ro Db: PA...,.al~ d!v1oiODr.s una two cavalry;gol"Pe:I. ,," ""'\'
awni'fi:lom horae oavaiii hact'started th~exp~~iono;f'i" tho German Army £ollow:1.11~;112:;;101" 0 eccoes to power in 19~3; it\'/a6 1;). ro't]w Pan~or, d1v,1G~onsinaction~ 'lho trend back wanton, .thodofcnoiva \l1nO lase tho roeul'u of (lel~bor,ate pl~~:,thap',ot,themomeilte.1iT" e~ig6Jlqioa,'Of tho aitua~iQn;, thor~ : Val 1noro~B,ing, d1f;f'1qtU.tyinproouring tlUlks, mO,tor ve1l1oloB,and fuel., ' . b'l:q¥lng'~.Zleadof hi@~Y,,!Il,OE~,;tOa1ldBolf~8uff,.qi~,7lt,unita.,;,to"~'2';' oqmbat pa.~t1t.?anB ill tl:1a~difficplt torra1n,QfYugoala.l~a,ruld tl"w.,rear cI's.ae,>:

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on a1'!Do~',an§. Jll()tO~i~Pr~~op.~~d:11~,'\f~JlI::f'urtllei e.ccentWit'ad"af~Q~ 'tho aal-l.y,; , to cavlUr7;\att~t:'

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Tlle.;slllploymen,tot.horaa -. llvalry:, in au :offensi';G l'oleb;r.tho.·GexTaanl:! c was ou'ca'·yo"',Gmall",BCalo'o.ndtraoconfillcd tb.~ ollr~y CG.E1r~1t";nB\lhen up Germany enJpy-pd greatl~~ruupe1'10r5.ty. Subsaquently OGl.valry.un~ts "rar~)fJr ueadprimnrily to proteot 11noG of oommunication in tho BauuU1B. whero th~3 usua.llY"opsrated in.smal1 indf,pOlldontgroupo, or, to cover thaflMks of' ·the

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front.

'XndicatiollG a.rQ:~~h8.ttha Garman Hi'gh','Command ha.d intontion of. 1"0viving,;tha 'offens~vG,,'ttSe:' Of, largo lloras cavalry: un·it8in~ormpl,.r.:uro:pean
un! ts

no

in e9.B~9.l.".il.Europo,~d;:.t~llear

terrairi'ibllt.,:that ~t ';~d::1ntend, in the even~of.vict9ryt "to ol'gani:za ..Hu.cll ~ri:a.:CpnDldp'l:'qble(scalo :for sor,eon:1.ng ~dreoonnp.~apancB net:LV3,tiflo,
East.,;., "',,

The "U5.G,rof 9rgani~cavalryunit~ .\J1th111:infantl"Yd~v~s1onlh 'both in: raconllaiaaunce bb.ttel.ions l~.nd.no, mounto{j{,platoona.ln: \'13.a tho eenore.l rule throu.gilO"tlt tho GCJrmanarmy. II\,' th~J.at;t,C1)r:. stac;ea",o£:the WQl' , 'ho\'revo:J,',.thDl·O .waa. a ':tendency; to .reyle.a~ thahors~~.:py,'bioyclC1)U. !l'llis \1(16 p04-"tly due, to tho changeovor to de£ennive oparationQ:~dratro~e.de.:movOl1l0nto 811<1, partl~7 bec~u.ao.the u-e:rnLS!.11e' were thcn'f1e;hUngmoro and. mora all their. ow tOl'ritol'Y'~ whC'l%'e the rond!) 1'I'Gro' bettOr;M~.;1:20t'O nuaeroua and tho terrainwaG"knotm to them ..

th~ form. of divisional tho infan'~l'Yrogiments,

TllQ,:~lrl;ollt ofthe,JlOO:of indopendcnt·borso cavnlry un1toby,the.;,Gerll4"m Al'm1 in ~/orld WtLrlI!ya~1od invorcolytdiib GOl"1UaIlfort'Wlee.Dur:lng 1;h.e.; first t~'0e"YCnI"5 .ot.,tnolfar, ~lhen GCrm.a.Dyt:ruo in the,qascendo.n'~o Buchunits ware ulil()G~.a~donod'fllto@)ther;thcy novGreJtcae(l.edonl3.dlvision. ll'rolt ':. 1943 on,J}.()w~vert nel~Oa,,.alry unj.tS<we4'0 fqrmed,an~·.'by,early, 191;e5thora u,~,:' w~ro Db: PA...,.al~ d!v1oiODr.s una two cavalry;gol"Pe:I. ,," ""'\'
awni'fi:lom horae oavaiii hact'started th~exp~~iono;f'i" tho German Army £ollow:1.11~;112:;;101" 0 eccoes to power in 19~3; it\'/a6 1;). ro't]w Pan~or, d1v,1G~onsinaction~ 'lho trend back wanton, .thodofcnoiva \l1nO lase tho roeul'u of (lel~bor,ate pl~~:,thap',ot,themomeilte.1iT" e~ig6Jlqioa,'Of tho aitua~iQn;, thor~ : Val 1noro~B,ing, d1f;f'1qtU.tyinproouring tlUlks, mO,tor ve1l1oloB,and fuel., ' . b'l:q¥lng'~.Zleadof hi@~Y,,!Il,OE~,;tOa1ldBolf~8uff,.qi~,7lt,unita.,;,to"~'2';' oqmbat pa.~t1t.?anB ill tl:1a~difficplt torra1n,QfYugoala.l~a,ruld tl"w.,rear cI's.ae,>:

~;, '~1'0nd
ot't~c~eat

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on a1'!Do~',an§. Jll()tO~i~Pr~~op.~~d:11~,'\f~JlI::f'urtllei e.ccentWit'ad"af~Q~ 'tho aal-l.y,; , to cavlUr7;\att~t:'

8PGCt~~·,,~u.oC9!H10~,O£

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Tlle.;slllploymen,tot.horaa -. llvalry:, in au :offensi';G l'oleb;r.tho.·GexTaanl:! c was ou'ca'·yo"',Gmall",BCalo'o.ndtraoconfillcd tb.~ ollr~y CG.E1r~1t";nB\lhen up Germany enJpy-pd greatl~~ruupe1'10r5.ty. Subsaquently OGl.valry.un~ts "rar~)fJr ueadprimnrily to proteot 11noG of oommunication in tho BauuU1B. whero th~3 usua.llY"opsrated in.smal1 indf,pOlldontgroupo, or, to cover thaflMks of' ·the

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front.

'XndicatiollG a.rQ:~~h8.ttha Garman Hi'gh','Command ha.d intontion of. 1"0viving,;tha 'offens~vG,,'ttSe:' Of, largo lloras cavalry: un·it8in~ormpl,.r.:uro:pean
un! ts

no

in e9.B~9.l.".il.Europo,~d;:.t~llear

terrairi'ibllt.,:that ~t ';~d::1ntend, in the even~of.vict9ryt "to ol'gani:za ..Hu.cll ~ri:a.:CpnDldp'l:'qble(scalo :for sor,eon:1.ng ~dreoonnp.~apancB net:LV3,tiflo,
East.,;., "',,

The "U5.G,rof 9rgani~cavalryunit~ .\J1th111:infantl"Yd~v~s1onlh 'both in: raconllaiaaunce bb.ttel.ions l~.nd.no, mounto{j{,platoona.ln: \'13.a tho eenore.l rule throu.gilO"tlt tho GCJrmanarmy. II\,' th~J.at;t,C1)r:. stac;ea",o£:the WQl' , 'ho\'revo:J,',.thDl·O .waa. a ':tendency; to .reyle.a~ thahors~~.:py,'bioyclC1)U. !l'llis \1(16 p04-"tly due, to tho changeovor to de£ennive oparationQ:~dratro~e.de.:movOl1l0nto 811<1, partl~7 bec~u.ao.the u-e:rnLS!.11e' were thcn'f1e;hUngmoro and. mora all their. ow tOl'ritol'Y'~ whC'l%'e the rond!) 1'I'Gro' bettOr;M~.;1:20t'O nuaeroua and tho terrainwaG"knotm to them ..

th~ form. of divisional tho infan'~l'Yrogiments,

-.?M1;Lon~_l\~ 01 GEmt!\...~CAVALRY IIi WO~

W4_~_ _ l_:r.

1. .~~f.!l!'::i. WhilethG main object of this st\tl"q in to describe Gsrman exporienco \,1::' th hOl'sa cavalry during lio:rld Wtl.l~ !I, it ie bol1oved thc'lt the histor!l.oDlo.ppronch.:to·this~·.cjl.'tbjoct:ig,-·the,til0Ilt~.!1lJtr-ti6tive;;meth6d: of. presenting 1t 'in i toporspeetiv~~ Tha:lotlg :tmdpro\\d.trad:l t1 sr«: Germanc8,v.alry, \ih:1:6hunt11~thevery ond cont1nu.edto attr~ct: mt'.choi~'tM'~; ne:liion e B>'briet off'1cermaterial: tothl0\'a:tm~wo.6 an importnnt'faetorr:iD.-al1', deoisionoof the rIighCommand"rogarcJ.1ng lta(lrgp.n1:z~,t,ion(iind:enlJ.::lbymont. Horoovart thore ,rore essenM.al differences/in tho usc of";(..tivall"y"~iri'>tlie rm.ocssl31vs· states of the lfat' which can be fully und.orntood on].:r if studll3d. in chronoloff:lcj:>~ soq_1.lOnco/;' /;,',;,',.:";.:., i\::ij.·\;;c.J,';'i~

on

'0'

2.: +,Up.ve12P.m!t!}t,:.JIU:PJZP.J1~ W2rMi'Iax....I~ rprunstful oavalrtt: ,which: g:ret1 .. "_'. ...... fl~om lesn'tban:l,OOO'aabere';in the earli'i7thOentiiry to'joome'6~obo'b'i 1740tl:l~~~ roached t~e' paa.lt of . ito fame" rind ··.its:mb~t-exteneivO .ondsitcoeBEful:~mPl~y:';",;lr)~~/ ment unde? Froderick the Great~':;''D'.irlrit;'.'tha Sevon Yonrs ,War-(1756;..i763)1t·:)'~:;',,~.I, waa daoisi?e1n a' number of 'v1otol-iOus\batt1ee;. both by 1t~~''bOld:·charga~··\ ?;r,9)~fl). alld b3"its'envolopinl;'oporn,ti'ons; 'fn.nt;?on~;aeveral' other occaSionsit'!pre,,;:',:')·';'): ·~fl •. ••• ventedclisa.eterby cover1nf,\th9'\ii.thd1-awal,,;of the defBe.ted:irttentTi·~';: !Tl:l~':J!A~: ..ifi~ 1. 20 of cavru.ry·f'or ... strntogicreeOnnalSGMOa war,rndopted (i.ur1ngplid(A~t.e~, the No.polgon:i..c \'1'3.1'13. Prussinn cavalry made nroJ.~,tivoly poor' shouing' ill the"" fraT with Austria in 1866, "Than the cavalr:'t cor-oa (",hich hnd been oo:..ied ,_ from l~npOleon) .... ' f0un.(}J wu"ieldYforeondl \1f1a tio;tf then' e)H.sting,· 'but:''! t~,an;: flubscqt1.anbly l'(!orr,anized .1i1ith')eree;terf1repo·~Ol- 'arid p.l~'1Od;!an;'iDlI;ortaht .,~nQ pax't, und",'r In·:llliant· tc.etical lo:idership," in the Frll.nco..Pruseitin':; t'lar.-·', "::;~:;J, •
• ,,'f ,)',."_-; • -,', ..' .

~::;;$1~

",; In the oarly20th Oentu#' tha"GGrI!I:mArroy inc1 udad>'4S' ckvnlrrbri'£I~ gadee, each consist1ngof a- regill".ents:' of ,5'trOopseaCh,lri th 'a. total':oi'" '-;:!. 69.000 mell. J3y 1914 there WerE) 110 reglments with 87,000 man, buttharelmB no :rurthe:r'ox~eion during'·'tllerJ,~ar.;.'ln:peacetine the briga_dos l'rara'''tl\lb:''(' or.dinatedto it,ifantryd1visions:and.-' thero'IIJara no 1nder,end.t\nt'oBva.1.rY. i.ufit~[;
form nett cavalry- divisions, while the rOIJk'"l.inder'trererate.in,=d·1;oaonstlt'11te';;"' the reconllaisl3al1ce elemento! the :lnf'nntry dlv'.uions -. SOmsol the c~vaJ.l'Y,: r ,. div1aions wereformod>'into CDvalrycorps,,.,rh1J.e: others btereooritrolled.-r:'r,;t. dil'octlyhy'field ar:m1.ee.. ·;;.,.:;w';.

except t~~·····GlL:"-\rds.·.Cavall·y·Div1sionJi3t'.'Potsdrlm. mo'bUizt:Uon,about'hp ..f:s.' "On l the cavlllr;r;reg"mento;·1-roro::wi thdra,m e,nd'-:comblned tf1th sl.lPPortirii;!\uittB"tO ... ,: 2

(lermro1cavalrytfasemploY<'ld otl.coesef'lllly ~.nWorl.d~/f.l.r Ie.ur1ne:ths advances :tu'l;ho \~efJt, 1nPolano.: aJ1d'in Rumania, pr1nei])allyfor raconnii1i;eaaee and Bcroan1ne'.. It\mS also 1.1Goful,'thoU€)1.to nleeoor,GJ:/;;cnt{ill.conjunotion. ,\11 tIl tronch itJa.rfnre and 'for eavel"ine opa r!\ t j.ons tlur:l,ng thcGeJrnlan .. TO'Greats in 3.918. OccasionaJ.lt~aftar·u9:1.ng:t till horae B foZ' ,e-epeedy!\lOVCl'llOnt to 01'1tical seotorn. it \,/Gut into no{;ion dismounterl. Aftor the ,.18.1' Gernlan 1i!.:llit9.l"Y' 111'1tors conolu.ds{l tha'" tho era of la.rgC,)"'SClllo O!l.VP..l17 attnoks had. puaaed. b,,:~tlt.~~ horae oa:va.1ry at:111 had imT~O'l:'to.nt iU11otions in lOl1.g-ra.nf;(! reconnaior~~..nce, aoreen:1.ng,~.nd cmmring opc,,·ati.ona rl.S wall as in d1ol'1.lpM.ng' th.e enemy' 9 :rOal" in plll'suit. ' the aeient of Gel'Z1k'1.l'1Y a.rmy waa limit;,., its tote~ of 100,000 men r::.nd.aoverol'flstriottons \1fOj~e imposed on 1tB:irrl1~11119nJIi2 inclwling n proM.b:Ltion 'or tho dcvolopmont oi"Allarmored forae. So far as. it J.'lved ttP to 'iho3(!!provisioDrI.tl1e German General' Staff ID..:'1.v.eevel'j'· offort to organ1.zo the netl rteicho·;T6)hr. in Buche. w~r;tho,tit ~ioUld bocnpab1.o ofr&p'.d. con~ero1o:n into t1 In!"l~.-anl.l po'1srtul modern army '"hen thorestridtiona \iorex·ol(\.xod or ~"broGe.ted~

ad by-the

~.,_ ~~.taailles ..OOl.:12.!!.

Troaty orVersaillea

After. to

a.

'I.~

a.rtillery

ol\U1ea.6(:ava1~-"reg!lmont:$/o:t5'i;l'oopseadla'l1d. ..one b(\t tali on of horae .•.,'. .,'1:1113 lotCavAlrylJi via ion~ locnts<l trt Fr~nkf'Urt-on-()c1er..aontft~.nc(\

, ~;JhelOOoOPO-Tr~~a.rr.w'co!ls"isto{lof7 inftlntrJr divioicnot'f~1tJ.>30avnl ... tlivlsions. Ea.ch oftlie'<lattol'harl 0. n~;reng~~h of!lbo1.1t5tG'JO men tllld in-

-~.'.---

.......

the le~to GthC~'.vnl:.." Ee~iment(3; the 2d .CnvAl~;D1vi~ion'e.t. l3rGfJlo.u. ~,d; too 7th..xto,.12th Cllvall'Y":lteg1monte;p.nd tha,3dOavalry'!;D:i,'V'_eionrit .t/aimtirnad; the .:13th to,-'16th :Cavo.lr~- Rog1mcnte.' An a.d.d:1 tional 7.troopo ·o:foa:vallZY which! formed '",the::rooou.naissnnco elomontsof· ..llo7-1nfantzy di viai one Were nt tr\ched t to ol3rtain,of ,the cavalry regllllenta,fol~:"ilraininepw.".Posos, \1hile'.thehorso·:· artillery battalions. of three battel'laG each,wer~ e1m:llarly ai;tnched-to-'~ at'tilleI7}rOgimento'.in;·tha.in£ant~J·.d1vieions;<.DUl'1ng:th1B:'?:>eriod. tho Caval;;" rySohool:'at'IIallover' continuod to d.evolopoG.vall."Y tactioL1 andorga,nization:. '
• .11; \ ~

; C."f;·:L ~he,.01di:cla.sllificnt1onot ca.valryre~menta into cuirasaierB;c4ra"';';:: goone , hUssars. lancars,oheve:ulegerG, :and mounted ;,rHgpr •. w1tll:,d.ist!11.¢tiv6" unif'ormD alldwitb.· slight diffo'renoos tin ·weapons and 111wo1ghtof';,msJ?and horaes ;,bu~;'not -1norgani zat1on~1was dropped in ·:tha ,lreroa,Ulos "partod' aJlll-' onl~ one atandard\typti)'·of ,ce.vnlr.Y'-l'~glmGntilla.B UGGd.--~hla tltlS lmovnas- tho: ',' ~ ~i te;a:ee1mW,· a.n(l. '.was ,.completely. unitol'min equipment, dross t'.tlnd orr;an.i"'\)'l.r

zation. ,. ..,>

Tho-unusually: large proport i on of'. all manPQuer: allo Ued to the ca,vDl17·intheRa1chawehr did not ra~laQt:an intention ,of tho GeneraJ..Staff to' revive the le.rge"'aoale use of cavnlry for offensive _Ollerattons. !foP,waG; it_dusprlmar1l.y to tho availability ot many oxcellont cavalry officers and largo numbere.oftho,finest t:rooa of,ml11tary horeos. ',' ,It1B QliOar that the three'ca.valry.div!sions were part of",tlleI>lan. for tho .rapld"ex:pana10n:,'Ind J'ZlOohanizat1on:ofthe,:arzqwhon the, daY:'llhould arrive.;' Su:t1'1cicnt trained:c~' mon:end 'horses would.be.avai4ble toprovida tho l'GconnaitleancGJ:elemento' ot numa'roUBD1llfant17divio1onn, and at:tho ':aar.le:,tme the . corps of_:cavalry 01'£,1oers/eould",be}quickJ.y' adapted to the Jiormat1on of; armoredand~motor1zol1 .: .;•. .

units.

r,

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t~,~:'"".,

",

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Army expanda-dtoa.

·4~:.~na;rntionE!'fq_:r_~10.x:ld (ll1ochanlzed:cavalry)

was the d1sso1utlon·of·thc throe previous cnvalryc'di vislona and: the· conversion:' of' 16 "of'tha -.18cavl\lry 'l'eglmonts>:1.nto -partly-Ymech.an1zed. nits.' u Their names ware cll<'~"ed :t'rom~iJ:erl"o&mQ.m:.

4 li6ht,

Wa£J"!~ Detwoen1934:and 1939 theGflrman peacatlmetota,l·::ot 52dlviG1ono:35 infantry,' 5 Pe.nz(!r,'

,4 motor1zod,and, 4 'mounta1n~ Oruf:of 'the

firot'ateps'in,th1s0x:panoion

....

(horse cavalry regiment) to .&r\el..1.&ri.Q.rwdmelm· (cavalry regimen'~)ulld thGy wel'eorganlzed into 'i;\rIOsquadrone of five troops oaca, plU13 a hOCld(lu.m:tcl-s . . t:L·ooP~';J.:,Tha'i·1rstaq'Uid.ron-\'ra.n horae; thesoeond :;quadron oontidnedtbsee bicycle troops,an antitank troop~ and aheo.VY":l,+onpons troop tlithri1o!'tal'~;~ hom tzers,'Yand'e.l'morsd: carD. .,

:Thoae nawmixed cn.val:z."'Y regimonts trOTS rOf:,'"O.rdedas corp-s troops, one beinge.llotted to e(!cb.of 13 corps aroas. The;f \fere notinteno.cct 'GO operate. ascorpstl'OolJS, howovor, but \10re t·:J ?l'ov1uQ tho clements for tho divloional recomlaiasanccoattal10.ns on mobilizat:ton. l~s'i'~ 'l;wmodo1.1t,· th~1roollp'os1tion \'itlG oxactly eu:l.tGcLto tbilFpurposo. " _fj
'~ , I

,. ,;.':,;;;J)urlng the Same-!pariocl lOno'V 'r€lConnn1Gsal1ce~;on.ttaliono Luld'3reconnaisa;;t,nco"ragimants,'e,11. m~chal1iz9dt \,:eA:'O;;fOrm0d£ortho. Pnn:r.or,mo:tor ... 1zed, and.)J.lr;ht.,divisions nna. 8 fully II!~cbf).nizod:cD.val:ry..il'Of;imants.tJ0re f'orm;)d<fortha,11r;ht divisions. ThOBO :uuits'sbaorcad'.nOlI\!kQi: t.ho'l'oma:l.ninj olqmenta:ofl,t1'!te:old ...caval.ry d1vis1ons •. "H' ,

·Ther:o~ iCGI,7a1ry'\\1li 'tl3..of tl,u,na i ChS\1olu-whi cllliol"onQ \; e ~:Qhor t.w.ly.;: partly:'nlacb.anizod··t!ftc r 1934 t/Or-OJ'. tho:ls t 'Md2dijorGa,·Ce.vall'YRe6;!,!llf.>nt~ '1njEast ..Pru.saia (Oorpa;:::Aroa-I). Thesolllol'c uJombl:nod ..with t.he 4tb Oa.valry, RafSiment':(p4~tly{meohe.nlzcd) t .0. moo.ha.nlze~;~·econ'!leisGancol)f).ttnliQn..n.,; biQycla'1)!?ttal:l.on, "aud.. harM nrtillory battcl.ion fiO:foZ'lT!. tho :-lstCa:va1l'.Y"': Ca' J3r:l.gade-.'-·::·~1s wasth~';ronlYin6.e:xmdorit oaviilr.Y_1mit.W'J.th,whlch.,Gal~~). utarted1;he-\'lOl': -ltsdetailod.ore.3.U1za~1011i:1.''' ahoundn:fi'1g •. 1;; ...'v\:
01~'

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Loa.dax-ship" (_~!:\l,Jm9n!vh.D1ne;Lin'."lh1oh .·the; princij')les for tho emplo~nt· of caval.r;y~re carefullyrslltetedandtb.o.orgnnization of a theoretical caval... 1:7 d1vini on. WD dosert bed...· These principle e ;,~ere not 'in aocord e itb.er'~1'th' German militar:r.tr9atlses:,of.the·1920~9;;:or.withthe a(r~ual,d.e'Vtllopmsnt~;·:,,: uhichfollol'Tod.· Theyp1cturedthe:caval17"f-l,O "capable. of:opening·.::ari' enga{~"; ment swiftly·from movement.rnpidly:·:deplo3,1.ng.lta foroes .. n nbroll13.:.frontj".;; e to carry-out" this.mission',ar concentrating: them at. necisivEI pOints, Mdc.i2~<.: quickly ',dthdra\1inr, far out of roach of the onemy'1l1hon.the engngelt'.ent is brokanoft'u •.: The ent1re.>pnssa,ee could have boenoandwas;.~doubtedl.V meant to be, applied to thaPanzer:troops.wh1ch .were notmollt1oned.' G.,,·sucm,: a.IW'* where in .the .maDUlllbut whieh were employed' bY' tho GermP...ns .in, exactly the;' :.; manner indicated. The· theorot1cal cavalry div1e1ondoBcribcd 1n::the·.m.~.:nuol. (in tl Bl'lcondpart l1h1ch;:wae :1ssooda ,year later) '.ncludad thTec.,liorsa·;,.,: :>.. onvalry br!gadesof:.: ttlO ·;regimente . each, w1th l'al'tly motorl,zed hoa.V"J-~eapone" units in each regimont; a horaa p..rtillery regimont; :md. motori:<:ed rocbn-<;lLC nainaance, eignel, antita1tk, and engineer unite. There ~~s obviouely never any' 1ntOlition of croating.fJuch.a·divlsioll·n.t th.'lt period.1 Itm·.organiza.tion is shO\m~as.a· matter of'Linterest, '1nF1g~2 and its atrength' nnd'eqUipmsnt, are set forth in Fie~,'3." , :' ',r;';' .' ,;,r/·:r,,',.
f

the Germl1il J.rmy- waD .be1nrr ini tiated,"·tha

Gol'l'l".nlUJ i Betted. c.1ilaTl1l.n.\·on ltTl-ooti

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5. "~"'" QermruL9avalrYAl'm. All German un! ts ,vorl!}' clal!lsi:f'ied"under' approx:1.mately16 arms and,ool"Viees' (1ie.tt.enmt!l~). ~406t of 'thl3co\:1elro re~ prosentedby correspondinginop9ctoratss'in the Genaral Army Office; tl'l'lichJ:;,' controlled their organization and training. Oava.lry \'IaGonooi' theot"ig1nalc arms and l!1.:'linta1nediteindepondent existence au such uut11:tlle,outbreaksof.tii5J tho war •.. ,In 1935. howover, :uha cavalry ins!,ectornte and the newly craated;;,j,~, Ponzer troop inspecto?ate ,':ero plnced lmder the control of a Ohief of r~ob'.le, Troops (.ID:w.f_9,af Schpall_§urn~) t who was directl~ rasponBi1)le to the COllll'll:mdor-in'!>Ohief of .the,'Ar;rJy' for' the lnte~rA:hion' oi' the -,tlJro:'arms;.ond. tOl" a smooth and officient ahi£t in omphEl,ciGfrom horse cav,!llr,v tomec.'b.anbed units. All organization and. trainine' functions exo6},)taotu..<:).1 training in;, horsemanah~,p "rare transfel'l'eO .• under,the Ohief of HobiloTroop14, ·;to the ·,nav;.:: Ins:::ectorato of Panzo!' ~;roopSt Cavalry'" and Army [·[otol·izo.tion, -.1'h11e.thet·, .. Inspectorate' of Ridine and Driving controllod. training in 'the (rid1!1e;:ruld·';:.r;j~: handling of horseD for nll erma.: ;;. ,., ::; .. ... ',):'.·l;)~ '.,. ..On 19 S(2)tember 1939 the c-..n.valry.arm was abolished M<l'a~'nntr'~nk' known as flmobile troops" (~lmelll3, T~) 1;le.e creatod 'to .t9niorr-ce:nll GHQ, cavalry, rcconnaistlallcc, tank, antitank, b'_cyo!c. motoroycle t,1,~·l'ldemorOd~ infantry '.mi ts. The term lIoavfllryll trJaC retained, hO't113ver, at! t110 d.eS3i~'M.tion of the . arm. of thoee:cnvnlI7 officers wila did not {;mtl,si'or .to.otl:1Or bzanchee of the mobile troop!).' .. , , ,In April 1943, the tGrlll "lOObl1etroops" ,:rAe (;'.bnndoned w.lld,:t'~new..... ' arm J...':Ilo't1nas rrPonzor troops'" t-ma craatedto enbrace trulk and anti tank ...::11anvy assaul, t r;un, armored rcoonnaisaeI1ce, e~rmorod infantry, and motorl~ed 1nfant17tmito. Guclerian.l';·e.o appointod. Inspector General of Panzor.'.J!roops, responoibla direct to Hitlor for their ol"gan1'zation, train~.ngJ ~nd,equlp..;. .: mont. The cav31ry,::i.nsten(\of' being restored ·~o ita fomer status·t1f.a:D. independont am, was abaoroodinto tho' ~nfnntr.Y'.· l1eml)ers of f'ormor ~vD.l'" ry unit$, :lnoludlne orgeli.io l·ecolln::lissnnco battnl10nB in :tnfan'~ry >d1via',ons, "Tare still pemttEld, hOt1eVert to 1:1ear their trnclUione,l ~~oldell yellov 1,:lping, rolld of'f1eore ·tlho:.lu>.dor1{~lnateO.with. the oavo.lry \19re otll1a11oi"iad to call: thcmselveo' MVru.ry ofi'1cors~ -An order '1asiss,"\ed providil11~ the.t !:ltronr,tb.'ro~;ort9andthe: lilre1l1hich ''tare:- subdiv1d.cidaccorain(;toarmstl.ndr<~ servicos shoUld 'inclt'.CI.O,;·t\.'.;·ot\h"'bead:1.ng.Nc:!valrytl unrlerthemeln heaCl.lne "infantry". :'Two dlvislons~'lOrEigi7cn honora, ..Y' memoorfJhlpin thcOllV!:!lry'(~t,;;t;,: nnd the1rrmmberc allotTed to' t·lC~.r:1ts:. color: tho 24th Prut2er m.llision. vhich hn.d becnc:reated '£'rOtltl19 let,Cavnlry D',vioion, in·1941-42.andthe .. 20th Air Force Field Div1nion. whoso COID.'YL'mdol' tm9 a CO,·1.olry offi.cer.
t.

b!cy~l{)•. mQtqrcrclo, ,axIilored-c~r, ,and\m9tQl'izedhao.v:y~wea:ponaWlitf.,.gy ....; 1939,' ithiid~onl.y'on~:' llorso-mounte(l, domonstl°iJ.tiontroo'l) and ,fi'U'evollicle.~ 111911n~q~}lOmori~rl;1'at~on~rooJ?s. Later t4j)f?ch~O.L,\"la.a ,difi~ol:~ed and:tt3I1mec .. ·' h.!Wizop.: e+e~nta ll'l'er,Q~ D.,bllOrbadintptho \ t\jTo.fo.nzer 1?roQP E.Chc;lOln a.t l'lunsdorf' (l~rQ~ ~J3ef~eJ1):e.!lc1.Kl-~mpn1ty,., A neltJl.Qconn!lis~~l.co and Caye.lry S.ch.ooltm.s \ os~ab1111~~d;:£tt Drol!!bpl·g,.,(:By~oaz~z) ,;,In):oland, consiGt1ng: of::.;~ao inst~ t10n groups and a. reconnafeaance .d.G£lo~trat1on battalion. ' ':This sohool dealt only with the use of horees~ 'bicyolas~' and l;l,ght l~e()onnp..iaBonoe vehioles, but.!,~O~)"(i~~!~an'lorad)l·a~o~Ssal:lce ..". A.;rl.ding and dr:tvlp.~~achool e::dsted in oC1~¥;;.RR7;Il~:)~oa.)}¥l4~r'rqo~ps.· .. rf3~)q«?ntro+. a r.le::m\1h11o, the .. Jaf:r~n~6S;:;\jj} j l'ih1cb had dovelop~d more interest in horae oaval!';?' than, the Army.(lde.b.~.)ll1 11shad its own c(lv~lI7 school at GBttl1lu"On.
_,:'::.".",.,,,By:1944 t\'lO oi:f,tllO,16f101cl.marshala in tho GS1"11lNl Army, 12 ot:xniJ oomo,)5p"~~p~e~Gt~' ~Il.~r81s. and, a~ol.1.t3'fo,of tlleromaining conorlll 9:r£i-'::~ cC!:r;1J;slif)".'i bClJ.+o~gcd 'i~~e ~val.l7 • .' About, .an oqu."ll proport ion had t rans~; d : .'~o ferre~l1f~';)~~iyanz~n~ tl'oOpB. :No~mort) than;~a%'of tho o:ff1cero offialtl":;': rank"and' leo's, than 1% of the oomprulY officors vcra claoe1f1od f.laonv<llryman.
,'i:<; (;!:L:) GHg.OEW&!U in W2r~d ,!~At..:.U..,;~c.xtento£ Goi'man:use of 1nde~:en.. ¢~~ O~t~ry;\Ulitsd~lnr.,tho·war,var16d fr_omaloost none at tall at the·.~'.,: he~,G.h~i(,S~~i~~~ ~ucO~S.~Jll the. lat.e' ll'lllIlmor;Jof' ,1941 to ,ll"POak 'of,:,six,di'Vi";',i'

a~:.Jkin0~ml;': ~Cnlle. 1o~q",,~dmo~oc()aaarned,·~r.1th, .. R L tho,

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of' ,maO~l~l~ZC:.H:l''Wli

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pr()coode,ii, ,;:~.ha~, Q?va."ll·y.SCl~991

t:t'~1n~l~ enCl.,taot~qs

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t""~<>,~~,,J'I:;S,t;i1lp~oro,the .pel"ilaIldct·eat;;in 1945.' ~ls development':'ifLdeaoribod below, }~.n~~r (~);. e~.rly (~my. unt ta .( 1939~a) ,'( b) . i:1af£en-SS unit G (a.941...t~),,' ,r (O),1P.O~~t?:~}tr.AAits (19';1:;S,-4!;),), atid\( d);r lllterArm1 unito (1944,-45)'.! ,; i ,,;,";lJQ,!)i<;
starte~.ft~

~v.alryregiDOnta, one ,mixed ,( i.e., partly mechanized) oa.valry regiment, n horae nrti111or--,f ,battalioIl,: a.m9Q~ 1zod rGconnnlSSano0 battalion, and a bic.101a battalion (for'detniled organ:i.zat1on,'J~e!3,~~~.( ~);.:.::<,~~~. ,ullit, :.\lJ1~A:1.t811.o:oa ata~ioll. in East IJru~sia,. took
pa.~ in the Polich: ct\lIlPa1b"ll£rom/.tl~(l f1rst"day·and 't11~11' ()ollei<iernblecdis-C)l t1notion, thou&h ito Gx:"loits ";era O.lIllOSt unnoticod nt110ng tho morE: 6):.ecte.ouJ.ar,~n;d- nQvqJ;;ope~a1;ion~ ,of tha,ne\11~enzor di,v,i.aiona .....JJndo.I" the Third

,.:~,:~;~~"~:~:',;.: ;hrl~A3:mi YDl~. '

~a1" inol~q9d~wo,p.orsa

~:ls'~, ·Oayalry 13~lgade '~il1.·'~h1ch C"i)l"mC~;; t

A.rmy.~,',;b~~'ijl~~;;~ubor~;n~to4· a corp's •. tho, :bl"igE;\o.a; llloved'~p1.dly,fromthe to .': as.a.omblY~:fl.pe~>nortll. :f':·JS~~t!Tato tl1.ajJe.~w,. ,took :9al'tin 9 tho Ql'oGainr.:;e Oi:,\,i that ,1'i.vo;-, ~d ~hal3:ug,~ainst ,strong l"eaist!'.nc~. andreaonod·,t.ho, Ill'eu oast 'mentaf;Clinat.
. _' :."',' ..--.-.,

or:Ve.r,~~;'on:~h,a' l.2th '~"r." Aapart,.of),onQ,¥,ine; pf a Aue'O~nv~lolJi:ng,mov~,~ th0,Poli~h:,cspital it atto.ckad· both f'rontal1;:.r 8utlf:rom thill, .;~' :fl~~·tW4r·'~~-l\~~a:~liG,4fn.roAA~~' o,~;th~,,~'lin.,.:t~l~ces·:to.dis~tCIU}my
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,in~q,. ;,onEl,.,'br1gqfui of. t·l0 llQZ'ao. cC:.valryre~imcnt~ .. and one.1>rice.do ,.,0-+' t"jo·~~m1."t~d;: C;;\ya.1;ri·:1:El~i,Ir~en~o. . ',',' .~:;' .:".' ; .. : '. ,'" .:. . '.:',,:. ,"·,:J,."r;·:;

1940 iu:t4c? Aach.en aootoT Uil(10I' the.cli:ract, contl~Ql o;f~troG E1{~I!,tccnth Ar;:lY an(l.J~l~;O~~~p.e l:;'l)lt;i;fl:~~of tho:~in+~.~~; 41-'1yP ..th,1;~w~4: ¥~f:~!lel.~~lJ1~}Iqst.o1.·:9

Too lot Cavalry Di..-:ta1on :3t:lrtect tho \~ol3~e!'n cDul,:;:a1e;r.

in ~'1J.:Jy

a,ttack on RUB91~. lnJuno19.1:l .• the 1st e.T.1J~Jla.sd.to'a·. tota.l/:o£,~:fliX oavolry ref:1mont s;" probal:l:Qrci:re;~miiod';\i:r.l(lerthl?eo'bdg,t'Hlos.' .'o'acli;to:t~'.NliiCltO$ h(!,d~one.,horae; and ono:cttiod,o[;.vn1~;:l"e{~ll1bn·t.-' At ··the 'tr:.m t,:nre'the.':6u.1ifi.£l:). J.er;( ia'ba11eved::.toll;;~ve::bcien",j)artt~~ rtlotori'2ed end tl1« bthCr8ui;r.C'I:!..ttiii·tf:.:'~~J .uu1ts.'.tohave been enlargod..·~u;:,,': ;':;:. :") :{,E::~<2::).\" jlITtl~
Oav1?J.ryDi viSion;nt)!;ee.r~jto .havoLbsitin.'f'lU'ther

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prepar.-atlonfortb.?

t1nuouGlyd.n;llction;in':-~h6'olj!Jntro..'t s6otor~" ~1e- t!!~etios<!it lui'([·71"a.rnotft'!riC'di :rolantt •.• a.fld.lt'1·211090·.'i1her6 Gci~ny~haa m?:Rtery .• i',thel\1r!:hnd:l~~t'e~rto~. O i ty1n) both. firapol'19l":, and, mobl11 ty,iof': allB.rms •. were "o.i'~rontl.'" not" ;f.o,y!o.;o~ succr.\liwful w!icn app11od.' to thf> condlt1ons .1nRusdaa.tr:thojr1ihsh::'i!':r.Utod,I.Qj o.lthol.~;h the division commander 'fTaB etr.rllrded the Kni(>')lt' fiJ C:t'oz~, 1nA\\gI:J.lr.t. 'l'hedlvls1on'waa;;,.,1thdr.tt:tf.hat;tM·'he1ght of OCl'man·8uCc~6s.'<.ont "to ooeu-... pied ;E'l'MCO,'\and'convol'tod into It;JiO'J24th Panzo;r·D1vi81.on'( dSf.Jtro;t0d at:Stalingrnd) ..", '':HI'H).£) .':V"";:'l x,:0~:tUl~l(J·~,'."'~XiJ·?f3c,t
• . .• !I.:.
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aan armies 'l4erec.dvancing:

In thof'1ratt"ro

Ta:p1.a.l:r,

llionthg:of2'tht(ltl.ll:lI!ian ,8empai€.ll.~;tlhohthf'i Ger-.. ~;helstCf!.vaJ,:ryDlt'h'liOn'lfp.:m';dl.tiioliii) colil:

later' t'o·be~]~:.$tt
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',I, TheGe7:'!llart A~ d.ifl: no'f: form\ anYmoreo'ava.lx7 oqu8xlro:n: ,YslM:until tlio·1·~?.tter· :6ar'f;':cf ,1943.,·· ,..t. "i'

ui\£t:si'~llofo

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l{ag'gn-5S£t1il~.' The';iWitct'fe~SSc~' Nhich'11ae)l:tmhle:tHti tlolitelfLHJ,': ·,'.n conpet1t1bn w'lth\the ArmY'~took\-nn lnt'arAst'1n;';~~"i' horsecnvtilI7 ". fl·0il1;mlJat:'.:i~1.y a~6ge.~ \WB;Y" ·19I.tlthe· <fflnerel,S fl{ the"nllon",mili:.LY1,;! tf:l.ryt"p&.rt.'t1me: branoh iOf;•.1i~i'·SS)~·:aofa;. '.tierSe '; ebvalrY;:t9tf!:mclito·'(1W.tt~'::r~~ t 23; 13t~!i~~7::'~m.ih'of' fr6m'f'1 vo:to;:eitP1Ftiroopa; '.cr,oh.so~.ttoro.d;:thro'lf)i'. Cel'L1C11y;:'~');i ,
ml11te.ryorgen1zatlon
b. purposes •. Ade.~ot:f'o~

•.·~i~f~.y ~9r tt:n1n:l~ej.n':ho~o~nili~s~ilj·' .. nn,d'.:r o.r~(~~li~~,~( rOl?;tunr ot~v:llrj"tr~inir.e,,-;as l1Btnblitlhednt; De.. ~,'~Ctr' in So'\.,thorn'Pol['ndi i:!.11:~;: S:hortlynf1ier' :the 'bcgl!ln:l.ngbf: tho: It'l1~slM:·:cci:l1;flf18i'}: ansa briGade of t,,·o regiments wan r:ont toth19ft'ont~!tt;'opcrtitei'l'suO-;' setlJ.cntl~rintho oontral. p..nd. aouthe:r,n (lcotOTr., lprr,ol:r.in the .fron.tUne ~:;::):1fi llu.t,also, ~GP"1nG tl'aTt~.Gnns boh.illd}h~ 'lin~ s ..Durlng~l~:'l:;;~ tO~"i~~:.r.~Of c', i'./'> t~e
SC . were,:.• te~de~ i~

~t::

1941

of. su;?portine un1"l;ot and in mid.-1942 1.t wac eonver.tad in.to ,tl1cSSOavalr~n·,$: Division. Th.is <llvis~Lon Vt'.O lator'to rcc'Dive tha nUfilberB lm(l, the "1!'lor1Mi\ Gaye~nt. aftar. "aG:e~.'''''OHelJ.ead.Br;~l~·~he_. I'emmnt' l~e~?lt' -1nt~,}~th ..» :. '-"'1 Oontury. . Dllring th~,.follo·/ling Yp:1,r" Ht."i"CB, 'em·,)lo~rod.o.n 'tf=>ry1nG:~i8~~~11Si1\ ~~ widely., separn,ted parts, .Of:the front •.....It,. \mB 'Ilr'.r.t of ~¥,foroo ';.T~1c.hi~~~e.~, ..:: :

anel

the early

"ptdtcf

1.94:2:l:t"'t:ittO· erp.lln1!lly

(lx"i"3n(l,otl,by,thGnd(d ..~1.?n;~ ,

urisUOCOGG~tilly to ra11(~;."~,; ~e:Six~.h·Ai.~; at, Satln~~(l •. 'it '''tM!~~l.an~' t d13fons1veo.otion ,nenr'Tortr;)Qtsillthc :northern Beato::'; .~t I:TllCCCt.S11!o,lY'~'~\>\1"; covered tho ,flonltSQf:the retr.oa·tint~.n1n.th ::,ml ;Jighth Artliosin tho can-;",:,~ tl"a!'jinll iconthorn..'maeiors; ,nnd1.t 'l'oUc:ht '_n th~ .losing ?i::tt.~05l'::j~~'Ki~",:;rlco!"!: 3ndKnop:topotrovz~~!'!;'~?t;;roon 'misnfona,; ··.~m.111.idotnCh!!'lent'!=l:Cf.!cr>va.l,r.~~}t.~"~ !~~m th1s·,div19ioll .. hehead'~oxtcnofv91..Vfiri" anti~par'tinM.. .,ctbr~t~'i!lts,i··lmr.S,ohnel:'. e 8 •• nnd lElndcTBhip 't'reroothign cai.:i.bol', ~Jeing draw' J.f:!.ltigelY· :rl·6ci·the~Gorfarih o~"';'~

i~,::~~~

mino'r1-t~os

in ,tl'ie'-:.:BalltM·,. f,ount~ie,£i.
.,,~ .,

,,-_

.' 'J,

.:';
1,'inS

iMd":tllon"to .Y~~Die.,,~.$),£oz.rest

. .... ..:.. . 'LntolnilH43tneSS ........•.

•anCl,'rOorgi' ahi sr..M.on. It:

?avldrtD1Vie1()n"Ii:iB!~ffthcJ:rr,tllrri

to I>olt:ria etnt1onoo.· in

,t~ l:1roa.;araa (Slavon1a) and operated in £lI>Ulll'f,l"oupo. agai.mrt. Yw:;oaL'lv partisano~ -At that Uoo i1; contained.·f'our'h.orso cnvo.ll.tyi'rag1Cl.OntG andn:·:; full qOj'llI~J.emont ofsu.pportin& 'Uotli te, vhioh uore partly Dlptorizad. In' i·lo.rch 1944;.1t::entered Hun@.ry as tho~jl'1nclpal P;).rt of. too coeraiwJ"f.ol'c0sont ; thero by the Gol."IlUlllB to insure ·~t, country' 0 .continued coll(lbore.tion~;:·\:/);l:tl thero, durillg the t'ollOt'11.ngmonths, it furnioh.~d one full ref.?Jatmt· role. ca.d~.l;1fc)f.,.tt1Oaddit10nal.4orne. cavalry rGgiman~e' ao "-'011 as;'oupportine unite .tc),,£O~·~~lO now 22d. SS>Cf,l.valry; Divis,-on. Tbcbulk of' tho l:1aJlpOwor .o£:th~ latter41yi~1on ~as lIunsar4l.nt,allA.,\:botl:l.itot;rain1ne nndits. tlol"G'.l.e\1Gl'~ . ..
~q1J~~~. .'
c';.;:~tj,~,,,'~~~' ,;', )' nr;,,~r;;f.I)t~),

:.t ..;<:."

': _:': "

:,~,.~,ii.~:~,,'---' ..

....j'

,~'

iJi:.~",

:;:,-;"~ ..,,;~? ('>'~.; Doththe~S

cavalry d1vieionowereore;aniaad:el.oug :Lc1ont103l.' 11ne,snwith. tlu'oG '.'hol'!il0 ~avalry regiments.of :four troops, i: rimaohinG-gu.n. tl'OOp,o: ..hea.vy waa.pon9·~rOOPt and.·ahEladqU!U·to.rs 'hroOJI; a,,·horeaartl:J.lc~r, regimel~t0'l- threo ·llr.;h.t' battalions; a bicy:clo'battnlion; an nntitnnk:;r;, \';:.'.,' battal~o~;;)partl~r mO~91'i~od Die~ andengincsr 'battalions;. aner c. t:.otor1 ...;
3f)d Bup;i>ly: regimont ...:,),>.1 aional vi

Fig. 5.

ot ~ha.Q:t:eanizatioA)~9,ohown
....'

0 trellgthl'laa abou t10 D 000 mon. Dfltn110 in,Fir;. 4 and the allotment; of aquipment1n"

AUBtr1a:~

The tW9) SS· aava.l:1.''3' div1sionsol~ra.tad togotherln t.r,o dafons~v~,~~~tlee, in' tho difficult 'terro.in ot,~rtillGY'lvanis.." It tfQ.sprobabl:r intended ;toi orge.nize·th.em into 0. Ol!.Voll'Y 'corps, but d\lO;l to tha _ e:db'Elnc1ocrof tha:;oam~.1gn this,tmsnovor accomplishad.o.nd thoy came-uzular. the control·of tho:-lXSS,;M<?\Ultain COrp8~ .Thoy follback on: :au.dnlleot nnd.wel'6 runongthe':;:: German;units .:whioh \tore: eneirol()d-:1nthntc1ty and flnal.l.'Ydes~royed ·1n':\'d Januaryl:1945.·;b remnanta,tl1hlch .eecapedwore ..cor;lbinad ~ithr0plaoemGnta:-' and othe'r,;pereonnal.to,f'orm the new;S7th5S Cava.1.ry DiT1s1on.' . ![Ib.:'I.s·tlnit .. nover reached full ctrongth in p(n"sonnel. horses, or equipment nnd cad· not distinguish ltnalf 1n tho final confused battloo aeainst the RUl1.ldmlfJin
~ tt:;Y'~;~'D ; ,;: '
;";It;;,·'(,,-:,~: (,<;:0";',' ,;.:::,;,; .rL~;" :,). ': ,.~:) ';;''';' ..:': ..".;_,,,:.;.']' :

:e0~'inning in the summer of 1942, es a I:art:of ox-Soviet perBonnel (prbOn9l"!? of wa.l" and de .. oerterl9hto<'figbt'jfor~:thell1,'Q number~ot' :1.ndl!)rlOndEmtCo~sack:"oavalry squad ... rons 'a.nd.;;trooPD"·;were.·:f'or~dlmder·the Firat Panzer 'Army1n ~OU.thCJ,·1V h.'u~lsill. Sevo:al)addit1onalunita~war9 f.oroo dof' Tal'tar, 'rurlroatan,a.nd. other native peroonnel. ' TheF;s uuito,uudor Gol'man cOllltlandars. \1erausa6'.' 3uocasfI.fu.lly for lon~rouga reoOmlaiSSMCc andra.1d.8. behind enaL\! l1lws in the atePIJGt, bayon.d:~he 10\'ler Don ond,1n 1;11.('1 .nol~thernOn'C.o"18UG. A;·fewof the Ooses,olc un1t6pe~ormod wall ,in. C QVO ring oparat,1onfl in the nubsoquelltl"ritllC!.rs.wo.l"! tQi~h.Q;K~ bricieeh~adfazultho,German cO:l!:,,".ndoz' of (l,;r,ro'Upof ,J"hem ,.::".~~ 1'SceiY~4/ithoOak l,oaVGa.to the lfu1~tt s QrOElD. In c;enoral; hOl.1Cver,itT "~ was:<foUlld,.i that fOI'algn.i.\w trl .m)~f)::u.nreliab10. 6.urins thG;.G-orlllell 1"str12at3,,. , which Bot induri~g··the l11nta'" o1':;1942-43,.'and.·,all ~u.oh unit3.'·woro tho:'c ...!' f9r~ :, ~an.aferro4 . to l:01a1.ld for il'Oore'CUli3at ion' ailcl leteJ;" com:.1it'l;ed, to:' .;',,'_.' t tb.eatel"D othor than the. RuI3GiOll. ." ;',"<r~i(l~'::
the German po11c7 of aubornlnl~

c.

.Q.Qs~~ nnW:.

althoUgh/;iy;,d1d

volvedomall opaxationll, ul3ua.lly :1.ngroupe 0:1 sq'U!ldrOl1 D1zeo o.er e. lal.'go terri 1;017$/ lnol'1l.d:l.nG;l'aiQ.o· '.uto; 1)ar~1Gan-hcldl.lrealJ'and·confltallt l?n:~rol-, ling.,_:,)ehua,i"th0 'dl".iaion~nover lla.cl,:an,opportuni ty,; to o,Parateas i a G:t.nglB~ IilEllf".'I'Qonta1ned''U.Il1t~ ~:'..i.;:.; ..,' ;~,;. ." :;::. '~: ,">:Y", '/.. .'!:-"ii" . ;:f,;~~,'! '(i', ,·;,:.·.'::*''1lHi, "5110'1 'e,t~ijd~$I\i.~·:\( :d::M ·t~; .. ,~;~{a,.i! ·"t(,: ~o fulf:1.l1·this miss1.o11,th0'~n.m1on~ r. organi:uitiQnconccn~ tr.ated' on:~ca.val.r:r:pro:9artma·'W'anvol'Y wnlt~.l oupportine ·s:'."ms"· At first t~ro 'Wore'twobZ'iBades,eal'lh of tt"10 l"cgimento;latora ·i;h~:rii,.bri~d.o ':fa:
!.
o/~ ••

yoar1~rha4.~;thO miooj.(.ll'lof protecting the. G1)rmnnlineo of.i.oo!(ilDlUlication,. espsciallytho vitBl strctah of rail"a1'botwcon .Sicmk: Olld;.Bl'od.( Thin in-

,On lMa;r 1943 '1;.11.0 la~ .Oossa,altD;lviGioRtfaO, officiE!lly formed not· l"GS;,ch £ullntl'entrth fOI'BOm monthl3 dto;t" thaii.""In Oct9b4.l:r:.1~ ~aa t~anlilf'el"ltod fl'omPolalld' to·· YtIgOslav1a.," tlhera.for.th.e next
.; ,.J!;j_;'.".,':"

ad.ded~":;;Ee.cli'reglmontwae GUproead..t·o cons:J.stof a horfJo ~8q:unCb:oll~Q.'n.' bicyolo,squ.adrOn,w.t rOIJOl'tG inl3.icated thntsomo of them,ha<l tuo horBal

ElquadronEl.. 'Each squ.'l.clron"hada.1lk'l.china-gull troopanduthroo, or'f our· re~hr troops, andtherog1mant' had:~(han:Vy-tleQP'omltroop~ ;·Th9reeii:lenta:vereCJ':.(i' alnssii"$.edllsDon,., Kube.n,:i Terek,'{fall(l SibGr1e.n;O'oseMk'irOgis;iOnt'tf~.r:'but': o11F~~'f., inol:w1edsome-Germnn"'psrsonnel,' lU'J.ct,th(f officer: oorpa,1ias 'l~i.tlY'!00riuan;d:.~l':i'i partly Oossack,,',:and: part:tr/emi;er~A'tiAoinnl;'., 7t.L; ~,; l'c.";";'} .,;r!;:' 'i';; (lt~~'\,.,1'

~f;:; , " :.

"~I' ':":~'

~:

-,

.,..}

(,,!.~:~~,

,':_~'':

:1

difficulties'in. the mattor 'of,!diDcipline' Md.lo~lt7'·p.l1d tha!·'YUgoolB.V' pOl"IQlation oomplamadof.,··a.tI'()'Qitlerr:cOl11!!i':1.tted;·by tlieJ"'divls:ton; ''it~'al'~~.l~',t~~ thi8''\U1i~ performed 1tD opocializod mission. with flUOCC!lI3B until the'~G0rman8, began wi thdraw1ng from tho llell!".ans in tho lE~tt(!)rpart of 19'14 EtndeVCnl'Tith. d1stinctiondurlng.theW1thdrawl::1i;'solf, .when.itstaiad,beh!t~d, t~ looep, ,the line ofretl'ont £ree"fl'om'1)artiBan~:8ttaok~ Duringth.1 fJ ' (Uffi'otilt';':Peri'od.:;' mora. perBonnel wera;;procw.-ed: and'Jtra1.ned.,' w..d to~mi·d,tha end~or:lg(~;#the,::i' division :ap11t. to torm,tM.lst'and"2d, Cosse.ok OaVal.ryDhi'816ne\i·\~U)'se·\(;'~,' \-rors. absorbed into;.the':~la.f.f$n-SS\an(f the XV 5S COfl8ilcl.f.'Cnvelr:r',Oo'rpS""Wa.f"~;;;1

TAl though::tho:

" ,' ~r,' t . .' t. ~;. ~(,'f,t".r.,/'t '," 'German1.COmmnnde~~·oompl'a.1ne~ . .!~of

,1

fi iIi:J.;iz!'

hi'Of:-ll'lipiir:t~~~., ~~~:

sat

the existing 4 an·d '. 6 wi thitho

:;,'[

up

to control,·them.;~

S5 onvalry

Each divlsi'on'wnsto b't!} or.~nize(Pon:··tlle'·"liic9'}~of dJ.vielons as dcsQJ~l'bed.rJ,'bovo and r!ho'm'ln'~ Fi~'£ :.t.'~!"

.' ""~'il>'~ ",,' '.,.,,""'.,,>

Russian

presumably

of' 2. tn:perBonnel);of"

the cavalry corpo.':ldth .:ttssuper1or"mob:l1:1tyond.

being.' ce.ptured.::by,.

rapidly to· thonorthwar;t agalnBt·,thc:J~ustrie,n.£rontler..~mtl1.Jth10,eo:r.pB"tl;J aating as . tho 1);\.1"0. "In'the t Ie i lr~gt '(~G of\ltha ;",a.rt';,ho\!1C\"er;<0~:

::,Dy'lJ1arch;l1945 tho' 'SSe 008sack Cava1rYCo:tp~~:\"t1,fJ,in Sl:lvonin naw ~BBion,ofprotect1ng',.the .left fJ.t1llk otArm,!!" Gl'Cl'u.P?. against.'s j; attack3~ :,' Lafie .,in::AP1"! ; thaa.l~ 1 group· \"Ja.aordoredi to?e1l11ngbh,*'J:1:;

xv

:1ntenaa:tearcon:·tho!,pari onl~to;bo~
,;.'.;; Lt"

roaoh Auetria-and ourrender.toth0:tfootern to ,the Rod Army.;: ~~'il~, '~,;:;:~,J:.; ".,."

Several

thG: iRu.<t.lo1ans.wtl.s

Allios,

CUllCJng.the:,f1r"t:;'iO: t-urned:oV81'C,

_ ',,"

f:; ;':;,"~::~'~,'J(~·ti:H~

after

in f;he ee.rly pa.rt 01.'1944 and wero omployod against

the AlliedinvaBion .. " :
,tf:

indepentlent

C~e-snok I.'Jq1:t.ndrOD.S ","oro formed tn Frcnoe"\,

Frf;lnch partisans until

;':")

:'J:'.i :';~'"

",if

the uno. of1ndopel'1dent. cavalry' twits aIEL.mollna! o~ .eover',ng; w1thdrtttmls':',f)?z. on the long et?ste:t'lljfrOnt~ ,.Three::reglmentil 'fc:Jl'n"formed•. lwo\m; na,Crivalii7':; Regiinents~torth.CGntGr. and'Solltp;:' oach one ,being. iiltendedtci J!rotoct'the boundnriesbetweJan ..• tha<four 1A!'ln1::'groupo:in."',thc eamt. /It nPP03.rn·tha,t ;·thor porformcd this mission wi th, sllcce~s:t'or .carfot., month~,'bu.t ';n:1;he) su.mru.e!',o,f 1944 ,thoy:"!9repu1.1ed,out:~.nd,roor.c:an1zed. EUI t\r,r(rbl·igade19" thff;northcir,niCi\rtd Bouthcrnragiments'" foming the ,,4th Oa:valrynrs..~~.do andthEl',dontrax~h:,eg1merit
being expalltle(l:lJlto the, 3d OnvalrJr Birie;a.dD~ In tho follo,d.ngFebrUar.:vL':>~2'1: thesobrigades woraupgrncled1.l1to "M.vit'!ions¢l, . b'lt tJ.p.parently'~H.thOt'd;aD.~'; inoroal!lo in Gtr~H1.gth'or ohnnge'in:orgp..nizat:lon.. A Oavnlry,Ool'Ps 'wao tjfj";":"j 1iabliehecl'ao early flO:, Juno 1'344 '1nantioi:9a,tion at tb.o oOmP1GtiOtli',;'O:f;fth1~S;
reorg.~"liz!ltion."

, d. ··~~\I.~,Earl:y<il:i;194.

... the" A:rlIl1 tWCi4~ed;, to' revivd4fH~,. :i

!,':'''f~;;~

Ths:nsw,cnvDlry'brlg~d6 O'l-Iare .id,an'li 1eal lr1'orr;roii za ti on. ~Iltlh consiet:l.n~of tw6;hor~H);'Cavell'irre\g-:imentso:f .ttriO.squridrona . e:iohJ";a'llClrj:H.,-r;~ art1110r;'Y::regilnant', tOf. th:reebattaJaonB:I:'a. .'. El1i~ be.ttal.101'ii and ..a\:BIri5ilj~~ E)n~ineer'Unit~"'l:ht:> detn:1.1odo:l:-gan1'ZaUon'·'and aq.U11)IDontthdoecUnieri';!ii\'?!I':I~ e.J."a, sholrTn 1n;:'Fles. 6 .and ; '7.} '.' t: ',(,.c.,}~:!~)r!,g;~iCI

of

The,.Oava.lryGorps con.trolled ll*)oho.nite<1 CllJl'!all· ae horse,; oll1"alrtun1te. Itfought .. everacd,gfone11r0'bnttleo e ,th:ro'llghoutthosummor:t and early aUii'l.mtnof 194:4 on tho easterl1. front. I te prlncipal'a;Cllicvsl'llen-t' during th1a :period Wll.S su.uceBeful1.1 coverinl~ the nor'thern flank of the Second.A.roy,.'t·1hS ehl'laS oecuP.Y"1.ng(~n:illlJ.lOrtant on11cnt1n>tho'!~l"ee~ of Brt';)et";'Il'l t6valc~\U'1t1l;'tho'ne1.ghborlng neotorEI of 'tile ..rront'~ilfore;.the enotl,V:. had broken :throUijh cOU~dl}e.reaate:bliahed., Subseql.\emtly,t11e,cor})"'i'ro.a/.~:>:! shifted to aJralativoly (luiot. £lector cl:1.[;htly fe.rthe r north untier:,th~;';'}h"t~: FourthiArrny~,:nd then,atjihe.beginilint;of19~5t to ",estol·nrrunl~;"l.~r.

;t~of'Q,"flCAA~<1~ ";~t1: t.llo'lllill)a:1pn

of. goY~!'.1ng~:~;\4.thdrD:U'al,~lY·}th,!lt: of';Ariay G1;'9uP:S'outh,aa it f~ll back into Auntr1n. Tll.oCe.vllll"Y"Corpa,~endcc.A;b.e;lt.-:at" in tho vicinity ~f Graa. contl'ol11ngtha 3d and ·lth Ca.val.:oyDivisions, tho ~:fd: ~'1:P:l~-f:P1vi~10J1. (lfIl~tho. :lo9t1l~~. );l.an~e:r, Greno.«1iorDl~lSi on.

,t'!\'tri":"~"rij,

~ij;;;.t:)'t:;'.$4~ ~iY
.;.,
i.,

'.• Y·..' -.

.in

",;,,:.,,:,'.;)

'"

.' ...

~'. ,.,;

. .....

,,

~l<?}Z~~[fJ,r_n.,jl;;;,•..;j~t",~ .. :

·a;:~1flo(.pJ;atOQn, <:,,"'" ",.. , :;;' ',;.~.

a.. .IU,v~~~~e9Qnnqi~ennge,:~t~Al;szn8.GormP.n doct.I'ina has a..1.~WB,ln1~.:~~at.eml)4a~1.~cn'Jtrong ana.:~oaB1ve reconnaissanoo at 011 .c~J.Qn~ ~p{a ba811i~q_;r <li~POBit19ns:and.opel·at1011B. !Llbia rango.d fromd1a~~~,;~'liretegic racollIlaissance bTai:r:forcGo'and'by largo cavalry ormo~or:i. .. .:z~;a;~~"t,#.'~,1;9;const.AA~;::J.Oce.l"1,atrol11ng;by,:·groups of 'foUl"or five men :f:r;'oll\::

'

J;,,;

.!';
..,.. \,

..! '.

.!

.t"Ul .... ".:

' '; ;',t, .. ,'

.: '"

..

t ,A:;"'Qt'l::t,t"'llnplanning for World War'11 ,<in accordnnoowi th.''t:h1s:t;'l·inclplc 1 tb,a'k~r~ Ri~ COll1IllaIldellottod'a. full, or@;m1erecor!nai~'9enCf) .battalion ,. to':OaPl1,~di;'1B1on.,otJI~tevel" typet' excoptltorOOl'Lllt defensa p_n¢ ot1ter d1vi1!11pn'~··'f1tll.,:p~17.:~,taY'ic: roloa.c Until .tho ',0l.1tbronkof wa~, hO';Jeve~,~S'~'lfl .lJ8Gn·;dl10i;n";Ut ·P~~a.l¥l' .. above,tll.El :roootula.1ss:?.nca11t1tts.1ions!'lntel1~,odrQr 1: '1n£nntry'd1visions wore retained for training J)U:fpo(jor~ in tho old c:?val17' roglmantswh1ch had been inheritod i'rem tho Verca111aa portod 'but meum:hila c~~~p. J~<l J)a,r.tlY,mQ.cho.n:t. zed. c;Tho,.total·.:nll-'l1ber'o.t.1,lors~··t;j.·,o ol?,~t bicycl<;l. .'~OBB •.~TAA~anUtMk. mOl~'ta.r, 1n:f'lUlt1!y ho~;1tzer, e.nd·~rm~~ed~cur eu.b unlt~ .. l;.(tllfJcay~ry.r.cglIlumt in oacn corps aroa: waBalIaoot; oxa.ctl;rs\rtficiont (uld ;i~:,.tp.~;~_gl;1.t, prc9Qrtione. to provldo:,tho reoolll'Uliasance'bnttal1ons for ·tIle ,"niMtz-y" ,divio1one of, that corps. onl!lobili~a.tion_ . :' "
"'.". I,. " '0 ':}_ " ,',. ',.<'
_, -... " .• :' ., .. '. ~

.:'. .; ;:;:;'!" ,f.he. orgallizatlon of; ·~hoc1.i'l7ie1otU'..l raconneiGaanaobattelioll~ml3 i:dQnticelj)n: v11't~lye.ll :lnfan~ry dividons p.,n,d. was retain~{i ~litllout"Clllj. o6Gont1el.c~P,O until 1943, oxcept tr~.t tb~revaB n tendanoy in 50mo \U1its to replace horsoB b;r bicycleD. llao1csllyo th(~ "bllt'~alion consisted of one ~~f.i$tl:'0PP, one·bioyclo· troopo a'hoaVY"'feepollD troop~·,and~. COn:llll'Wli~£~tion.1iJ platoon. "Its dot~iled:or&Uli~at1on.lf; shown in,Fig. a~ .;. .. ,,;.:. _' ,.;',.,.-,._"
','-. ",,,,.,

...

'"'

1ngtlla'reoonna1saanoo
tankcompanioa;'
t

. \': .. ~:',,':mlU'1Y':ln"li~43 tho :i.<loa.r'it>i't:.tl tric(l out in 'a few M.'V·181oJ.ltl;of'm~rc.-

end tworootor, .. dl~ai41l o.ntithe· hoaV"J",w1;'.::X>!lO troo!) or the .reo,onn''il.iSsMC'..e battalion \'1!\f.J dlBJJGnoe:d .dth.The}ru.rpoBoa]JJ'CClr6<1 to' bo '1;0 lr.aop the antitank l~W,1l highly mo~.11a;~.~rfEU' ;:f'Ol"\1~~i\tp,ld to Ca.1':ry,olla {\egl"30 f:o.rt·her tho' Ga~anGt.l·esso.A re,cPlllla.i~.snJlcoin f,orc.~.". Itlfae found, howe"el'.:·that the rooonn.aissnnco.· . oleme~~~::tt~~:~a,~I;o~()d·1D.' .tIl.O 11." llli.a01 on oy/,tha:presonoGof"ths" antitBnk;cJ~~ ... m~lita,; wli~i-e'th8'lattor,' wo;r,'otoo fez. sonarato(1. :t'i"Ollithouivisfonh0adqu..'.l,rto:;"B to'·pr~tq'c·~,:ttand othQl"'1rittll.!}o:i.ntsclld. ',apprcach."r £J:'omth()!'Gtc~~.d.ll.y p;ro,".. in@;t~E;'~pr,ceu ,of the,~llieD. ,;!l!b.& iexpol'imcnt,tas tnarr.!o;ro.' dl'OPl)od' "11th:;p., a :rea.r of ita incoption.' ':<L; '.' ".';,.1 .,' "c..
Q10n;)"ae.,,,~t:roducetl·

c~le,,:trQqp~

nJ40b.~;~,.,J~~~ttllio,nll ,,(,~9b.1Jalk.~i-~)..

·e.ndnutitanlt

olol!l()nts

to

iOl".C1a

(:91:' one .h,()rae ana. on~, b1cyelotroop)

!i:b1s

'\.1.S'U,;a J.lycon5~,st.of.j,

J'lG\1 un:\t knOlm

8.0

of.' t1:iv

oi-'

,.>:;1\l'n;i,ln jiho uutUl'lm. of 19·4S·a 'noli and oliltlllcl~.ty}?O of.inf'anf;1·;I~.dtv~-r in -. whichthe"racwnlla,.osance .battnJ,.1:.on ,\ma' ,,,o,~lIlQe~:,, '~Y:';~·~ t\:ilioclt>;~~an't;l'Y. unit ..known ~lO thi)·lI'iloil~.cr,batttUion.~1G~it l1a.3'o,r,:" '" ~zc,d.;'9~=o.C.tl:v lil~!. at\3·1nfc.nt17battalion( oxce.Ptt!~'1.t'?n~,~o.I;Ip't'.n..VJ1qo';:.,.~,; oountod.'Oll') bicycles" andi lrao under thod1root·, control'of'tha'(liv1aiox,", oo~:n~ ... der.',:);~)~a.;.to servo ..both as 'L;ha div1aion..v/reocMa19f,~Ce qj,G~icmt,Culq.i'~.O./, the,,;t'es~;'Yfti11~ttelion,i.for' all throo·intantr.r!reglm3ntk~:,~ttlo-~';'.l1Cl;~ bO~~~,,~gj"t:i d'(.Wt)dto1mQoattaliona each, As E'. fu.rthel" atap '1;0 save m.'i1.nPQ~ar the' t . . . .•.... H_ VoU.:sgrert..adio:rdiv:luion •. intl'od\1Codin m"~-19(4, .1ul<l only i:ll'usi~.:ler comp~ llhlch UflO;}a.QtUt~Y tlt~~'atronGth. O:f':n,eal.~lit~o.co·ml)anlGiia.;~(l had; all.the", ,ol~nto!".pf.::tt:).o ·provlcfllzbat tsliofL ;'~to ·;compena~~,o,;fo;:~.th:f.~e~\.1~~1on;. 9,~aT';" r Dattaliorl'inono of thaiilftlntry l'oc;iu.ents wElB'alao·moun.tod. on 'b1o:voleo~' ". I.t 1Bsi{w;i.f1cant otGermau atrasl on l~connais~rulcof.hot:.'Pva~, ..t~;Lat this ar;'GJ1gemontcwau ;aban(1.oncul'·al1(",,' ,too 'i'Ullli'tis1iie :-b,'ltt.eliou·:,Wa.arc(Jtoroc. .:l.n.. thp·1.945"';t: e,d1v1a1on~'\"";lh1ch ";:T$l.EiutrodUceJdtowm. dtl1o· and cf'J.944 :':fth1s .
i
1

mounte

time"

oreove:r,.tho on:bioyclos.

ent1roCcb~,t tB.lionexo0p~.

tli.s:

haav~~i\reiipon~\: ~j.~mefi~n}g~a

• :Beforo ·tuEf..war'thEfrPanzor. motol':t~·cd.·· ·an(f:lii.;ht;'-di,ti;TO!ul)R~:tl . their own organic IOOchanizet1. raconr.laiaormce. oelttalionl!lnndthe mountain div1.... oiono had organic bicycle battalions •. i,.bse··olemento'·i!ere;'retn1nt!d· inthe:1.r· orlginalstreJlgth, or gl'teatol" atrel!gth I throiJ..ghout the,.\lIl\r._..,!,." ... .: , ;.,.

employmnD.t.~·of..·.·diVifJl on."lYreconntiisBM'be'.;)e.ttlii:i · accord (with ..he usual prinOiplos :;of:modem cavalry tnoti~ri~':' .~hoi<\fe~~ :ua.od t .eW0se1v.oly.'end,'dthi.:gl·ea/Ii::Dldll:,;by,~tha'Germana .:not J6nlyr1or"~reeO%ri1.~1~f':ince inf'orco;'.n,:all"phase~of oporatioIl131'but.: also ·fo"C soreGn:trlg;':)oo'Bnter";reoo'n~./.
:,:~. ~',:' \:;;:.';Ji:r.ue·

""':~:r

<-',:,-~

,,''-'''''''':':''':'

,.~- .. -

"",~;,,:.:~;~::,:,

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_.

';,",:_

' __

~ ~_~_.:,-_.-,

on~':",\~~:~
,: .. :.:~-.f"-

...-";",,:-y<'"

na.!asanco, .flank
and
....

protootion; an,d cov9l:'ing 'dHhd.rnuals. Thel'£liot,,;thni-J=tHey:;, wore ma.:lntaine(11ll'lt11 tho end of tho l!1tU" and. tho.'l; tho e:tr>erirncllta of 1943 rind 1~41: :.;~d.,~aok.;to" \"thG,~:~lobile, esvi nional ' re c'on!Jt\11!i snnce :,baitalion f,hOt'~l ,~¥,~, the, iGor~ t!lilita.ry;,.l(}a.dol"~ :founo. them 'h1ghl;r ofi'Got1ve' in:' bo·~h.o~f~n~~:VI!)::~,

among"tlioBo:s:lm.rdS'd. .Gor~,dooorat
,.t"'9
i\;c.\,

da£enB1vG ffartare.,'
.,J~;,. , "

!l''ha high 'Iproport:lon·

,'"

of this ~cilcmont;in',Gol~.
,\ .. ,:",~., .. i:». :;,d •. ·..
,,' ,~

emplo'l7' .... r c1,~"'\..

'.

organization
. .

10r.lG ;:1ikewis0
'"
;i,:.....;i,

of reconnaiesnnce' 'col\lIlc'lIlders ~';

.... .' , /c'".;,.,:,
',' ,~: .,". ;" ,.,

·and. th.o'~wasBiverieac ..
.':
""" ",' .v

,'ShO"lTSoot.h:·: tb.e·f~mpoi·;triiic·cf:.... · .'

!,;. '1'/, ..-.
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!'With'1iiiioif~1t
,."f~,,:,.:.\
, . _"

,.,.).'.t·,;:''.-··.I''~/l·~~t''''!i''',!~

,',j'

,~;:~',:~n('j,C'~::':::H

·;.,.,<lhl."

~"."',

'~he headq\1llrtors colnpF.l.nyof,'ahOlr'iiifikn7 tryrag'fment 'illthe.Gorman Alrray, eSl'vedtho:r SaIlla purpose:v1thiiit:·th.e'rediinl~nt as. the ,.diviBional.reoonne1soBnce ;.bat 1;alio~.r;1ntho. eliviolcrirI t:'-'cons :tcted(~Of' throe :sq:wids, a head.q'~:rtar!1J:,eeot1(m';nBlld; a.,tra:J.n~. With.i g:tot'nl.'atre'ngth';.:or.< 31 men and 31 horneu, Details aro shown in Fig. 9. It wes used to ~pegrhead. regimental , lllovemento" for regimental::; reeonn.{),1811!ci(fG~. nnd d.\wing,C, a:ot1ori~:, and.~for:, Gcreen:1.ng .and ooverin€;"" purpoa9o.· ~',It\'Ta.9iilwOy8'·~at~:tB.e~"86r~ , ,,r ....."

c@.valii"am, ..they mountod,platoon:in:

'•. ,,:'::,:

b -. ,

}l<rgntgU;~t~,

Qlato_qu.Thoughnot

otr1ct1.7:b" l?art·'():ti·th'8t';;

b~r~ro
_.
"'CO, , .••• , .•

vice of.,tl~o,regimontal .commandor~:

,. '".,\0. -4., ... : .' ,'" .. " ~.·,·,·""l:":~ -, ..·_::,v".".'·,lt".(",,,,, ,, .

J';'t

..

'

<.

...

',.,:,,',,'"

\.":.,,.};.:

.,',

,.,,[,,:

I, ;..·t··,'l'f~,.);.~.\:..,..t·, ... :1., ••. , ,,,~..

,platoons'~in th~'heB(iQ.U2.rters., companies' btl ·tlOto~ izod. Md arll1ol'od1nfAlltz'y recimonts r:lnd tha M.oyclepl...':l.toonl! S.n'thehen6.quat'ters.aompe.nioo::.,of: m.O'l.mtnill, ~.llr.,ht, andip.'!IX'o.ehutoinfaritry 'l~egiment9._,,~~;
platoona
\'rel"O

... ;;.'~·:,""",~,:, ..'.;;,;:EqUiv8J.ent .:in:purpot-e::tmd 1U()tho(lOrem:pioymen:t~·tathet,)tn~,ilitid.~~

tho motorcycle
'_'" -. _,' . '., ... __ _,~, .. ~ .•"" _; _ _:'"-!"_";<'_"~

'."'.

dier"

some ot; the,.divieionn

,.

.b.horBe~,
.) J;'V

and ··J~.945t."'·T\If\S.
.

oftIio.l944:.:type
:.

of tho moun·ted pltitoon 1ifore replaced tindt(inal1 those':'ofthe Volk£ler6na~'~ ":.', ; _j ,;~,:: ," ,.,".: :' .~ ~ .• ".<,~'~' >,: .•.'.-:: .;;--~U~~\)
, ~_. ~, ,.'''';:''''_'_'' __ .. ",""

bf,:i.'ioyc:t~e::~~n
.",."";. "':",,:: ' ;:... .... ,f:

V)9o.!.i.QU..2.taag...~n.:tbn .G.J~. J)osp:l teita emp.M~.1G:~,~".::' the employment of', mechsniz8tt:Cor00s and on 1'~,p1draoveme1tt, ,the 'bulk:of:tll'O-' Ga:rmanAl·r;.v.trasho~se'"rd.rllwn ,thl'O'l.1€,hbut·'1orld liar II -. , Th00nl~r :f'utl;v'·hiot.or~ izocltmit.in,tho. ·,infantry:divinion'\·TE".8 '~ha ants. tnnkbp..tta.n.dii~ ..110Et'o±·':t~· divlaiOll.;'11,.sllIJplyaervicee. lfore:horse-drmmt . motor velti,~los beihe~,usri(t,;:;·'"t~~

......,:e./.Q~t

"."

':

'-

'.

"

".'

.... '";

:.,>~r(""

units. on the
'

chiefly

to ,.tranmpor:1;i'ueland for ,the w.rks.bop COJlJPnny~":," The GU,,·; 911P'Ply-' ••.. ""';~'" othor hand, \f91'O mostly motorizod.' q .• ),:.i./ ..f';;,1( ~ d~visioliho.d' ~')prOx.11~'itOly'5~300horne~1 ',.,

1, lnOho'rae;..aro.wi V'eh~:QletJo;950 .motorvohicler-J, ·f:!nfl·~30.motorcyc191'! ..;r'.. 7h.e,,· ~ 194,4i..tYPO'.·h.:;"t'La.bol.1.t;', ~' 00 horse s ".:i.:;,400.horeedraw 46 vehiolos, , 600".motor' " :';; vah101ero'an<1150,moi;orcycloao In.1943,. d.tWto tho &t'oat d.1ff1cult1ca'ln:c tlupply:andr ,Upko0J?:,of tloior,veh1clee,;:i.n 'l;h.e.,'Ii<io,atratchoB of !thO~!. O~gtel"n DJ frQIi\"o',:·tno,:al I6tmen)L1o~. d.1vioions;" in,.:thnt theD,tor tinS ."reduce (1'to:"~.pproT.i"':'·' w.atoly' 400 'motor 'V0hicl~Sfu"lc1400JjotOl'CYClea ancl the nunbor' of lloroeewaB
:tnoTI!la.acd

···,.;;,The .•old~t3:PO.:inf.sntry

to,

soma G', 300.

'k'

in .'tllo,Germ.E'Ul ArL'w,:in::~ ",entire tho periodof~~orl~ ,Tires',.!l ~','~ricJ.tld:1ng·tflor.a .in~·trninini~ ,mS, ~nd,.'ralllount ;;do!,ots: ts me,y''be ,'es~1matod at').lIjO,OOO~ . "~{i;!"'" ':,," ':.L::J.:j~~';~
Sr

The :avera.ga'totcl.,

ll",mber, < of horse

. '/'f .. ,For,,·~ll~:'bfE}0ai§g, t_tl:'il:triingl 'r~:p.ia.celOOlltf.andoere of . tn.! gh'~~: lumber,of·horees···tll$ ·C-er.nan',ArmY.rrn.'l.lntainod.::,O.ll cJ.,?.borate,gYf!tor:l;of':.lll'\~odin.gS

.s:

-OJ.JaJV"''''UJ

while the hco:.rior animals l.!st'e bred in 1'1aotern and o(m~r.al Garmany. Durlnc the \ff.':rlarge numbors of horsso tiere l'equiGitionadin 'the oount'rics of '1asteI'll Eu.ropeand llal"t:!culA.I'ly in Polmul and. tho ooctl;t?1ed TJOrtione of UU9s:l.a. l{ul€lDtoxtonei1roJ¥us2d in m01.1."1tain divioio11.6~ 1,are imporhed from tho Un1tH:;d Sto.tas until shortly l)o£o.1'e thG ~ and also :t'roil !-toly.
9.

-.V<L

"n~-~lIi(fi.'1.U,~~~u..n.uE:;uv-uV"-"t:ll(l

u<:UUU J. ..-v:u ....<:~u" "-"'4U",~ ...., -

evidonce as to any .plans of the Gazomm ~ .. fm,' tho futuro orgnniy,at1on and employment of cavalry a~ other use of hcrsce in case iihe Gel.~mt'Jlpl~~ (01 tiler wantlie ,.Tel' or achioved. a lla~$otiated :~ace. 'lh.l) (r~l'obable1utent1.onf:l mn.Y be deducad,hot-loveX't :from G. number of 1nclication~1~'It i8 olear th.1.:t:the bulk of theGer.rna.n Amt:I wouJ.d hevo con.tinuod to bo h02."Ge-dTaw.1mlefl$::mu,ob. moro bountiful souroen of l:i.quid fool hao. become IlvaiJ.tlblG th...~ the';,Gol'm.:'1llC 0%l>eoted.oven if the7 had oont:rolled the Caucasus ;'oil r1ol~~.,rf.Q-" if '
~he extensivo \\.<30 of norsan :Zor c&.V'all"Y; ho,",av'e:~'",1",~a. lIlor~' comple:r.: question. The (lissolut1on of tho oe.Vai,l"Y 900001, the f~11~~ ,to train ne~1ClLvaJ,ryof'fioers to ony considerablo extant, M~l tho vil·t"Q~,;'a.bandomn0nt otGHQ, hor;e cavalry- during tho partoll whc:m GSl'lltaW"'wQ.a v1ctor1o".uar,il2"U£te;nst that the trona. WD.S to droll this 'liype of lm1.t a.l'lio;:~&tllCr llnd tll..~t;;t40 l'evivrJ. ~£ cavalry div;i.a;iona tOtm.J:'d 1;00 end o:Z the l;rar lI;1.\fl d1ctatt'd, acre 'by speoial o:dgancias than by nny long-ranee plan. Similaz·ly. tho e.lmofilt oompl~)'t;e raplc.cemont of horeos b~ bioyolos in orl;"£l.nic reccnaaaasance be.f.tt;aJ.1ona3?.nd regimental mO\1lltedplatoollG toward th(~ end oft.b.ewllrind1cated, that; ';Ilt;

!!!l",oo..I~llonC;\

if0t..luta.s-e t1s~.o.t.no~.

' TIlers ~G.;:!,lot<1il~~~

leaetfol.·· th~ terrain of Germr..ny and :lts i\1UOOd1(~te.neir,libor~.;' ih.0isce ,,(lere f'oundto be eithal" lese eoonomical or 'leBs of.feot1vo or both~"'(!l.'heli'C is np , indi,oa.t:l.on of an o\1erall ehorta.tSQ oj;' noreen ::rvnilr.ble t6 thQ tler~:llln .1\.ri'X9' a.t any tlmop altho-u,r.h th07:0 t'J'a.o in£,u-caoill€ son.roity of foci.der, 0:9 '.tTOll P.S an gasoline, as the war p:rogro~8od.)
On .the other l.tand~ if 1I1tlar l'l!\d.. raalized h;.~ d.l'ea!1l2i o:t' conquoat in the eG.ot~ there mie;ht well havo been scope fOl '~l1..o extensive use of cavalry in dletrolt steppee, whoro cOOL~un1eations wero poor and auppl~ <liffioult1os wore eacraoua, Rimmloropoko in a con.fiden'iiiGl. ~l,eeoll 111Ootober 19·13 ot thedoaire to esto.bliah a. IImobile frontier" as fll.l.~ CS.flt as })ost~ible, '111iJrO Gorman youth in futU.t'0 gtmaratione \1ould be trainod and' ·touc,h.ened i1'1. ita
l

oontactlW'i t!l tho barbo.l'ia.,VlO 'beyonl't end in l)oliC:i.ni! the Il::.\ti \?c populn~ ..;.o!l. Obviously this iln:f>licd a 301"'(; of" "peo,l:=etimo" llii~\u:.tion ill t<lhlC'Jl horse caval17 ~lould. b..I\VO 'had &11im110l:'tont ~':llG and ru.oo that e.lW fu:iurot\~tJ.l'"liko opera.t:l,ons in that region 't-muld hnve :lnvol'Ved.t~lo oxtcnervo 'tT..GO of 'thi~ arm,

\1ith:lts
JIQt..Erd?·

cavalry

, .. Shoul<J. d/~fea'l;ea. GElrm:-my ·permittod. to build U1' an am:?, of ~di8 OWn 'he in·thafol"nsoab:i.e future, it ia ll,'obablo that i1j ,~oulcl inclu<10 f:'. norse
clemant,

Jr~f2~.S!!]n.

motto "Paradise on ca.... is on the beoks of horR0s" (.Pt'~ p~~ th

if' only '1;0 1>1"a513n'0 'i;he pl·o'\l(l 'brad;},t10n of

G-Ol'!lU!!11

on,-.,alry

R~lm.!L4;!u: IJt§.:r§dll).

M\ £;6()'~I ~,lfc (_..;

I /

Bril~Eldier General t GSC Chief', ~'ili t~ry Intelligence :::N'vice

P. E. P~ABODY

-=.~g~:·I~~1§]~ J -1~~~~~==~
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STHENGTR.

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