Amplificatoare de Microunde

Proiectarea unui singur etaj

Ctigurile n putere ale unui diport
V
S
b'
1
a'
1
b
1
a
1
b
2
b'
2
[S]
Z
L
Z
S
I
1
I
2
I
1
I
2
a
1
a
1
V

=
V
'
2
2
V

=
V
'
1
1
L Ies
In
S
2
22
2
2 2
21
1 1
1
L in
L
in
L
S
S
P
P
G
I |
.
|

\
|
I
|
.
|

\
|
I
= =
|
.
|

\
|
I I
|
.
|

\
|
I
= = =
I = I
I = I
2
L
2
S 11
2
S
2
21
in
L
avS
avL
A
1 S 1
1 S
P
P
P
P
G
*
S in
*
ies L
2
22
2
2 2 2
21
1 1
1 1
L in S
L S
avS
L
T
S
S
P
P
G
I I I
|
.
|

\
|
I |
.
|

\
|
I
= =
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
L
L
L
+

= I
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
S
S
S
+

= I
L
L
in
in
in
S
S S
S
Z Z
Z Z
I
I
+ =
+

= I
22
21 12
11
0
0
1
S
S
ies
ies
ies
S
S S
S
Z Z
Z Z
I
I
+ =
+

= I
11
21 12
22
0
0
1
Reflexii nule
0 = I = I
S L
2
21
S G
T
=
Dispozitiv unilateral
0
12
= S
2
22
2
11
2 2 2
21
1 1
1 1
L S
L S
TU
S S
S
G
I I
|
.
|

\
|
I |
.
|

\
|
I
=
Schema bloc a unui amplificator cu un tranzistor
2
2
1
1
in S
S
S
G
I I
I
=
2
21 0
S G = 2
22
2
1
1
L
L
L
S
G
I
I
=
L S T
G G G G
0
=
Stabilitatea
Stabilitatea necondiionat: circuitul este
necondiionat stabil dac i
pentru orice impedan pasiv a sarcinii i
sursei.
1 < I
in
1 < I
ies
Stabilitatea condiionat: circuitul este
condiionat stabil dac i doar
pentru un anumit interval de valori pentru
impedana pasiv a sarcinii i sursei.
1 < I
in
1 < I
ies
Cercurile de stabilitate
1 = I
ies 1
in
= I cercul de stabilitate la ieire :
( )
2 2
22
*
*
11 22
A
A
=
S
S S
C
L 2 2
22
21 12
A
=
S
S S
R
L
cercul de stabilitate la intrare
( )
2 2
11
*
*
22 11
A
A
=
S
S S
C
S 2 2
11
21 12
A
=
S
S S
R
S
1
2
1
21 12
2 2
22
2
11
>
A +
=
S S
S S
K
1 < A
1
1
21 12 11 22
2
11
>
+ A

=
-
S S S S
S
u
Exemplu

6 . 27 j 6 . 123 j
4 . 62 j 6 . 60 j
e 781 . 0 e 122 . 3
e 02 . 0 e 894 . 0
S
Z = = A 83 696 . 0 S S S S
12 21 22 11
607 . 0
2
1
21 12
2
22
2
11
2
=
A +
=
S S
S S
K
( )
Z =
A
A
= 47 361 . 1
S
S S
C
2 2
22
*
*
11 22
L
5 . 0
S
S S
R
2 2
22
21 12
L
=
A
=
( )
Z =
A
A
= 68 132 . 1
S
S S
C
2 2
11
*
*
22 11
S
199 . 0
2 2
11
21 12
=
A
=
S
S S
R
S
86 . 0 = u
Adaptarea simultana - tranzistorul bilateral
*
S in
I = I
*
L ies
I = I
2
L 22
2
L 2
21
2
S
max T
S 1
1
S
1
1
G
I
I
I
=
22
L
21 12
11
*
S
S
1
S S
S

I
+ = I
11
g
21 12
22
*
L
S
1
S S
S

I
+ = I
1
2
1
2
1 1
S
C 2
C 4 B B
= I
2
2
2
2
2 2
L
C 2
C 4 B B
= I
2 2
22
2
11 1
S S 1 B A + =
2 2
11
2
22 2
S S 1 B A + =
*
22 11 1
S S C A =
*
11 22 2
S S C A =
( )
2
21
2
12
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1 4 4 4 S S K C B C B = =
Exemplu
S proiectm un amplificator pentru un ctig maxim la 4 GHz utiliznd un circuit de
adaptare cu un singur stub. S se calculeze i s se reprezinte grafic pierderile de
intoarcere la intrare i ctigul ntre 3 i 5 GHz.
Solutie
Z = = A 289 . 162 488 . 0
21 12 22 11
S S S S
195 . 1
2
1
21 12
2 2
22
2
11
=
A +
=
S S
S S
K
Z =

= I 407 . 123 872 . 0
2
4
1
2
1
2
1 1
C
C B B
S
Z =

= I 026 . 61 876 . 0
2
4
2
2
2
2
2 2
C
C B B
L
dB G
S
S
201 . 6 17 . 4
1
1
2
= =
I
=
dB S G 299 . 8 76 . 6
2
21 0
= = =
dB
S
G
L
L
L
227 . 2 67 . 1
1
1
2
22
2
= =
I
I
=
dB G
T
657 . 16 227 . 2 229 . 8 201 . 6
max
= + + =
819 . 1 3 . 0
1
1
50
0
0
=
I +
I
= = = = j Y Z Y
Y
Y
y
S
S
S S
S
S
( )
u
u
u
j
S
j
S
S
e
e
y
2
2
1
1
I +
I
=
( ) | | 1 = 9 u
S
y e 75 . 0 = u

t
u
119 . 0
2
1
= = l
( ) 559 . 3 1 75 . 0 + = j y
S
( ) ( ) ( )
t
206 . 0 75 . 0 tan
2
1
= =
S stub
y m a l
586 . 0 089 . 0
1
1
=
I +
I
= j y
L
L
L
206 . 0
1
=
L
l
206 . 0 =
Lstub
l
Proiectarea pentru un ctig specificat
( ) ( )
2
TU
T
2
U 1
1
G
G
U 1
1

< <
+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
22
2
11
22 11 21 12
S 1 S 1
S S S S
U
2
S 11
2
S
S
S 1
1
G
I
I
=
2
L 22
2
L
L
S 1
1
G
I
I
=
*
11 S
S = I
*
22 L
S = I
2
11
max S
S 1
1
G

=
2
22
max L
S 1
1
G

=
|
.
|

\
|

I
I
= =
2
11
2
S 11
2
S
max S
S
S
S 1
S 1
1
G
G
g
|
.
|

\
|

I
I
=
2
22
2
L 22
2
L
L
S 1
S 1
1
g
( )
2
11 S
*
11 S
S
S g 1 1
S g
C

=
( )
2
11 S
2
11 S
S
S g 1 1
S 1 g 1
R

|
.
|

\
|

=
( )
2
22 L
*
22 L
L
S g 1 1
S g
C

=
( )
2
22 L
2
22 L
L
S g 1 1
S 1 g 1
R

|
.
|

\
|

=
2
21 0
S G =
Exemplu
S proiectm un amplificator care s aib un ctig de 11 dB la 4 GHz.
Desenai cercurile de ctig constant pentru dB i 3 dB, i dB i 1
dB. Calculai i desenai pierderile de ntoarcere i ctigul global al
amplificatorului ntre 3 i 5 GHz. Tranzistorul TEC are urmtoarii
parametri S
Solutie
dB G
S
2 = dB G
L
1 =
dB
S
G
S
59 . 3 29 . 2
1
1
2
11
max
= =

=
dB
S
G
L
938 . 1 56 . 1
1
1
2
22
max
= =

=
dB S G 959 . 7 25 . 6
2
21 0
= = =
dB G
TU
487 . 13 959 . 7 938 . 1 59 . 3
max
= + + =
dB G
SdB
3
3
=
995 . 1 10 G
10 G
3 S
3 SdB
= =
( ) 873 . 0 S 1 G G g
2
11 3 S 3 S S
=

=
( ) Z = 120 706 . 0 G C
3 S S
( ) 168 . 0 G R
3 S S
=
,
dB G
SdB
2
2
=
585 . 1 10 G
10 G
2 S
2 SdB
= =
( ) 693 . 0 S 1 G G g
2
11 2 S 2 S S
=

=
( ) Z = 120 628 . 0 G C
2 S S
( ) 293 . 0 G R
2 S S
=
dB G
LdB
1
1
=
259 . 1 10 G
10 G
1 L
1 LdB
= =
( ) 806 . 0 S 1 G G g
2
22 1 L 1 L L
=

=
( ) Z = 70 520 . 0 G C
1 L L
( ) 303 . 0 G R
1 L L
=
dB G
LdB
0
0
=
1 10 G
10 G
0 L
0 Ldb
= =
( ) 64 . 0 S 1 G G g
2
22 0 L 0 L L
=

=
( ) Z = 70 440 . 0 G C
0 L L
( ) 441 . 0 G R
0 L L
=
dB G
T
9 . 10 =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Z = = I

120 336 . 0 e G R G C
2 S S
G C arg j
2 S S 2 S S S
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Z = = I

70 216 . 0 e G R G C
1 L L
G C arg j
1 L L 1 L L L
748 . 0 j 142 . 1
1
1
y
S
S
S
=
I +
I
=
( ) ( ) 1
1
1
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
I +
I
9 = 9
u
u
u
j
S
j
S
S
e
e
e y e 138 . 1 = u
=
t
u
= 181 . 0
2
l
1 S
( ) 713 . 0 j 1 l 2 y
1 S S
+ = t
( ) ( ) ( ) = t
t
= 099 . 0 l 2 y m tan a
2
1
l
1 S S stub
34 . 0 j 798 . 0
1
1
y
L
L
L
=
I +
I
=
( ) ( ) 1 y e
L
= u 9 284 . 0 = u
=
t
u
= 045 . 0
2
l
1 L
( ) 443 . 0 j 1 l 2 y
1 L L
= t
( ) ( ) ( ) = t
t
= 066 . 0 l 2 y m tan a
2
1
l
1 L L stub
434 . 0 5 . 0 = + =
stub Lstub
l l
Proiectarea de zgomot mic
2
opt S
S
N
min
Y Y
G
R
F F + =
2
opt
2
S
2
opt S
n min
1 ) 1 (
r 4 F F
I + I
I I
+ =
1 N
1 N N
R
2
opt
F
+
|
.
|

\
|
I +
=
1 N
C
opt
F
+
I
=
2
opt
0 N
min
1
Z R 4
F F
N I +

=
EXEMPLU
Un tranzistor TEC pe GaAs este polarizat pentru factorul de zgomot minim i are urmtorii parametri S
i de zgomot la frecvena de 4 GHz

Z Z
Z Z
=
60 5 . 0 81 9 . 1
26 05 . 0 60 6 . 0
S
Pentru proiectare presupunem tranzistorul unilateral i vom calcula ulterior eroarea
maxim n rezultat din aceast presupunere. Amplificatorul se va proiecta pentru o
cifr de zgomot de 2.0 dB cu ctigul maxim compatibil cu aceast cifr de zgomot.
dB F 6 . 1
min
= Z = I 100 62 . 0
opt
O = 20 R
N
Solutie
059 . 0
S 1 S 1
S S S S
U
2
22
2
11
22 12 22 11
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
( ) ( )
2
TU
T
2
U 1
1
G
G
U 1
1

< <
+
130 . 1
G
G
891 . 0
TU
T
< <
dB G G dB
TU T
53 . 0 50 . 0 < <
584 . 1 10 F
10
2
= =
102 . 0 1
Z R 4
F F
N
2
opt
0 N
min
= I +

=
Z =
+
I
= 100 563 . 0
1 N
C
opt
F
245 . 0
1 N
1 N N
R
2
opt
F
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
I +
=
Z = + = I 886 . 74 541 . 0 522189 . 0 j 141035 . 0
S
dB
S
G
S
S
S
702 . 1
1
1
log 10
2
11
2
=

I
I
=
dB
S
G
L
249 . 1
1
1
log 10
2
22
=

=
dB S G 575 . 5 log 10
2
21 0
=

=
*
22 L
S = I
663 . 0 j 449 . 0
1
1
y
S
S
S
=
I +
I
=
dB G G G G
L S TU
527 . 8
0
= + + =
=
t
u
= 226 . 0
2
l
1 S
( ) ( ) ( ) = t
t
= 145 . 0 l 2 y m tan a
2
1
l
1 S S Sstub
Z =

= I 435 . 68 457 . 0
C 2
C 4 B B
2
2
2
2
2 2
L
55 . 0 j 512 . 0
1
1
y
L
L
L
=
I +
I
=
=
t
u
= 242 . 0
2
l
1 L
( ) ( ) ( ) = t
t
= 127 . 0 l 2 y m tan a
2
1
l
1 L L Lstub