MNEMONICS

Ophthalmology Mnemonics
Post Enucleation Socket Syndrome (PESS)
Ptosis Enophthalmos Deep upper Sulcus Slack lower lid

Associations of Vortex Keratopathy: ABCD

Arthritis (diclofenac) Breast Cancer (Tamoxifen) Cardiac (amiodarone) Dementia / Depression (Chlorpromazine) Enzyme deficiency (see F) Fabry's Disease

Features of Keratoconus: CONES

Central scarring & Fleischer ring Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops) Nerves prominent Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze (Munsons sign) Striae (Vogts)

Systemic associations of keratoconus: ABCDEF

Atopy Bones (osteogenesis imperfecta) Crouzons syndrome Downs syndrome Ehlers Danlos syndrome Fingers (Marfans)

Stromal dystrophies: Marilyn Monroe Always Gets Her Man in LA City

Macular dystrophy Mucopolysaccharide Alcian blue Granular Dystrophy

Hyaline material Masson's Trichrome Lattice Dystrophy Amyloid Congo Red

Secondary glaucoma: NIPPLES Neovascular Iridoschisis PXF Pigmentary Lens (phacolytic/phacomorphic) Iridocorneal Endothelial syndromes Seclusio pupillae (in iritis) +trauma (angle recession)

Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) Syndrome subtypes: ICE

Iris Naevus Chandler Syndrome Essential Iris Atrophy

Systemic Features of Sarcoid: FILLED BAGEL

Facial nerve palsy Infiltrates of lung parenchyma, Insufficiency of pituitary Lymphadenopathy (esp lung hilae) Liver & spleen enlargement Elevated ACE & calcium Dilated cardiomyopathy

Bone cysts Arthralgia Granulomata of skin Erythema nodosum Lupus pernio

Features of Behcet's Disease: ORAL UPSET

Occlusive periphlebitis Retinitis Anterior uveitis

Leakage from retinal vessels Ulceration (aphthous/genital) Pustules after skin trauma (Pathergy test) Scratching leaves lines (dermatographism) Erythema nodosum Thrombophlebitis

Clinical features of Reiters: FUCKING

Plantar Fasciitis Urethritis Conjunctivitis Keratoderma blenorrhagica Inflamed joints Nail dystrophy Gum ulceration

Ophthalmic features of TB: BCG GP

Busacca & Koeppe nodules on iris Choroiditis Granulomata in choroid Granulomatous uveitis (with mutton fat KPs) Periphlebitis

Causes of cataract: DAMAGED

Diabetes Atopy Myopia / Myotonic dystrophy Anterior uveitis (chronic) Glaucomflecken Electricity / radiation / trauma Drugs / Dystrophies

Drugs causing cataract: ABCD

Amiodarone Busulphan Chlorpromazine Dexamethasone (po/g)

Causes of ectopia lentis: ECTOPIC M&M

Eye degeneration (phthisis) Choroidal tumours

Trauma Overstretched zonules (buphthalmos / megalocornea) AR with Pupil ectopy Isolated AR Cystathione beta-synthase deficiency (homocystinuria) Marfans Weill-Marchesani syndrome

Features of posterior scleritis: POST SCLER

Proptosis Ophthalmoplegia Swelling of disc Thickening of sclera (US/CT) & T sign (fluid in sub-Tenons space) Subretinal exudates Choroidal foLds Exudative RD Ring choroidal detachment

Differential Diagnosis of Drusen: AGEING

Alports Syndrome Glomerulonephritis Exudate (Hard) Inherited (Familial Dominant Drusen) North Carolina Dystrophy starGardts and fundus flavimaculatus

Suspicious Choroidal Naevi: To Find Small Ocular Melanoma

Thickness >2mm Fluid (subretinal) Symptoms Orange pigment (lipofuscin) Margin at optic disc

Classification of Retinoblastoma: ABCDE

SmAll (<3mm) Bigger (>3mm, macular, subretinal fluid) Contained Seeds Diffuse seeds (>3mm) Extensive (>50% globe, opaque media, NVI)

Features of Weill-Marchesani syndrome: 6 Ss

Short Stubby fingers Stupid Spherophakia Subluxed lens Shallow AC (?)

Systemic features of Marfan syndrome: MARFANS

Mitral prolapse Aortic dissection Regurgitant aortic valve Fingers long (arachnodactyly) Arm span>height Nasal voice (high arched palate) Sternal excavation

Ocular features of Marfans: CLUMPS

Cupping (glaucoma) Lattice Upward lens subluxation Myopia Cornea Plana Sclera blue

Things to remember about Lyme Disease: TICKS CRAP

Tick-borne Iritis & intermediate uveitis Conjunctivitis Keratitis (subepithelial, punctate) Swelling of disc & Star at macula Cardiac arrythmias (conduction defects) Rash (erythema migrans) Arthritis Palsies

Microbiology Mnemonics
Capsulated pathogenic organisms are Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules Quote:

S Streptococcus pneumoniae K Klebsiella pneumoniae H Haemophilus influenzae P Pseudomonas aeruginosa N Neisseria meningitidis C Cryptococcus neoformans
Remeber... All bacilli are gram negative except "L.DATTA" Quote:

L - Listeria D - Diphtheria A - Actinomycetes T - Tetani Clostridium T - TB Mycobatcterium A - Anthrax bacillus

ENDOTOXIN: Quote:

Endothelial cells/ Edema Negative (gram- bacteria) DIC/ Death Outer membrane TNF O-antigen X-tremely heat stable IL-1 Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation Quote:

"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke": Sore throat: 1 week ago Face bloat: facial edema Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat and coke".
Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused SOFT PAINS: Quote:

Skin infections

Osteomyelitis Food poisoning Toxic shock syndrome Pneumonia Acute endocarditis Infective arthritis Necrotizing fasciitis Sepsis
Food poisoning: bugs inducing "Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit": Quote:

E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers] Clostridium botulinum [canned foods] Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs] Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood] Bacillus cereus [reheated rice] Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard] Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat] Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]
Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors SMASHED: Quote:

Streptolysins M protein Anti-C5a peptidase Streptokinase Hyaluronidase Exotoxin DNAses

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused NIPPLES: Quote:

Necrotising fasciitis and myositis Impetigo Pharyngitis Pneumonia Lymphangitis Erysipelas and cellulitis Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS
Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it "High Tech Lab Results Point At Endocarditis": Quote:

Hematuria Thrombocytopenia

Leukocytosis, -penia Red blood cell casta Proteinuria Anemia Elevated ESR
Clostridium difficile: disease caused Quote:

"Difficult to be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling diarrhea, because it would smell and there would be no air in there. Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea and is an anaeorbe (no air).
Trichomaniasis: features Quote:

5 F's: Flagella Frothy discharge Fishy odor (sometimes) Fornication (STD) Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx
Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion Quote:

"ATE eggs": Ascaris Lumbricoides Trichuris trichuira Enterobius vermicularis spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)
Food poisoning: bugs inducing Quote:

"Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Bad Smelly Vomit": E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers] Clostridium botulinum [canned foods] Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs] Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood] Bacillus cereus [reheated rice] Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard] Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat] Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]
Meningitis: risk factors Quote:

"Can Induce Severe Attacks Of Head PAINS": Cancer Immunocompromised state Sinusitis

Age extremes Otitis Head trauma Parameningeal infection Alcoholism Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory) Neurosurgical procedures Splenectomy
Influenza infection: clinical manifestations Quote:

"Having Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children A Nightmare": Headache Fever Sore throat Chills Myalgias Malaise Cough Anorexia Nasal congestion
Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations Quote:

"My Cat Eats Mice": Mononucleosis-like illness Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection Encephalitis Myocarditis
Urease positive organisms Quote:

PUNCH: Proteus (leads to alkaline urine) Ureaplasma (renal calculi) Nocardia Cryptoccocus (the fungus) Helicobacter pylori
AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing Quote:

"The Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell Collapse": Toxoplasma gondii M. avium intracellulare Pneumocystis carinii Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Tuberculosis

CMV Cryptosporidium parvum

different tricks to remember blot techniques Quote:

South in Gujarati is DAXIN...simple...Southern blot is for DNA West in Gujarati is PASCHIM...so...Western Blot is for Protein and Northern is simply for M RNA(just to remember N with M) its how they eat north -roti - rna south -dosa - dna west -pizza - protein
BACILLUS Quote:

Bombs Make PAGes Bombs-for Bacillus............Bamboo stick appearance Make-Macdyean reaction P-PLET medium A-Agar medium[medusa head] Ge-Gelatin stab S-Solid medium....String in pearls reaction.......!!!!
Neisseria Meningitidis Quote:

Loafers Eat BMTC ticket Of Mahatma Gandhi in Chennai L-Lenticular colonies E-Exacting growth requirements B-blood agar[weak hemolysis] M-Muellar hinton agar T-Thayer martin agar C-Chocolate agar O-Oxidase positive MG-utilize Glucose and Maltose C-Catalase positive
PSEUDOMONAS pathogenecity Remember "PSEUDOMONAS" for memorise pathogenesity of pseudomonas infection Quote:

P= pulmonary infection S= septicemia E= eye infection; endocarditis U= UTI D= (dermatological)Ecthyma gangrenosum O= otitis media M= meningitis

o= -------N= nail bed infection A= B= burns & bed sore S= sepsis

PATCH for sterile pyuria Quote:

P- Pregnancy,Prostatitis A-acute febrile illness,atypical mycobacteriae T-TB,Trauma,Transplant rejection,Treated UTI C-Corticosteroid use ,cyclophosphamide H-H.influenza infection
Encephalitis: differential HE'S LATIN AMERICAN: Herpesviridae Enteroviridae (esp. Polio) Slow viruses (esp. JC, prions) Syphilis Legionella/ Lyme disease/ Lymphocytic meningoencephalitis Aspergillus Toxoplasmosis Intracranial pressure Neisseria meningitidis Arboviridae Measles/ Mumps/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Mucor E. coli Rabies/ Rubella Idiopathic Cryptococcus/ Candida Abscess Neoplasm/ Neurocysticercosis Neurocysticercosis should be assumed with recent Latin American immigrant patient unless proven otherwise. Eggs that float in Saturated Saline Remember, "I HATE fertilised eggs" Hymenolepis nana and Hookworm Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichura Enterobius vermicularis So the fertilised eggs of all the above float in saturated saline. Everything else sinks. Posted by ImedRx Comments (0) Labels: Microbiology, Mnemonics

Pharmacology Mnemonics
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): side effects, contraindications, interactions HMG-CoA: Side effects: Hepatotoxicity Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis] Contraindications: Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children Interactions: Coumarin/ Cyclosporine

Antiarrhythmics: class III members BIAS: Bretylium Ibutilide Amiodarone Sotalol

Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions ABCDE: Asthma Block (heart block) COPD Diabetes mellitus Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)

Clopidogrel: use CLOPIdogrel is a drug that prevents CLots, an Oral Platelet Inhibitor (OPI).

Amiodarone: action, side effects 6 P's: Prolongs action potential duration Photosensitivity Pigmentation of skin Peripheral neuropathy Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism

Beta blockers: members "The NEPAL Prime Minister": Timolol Nadolol Esmolol Pindolol Atenolol Labetalol Propranolol Metoprolol

Ca++ channel blockers: uses CA++ MASH: Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF Angina Migranes Atrial flutter, fibrillation Supraventricular tachycardia Hypertension Alternatively: "CHASM": Cererbral vasospasm / CHF Hypertension Angina Suprventricular tachyarrhythmia Migranes

Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers "Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a runny nose...): Timolol Pindolol Hismolol Naldolol Propranolol

Antiarrhythmics: classification I to IV MBA College In order of class I to IV: Membrane stabilizers (class I) Beta blockers Action potential widening agents Calcium channel blockers

Enoxaprin (prototype low molecular weight heparin): action, monitoring

EnoXaprin only acts on factor Xa. Monitor Xa concentration, rather than APTT anti hyprtensive safe for pregnancy are--My N.H.L --Quote:

M-methyl dopa.. N-nifedipine... H-hydralazine.. L-labetalol.

methyldopa Quote:

M = mental retardation E = electrolyte imbalance T = tolerance H = headache/ hepatotoxicity, rebound HTN Y = psYchological upset D = dry mouth, drowsiness O = oedema, orthostatic hypotension P = Parkinsonism A = Anemia [+ve coomb's test]
sodium nitroprusside clinical uses: MR. CHIEF SURGERY IN EMERGENCY Quote:

Mr. = Acute MI chief = Acute CHF Surgery = maintain hemostasis during surgeries emergency = hypertensive emergencies
antihypertensives used in emergencies............. Saurav Ganguly HELP Quote:

S-sodium nitroprusside G-GTN H-hydralazine E-esmolol L-labetalol P-phentolamine

Anticholinergic side effects "Know the ABCD'S of anticholinergic side effects":

Quote:

Anorexia Blurry vision Constipation/ Confusion Dry Mouth Sedation/ Stasis of urine
Antimuscarinics: members, action "Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat": Quote:

Ipratropium Pirenzepine Atropine Scopolamine _Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.
Aspirin: side effects ASPIRIN: Quote:

Asthma Salicyalism Peptic ulcer disease/ Phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/ Premature closure of PDA Intestinal blood loss Reye's syndrome Idiosyncracy Noise (tinnitus)
Benzodiazapines: ones not metabolized by the liver (safe to use in liver failure) LOT: Quote:

Lorazepam Oxazepam Temazepam

Benzodiazepenes: antidote Quote:

"Ben is off with the flu": Benzodiazepine effects off with Flumazenil.
Benzodiazepenes: drugs which decrease their metabolism "I'm Overly Calm": Quote:

Isoniazid Oral contraceptive pills Cimetidine _ These drugs increase calming effect of BZDs by retarding metabolism.
Benzodiazepines: actions "Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle": Quote:

Sedation anti-Convulsant anti-Anxiety Muscle relaxant Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity.

Beta selective blockers "BEAM ONE up, Scotty": Quote:

Beta blockers: Esmolol Atenolol Metropolol

Botulism toxin: action, related bungarotoxin Quote:

Action: "Botulism Bottles up the Ach so it can't be the released": Related bungarotoxin: "Botulism is related to Beta Bungarotoxin (beta-, not alphabungarotoxin--alpha has different mechanism).
Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB": or SLUDGE Quote:

Lacrimation Excitation of nicotinic synapses Salivation Sweating Diarrhea Urination Micturition Bronchoconstriction
Delerium-causing drugs ACUTE CHANGE IN MS:

Quote:

Antibiotics (biaxin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin) Cardiac drugs (digoxin, lidocaine) Urinary incontinence drugs (anticholinergics) Theophylline Ethanol Corticosteroids H blockers Antiparkinsonian drugs Narcotics (esp. mepridine) Geriatric psychiatric drugs ENT drugs Insomnia drugs NSAIDs (eg indomethacin, naproxin) Muscle relaxants Seizure medicines
Direct sympathomimetic catecholamines DINED: Quote:

Dopamine Isoproterenol Norepinephrine Epinephrine Dobutamine

Inhalation anesthetics SHINE: Quote:

Sevoflurane Halothane Isoflurane Nitrous oxide Enflurane _ If want the defunct Methoxyflurane too, make it MoonSHINE.
Ipratropium: action Atropine is buried in the middle: iprAtropium, so it behaves like Atropine. Lead poisoning: presentation ABCDEFG: Quote:

Anemia Basophilic stripping Colicky pain Diarrhea Encephalopathy

Foot drop Gum (lead line)

Lithium: side effects LITH: Quote:

Leukocytosis Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria] Tremor/ Teratogenesis Hypothyroidism

MAOIs: indications MAOI'S: Quote:

Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression] Anxiety Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia] Imagined illnesses [hypochondria] Social phobias _ Listed in decreasing order of importance. _ Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlIc.
Methyldopa: side effects METHYLDOPA: Quote:

Mental retardation Electrolyte imbalance Tolerance Headache/ Hepatotoxicity psYcological upset Lactation in female Dry mouth Oedema Parkinsonism Anaemia (haemolytic)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: members "PIT of despair": Quote:

Phenelzine Isocarboxazid Tranylcypromine _ A pit of despair, since MAOs treat depression.

Morphine: effects MORPHINES: Quote:

Miosis Orthostatic hypotension Respiratory depression Pain supression Histamine release/ Hormonal alterations Increased ICT Nausea Euphoria Sedation
Morphine: effects at mu receptor PEAR: Quote:

Physical dependence Euphoria Analgesia Respiratory depression

Narcotic antagonists Quote:

The Narcotic Antagonists are NAloxone and NAltrexone. _ Important clinically to treat narcotic overdose.
Parkinsonism: drugs SALAD: Quote:

Selegiline Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine) L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide) Amantadine Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)
Phenytoin: adverse effects PHENYTOIN: Quote:

P- interactions Hirsutism Enlarged gums Nystagmus Yellow-browning of skin Teratogenicity Osteomalacia Interference with B metabolism (hence anemia) Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache
Physostigmine vs. neostigmine LMNOP: Quote:

Lipid soluble Miotic Natural Orally absorbed well Physostigmine _ Neostigmine, on the contrary, is: Water soluble Used in myesthenia gravis Synthetic Poor oral absorption
Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine "MorPHINE: Fine. AmPHETamine: Fat": Quote:

Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine). Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat).
Serotonin syndrome: components Causes HARM: Quote:

Hyperthermia Autonomic instability (delirium) Rigidity Myoclonus

Sodium valproate: side effects VALPROATE: Quote:

Vomiting Alopecia Liver toxicity Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia Retention of fats (weight gain) Oedema (peripheral oedema) Appetite increase Tremor Enzyme inducer (liver)
Succinylcholine: action, use Quote:

Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore. You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation.
Tricyclic antidepressants: members worth knowing "I have to hide, the CIA is after me": Quote:

Clomipramine

Imipramine Amitrptyline _ If want the next worth knowing, the DNDis also after me: Desipramine Norrtriptyline Doxepin
Tricyclic antidipressents (TCA): side effects TCA'S: Quote:

ThrombocytopeniaCardiac (arrhymia, MI, stroke) Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary retention, etc) Seizures
Vigabatrin: mechanism Vi-GABA-Tr-In: Quote:

Via GABA Transferase Inhibition

Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy MCAT: Quote:

Metronidazole Chloramphenicol Aminoglycoside Tetracycline

Busulfan: features ABCDEF: Quote:

Alkylating agent Bone marrow suppression s/e CML indication Dark skin (hyperpigmentation) s/e Endrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s/e Fibrosis (pulmonary) s/e
Metabolism enzyme inducers "Randy's Black Car Goes Putt Putt and Smokes": Quote:

Rifampin Barbiturates Carbamazepine Grisoefulvin Phenytoin Phenobarb Smoking cigarettes

Morphine: side-effects MORPHINE: Quote:

Myosis Out of it (sedation) Respiratory depression Pneumonia (aspiration) Hypotension Infrequency (constipation, urinary retention) Nausea Emesis
Therapeutic index: formula TILE: Code: TI = LD / ED Zero order kinetics drugs (most common ones) "PEAZ (sounds like pees) out a constant amount": Quote:

Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin Zero order _ Someone that pees out a constant amount describes zero order kinetics (always the same amount out)
Asthma drugs: leukotriene inhibitor action Quote:

zAfirlukast: Antagonist of lipoxygenase zIlueton: Inhibitor of LT receptor

Beta- vs Beta- receptor location "You have heart and lungs": Quote:

Beta- are therefore primarily on heart. Beta- primarily on lungs.

Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis "Very Angry Hepatocytes": Quote:

Valproic acid Acetaminophen Halothane

Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta ABCD:

Quote:

Alpha = Constrict. Beta = Dilate.

Beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity Quote:

Picture diabetic and asthmatic kids riding away on a cart that rolls on pinwheels. Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate ISA respectively, making them acceptable for use in some diabetics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are non-seletive beta blockers.
Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions ABCDE: Quote:

Asthma Block (heart block) COPD Diabetes mellitus Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)

Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers "Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a runny nose...): Quote:

Timolol Pindolol Hismolol Naldolol Propranolol

PREANASTHETIC MEDICATION HOSANA this is a christian word. Quote:

H-H2blockers O-opeoids S-sedatives-antianxiety A-anticholenergic N-neuroleptics A-antiemetics

simple and sobar anti epeleptic drugs Dr.BHAISAB's New PC. Quote:

D...deoxy barbiturates B...barbiturates H....hydantoin A.. aliphatic carb acids I....iminostilbenes S....succinimides B....BZD's N.... newer drugs P....Phenyltriazines C... cyclic gaba analogues
adverse effects of tetracyclins-KAPIL DEV Quote:

K kidney toxicity A antianabolic effect P phototoxicity I inc ICP L liver toxicity D diabetes insipidus E enamel problems V vestibular toxicity
GENERAL TOXICITY OF ANTICANCER DRUGS SHaLi's BF Ghoghari Gautam is Chor. Quote:

S-skin H-hyperurecemia L-lymphoreticular tissue B-bone marrow F-Foetus G-gonads G-git C-carcinogenecity
6 H s and 8 H s of adverse effects of thaizide diuretics and loop diuretics respectively..... 'melbourne cricket authority has high funds though players get minor amount' .. for clinical uses of beta blockers... Drugs causing pulmonary fibrosis: Quote:

BAB like in baba (father) Bleomycin Amiodarone Busulfan

ADRS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL smart boys in girls hostel B.... bone marrow depression H...hypersensitivity I....irritative effects S.....superinfections G.....Gray baby syndrome ampicillin uses UR GMCS BeST Quote:

UTI Respi Gonorrhoea Maningitis cholecystitis septicemias bacillary dysentry sabe typhoid
misch Acyclovir I see clover I see a three-leaf clover (this is a prodrug that gets converted into a triphosphate it resembles dNTP and inhibits DNA Polymerase). Imagine putting clovers over herpes sores and genital warts (this is used to treat those). Amantadine Homan to Dean In case you havent heard, Dr. Homan is our new SOM dean. His new policy: he wont let us come to school without our white coats (this drug blocks uncoating, stage 2, in viral infection). Other interesting facts about him: he can pee for 12 hours straight! (The half-life is 12h and its excreted unchanged in the kidney .) Dr. Homan cant take the pressure of being a new dean so he becomes a nervous drunk with depression, feelings of detachment, insomnia, dizziness, ataxia, slurred speech, and inability to concentrate (these are some of the adverse effects) Cephachlor Chlorine as in swimming pools You swim and get water up your nose and in your ears (this drug treats sinusitis and OTITIS media). Cephadroxil Drop rocks While you are peeing you drop rocks (This drug treats UTIs). Cephalothin Loathing If your heart is infected, you cant love, only loathe (this is used to treat severe infections such as endocarditis). Cephamandole Man doll You have to inflate your man doll and you get an upper respiratory infection. If you use this anatomically correct man doll, he will give you pelvic inflammatory disease (This drug is indicated for URI and PID). Hes also so real that he bleeds!!! (Adverse effect: It affects Vit-K dependent clotting function)

Cephazolin Soul in You want to keep your soul in and not die if you go to surgery (this drug is used prophylactically for surgery). Cephoperazone Opera zone Going to the opera makes me want to get drunk to the point of illness. These drugs, when mixed with ethanol interfere with ALDH, affecting alcohol metabolism (you end up with increased acetaldehyde a DISULFIRAM-LIKE REACTION). Also, if you see Phantom of the Opera, expect to see some blood! (This affects Vit-K dependent clotting function.) Cephotaxime Tax time IRS is hard to kill off they are MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANT (Use this drug against MDR strains.). Clindamycin Clean the mice Youre cleaning the mice because they are covered with ticks (this drug is used to treat Lyme Disease). You have to use SOS kitchen cleaner to clean the mice (SOS = 50 S ribosomal unit where this drug acts). Richard Gere likes to put mice in where the sun dont shine and this is a very FRAGILE procedure (Clindamycin may cause Pseudomembranous enterocolitis and its also used to treat B. fragilis infections). Fluconazole Flu cone Imagine an emaciated AIDS patient eating an ice cream cone made of the flu and he gets an oral and esophageal fungal infection. (This is used to treat oral and esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients). Foscarnet Fox cARRR net If you catch foxes in a net, they wont reproduce (this drug is a stage 3 inhibitor). ARRR it inhibits RNA polymerase and Reverse transcriptase to block Reproduction. Youre going to put the foxes into a car thats made out of bones instead of metal (this drug binds to bones and decreases Ca2+ and Mg2+). Also, a foxy lady is HOT (this drug will cause a fever) and never wear fox urine to hunt (this is excreted in the kidney and causes renal insufficiency). inhalational corticosteroids Bed Bug Flew To Florida Quote:

B-BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE B-BUDESONIDE F-FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE T-TRIAMCINALONE F-FLUNISOLIDE

Succinylcholine: action, use Quote:

Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore. You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation
Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB":

Quote:

Lacrimation Excitation of nicotinic synapses Salivation Sweating Diarrhea Urination Micturition Bronchoconstriction
Steroids: side effects BECLOMETHASONE: Quote:

Buffalo hump Easy bruising Cataracts Larger appetite Obesity Moonface Euphoria Thin arms & legs Hypertension/ Hyperglycaemia Avascular necrosis of femoral head Skin thinning Osteoporosis Negative nitrogen balance Emotional liability
Methyldopa: side effects METHYLDOPA: Quote:

Mental retardation Electrolyte imbalance Tolerance Headache/ Hepatotoxicity psYcological upset Lactation in female Dry mouth Oedema Parkinsonism Anaemia (haemolytic)
Sodium valproate: side effects VALPROATE: Quote:

Vomiting Alopecia

Liver toxicity Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia Retention of fats (weight gain) Oedema (peripheral oedema) Appetite increase Tremor Enzyme inducer (liver)
Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effects CAPTOPRIL: Quote:

Cough Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis Proteinuria/ Potassium excess Taste changes Orthostatic hypotension Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension) Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash Indomethacin inhibition Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
Lithium: side effects LITH: Quote:

Leukocytosis Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria] Tremor/ Teratogenesis Hypothyroidism

Opioids: effects BAD AMERICANS: Quote:

Bradycardia & hypotension Anorexia Diminished pupilary size Analgesics Miosis Euphoria Respiratory depression Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction) Constipation Ameliorate cough reflex Nausea and vomiting Sedations
Ca++ channel blockers: uses CA++ MASH: Quote:

Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF Angina Migranes Atrial flutter, fibrillation Supraventricular tachycardia Hypertension

Alternatively: "CHASM": Quote:

Cererbral vasospasm / CHF Hypertension Angina Suprventricular tachyarrhythmia Migranes

Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine MorPHINE: Fine. AmPHETamine: Fat

"Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine) Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat)

Phenobarbitone side effects

Children are annoying (hyperkinesia, irritability, insomnia, aggression) Adults are dosy (sedation, dizziness, drowsiness

Atropine: origin tells action or vice versa

Atropine causes your pupils to dilate, and it came from nightshade [belladona]In the night or in shade, your pupils dilate so you can see

Atropine use: tachycardia or bradycardia "A goes with B":

Atropine used clinically to treat Bradycardia

Reserpine action Reserpine depletes the Reserves of catecholamines [and serotonin] Sodium channel blockade: Procainamide, Quinidine, Disopyramide "Quaker Preachers Discussed Sobriety."
Quaker-Quinidine Preachers-Procainamide Discussed-Disopyramide Sobriety-Sodium channel blockade

Class IB - Sodium channel blockade: Lidocaine, Phenytoin, Mexiletine, tocainide "Philadelphians Like Salty Mexican Tacos."

Philadelphians-Phenytoin Like-Lidocaine Salty-Sodium channel blockade Mexican-Mexiletine Tacos-Tocainide

Class IC - Sodium channel blockade: Flecainide, Encainide, Propafenone "Flea Encrusted Prophets."
Flea-Flecainide Encrusted-Encainide Prophets-Propafenone

Class II - Beta-adrenergic blockade: Propranolol "Betting Professionals."

Betting-Beta-adrenergic blockade Professionals-Propranolol

Class III - Prolong repolarization: Amiodarone, Bretylium, Solatol "Britain Repossessed American Soaps."
Britain-Bretylium Repossessed-Repolarization is prolonged. American-Amiodarone Soaps-Solatol

Class IV - Calcium channel blockade: Verapamil, Diltiazem "Calligraphist's Verbal Dilemma."

Calligraphist-Calcium channel blockade Verbal-Verapamil Dilemma-Diltiazem

Antiarrhythmic agents:
"A Dubious Quality Product... Bought To Preserve Little Money... Can Fabricate Enough Problems." A-1a B-1b C-1c
1a-A:

D-Disopyramide Q-Quinidine P-Procainamide 1b-B: T-Tocainamide P-Phenytoin L-Lidocaine M-Mexiletine 1c-C: F-Flecainamide E-Encainamide P-Propafenone

Mnemonics For Side Effects. ACEI, Side Effects CAPTOPRIL

Cough, anaphylaxis, palpitations, taste, orthostatic BP, Potassium (K+), Renal impairment, impotence, leucocytosis

Anti-epileptic side Effects ABCDEFGH

Ataxia, blood dyscrasia, cleft lip, dupuytrens / vit D def, exfoliation of skin & Stevens Johnsons. Fits, GI upset / gum hypertrophy, hepatitis / hairy

Barbiturate side Effects ABCD

Ataxia, behavioural disturbance, concentration / coma, depression / drowsy / diplopia

Cholinergic OD side Effects

DUMB BELS
Diarrhoea, Urination, Miosis / muscle weakness, bronchorrea Bradycardia, emesis, lacrimation, salivation / sweating

Cyclosporin Side Effects 4HRT

4H - Hyper K+, hypertension, gum hypertrophy, hairy R Renal toxicity T - Tremor

Digoxin S/E GECCKO

GIT n&v, abdo pain, ulcers Eyes blurring, halo, xanthopsia CNS depression, confusion, delirium, hallucinations Cardiac ANY arrhythmia K - low

MAOI side Effects 3Hs

Hepatocellular jaundice, Hyperthermia, hypertension

TCAD side Effects CAN WOO

Cvs, Anticholinergic, Neuro, Withdrawal, Overdose, Others

Steroids Side Effects HIGH COMPACT IMPS

Hypertension, Immunosuppression, Gastric Ulcer (bleeding),

Heartburn Cataract, Osteoporosis, Muscle weakness, Path # / Psychosis, Acne / Altered Glucose, Cushingoid, Thin skin Increased appetite, Myopathy, poor wound healing, stress response reduced

AM CUSHINGOID
Acne, Myopathy (prox) / muscle wasting (prox) Cushingoid / Cataract, Ulcers, Striae, skin thin (bruising), Hypertension / hairy, Infection, Glycosuria, Obesity / Osteoporosis / Oedema, Immunosuppression / Insomnia, Depression

Posted by ImedRx Comments (0) Labels: Mnemonics, Pharmacology

Pathology Mnemonics
MI: post-MI complications ACT RAPID:
Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF) Congestive cardiac failure Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle) Aneurysm (ventricle) Pericarditis Infaction (a second one) Death/ Dressler's syndrome

Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis DVT:

Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound Venography is gold standard Tenderness of Thigh and calf

MI: complications

HAS CRAPPED:
Heart failure/ Hypertension Arrhythmia Shock Cardiac Rupture Aneurysm Pericarditis Pulmonary Emboli DVT

Heart failure causes "HEART MAy DIE":

Hypertension Embolism Anemia Rheumatic heart disease Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy) Myocardial infarct Arrythmia Y Diet & lifestyle Infection Endocarditis

Cardiovascular risk factors (Framingham) FRAMINGHAM:

Family history Running (exercise) Adiposity (obesity) Marlboros (tobacco) Insulin resistance (diabetes) Non-regulated lipids (dyslipidaemia) Georgie Pie (high fat diet) Hypertension Age Male

Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together: Quote:

Platelet count low Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic) Renal failure Temperature rise Neurological deficits ER admission (as it is an emergency)

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome Quote:

PARIS:
Post-streptococcal

Alport's RPGN IgA nephropathy SLE Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture's [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic nephritic list].

Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease Quote:

TIBC levels at the:

Top=Iron deficiency. Bottom=Chronic disease

Macrocytic anaemia: differential Quote:

FAT RBC:
Fetus (pregnancy) Alcohol Thyroid disease(ie hypothyroidism) Reticulocytosis B12 and folate deficiency Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease

Hypokalaemia: clinical features Quote:

TIMID CHIMP:
Tetany Increases paralytic ileus (aggravates) Muscle weakness Increases possibility of hepatic encephalopathy Digoxin toxicity Cardiac arrythmias Hypotonia Increases P-R interval, T wave and prominent U wave Muscle cramps Polyuria

Renal failure (chronic): consequences Quote:

ABCDEFG: Anemia -due to less EPO Bone alterations

-osteomalacia -osteoporosis -von Recklinghausen

Cardiopulmonary
-atherosclerosis -CHF -hypertension -pericarditis

D vitamin loss Electrolyte imbalance

-sodium loss/gain -metabolic acidosis -hyperkalemia

Feverous infections
-due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards

GI disturbances
-haemorrhagic gastritis -peptic ulcer disease -intractable hiccups

Aneurysm types Quote:

MAD SCAB:
Mycotic Atherosclerotic Dissecting Syphilitic Capillary microaneurysm Arteriovenous fistula Berry

Necrosis: the 4 types Code: "Life Can Get Complicated": Liquifactive Coagulation Gangrene Caseous 'Life' used since necrosis is 'death'.

Turner syndrome: components Code: CLOWNS: Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication) Lymphoedema Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea) Webbed neck Nipples widely spaced Short

Fragile-X syndrome: features Code: DSM-4: Discontinued chromosome staining Shows anticipation Male (male more affected) Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause) Macrognathia Macroorchidism Whipple's disease: full features Code: WHIPPLES: Weight loss Hyperpigmentation of skin Infection with tropheryma whippelii

PAS positive granules in macrophage Polyarthritis Lymphadenopathy Enteric involvement Steatorrhea

CREST sydrome: components Code: CREST: Calcinosis Raynaud's phenomena Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangectasia

Edwards' syndrome: characteristics Code: EDWARDS: Eighteen (trisomy) Digit overlapping flexion Wide head Absent intellect (mentally retarded) Rocker-bottom feet Diseased heart Small lower jaw

Fragile X syndrome: features Code: FEMALES FMR1 gene Exhibits anticpation Macro-orchidism Autism Long face with large jaw Everted eyes

Kawasaki disease: features Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.

Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle. Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth. Fever: thermometer. Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles.

Generalized rash: rash dots. Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows. Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries. Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries. Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight.

Kawasaki Disease Criteria

"Be careful when riding a Kawasaki motorcycle, you might getCREAMed.

Conjunctivitis (non-exudative) Rash (polymorphous non-vesicular) Edema (or erythema of hands or feet) Adenopathy (cervical, often unilateral) Mucosal involvement (erythema or fissures or crusting) To have Kawasaki disease you must have fever for greater than 5 days plus 4 of the above. Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation.

Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria CHILD: 5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis:
Conjuctivitis (bilateral)

Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days Idiopathic polymorphic rash Lymphoadenopathy (cervical) Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria]

Physiology Mnemonics
Cochlea: inner vs. outer hair cell function Quote:

"Outer cells are Out of the brain. Inner cells are Into the brain":
Outer hair cells are motor efferents to amplify signal. Inner hair cells are sensory afferents that actually pick up the sound.

Pituitary hormones Quote:

FLAGTOP:
Follicle stimulating hormone Lutinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropin hormone Growth hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Oxytocin Prolactin

Alternatively: GOAT FLAP with the second 'A' for Anti-diruetic homone/vasopressin Note: there is also melanocyte secreting homone and Lipotropin, but they are not well understood.
Adrenal cortex layers and products Quote:

"Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex": Layers:

Glomerulosa Fasiculata Reticulata Respective products: Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones Alternatively for layers: GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate, convenient since adrenal glands are atop kidney).

Einthoven's Triangle: organization Quote:

Corners are at RA (right arm), LA (left arm), LL (left leg). Number of L's at a corner tell how many + signs are at that corner [eg LL is ++]. Sum of number of L's of any 2 corners tells the name of the lead [eg LL-LA is lead III]. For reference axes, the negative angle hemisphere is on the half of the triangle drawing that has all the negative signs; positive angle hemisphere contains only positive signs. See diagram.

Heart valves: sequence of flow Quote:

TRIPS BIAS:
TRIcuspid Pulmonary Semilunar BIcuspid Aortic Semilunar

Alternatively: "TRIPS, MI ASs!" (uses MItral instead of BIcuspid

Compliance of lungs factors Quote:

COMPLIANCE:
Collagen deposition (fibrosis) Ossification of costal cartilages Major obesity Pulmonary venous congestion Lung size Increased expanding pressure Age No surfactant Chest wall scarring Emphysema All but L/A/E decrease compliance.

Progesterone: actions Quote:

PROGESTE:
Produce cervical mucous Relax uterine smooth muscle Oxycotin sensitivity down Gonadotropin [FSH, LH] secretions down Endometrial spiral arteries and secretions up Sustain pregnancy Temperature up / Tit development Excitability of myometrium down

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms Quote:

THYROIDISM:
Tremor Heart rate up Yawning [fatigability] Restlessness Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea Intolerance to heat Diarrhea Irritability Sweating Musle wasting & weight loss

Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites Quote:

"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c): Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain. "HbF binds Forcefully": HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left. Stored blood is SOS: Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG. 2,3 BPG binding site is BBC: BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb. Myoglobin binding strength is MOM: Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.

Oestrogen: functions Quote:

OESTROGEN SUX:
Organ development (sex organs) Endocrine: FSH and LH regulation Secondary sex characteristics development Tropic for pregnancy Receptor synthesis (of progesterone, oestrogen, LH) Osteoporosis decrease (inhibits bone reabsorption) Granulosa cell development Endocrine: increases prolactin secretion, but then blocks its effect Nipple development Sex drive increase Uterine contractility increase oXytocin sensitivity increase

Electrical conductivity of tissues Quote:

"Be Careful To Shock My Best Nerve":

In order of least conductive to most conductive: Bones Cartilage Tendon Skin Muscle Blood Nerve

Potassium: causes of potassium leaving cells A$$E$

Acidosis: H+ ions move in. Starvation: catabolism of cells. Stress: catabolism of cells (postoperative). Exercise: catabolism of cells. Sodium chloride lost: K+ replaces it and is then excreted.

Pituitary: anterior pituitary products: acidophilic vs basophilic

Quote:
Acidophilic: GPA: Growth hormone Prolactin Acidophilic Basophilic: B-FLAT Basophilic FSH LH ACTH TSH

Erythropoiesis stages Quote:

"Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment":

Proerythroblast Basophilic erythroblast Polychromatic erythroblast Orthochromatophilic erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte

Neutrophil's 2 distinctive physical features Quote:

1: There's up to 5 lobes of the nucleus joined by thin appendages. Tie this to it being a neutrophil nucleus by arranging the 5 lobes into a capital N for Neutrophil. 2: the chicken leg (Barr Body) sticking out. Say it out loud: chick-N. The chick-N leg is for Neutrophil.

White blood cell relative concentrations

Quote:

"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas":

From greatest to least: Neutrophils (65%) Lymphocytes (25%) Monocytes (6%) Eosinophils (3%) Basophils (1%)

Alternatively: "Nine Little Monkeys Eating Bananas". Alternatively: "Noone Likes My Educational Background". Alternatively: "Never Let Mamma Eat Beans".

 Can remember that Eosinophils is 3%, by the mirror image of E is 3.

Basophil morphology Quote:

Basophil has Big Blue Balls (granules).

Leukocytes: granulated and agranulated Quote:

"BEN Loves Money":

Granulocytes: Basophil Eosinophil Neurophil Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes Monocytes

Alternatively: Granpa BEN..." to keep the granulated group straight. Mast cell primary granule contents Quote:

"Master, His Hepes Causes Choking & Gagging!":

Mast = Mast cell His = Histamine He= Heparin C = Chymase Ch = Chemotactic factor for eosinophils Gag = GAGase

Basophil vs. eosinophils: effect for allergic persons Quote:

Basophils are "Bad-o-phils" because they contribute to our allergic reactions. Eosinophils are "Easy-on-me-phils" because they counteract our allergic reactions.
Muscle sarcomere: A vs. I as light or dark Quote:

There is only one vowel in "dark" and one vowel in "light". These one vowels match up to their one letter names:
DArk band is the A band. LIght band is the I band.

Muscle sarcomere: H line vs. Z disc location Quote:

HAZI (Hazy):
H line is in A-band. Z disc is in the I band.

Muscle cells: cardiac vs. skeletal's nuclei location/number Quote:

Nuclei location mirrors where the muscle is located in human body. Heart muscle is in the middle of body, so heart muscle has nucleus in middle. Skeletal muscles are at periphery of body, so nuclei are at periphery. Also, you have 1 heart, so usually only 1 nucleus per heart muscle cell, but have many skeletal muscles, so have many nuclei per long fibre.

Muscle sarcomere bands Quote:

"Zee Intelligent Animal Has Muscle":

From the Z disk, working inward, remembering symmetry: Z I A H M H A I Z. Alternatively: "Zoe Is A Horny Momma".

Muscle fiber: types Quote:

Type 1: "1 slow fat red ox": -slow twitch -lipid accumulation -red fibers -oxidative Type 2: "2 fast skinny white breasts": -fast twitch -low lipid -white fibers, like chicken breasts

Haematology: key numbers Quote:

3 and 4 are key in in haematology:

1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin. There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin. There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil. There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin.

Macrocytic anemia: causes Quote:

ABCDEF:

Alcohol + liver disease B12 deficiency Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis) Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems) Endocrine (hypothyroidism) Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy)

Alkalosis: metabolic changes in alkalosis Quote:

"Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-loss":
There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia) and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state of alkalosis.

Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites Quote:

"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c): Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain . "HbF binds Forcefully": HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left. Stored blood is SOS: Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG. 2,3 BPG binding site is BBC: BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb. Myoglobin binding strength is MOM: Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathway tests Quote:

"PeT PiTTbull": PeT: PT is for extrinsic pathway. PiTTbull: PTT is for intrinsic pathway.
Carotid sinus vs. carotid body function Quote:

carotid SinuS: measures preSSure. carotid bO2dy measures O2.

Heart valves: closure sequence Quote:

"Many Things Are Possible":

Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic, Pulmonic

Pituitary: anterior hypophysis hormones Quote:

FLATPiG:
FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin ignore GH

Electrical conductivity of tissues Quote:

"Be Careful To Shock My Best Nerve":

In order of least conductive to most conductive: Bones Cartilage Tendon Skin Muscle Blood Nerve

Compliance of lungs factors Quote:

COMPLIANCE:
Collagen deposition (fibrosis) Ossification of costal cartilages Major obesity Pulmonary venous congestion Lung size Increased expanding pressure Age No surfactant Chest wall scarring Emphysema

All but L/A/E decrease compliance.

Alkalosis vs. acidosis: directions of pH and HCO3

Quote:

ROME:
Respiratory= Opposite: pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis). pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis). Metabolic= Equal: pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis). pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis)