Introduct|on to Compensat|on

Compensation oI transmission lines is meant the use oI

electrical circuits to modiIy the electrical characteristics oI the
lines within the prescribed limit.
Need of Compensat|on
%he line requires the compensation oI transmission lines due
to:
#eduction oI power transIer capability oI lines which reduces
the margin between the stable and unstable operation oI
system.
Ferranti eIIect.
Sub-synchronous resonance.
Var|ous 1ypes of Compensat|on
'arious types oI compensation techniques are used Ior
compensating the EH' lines:
Series compensation
Shunt compensation-S'S
Synchronous condenser
Cb[ect|ves of 5er|es and 5hunt
Compensat|on
ain obiective oI series and shunt compensation oI EH' lines
Ior transmitting bulk power over the long distance may be
stated as:
%o improve transIer capability along with increased steady
state and transient stability limits.
%o obtain Ilat voltage proIile as possible along the length oI the
EH' line while maintaining the equal sending end and
receiving end voltage.
%o avoid degree oI compensation leading to sub-synchronous
resonance.
5LkIL5 CCMLN5A1ICN
%he series capacitor oIIers an eIIective and economic means
Ior improving stability limits oI long distance transmission by
reducing the net reactance oI transmission line.
In the present case oI 400kv and 600km transmission system,
the maximum value oI receiving end power, compensation
eIIiciency, optimum value oI series capacitive reactance are
obtained using computer program.
Series compensation is used in long lines to increase
transmission capacity, improvement oI system stability and to
obtain correct load division between parallel circuits.
Series capacitors are connected in series with the line to reduce
the net impedance oI the transmission line. %his reduced
impedance causes the reduced voltage drop across the line.
Series capacitors are generally installed on special platIorms at
one or both ends oI the lines.
Insta||at|on of 5er|es Capac|tor
Series capacitors are generally installed on special platIorms at
one or both ends oI the lines.
Seiies Capaciioi
Cuiieni Limiiing
Reacioi
Spail Gap
Bypass Swiicl
Meial Oxide Resisioi
Advantage of 5er|es Compensat|on
%here are various advantage oI series compensation:
Increase in power transIer capability
Improvement oI system stability
Load division among parallel lines
Control oI voltage
ocat|on of 5er|es Capac|tor
Location along the line.
Location at one or both ends oI line section on the line
sides in the switching stations.
Location between Bus Bars and switching station.
rob|ems Assoc|ated w|th 5er|es
Compensat|on
Sub Synchronous #esonance
Sustain oscillation
Unreliable protection oI transmission lines
App||cat|on of 5er|es Compensat|on
%hey have been primarily used to improve system stability and
to obtain the desired load division among parallel lines.
High compensation levels also increase the complexity oI
protective relaying and the probability oI sub-synchronous
resonance.
A practical upper limit to the degree oI series compensation is
about 80.
Following are some oI the key considerations in the application
oI series capacitor banks:
'oltage rise due to reactive current: 'oltage rise oI on one side
oI the capacitor may be excessive when the line reactive-
current Ilow is high, as might occur during heavy power
transIers.
Bypassing and reinsertion: provision is made Ior bypassing the
capacitor during Iaults and reinsertion aIter Iault clearing.
Speed oI reinsertion may be an important Iactor in maintaining
transient stability.
Present trend is to use nonlinear resistors oI zinc oxide which
have the advantage that reinsertion is essentially instantaneous
5nUN1 CCMLN5A1ICN 5V5
Shunt compensation may consist oI static (using capacitor and
reactor) or synchronous compensation to avoid voltage
stability.
Shunt capacitors supply reactive power and boost local
voltages. %hey are used throughout the system and are applied
in a wide range oI sizes.
%he principal advantages oI shunt capacitors are their low cost
and their Ilexibility oI installation and operation.
%he principal disadvantage oI shunt capacitors is that their
reactive power output is proportional to the square oI the
voltage.
unct|on of 5V5 |n LnV 1ransm|ss|on
%he most typical Iunction oI S'S in EH' transmission can be
summarized as:
'oltage support along the line
Improved stability
Control oI over voltage
#eduction oI 'A#s Flow
App||cat|on of shunt compensat|on
Shunt capacitors are used to compensate Ior the XI2 losses in
transmission system and to ensure satisIactory voltage levels
during heavy loading conditions.
Switching oI capacitor banks provides a convenient means oI
controlling transmission system voltages.
1ypes of 5V5
SelI Saturated #eactor (S#)
%hyristor Controlled #eactor (%C#)
%hyristor Switched Capacitor (%SC)
Fixed Capacitor (FC), %hyristor Controlled #eactor (%C#)
scheme
%hyristor Switched Capacitor (%SC), %hyristor Controlled
#eactor(%C#) scheme
Advantages of 5V5
Increased power transIer capability
Enhancement oI transient stability
%he dynamic response oI S'S is very Iast
Steady State and temporary overvoltage can be controlled
5NCnkCNCU5 CCNDLN5Lk
A synchronous condenser is a synchronous machine running
without a prime mover or a mechanical load. By controlling the
Iield excitation, it can be made to either generate or absorb
reactive power. With a voltage regulator, it can automatically
adiust the reactive power output to maintain constant terminal
voltage.
Synchronous compensators contribute to system short-circuit
capacity. %heir reactive power production is not aIIected by the
system voltage.
uring power swings (electromechanical oscillations) there is
an exchange oI kinetic energy between a synchronous
condenser and the power system.
ANA5I5 C DILkLN1
CCMLN5A1ING 5CnLML
le diffeieni compensaiing sclemes aie analyzed by
compuiing ile maximum ieceiving end powei , opiimum
value of seiies compensaiion , compensaiion efficiency,
Degiee of seiies compensaiion and A, B, C, D paiameieis
depending upon ile ielaiive posiiion of seiies capaciioi
and SVS.
i) UNCOMPENSAEDLINE
:) SERIES COMPENSAIONWIOU SVS
) SERIES COMPENSAIONWISVS
UNCCMLN5A1LD INL
%he 'alues oI A,B,C, parameters are as Iollows:
A Zc coshyl
B Zc sinhyl
C 1/Zc sinhyl
A, B, C, D Is
Vs
IR
VR
5er|es Compensat|on w|thout 5V5
%he Series capacitor can be located as:
1. At the sending end
2. At the middle end
3. At the receiving end oI the transmission line without any
shunt compensation
5er|es Capac|tor at the 5end|ng Lnd of
1ransm|ss|on |ne
O P#(max) ''#'`2 |K1 Xc`2 K2 Xc K3|
O Compensation EIIiciency A1

Vs <
-iXc
'# 0
5er|es Capac|tor at the M|dd|e Lnd of
1ransm|ss|on |ne
O P#(max) ''#'`2 |K1 Xc`2 K2 Xc K3|
------------
'Bo'`2
O Compensation EIIiciency |A1`2 A2`2|

Vs <
-iXc
'# 0
5er|es Capac|tor at kece|v|ng Lnd of
1ransm|ss|on |ne
O P#(max) ''#'`2 |-A1(KA2) Xc K B2- A1B1|
------------
'Bo'`2
O Compensation EIIiciency A1

Vs <
-iXc
'# 0
5er|es Compensat|on w|th 5V5
%he Series capacitor with S'S can be located as:
1. At the sending end
2. At the middle end
3. At the receiving end oI the transmission line
5er|es Capac|tor and 5V5 at the
5end|ng Lnd

Vs <
-iXc
'# 0
SVS
ib
5er|es Capac|tor and 5V5 at the M|dd|e
Lnd

Vs <
-iXc
'# 0
SVS
ib
5er|es Capac|tor and 5V5 at the
kece|v|ng Lnd

Vs <
-iXc
'# 0
SVS
ib
D@
Degree of Series
Compensation(s)
PR(max) (p.u.)
Case 1 (a) Case 1 (b) Case 1 (c)
10 8.61 8.88 8.65
20 9.29 9.79 9.39
30 10.07 10.89 10.26
40 10.96 12.26 11.28
50 11.96 13.98 12.51
60 13.05 16.98 13.96
70 14.10 18.92 15.64
80 14.64 21.53 17.36
90 12.99 14.76 18.21
Case No. PR(max) (p.u.) n c(opt) Xc(opt)(p.u.) S (opt)
1 (a) 14.64 79.00 0.1032 80.00
1 (b) 21.53 90.00 0.1002 80.00
1 (c) 18.21 79.00 0.1167 90.00
2 17.85 0.85 0.0848 80.00
3 24.79 96.00 0.0456 80.00
4 22.87 77.00 0.1220 90.00
5 21.70 1.14 0.0854 70.00
6 24.00 79.00 0.1178 90.00
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