;DdfggLo ;efd'v dxf]bo,

g]kfnL hgtfn] xfn;Dd k6s k6s ub{} cfPsf P]ltxfl;s ;+3if{, hgcfGbf]ng / dw]z
cfGbf]ngsf] andf u7g ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq
g]kfnsf] rf}yf] ah]6 k|:t't ug{ ;DdfgLt Aoj:yflksf;+;bdf pkl:yt x'Fbf d uf}/jflGjt
ePsf] 5' . cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] k"jf{4{df /fhgLltsbnx?sf] ;xdltdf dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf
n8fs"x?sf] ;dfof]hg tyf k'g:yf{kgf ;DkGg x'g] / ;+ljwfg;efn] gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{]
h:tf] dxfg P]ltxfl;s sfo{ ;DkGg x'g] ;Gbe{df of] ah]6 k|:t't ub{}5' . o; cj;/df
nf]stGq, u0ftGq / ;+3Lotf :yfkgf ug{ cfgf] cd"No hLjg alnbfg ug{' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ 1ft
c1ft zlxbx? k|lt efjk"0f{ >4fGhnL ck{0f ub{5' .
kl5Nnf] k6ssf] /fhgLlts ;xdltaf6 ylkPsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;dofjlw leq} gofF ;+ljwfgsf]
d:of}bf hg;dIf Nofpg] k|ltj4tf cfPsf] 5 . cfufdL s]xL dlxgf leq} zflGt k|lqmofn] k"0f{tf
kfpg] / g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}n] n]v]sf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ /fhgLlts pknlAwsf] ;jf{lws
dxTjk"0f{ cWofo yk x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts,
cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cj:yfdf u'0ffTds kl/jt{g x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .
;+ljwfg;efsf] u7gkl5 klxnf] k6s Aoj:yflksf;+;bdf k"j{ ah]6 5nkmn ;DkGg
ePsf]5 . ;+;bdf dfggLo ;ef;bx?n] ah]6sf l;4fGt / k|fyldstf Pj+ ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf
sfo{qmd pk/ lbg' ePsf ;'emfjx?nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s dgg u/L ah]6 th{'df u/]sf] 5' .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf p2]Zo, l;4fGt tyf gLlt, lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] nIo,
cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf /fli6o
nIox? tyf /fhgLlts bn, Aoj;flos hut, af}l4s ;d'bfo nufot ;dfhsf ljleGg
kIfx?af6 k|fKt ;'emfjx?nfO{ ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ agfPsf] 5' . o;y{, cfufdL cfly{s
jif{sf] ah]6nfO{ ;a} g]kfnLn] cfgf] ah]6sf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] u/L cu|ufdL, hgd'vL,
;Gt'lnt, ;dfj]zL / n}lspQ/bfoL agfpg ljz]if k|oTg u/]sf] 5' .
kl/jt{gsf/L /fhgLlts zlQmx?sf] ;xdlt / ;dy{gdf u7g ePsf] jt{dfg ;/sf/
;fdGtjfbsf ;a} ?kx?sf] cGTo ub{} ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf] dfWodf/f ;d[4,
cfw'lgs, :jfwLg, Gofok"0f{ / ;dfj]zL gofF g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] cleofgdf h'6]sf]5 . d}n] ut
@)^& ;fn r}t @( ut] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] b]zsf] cfly{s l:ylt tyf ;/sf/sf] gLltut
cjwf/0ff ;DjGwL Zj]tkqdf o;nfO{ :ki6 ?kn] pNn]v ul/;s]sf] 5' . oxL gLlt tyf
cjwf/0ffaf6 lgb{]lzt eP/ d}n] ah]6 th{'df u/]sf] 5' .
d'n'sdf Psflt/ pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj Go"g /x]sf]5 eg] csf{]lt/ ;Lldt pTkfbgsf] klg
Gofof]lrt ljt/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cy{tGqsf] of] cfwf/e"t ;d:ofnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ s[lif tyf
pBf]usf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{], cf}Bf]lus tyf k"jf{wf/ If]qdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL
j[l4 ug{], k|fKt cfly{s pknlAwx?sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L u/LaL / c;dfgtf 36fpb}
1

;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;Gt'lnt / ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] cfwf/zLnf v8f ub{} :jb]zleq 7"nf]
;+Vofdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{] lbzfdf ah]6sf] Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5' .
7

d'n'ssf ljBdfg ;|f]tx?sf] klxrfg, kl/rfng / k|fyldsLs/0f ub{} k|fs[lts, cfly{s tyf
dfgjLo ;|f]tnfO{ pTkfbgsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg / zlQmdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ d}n] ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L /
lghL If]qsf] ;dGjofTds / kl/k"/s e"ldsfsf] vf]hL u/]sf] 5' . g]kfnL hgtfsf ljsf;sf
ck]Iff Pp6} ah]6jf6 k"/f ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . t/ hgtfsf cfzf k'/f ug{] lbzfdf xfdL cu|;/
5f}+ eGg] ;Gb]z of] ah]6n] lbg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .

;efd'v dxf]bo,
8

d'n'ssf cfly{s;fdflhs kl/;"rsx?sf k|j[lQ / ljz]iftfx? ;dfj]z u/L tof/ kfl/Psf]

cfly{s ;e{]If0f, @)^& / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] jflif{s l:ylt ;dLIff o; ;Ddflgt
Aoj:yflksf;+;bdf k]z ul/;s]sf]5' . ca d ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5sf tLg jif{ / rfn"
cfly{s jif{sf] xfn;Ddsf] b]zsf s]xL ;dli6ut cfly{s kl/;"rsx? k|:t't ug{ rfxG5' .
-s_

rfn" cfly{s jif{ cfly{s j[l4 #=% k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . ut tLg jif{sf] cf};t
cfly{s j[l4b/ g} $ k|ltzt eGbf tn /x]sf]5 . nuftf/ b'O{ jif{ b'O{ c+sdf /x]sf] d"No
j[l4b/ o; jif{ Psn c+sdf em/]sf]5 .

-v_

rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] !! dlxgf;Dddf lgof{t / cfoft b'j} s/La ^ k|ltztsf b/n]
a9]sf 5g\ . cl3Nnf] aif{sf] t'ngfdf j:t' lgof{tdf j[l4 ePklg ljut tLg jif{b]lv
Aofkf/3f6f nuftf/ a9L /x]sf]5 . To:t}, cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{b]lv g]kfnL cy{tGqn]
zf]wgfGt/ 3f6f Aoxf]g{' k/]sf]5 . o;sf] afah"b ljBdfg ljb]zL d'b|f ;+lrltn] eg] &
dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft wfGg] cj:yf5 .

-u_

rfn" cfly{s jif{df ?= #)^ ca{ @& s/f]8 s'n vr{ x'g] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg /x]sf]5 .
rfn" vr{ ?= !*) ca{ !$ s/f]8, k"FhLut vr{ ?= !)* ca{ * s/f]8 / ;fjfF e'QmfgL
?= !* ca{ $ s/f]8 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ah]6sf] cfsf/ nuftf/ j[l4 x'Fb} uPklg
rfn" vr{ tLa|?kdf a9]sf] x'Fbf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu k"FhLut vr{sf] pknAwtf
;Lldt aGb} uPsf]5 eg] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] vr{ ug{] Ifdtf eg] qmdzM IfL0f x'Fb}
cfO/x]sf] 5 .

-3_

rfn" jif{ ;dodf ah]6 gcfPsf], cfly{s ultljlw a9\g g;s]sf] / cfoftsf] j[l4b/
sd ePsf]n] /fh:j ;+sngdf k|lts"n k|efj kg{ uPsf]5 . of] jif{ ?= @)^ ca{ /fh:j
;+sng x'g] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg /x]sf]5, h'g ut jif{sf] oyfy{ /fh:jsf] t'ngfdf !$=$
k|ltztn] a9L xf] .

-_

;dli6ut cfly{s kl/;"rsx?nfO{ ;'wf/ ub{} cfly{s j[l4b/ pRr ug{, ljQLo k|0ffnLdf
t/ntfsf] cefj x'g glbg, k"FhL ahf/sf] lj:tf/ / ljZj;gLotf a9fpg, ef}lts tyf
cfly{s k"jf{wf/x? lj:tf/ u/L lghL If]qsf] nufgL k|j4{g ug{ / pTkfbgzLn If]q tkm{
2

cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ 8f]ofpg cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 s]lGb|t ug{'kg{]

ePsf]5 . of] ah]6n] ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L tyf lghL nufgL j[l4 u/L cy{tGqdf
ultzLntf NofO{ tLa| cfly{s j[l4 / ;dGoflos ljsf;sf] jf6f] ;dfTg] ljZjf;
lnPsf]5' .
9

rfn" cfly{s jif{df k|To]s dGqfnox?nfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] vr{sf] /sd, ;f] vr{ cg';f/sf] nIo /
k|ultsf] dGqfnout ljj/0f cfh} d}n] o; ;DdfgLt ;bg ;dIf k|:t't u/]sf]5' .

ah]6sf] ;f]+r / cfwf/e"t l;4fGt

;efd'v dxf]bo
10

cfly{s ljsf;sf] sfo{;"rLn] k|fyldstf kfpg g;Sg', ;femf cfly{s sfo{;"rL aGg g;Sg',
;+qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yf, nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf] cefj, s[lif / pBf]u If]qsf]
ljsf;df kof{Kt Wofg k'Ug g;Sg', pmhf{ ;+s6 b]vf kg{', ljQLo If]qdf t/ntfsf] cefj
b]lvg', pRr d"Noj[l4 x'g', ah]6 sfof{Gjog / cfof]hgf Aoj:yfkg lkmtnf] eO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
hg:t/df kof{Kt dfqfdf k'Ug g;Sg', lje]b / al~rlts/0f sfod} /xg' tyf u/LaL, cefj /
k5f}6]kg sfod /xg'n] xfn;Ddsf] /fhgLlts pknlAwnfO{ g} r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] d}n] dx;';
u/]sf] 5' . o; ah]6n] oL r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug{ lgDg cfwf/e"t l;4fGtdf /xL sfo{qmd cl3
;f/]sf] s'/f d o; ;Ddflgt ;bgnfO{ cg'/f]w ug{ rfxG5' .
-s_

;fdGtjfb / Psflwsf/ k"FhLjfbsf ;a} zf]if0f / pTkL8g ;dfKt ub{} ;dfhjfbpGd"v,

hgd'vL / nf]s sNof0fsf/L cy{tGqsf] ;~rfngaf6 :jfwLg, ;d[4, Gofok"0f{ / zfGt
gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{] . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf
b]zsf] cy{tGq ;~rfng ug{] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] tLg vDa] cy{gLltnfO{ hLjGttf
lbOg] .

-v_

;dfhdf ljBdfg ;a} k|sf/sf c;dfgtf, lje]b, zf]if0f, pTkL8g / cGofoaf6 cfd
hgtfnfO{ d'Qm u/L ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zL kl/kf6Ldf cfwfl/t cfly{s ;fdflhs
;+r/gfsf] cfwf/zLnf v8f ug{] . o;sf nflu e"ld nufot pTkfbgsf ;|f]t / ;fwgdf
u/La tyf ljkGg ju{sf] :jfldTj Pj+ kx'Fr a9fpg] .

-u_

GkLl8t, zlxb tyf j]kQfsf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt k|bfg ul/g'sf ;fy} Gsfndf
elTsPsf ;+/rgfx?sf] k'glg{df{0f / lj:yflktx?sf] k'g:yf{kgsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{] .

-3_

If]qLo tyf hg;f+VoLs ;Gt'ng sfod ub{} d'n'ssf] efjL ;+3Lo 9fFrfnfO{ ;3fp k'Ug]
u/L ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg] . 7"nf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ;fj{hlgs
lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k lghL If]qsf] nufgL k|f]T;fxg ug{] . hnljB't
nufot ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf 7"nf kl/of]hgfsf nflu ljb]zL k"FhL leq\ofpg cfjZos
sfg"gL Aoj:yf ug{] .
3

-_

;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod /fVg], ljQLo :yfloTjsf nflu ;'wf/ / ;'zf;gsf
sfo{ cl3 a9fpg], ah]6 3f6fnfO{ lglZrt ;Ldfleq /fVg], If]qLo tyf hg;f+VoLs
;Gt'ng sfod x'g]u/L ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{], ljQLo pQ/bfloTj / kf/bzL{tf clej[l4
u/L cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod ug{], ;fj{hlgs ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L cfk"lt{
Aoj:yf ;xh t'Nofpg] / d"No cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;zQm t'Nofpg] .

-r_

l5d]ssf b'O{ 7"nf pbLodfg / ultzLn cy{tGq ef/t / rLgsf] tLj| cfly{s ljsf;sf]
nfe xfl;n ug{ ko{6g, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, pBf]u :yfkgf, ;]jf tyf j:t'sf] Aofkf/
lj:tf/ ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg] .

;efd'v dxf]bo,
ah]6sf p2]Zox?
11

cfufdL cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( sf] ah]6sf p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
-s_

zflGt k|lqmofsf afFsL sfd k"/f ug{ / gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ;xof]u
k'ofpg],

-v_

cfdhgtf, GkLl8t / zlxb tyf j]kQfsf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt lbg'sf ;fy} k"glg{df{0f /
k'g:yf{kgfsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{],

-u_

:jb]zL k"FhL / /fli6o ;|f]tx?sf] clwstd pkof]u u/L :jfwLg, :jtGq / cfTdlge{/
cy{tGq lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/zLnf v8f ug{] tyf e"ld nufot pTkfbgsf ;fwg Pj+ ;|f]tdf
u/La tyf ljkGgsf] kx'r k'ofO{ ;fdflhs Gsf] Go"lgs/0f / ;dfj]zL ljsf; k|lqmof
cl3 a9fpg],

-3_

;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL nufgL j[l4 ub{} s[lifsf] Aoj;flos/0f, cf}Bf]lus k'g?{Tyfg /
;]jf If]qsf] lj:tf/ u/L ;fdflhs Gofoo'Qm / /f]huf/Ld'ns pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n
ug{],

-_

ef}uf]lns, If]qLo tyf hg;f+VoLs ;Gt'ng ldnfpg] / efjL ;+3Lo :j?knfO{ ;3fp
k'ofpg] u/L ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fnfO{ tLa|tf lbg], /

-r_

;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug{] / ljQLo If]qdf ;'zf;g ;'b[9 u/L hg ljZjf;
clej[l4 ug{] .

;efd'v dxf]bo,
ca d of] ah]6sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd k|:t't ug{] cg'dlt rfxG5' .
zflGt :yfkgf, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / Gsf] lbuf] ;dfwfg
12

zflGt / ;+ljwfg jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfo{ef/ /x]sf]n] dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs"x?sf]
;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgf u/L zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Aoj:yf
4

u/]sf] 5' . g]kfnL hgtfsf] a[xQ/ lxt x'g] u/L /fli6o ;xdltdf gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ kof{Kt ah]6 5'6\ofPsf] 5' .
13

14

15

16

17

zlxb tyf j]kQfsf kl/jf/ / hg cfGbf]ngsf 3fOt]x?nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg ah]6sf]
Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . GkLl8t / lj:yflktx?nfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug{ tyf zlxb / a]kQfsf
3/jf/ljlxg kl/jf/nfO{ k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd NofPsf] 5' .
a]kQf kfl/Psfx?sf] vf]hL ug{] cfof]u, pRr:t/Lo ;Tolg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g
ug{], uf]s0f{ / t/fO{ dw]zdf ;lxb kfs{ / dw]z cfGbf]ng :d[lt kfs{ lgdf{0f ug{] / hgtfsf]
kxndf zflGt cleofg sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
ljutsf] Gdf a9L k|efljt dWo / ;'b"/ klZrdsf lhNnfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L ljz]if sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{ cfjZos /sd ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' . of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ;DaGwL lgb{]lzsf
@)^* sflQ{s dlxgfleq th{'df ul/g]5 .
tLj| cfly{s ljsf;af6 lbuf] zflGt xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] ufpF:t/;Dd ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfo{x? ug{ zflGtsf nflu ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos /sd k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' . of]
sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] lgb{]lzsf @)^* sflQ{s leq th{'df ul/g]5 .
Gsfndf elTsO{ k'glg{df{0f ug{ afFsL /x]sf ;+/rgfx?sf] k'glg{df{0f ug{ cfjZos /sd
5'6\ofPsf] 5' .

cfd hgtfnfO{ /fxt lbg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx / cfk"lt{ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
18

19

20

21

22

;'ky d"No k;n dfkm{t cfk"lt{ k|0ffnL / ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ub{} s[lqd d"Noj[l4 lgoGq0f ug{
ahf/ cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'NofOg]5 . cfk"lt{df cj/f]w, d"No ldnf]dtf] / ahf/df u}/
vfB j:t' ld;fj6 u/L hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj kfg{] hf];'s}nfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd s8f
sf/jfxL ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
b'u{d If]qsf] vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ vfBfGg 9'jfgL, e08f/0f / :yfgLo pTkfbg j[l4df
ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5' . b'u{d If]qdf vfBfGg / g"g 9"jfgLdf lbOb} cfPsf] cg'bfgnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' .
afl9, klx/f], v8]/L h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]k / ljz]if kl/l:yltdf vfBfGg ;+s6 cfpg glbg
b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf qmdzM cfw'lgs uf]bfd3/x?sf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . df}h'bf ;fs{ vfBfGg
;'/Iff e08f/ / /fli6o vfBfGg ;'/Iff e08f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{nfO{ ;xh / Aojl:yt t'Nofpg pRr:t/Lo ;ldltn] lbPsf
;'emfjx?nfO{ qmdzM sfof{Gjog ub{} nlug]5 .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] Aojl:yt zx/Ls/0f, vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ / 6flkms hfd
x6fpg r/0fj4?kdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
5

;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zL ljsf;

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x?jfr?jf, sdn/L, afbL, uGwj{ / afFwf dhb'/af6 d'Qm kl/jf/sf]
cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/L, lzIff / a;f]jf;sf] ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' .
g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qdf zf]lift, kLl8t hLjg ljtfO/x]sf sdn/Lx?sf] lzIff, ;Lkd"ns tflnd
/ k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx?nfO{ Aojl:yt ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ @)^* c;f]h
d;fGt leq lgb{]lzsf hf/L ul/g]5 . sdn/LnfO{ pRr lzIffdf lglZrt ;+Vof 5'6\ofpg'sf
;fy} pknAw u/fOPsf] 5fqj[lQ /sd j[l4 u/]sf] 5' .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq k'g:yf{kgf x'g afFsL d'Qm sd}of kl/jf/sf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] sfo{ ;DkGg
ul/g]5 . d'Qm xlnof, x?jfr?jfsf] tYof+s ;+sng u/L k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu cWoog ul/g]5 .
;'s'Djf;L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu xfn ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf kfpg] Psn dlxnfsf] pd]/sf] xb x6fO ljwjf ePs} lbgb]lv eQf kfpg]
Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' . Psn dlxnfn] ;xsf/Ltfsf] dfWodaf6 Aoj;fo ;+rfng u/]df To:tf
;xsf/LnfO{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ Aofhdf lagf lwtf] C0f pknAw u/fpg] Aoj:yf ul/g]5 .
nf]kf]Gd'v hfthftL, ln, If]q, ju{, ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd qmdzM lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . a}+ls k|0ffnL dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg z'? ul/Psf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f
sfo{nfO{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv ;a} gu/kflnsf / ;b/d'sfdsf ;a} ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?df
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
g]qxLg, jf0fLxLg, >j0fxLg / ;':tdgl:ylt ePsf gful/sx?nfO{ /fHosf tkm{af6
k7gkf7gsf] ;'ne Aoj:yf ug{'sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ j[l4 ug{
ljz]if Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
kfFr jif{d'gLsf s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;a} / cGo If]qsf blntsf afnaflnsfnfO{ dfl;s b'O{
;osf b/n] lbOb} cfPsf] afn ;+/If0f cg'bfgnfO{ dfgj ljsf;sf b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf cGo
lhNnfx?df klg qmlds?kdf lj:tf/ ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
/fli6o blnt cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg cfjZos P]g th{'df ul/g]5 . lhNnf:t/df
ul7t blnt ju{ pTyfg lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ yk lqmofzLn agfOg]5 . d'lZndx?sf]
;du| ljsf;sf nflu d';ndfg cfof]u u7g ul/g]5 . dw]zL, d';ndfg / lk58fju{sf]
pTyfgsf nflu /f]huf/d'ns tflnd, k|hgg :jf:Yo lzIff, ;/;kmfO / Ifdtf j[l4sf
sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
b]z / ;dfhsf nflu cd"No hLjg ;dk{0f u/]sf h]i7 gful/sx?nfO{ j[4 cj:yfdf ufF;, af;
/ skf;sf] Aoj:yf ub{} hfg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . o; qmddf df]tLb]jL :d[lt h]i7gful/s
cfjf; u[xsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 . b]j3f6, s]nfbL3f6 / l/8L3f6df /x]sf
j[4f>dx?nfO{ h]i7gful/s u|fddf ?kfGt/0f ul/g]5 .
6

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u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if dfkm{t u/LaLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf dlxnf, blnt, dw]zL, hghftL tyf
lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ nlIft u/L NofOPsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{,
8f]d, d'zx/, rdf/, b';fw, vTj], Aofwf, s';'08f, b'/f, /fp6], afbL, uGwj{ / u/La d';ndfgsf]
tYof+s ;+sng u/L pgLx?sf] pTyfgsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ u/La, dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghftL, dw]zL, d';ndfg,
ckf, t];|f]lnL, ljkGg Pj+ lk5l8Psf If]q / ju{nfO{ k|ToIf ;+nUg u/fpg] Aoj:yf
ldnfOg]5 .
cflbjf;L, hghftL, nf]kf]Gd'v hftL / blntx?sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ k7gkf7gsf] ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg o:tf hftLx?sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] If]qdf ljBfno ejg lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu 5'6[}
ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

clt ljs6 tyf lk5l8Psf If]q ljsf; sfo{qmd

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/fli6o ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;d]l6g g;s]sf sl7g e"agf]6sf s0ff{nL / s0ff{nL jl/kl/sf
lhNnfx? tyf t/fO{ dw]zsf lk5l8Psf lhNnfsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ / ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{
ljz]if sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . clt ljs6 sflnsf]6, h'Dnf, x'Dnf, d'u',
8f]Nkf, hfh/sf]6, c5fd, aemf, afh'/f / bfr{'nf lhNnfxdf ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodf/f s[lif,
hl8a'6L / kmnk"mnsf] pTkfbg, ;+sng / k|zf]wg ug{ k"FhLut cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg]
Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
s0ff{nLdf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] Ps kl/jf/ Ps /f]huf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ hfh/sf]6, c5fd,
aemf / afh'/f nufot k"jf{wf/ / dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+sdf k5fl8 k/]sf lhNnfx?df /f]huf/L
k|Tofe"lt sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf qmdzM lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu
;'emfj lbg Ps cfof]u u7g ul/g]5 .
:yfgLo:t/df n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB'tsf] ljsf; u/L ?s'd, hfh/sf]6 / /f]Nkf lhNnfsf
;Dk"0f{ 3/ w'/Ldf ljB't ;]jf k'ofpg] u/L z'? ul/Psf] g]kfn pHofnf] sfo{qmdnfO{ yk ;'b[9
ub{} cfufdL cfly{s jif{ s0ff{nL If]qdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . ?s'ddf :yfgLo u|L8 lgdf{0f u/L d'Vo
k|zf/0f nfO{gdf hf]8g] gd'gf kl/of]hgf cl3 a9fOg]5 .
s0ff{nLsf ;a} lhNnf / afh'/f, bfr{'nf, jemf, b}n]v, d':tf, hfh/sf]6 / ?s'd lhNnfx?df
;+rfng x'g] Ps s/f]8 ?k}of eGbf dflysf ljsf; sfo{qmdx?sf] nflu cfjZostfg';f/
ax'jifL{o 7]Ssf k|0ffnL cjnDag ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 . o;af6 To; If]qdf ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfdx? ;'rf? eO hgtfx?nfO{ nfe k'Ug] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .

n}ls ;dfgtf / ;zlQms/0f

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n}ls d"nk|jflxs/0f / ;zlQms/0fsf] dfWodaf6 n}ls ;dfgtf sfod ug{ n}ls pQ/bfoL
ah]6sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L 9+udf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . dlxnfnfO{ k|ToIf nfe
k'ofpg] ah]6sf] cfsf/ j[l4u/L ?= &# ca{ ## s/f]8 k'ofPsf] 5' .
u|fdL0f tyf ljkGg dlxnfx?sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;~rfngdf /x]sf] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{
cfufdL cfly{s jif{df yk @ ;o !) ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf ! xhf/ $ ;o *) j8fdf lj:tf/
ul/g]5 .
ljkGg dlxnf / ljBfno 5f8]sf lszf]/Lx?nfO{ :j/f]huf/ Joj;fo z'? ug{ k|fljlws /
Joj;foLs tflnd / Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{ nfUg] vr{df cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
3/]n' lx+;f tyf of}ghGo b'Ao{jxf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfx?sf] nflu !% lhNnfdf dlxnf
;+:yfx?sf] ;dGjodf ;+rfngdf /x]sf ;'/lIft cNksfnLg cf>o ;lxtsf] ;]jf s]Gb|x?nfO{
yk ;'b[9 ug{ Psf/ s]Gb| dfkm{t kLl8t dlxnfx?nfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf, dgf]a}1flgs k/fdz{,
sfg"gL ;]jf nufotsf ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ cf/De ul/g]5 .
dlxnf j]rljvg / cGo n}+lus lx+;faf6 kLl8t / k|efljtx?sf] p4f/, ;+/If0f / k'g:yf{kgsf
sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' . dlxnf lj?4sf] kmf}Hbf/L / n}ls lx+;f ;DjGwL d'2fx?
l56f] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{sf nflu b|"t ;'g'jfO{ cbfntsf] :yfkgf ug{] sfo{ z'? ul/g]5 .
afbL ;d'bfosf] pTyfg sfo{ ug{ afbL ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 .

e"lddf u/La tyf ljkGg ju{sf] :jfldTj Pj+ kx'Fr clej[l4

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e"ldnfO{ pkof]usf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{'sf] ;fy} pTkfbsTj j[l4sf] nflu a}1flgs e"ld ;'wf/
sfo{qmdnfO{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . ljutdf u7g ePsf e"ld;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx?sf]
;'emfjx?nfO{ qmdzM sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] c;f]h d;fGtleq e" pkof]u gLlt th{'df ul/g]5 . ;Dk"0f{ gfkL
sfo{nfO{ of]hgfa4 ?kdf cl3 a9fpg gfkL u'?of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 . e"ld Aoj:yfkgdf
cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g / ;fdlos ;'wf/sf sfo{x? ;DkGg ug{ gofF e"ld;'wf/ ljw]ossf] d:of}bf
th{'df ul/g]5 .
xfn sfod /x]sf] k/Dk/fut gfkL k|zf;gnfO{ l8lh6nfOH8 k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f ug{] sfo{ z'?
ul/g]5 . cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv sf7df8f}+sf] l8NnLahf/ / nlntk'/sf] gfkL sfof{noaf6
k|jfx x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfx? sDKo"6/ k|0ffnLaf6 pknAw u/fO{g]5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( b]lv nfu' x'g]u/L 3/hUuf jf hUuf vl/b ljqmL ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
sDkgLsf] ?kdf btf{ eO{ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 :yfoL n]vf gDa/ lnPsf bnfn
Aoj;foLsf] dfWodaf6 dfq ug{ kfpg] Aoj:yf ul/g]5 .
8

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/fli6o :jfledfgsf] kl/rfossf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;u/dfyfsf] prfO{ lgwf{/0f u/L k|df0fLs/0f ug{
cfjZos ah]6sf] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

s[lifIf]qsf] ?kfGt/0f / Aoj;foLs/0f

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d'n'ssf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff, /f]huf/L l;h{gf, cfocfh{g, cfoft k|lt:yfkg / lgof{t j[l4
ug{ ;fdGtjfbL s[lif k|0ffnLsf] cGTo u/L cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug{ s[lif If]qsf]
?kfGt/0f ul/g]5 . cfufdL tLg jif{ leq vfBfGg nufot s[lif hGo j:t'df cfTdlge{/ aGg
pTkfbg j[l4 u/f}+ cfTdlge{/ agf}+ eGg] /fli6o c7f]6 lnO{ s[lifnfO{ Joj;flos/0f ul/g]5 .
k|To]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] k|fKt ug]{ cg'bfgdf s[lif;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmddf slDtdf !%
k|ltzt 5'6\ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfdf dlxnf h]l6h]l6P tyf kz'
lrlsT;sx?sf] ;+Vof clej[l4 ug{ vfnL b/jGbLdf pknAw eP;Dd dlxnfnfO{ lgo'Qm ug{] /
o:tf] k|fljlws lzIffdf dlxnf egf{ clej[l4 ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
s[lifsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf s[lif kmfd{ v8f
ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 . ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf lgiqmLo Pj+ cg'Tkfbs
s[lif tyf kz' ljsf; kmfd{x?nfO{ ;~rfng ug{ ;xsf/L / lghLIf]qnfO{ pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 .
lxdfnL lhNnfx?df pGgt hftsf rf}kfofsf] Aoj;flos kz'kfns ls;fgnfO{ kz'lrlsT;f
;]jf k'ofpg'sf ;fy} 3fF; v]tL tyf r/0f If]qsf] Aoj:yf ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw
u/fOg]5 . kz'kfng ug{] ;xsf/LnfO{ lglZrt cjlwsf] nflu ktL{ hldg lgMz'Ns pknJw
u/fpg sfo{ljlw th{'df ul/g]5 .
b]zsf] ;dlztf]i0f If]qx?df t/sf/Lsf] d"n aLp pTkfbg a9fpg ?s'd, /f]Nkf nufotsf
If]qdf k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf, cf}iflw, aLp pTkfbg / Kofls ug{ cg'bfg lbg] Aoj:yf
ldnfPsf]5' .
kz'kfngtk{m gZn ;'wf/ /fli6o cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 . o; cleofgnfO{ Aofks agfpg
pGgt gZnsf efn]x?sf] cfoft ug{'sf cltl/Qm s[lqd uef{wfgsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ufpF ufpFdf
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . kfFr} ljsf; If]qdf ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/L / ;xsf/L dfkm{t kz' k|hgg
s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
s[lifdf Aoj;flos/0f Pj+ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ rSnfaGbL v]tL
k|0ffnLnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . rSnfaGbL u/L 7"nf] kmfd{ v8f u/L lghL jf ;fem]bf/Ldf
s[lifoflGqs/0f dfkm{t pTkfbg ug{nfO{ cfjZos s[lif cf}hf/ cfoft ubf{ eG;f/ 5'6sf ;fy}
l;+rfOsf nflu ;xof]u ul/g]5 . ;fgf] ;d"xdf rSnfaGbLdf cfwfl/t v]tL ug{] s[ifsx?nfO{
cg'bfgdf pknAw x'g] dn, aLp nufotsf ;'ljwfx? ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . b'Uw pTkfbg /
k|zf]wg Aoj;fynfO{ k|j4{g ug{ pknAw u/fOPsf ;'ljwfx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpb} yk ;'ljwf
k|bfg ul/g]5 .
9

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uf]7 esf/f] ;'wf/ tyf :ofpnf cflbjf6 k|ffl/s Pj+ h}ljs dn pTkfbg / k|of]u
sfo{qmdnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
s[ifsx?nfO{ /f;folgs / k|ffl/s dn ;'ky d"Nodf pknAw u/fpg lb+Ob} cfPsf] cg'bfg
/sddf j[l4 u/]sf] 5' . o;sf nflu ?= # ca{ ah]6 5'6[ofPsf] 5' . s[ifsx?nfO{ pGgt
aLpljhg vl/b d"Nodf ;d]t cg'bfg k|bfg ug{] yk Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg /f;folgs dnsf] sf/vfgf :jb]zd} vf]Ng k|f]T;flxt ug{ To;nfO{ rflxg]
pmhf{sf] nflu Ps;o d]ufjf6;Dd pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{] 5'6[} cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f yflng]5 .
pRr tyf dWo kxf8sf @# lhNnfsf s[ifsx?nfO{ aLp pTkfbg / e08f/0f, dnaLp 9'jfgL /
l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;+rflnt vfB ;+s6 ;+af]wg sfo{qmdnfO{ s[ifsd}qL 9+un] yk
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
kmnkm"n v]tLsf] ;DefAo :yfgnfO{ ks]6 If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . s[lif ks]6 Onfsfx?df
g;{/L :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 . o:tf If]qx?df k|zf]wg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ ah]6
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' . Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmdnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfO ufpF 3/d}
/f]huf/L / cfocfh{gsf cj;/x? l;h{gf ul/g]5 .
cfufdL tLg jif{leq df;'df cfTdlge{/ x'g] c7f]6sf ;fy rfn" cfly{s jif{b]lv k|f/De ul/Psf]
df;'df cfTdlge{/ sfo{qmdnfO{ cfjZos ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . o;sf nflu kz'kfns /
df5fkfns s[ifsx?nfO{ ;fgfls;fg ;xsf/L ;+:yf dfkm{t ;x'lnot Aofhb/df C0f ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' . afnL tyf kz' aLdf ubf{ nfUg] lk|ldodsf] %) k|ltzt
/sd cg'bfg lbg] Aoj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' .
;fgf ls;fgx?sf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ cn}+rL, lrof, skmL, cb'jf, ;'kf/L / dx k|zf]wg ug{]
d]zLg cf}hf/sf] vl/b nufotsf] k"FhLut vr{df %) k|ltzt cg'bfg lbg] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf]
5' .
kfFr} ljsf; If]qdf zLt3/ :yfkgf ub{} hfg] gLlt lnOg]5 . ;xsf/L / lghL If]qn] tf]lsPsf]
Ifdtf eGbf a9Lsf] zLt3/ lgdf{0f u/L ;+rfng u/]df ljB't dx;'n / shf{sf] Aofhdf
cg'bfg lbOg]5 . s[ifsx?nfO{ Aofj;flos s[lifsf] nflu ;'ne C0f pknAw u/fOg]5 .
t/fO{, dw]z / dWokxf8sf @% lhNnfx?sf s[lif pTkfbgx?sf] Eofn' r]g clej[l4df ;xof]u
k'ofpg ;+rflnt cfof]hgfnfO{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv yk @% lhNnfdf lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5' .
s[lif k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, pGgt aLpljhg, kz'gZn ;'wf/, /f]u lgoGq0f, h}ljs ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f /
hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 s[lifdf kg{;Sg] k|lts"n c;/ nufot s[lifIf]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu
cfjZos cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 . s[lif yf]s ahf/sf] Aoj:yfsf nflu ;fgf
ls;fg ;xsf/L ;+3nfO{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf pko'Qm hldg pknAw u/fOg]5 .
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/f;folgs dn / ljiffbLsf] c;Gt'lnt k|of]uaf6 e"ld, k|s[lt / dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{;Sg]

k|lts"n k|efjx? Go"gLs/0f ug{ z"Go hf]t k|fs[lts v]tLaf/] ;DefAotf cWoog / cg';Gwfg
ul/g]5 . ljiffbLsf] k|of]usf] dfkb08 / To;sf] cg'udgsf] :ki6 Aoj:yf ;dfj]z u/L ljiffbL
k|of]u ;DaGwL P]gdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg ul/g]5 .
:ofp cfTdlge{/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t dgf, d':tf / s0ff{nLsf ;a} lhNnfx?df :ofpsf]
Joj;foLs v]tL k|j4{g ug{, cn}+rL v]tLdf nfUg] /f]usf] /f]syfdsf nflu pkrf/sf] Aoj:yf
ldnfpg, cn}+rL g;{/L :yfkgf ug{ / Onfddf cn}+rL ljsf; kmfd{ v8f ug{ ah]6 Aoj:yf
u/]sf] 5' .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{ vfB tyf kf]if0f of]hgf th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . s[lif ljsf;
/0fgLlt / s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] ahf/ Aoj:yfkg /0fgLlt tof/ ul/g]5 . s[ifsx?nfO{ cg'bfg
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfo{ljlw th{'df ug{]5 . s[lif C0fnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg
s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] ;+:yfut tyf nufgL Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 .

;xsf/LnfO{ cy{tGqsf] Ps d'Vo vDjf x'g] u/L k|j4{g / lj:tf/

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ztfAbLof+}b]lv ljsf;sf] /fli6o d"nk|jfxaf6 k5fl8 kfl/Psf dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, lk58f
ju{, e"ldlxg ls;fg, ljkGg d';ndfg, dw]zL h:tf ju{, ;d"x, ;d'bfo / b'u{d If]qnfO{
;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 pTkfbs zlQmdf ?kfGt/0f ul/g]5 . ;xsf/LnfO{ pTkfbg j[l4, u/LaL
tyf c;dfgtf Go"gLs/0f, cfoft k|lt:yfkg, lgof{t k|j4{g, /f]huf/L l;h{gf / ;fdflhs
Gofo / ;befj k|j4{g ug{] cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ufpF ufpFdf ;xsf/L 3/3/df
/f]huf/L /fli6o sfo{s|dnfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
:yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwg, k"FhL / >d pkof]u u/L ;dfj]zL cfly{s cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{] ;jn
vDafsf] ?kdf ;xsf/LnfO{ :yflkt ul/g]5 .
lk5l8Psf ju{, hflt, ln, GkLl8t, zlxb kl/jf/, e"ldlxg / cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfd ug]{
>ldsnfO{ ;xsf/L sf]if v8f u/L sf]ifdfkm{t cfocfh{gsf] lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g ljz]if
cg'bfg / ;'ljwf lbOg]5 . t/fO{sf 8f]d, rdf/, d';x/ / kxf8sf ;fsL{, bdfO{, sfdLx?sf]
k/Dk/fut k]zfnfO{ Joj;flos ;xsf/Ldf ;+ul7t u/L cfw'lgs Aoj;fodf ?kfGt/0f ug{
cg'bfg lbOg]5 .
dlxnfx?sf] ;Lk, Ifdtf / cfF6nfO{ a9fjf lbg dlxnfxf/f ;+rflnt vfB k|zf]wg ;xsf/L
;+:yfxnfO{ kl/of]hgf k|:tfjsf] cfwf/df aLp k"FhL pknAw u/fOg]5 . ;xsf/L s[lif yf]s
tyf v'b|f ahf/ ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 .
df};dL / a]df};dL t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, lrof, skmL / hl8a'6Lsf] v]tL / df5f tyf kz'kfng
ug{ rfxg] x?jfr?jf, jfbL / u|fdL0f e"ldxLg dlxnfx?nfO{ ;x'lnot b/sf] C0fsf ;fy} aLp
k"FhL pknAw u/fOg]5 . ;xsf/L v]tL k|0ffnLdf l;+rfOsf] Aoj:yfsf nflu cfwf vr{ ;/sf/n]
Aoxf]g]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
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emfkfsf] k[YjL gu/df aGg uO/x]sf] ;fgf ls;fg lrof ;xsf/L sf/vfgfsf] lgdf{0f ug{
;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 . cToflws uf]ne]8f pTkfbg x'g] ;nf{xLsf] nfnaGbLdf ;; pTkfbg
sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{] ;xsf/LnfO{ sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{ k"FhLut cg'bfg / ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{
pknAw u/fOg]5 .
kz'kfns jf b'Uw ;xsf/Lx?n] ufpFdf e]6]/g/L ;]jf s]Gb| jf cf}iflw k;n :yfkgf u/]df
To:tf] cf}iflw k;nsf] nflu aLp k"FhL pknJw u/fOg]5 . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?n] b'UwhGo kbfy{
lr:ofg s]Gb| / k|zf]wg ug{], vfB, t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n k|zf]wg ug{] d]zLg cf}hf/ cfoft
ubf{ eG;f/ 5'6 lbOg]5 .
;fgf;fgf 6'qmf hldg ePsf ;fgf ls;fgx?sf] ;d"xn] ;xsf/L k|0ffnLdf v]tL u/]df 6]S6/,
kfj/ l6n/, y|];/, wfg s'6\g] ldn / cfjZos d]lzg/L tyf pks/0fx?sf] k}7f/Ldf cf}lrTosf
cfwf/df eG;f/ 5'6 lbOg]5 .
k|To]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf cTofjZos pkef]Uo j:t' ;'ky d"Nodf laqmL ug]{ tyf
:yfgLo:t/df pTkflbt j:t'x? vl/b u/L ahf/;Dd k'ofpgsf] nflu ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L
:yfkgf u/L 9'jfgL ;~rfng u/]df To:tf] ;xsf/LnfO{ cf}lrTo x]/L 9'jfgL ;fwg k}7f/L ug{
eG;f/ ;'ljwf lbOg]5 .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / ;x/L If]qdf oftfoft dhb'/x?s} ;+nUgtfdf oftfoft ;xsf/L :yfkgf
u/L 7"nf a; tyf 6\ofS;L ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df kl/of]hgfsf] cf}lrTo x]/L To;/L vl/b ul/g]
oftfoftsf ;fwgdf eG;f/ 5'6 lbOg]5 .
/fli6o ;xsf/L dxf;+3sf] s]Gb|df lgdf{0f ug]{ ejgsf] nflu Ps s/f]8 ?k}+of pknAw
u/fOg]5 .
art tyf C0f ;xsf/Ldf ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ug{ cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;zQm agfOg]5 .
;xsf/L cleofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFg df}h'bf P]g lgoddf cfjZos ;+zf]wg ul/g]5 .
;xsf/L cfGbf]ng;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4df hf]8 lbOg]5 .
;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfnfO{ eG;f/ 5'6 / cg'bfg ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfo{ljlw
th{'df ug{]5 .

;8s, k'n / cGo k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;

82

k"j{klZrd kxf8L>[+vnfsf] hLjg/]vfsf] ?kdf lgdf{0ffwLg dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ -k'iknfn dfu{_

sf] afFsL 6ofs vf]Ng, vf]lnPsf 6ofsx? :t/f]Gglt ug{ / 3'ld{v'sf]{6 / afUn'a'lt{af
v08df sfnf]kq] z'? ug{sf nflu ?= ! ca{ &% s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' . sf7df8f}+sf]
oftfoftsf] rfk 36fpg / nf]sdfu{nfO{ 5f]6f] b'/Lsf] agfpg l;Gw'kfNrf]sg'jfsf]6wflb
uf]/vfnDh'sf:sL x'Fb} hfg] a}slNks dfu{sf] ;DefAotf cWoog ul/g]5 .
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emfkfb]lv sGrgk'/;Ddsf] t/fO{dw]zdf ;d[l4sf] jfxssf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'nfsL /fhdfu{ /

To;df kg{] k'nsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ l56f] eGbf l56f] ;DkGg ug{ ?= $ ca{ (* s/f]8 ah]6
5'6\ofPsf] 5' . pQ/blIf0f nf]sdfu{x?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ tLa|tf lbg'sf ;fy} oL
nf]sdfu{x?nfO{ x'nfsL /fhdfu{;Fu hf]8g] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 . r}gk'/tfSnfsf]6, l;lb{jf;
r'Dr]t5]sDkf/, cf]nfr' uf]nf, lh/L;Nn]/L ;8snfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3
a9fOg]5 .
/fhwfgLnfO{ t/fO{dw]z;Fu 5f]6f] b'/L d} hf]8g] sf7df8f}+t/fO{dw]z b|'t dfu{sf] ;Dk"0f{
6ofs vf]Ng] sfo{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
sf]zL sf]/L8f]/ -3'dL{rt/f_ v08sf] 6ofs vf]Ng, s0ff{nL sf]l/8f]/sf] ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{
;DkGg ug{ tyf k'nx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5' . w/fgrt/fs6f/L
x]6f}8f / gf/bd'gL y'n' dfu{ -n]u'jf3f6ef]hk'/_ lgdf{0f ug{ ah]6sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
bfsf] 3f]/fxLyjf zlxbdfu{sf] afFsL 6ofs vf]Ng] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . 3f]/fxLb]lv
3lt{ufpF v08df sfnf]kq] ug{] sfo{ z'? ul/g]5 . 3f]/fxL gu/kflnsfnfO{ cfw'lgs ;x/sf]
?kdf ljsf; ug{] qmddf rqmky lgdf{0f ug{ ah]6sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . hgsk'/
gu/kflnsfsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
df]6/ af6f]n] ;b/d'sfd g5f]Psf lhNnfx?df @ jif{leqdf ;8s k'ofpg lnldnfKrf
l;ldsf]6, d'u'sf] udu9LGofSr] nfUdf, 8f]Nkfdl/d / hfh/sf]6b'g} df]6/af6f]sf] 6\ofs
vf]Ng] sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbOg]5 . a]+zLzx/rfd] ;8sdf a]+zLzx/af6 o;}jif{ :t/f]Ggltsf] sfo{
z'? ul/g]5 .
a;Gtk'/t]x|y'd, lxn]kfgLlbSt]n, /fS;]d+unaf/]g]kfn6f/, rGb|lgufxk'/uf}/, 6f]vfu'h{]
eGHof, blIf0f 9f]sf;fFv'sfpn], dfN9'fKo"7fg, cd]lnoft'n;Lk'/;Nofg, ;'v{]t
l;ofsf]6, ;fFkm]ju/dn;]g / ;fFkm]au/dft{8L, tD3f;l;dn6f/LKo"7fgbf, ;8sx?sf]
:t/f]Gglt cfufdL cfly{s jif{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . la/f6gu/lsdfyf+sf nf]sdfu{ -sf]zL
nf]sdfu{_ sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . d':tf8f]Nkf, l/8LaNsf]6ljh'jf/df8Lrf}/
;Nofg;'v{]t ;8ssf] lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 .
k|d'v Aofkfl/s dfu{x?sf] ?kdf /x]sf /fgLO6x/Lw/fg, jL/uGhkyn}of / a]nlxofa'6jn
;8snfO{ ^ n]gdf lj:tf/ ug{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv lgdf{0f z'? ul/g]5 . nfdf];fF3'lh/L
;8s rf}8f ug{] sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 .
lrtjgsf] d+unk'/z'qmgu/ k|r08 dfu{sf] :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 .
gfu9'fgf}aL;] / ledkm]bLx]6f}8f ;'? dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{ oyfzL3| cf/De ul/g]5 .
;LtfkfOnfwfs]{ ;8s v08sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . :ofk|m'a];L/;'jfu9L ;8s lgdf{0f
sfo{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
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b'u{d u|fdL0f If]qdf ;8s lj:tf/ ug{ z'? ul/Psf cfof]hgfx? ;dod} ;DkGg ug{sf nflu
ah]6sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . ;]tL nf]sdfu{ / dxfsfnL nf]sdfu{sf] lgdf{0fsf nflu ?= * s/f]8
5'6\ofPsf] 5' . If]qLo ;8ssf nflu yk ah]6sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
/fhwfgL nufotsf k|d'v zx/x?sf] k|j]z dfu{x?sf] n]g lj:tf/ / zx/sf leqL ;8sx?sf]
:t/f]Gglt u/L cfjfudgdf b]lvPsf] sl7gfOnfO{ ;xh agfOg]5 . sf7df8f}+df nfO{ cf]e/sf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ b|'t ultsf ;fy cufl8 a9fOg]5 .
;/sf/n] s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo, lhNnf:t/sf ;8s tyf k'n lgdf{0f Pj+ dd{tsf] u'0f:t/ / dfkb08
tf]Sg]5 . ;+rflnt cfof]hgfx?sf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg Aoj:yfnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . o:tf k"jf{wf/ lgwf{l/t ;doeGbf cufa} lju|] eTs]df lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg
7]s]bf/af6 Ifltk"lt{ c;'Ng] Aoj:yf ul/g]5 .
d'n'ssf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, hnljB't\, ;f}o{ pmhf{, l;+rfO tyf vlgh cGj]if0f / pTvgg\ sfo{df
;/sf/ / z}lIfs k|fl1s ;+:yfaLr xft]dfnf] ug]{ cleofg z'? ul/g]5 .
ko{6g Aoj;fosf] lj:tf/nfO{ nlIft u/L rfn" cfly{s jif{b]lv ;'?jft ul/Psf ko{6g ;8ssf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;dod} ;DkGg x'g] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ko{6g ;8ssf nflu yk ah]6sf] Aoj:yf
u/]sf] 5' .
nf]sdfu{ Pj+ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd hf]8g] ;8s k'nx? lgdf{0f ug{ ?= @ ca{ ljlgof]hg u/]sf]
5' . /0fgLlts dxTjsf k'/fgf k'nx?dWo] wgu9Lsf] uf]bfj/L k'n, ;'v{]tsf] e]/L k'n, tfbL, wfs{]
tyf d'lUnsf k'nx?sf] dd{t sfo{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . s~rgk'/sf] rfFbgL
bf]wf/f k'n lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
sf7df8f} nufot ;x/L If]qsf ;8sx? / nf]sdfu{x?sf] lgoldt, k6s], cfsl:ds dd{t /
k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf ;DaGwL sfo{x? of]hgfa4?kn] ;DkGg u/L oftfoft ;]jfnfO{
;'/lIft / ;'ljwfhgs agfpgsf nflu ?= # ca{ !) s/f]8 ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
sf]zL gbL nufotsf 7"nf gbLdf hndfu{sf] ljsf; z'? ug{ cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf]
5' .
7"nf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx?sf] ;+rfng 5'6[} ;+:yfut dfWodaf6 ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
o:tf cfof]hgfx?sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? ug{ zL3| lg0f{o k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/g]5 .
k"j{ klZrd t/fO{ /]ndfu{ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . g]kfn hogu/hgsk'/ /]Nj]
;]jfnfO{ jlb{jf;;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . o;}u/L /fgLl;lsofxLlj/f6gu/ /]Nj] ;]jfsf] lgdf{0f
sfo{ z'? ul/g]5 . g]kfnef/t ;Ldf If]qdf klxrfg ePsf cGo /]ndfu{x?sf] lj:t[t cWoog
sfo{nfO{ tLa|tf lbOg]5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf d]6f]df]gf]/]n ;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu ;DefAotf
cWoog sfo{ z'? ul/g]5 .

pmhf{ ;+s6 lgjf/0f cleofg

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pmhf{ ljsf;nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5' . pmhf{ ;+s6 lgjf/0fsf ;DjGwdf ;/sf/sf]
wf/0ff / efjL sfo{qmd ;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L jQmAo d}n] o; ;Ddflgt ;bg ;dIf
@)^& r}t ( ut] k|:t't u/]sf] lyPF . oL sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ah]6sf]
Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . pmhf{df nufgL a9fpg cfGtl/s / jfXo ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfngsf]
k|efjsf/L ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{] p2]Zon] ?= cf7 ca{ r'Qmf k"FhL /fvL hnljB't ljsf; tyf
nufgL sDkgL btf{ ul/Psf]5 .
g]kfnsf] pmhf{ cfof]hgfx?df nufgL ug{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLstf{x? cToGt pT;flxt
/x]sf] d}n] kfPsf] 5' . ljZj;gLo ;'/Iff Aoj:yf, cf}Bf]lus zflGt, ;/n Pj+ ;'ljwfo'Qm s/
k|0ffnL / nufgL lkmtf{ n}hfg kfpg] ;xh Aoj:yf ldnfP/ nufgL pTk|]/s jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
ug{ ;/sf/ b[9tfk"j{s nfu]sf] 5 . /fli6o dxTjsf] of] sfo{df cfcfkmgf] tkm{af6 ;xof]u
k'ofpg ;a} /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ cfAxfg ub{5' .
hnljB't ljsf;sf] nflu u'?of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 . hnljB'tsf] s'n ;DefAo Ifdtf olsg
ug{ o;} jif{ cWoog sfo{ k|f/De u/L k|To]s bz jif{df cBfjlws ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
o;sf nflu ldq/fi6 / bft[ ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u h'6fOg]5 .
pmhf{ ;+s6 lgjf/0f sfo{qmddf pNn]v eP adf]lhd Ps d]ufjf6;Ddsf] n3' hnljB't
cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{] ;xsf/LnfO{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] ;x'lnot / ;'ljwfsf] e/k'/ pkof]u ug{
;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] cg'dlt kq k|bfg ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ a}1flgs / kf/bzL{ agfpFb} pmhf{
;+s6sfnleq lgdf{0f ;DkGg x'g] cfof]hgfx?nfO{ yk k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ul/g]5 . dWo /
bL3{sfnLg lx;fjn] ljB't ;d:of xn ug{ tTsfn s]xL n3', demf}nf / 7'nf ljB't
kl/of]hgfx z'? ul/g]5 .
pmhf{ cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox? aLrsf] ;dGjonfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg tyf ljBdfg ljleGg k|lqmofut emd]nfx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ Psf/
OsfO{sf] :yfkgf u/L cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfOg]5 .
jiff{ / ;'Svf ofddf ljB't pTkfbg / dfudf /x]sf] c;Gt'ngnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ 7"nf
hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'sf] ;fy} cfjZos hUuf ;+/If0f /
Aojl:yt k'gjf{;sf] nflu cfjZos gLlt agfOg]5 . 5 ;o d]ufjf6sf] a'9Lu08sL
hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg -l8=lk=cf/=_ tof/Lsf] nflu cfufdL
cfly{s jif{df sfo{ z'? ug{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' . cfufdL tLgjif{leq pQm cfof]hgfnfO{
sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf k'ofOg]5 . pQm cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu 5'6[} ljsf; ;ldlt u7g
ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' . k|efljt 3/kl/jf/sf] k'gjf{;sf] nflu ljz]if ;'ljwf;DkGg
a'9Lu08sL len]h lgdf{0f ug{] k|aGw u/]sf] 5' .
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& ;o %) d]ufjf6sf] klZrd ;]tL, % ;o %) d]ufjf6sf] tdf]/, $ ;o d]ufjf6sf] gnl;+uf8,

# ;o d]ufjf6sf] pQ/u+uf, ! ;o *) d]ufjf6sf] cfFwLvf]nf, ! ;o @& d]ufjf6sf] dflyNnf]
;]tL, (! d]ufjf6sf] OGb|fjtL, sGsfO{, s0ff{nL, lr;fkfgL, b'wsf]zL, afudtL, lgl:bkgfxf,
sflnu08sL, lnv'% nufotsf hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfx?sf] yk cWoog u/L sfof{Gjog
k|lqmof cl3 a9fOg]5 .
;jf{lws /fli6o dxTj /fVg] $ ;o %^ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB't cfof]hgfsf]
d'Vo l;len ;+/rgf lgdf{0f sfo{ rfn" cfly{s jif{b]lv k|f/De ePsf]df of] cfof]hgfnfO{
cfly{s jif{ @)&!.&@ ;Dddf ;DkGg ug{ nufgLsf ;fy} cGo cfjZos Joj:yfx?
ldnfOPsf]5 .
/fx'3f6, s'n]vfgL t];|f], rd]lnof / dflyNnf] lqz'nL# P hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f
sfo{nfO{ tLa|tf lbOg]5 . cfGtl/s ;|f]t h'6fO{ dflyNnf] df]bL P / dflyNnf] lqz'nL# aL
sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ klg cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv z'? ul/g]5 . lgdf{0ffwLg hnljB't tyf k|zf/0f
cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0fnfO{ tLa|tf lbOg]5 .
tfdfsf]zL kfFrf}sf] ;DefAotf cWoog cfufdL cfly{s jif{ leq ;DkGg ul/g]5 . ldq/fi6
ef/tsf] ;xof]udf ;~rfngdf cfpg] k~r]Zj/ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu jt{dfg ;/sf/n]
k|fyldstf lbg]5 .
lrlnd] hnljB't sDkgL / sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if aLr C0f ;dembf/Lkqdf x:tfIf/ eO;s]sf
rf/j6fdWo] dflyNnf] !$ bzdna ^ d]ufjf6sf] ;f~h]g / $@ bzdna % d]ufjf6sf] ;f~h]g
cfof]hgfx?sf] l;len sfo{sf] lgdf{0fsfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 . ! ;o @ d]ufjf6sf] dWoef]6]sf]zL /
! ;o d]ufjf6sf] /;'jfu9L cfof]hgfx?sf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg tyf cGo lgdf{0f
k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{x? ul/g]5 .
;a} ufpF pHofnf] agfpF eGg] rfxgfnfO{ ;fsf/ ug{ cfufdL % jif{ leq k|To]s 3/w'/L;Dd
ljB't kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{ /fli6o u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf] u'?of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 . u|fdL0f
ljB'tLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9n] sfof{Gjog ug{ 5'6[} ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
:yfgLo lgsfo / ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf hgtfsf] hnljB't sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf /x]sf] hu]8f k"FhLnfO{ hnljB't pTkfbgdf nufgL ug{] / ljt/0fdf
;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?af6 jflif{s ?kdf !@
ls:tf;Dddf slDtdf Ps dlxgfsf] tna z]o/ nufgL ug{;Sg] u/L cfufdL cfly{s jif{ 5'6[}
Ps gofF hnljB't cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . To:t}, cGo /fi6 ;]jsx?n] ;d]t oxL
9fFrfdf nufgL ug{;Sg] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

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b]ze/Lsf OR5's g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;+nUg u/L Pp6f 7"nf] kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . u}/
cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?nfO{ ! ;o d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug{] kl/of]hgfdf nufgL ug{ cfXjfg
ub{5' .
xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf ljB't pTkfbg s]Gb|x?nfO{ k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;~rfng ug{ dd{t ;Def/
nufotsf cfjZos ;'wf/ sfo{x? cleofgs} ?kdf yflng]5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ul/g]5 .
/fli6o ljB't k|zf/0f k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / lj:tf/df ;/sf/n] hf]8 lbg]5 . k|zf/0f
nfOgx?sf] ;+hfn b]ze/ lj:tf/ ug{ /fli6o k|zf/0f nfO{g u'?of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 . g]kfn
ef/t aLr ljB't Jofkf/ k|of]hgsf nflu $ ;o s]=eL= Ifdtfsf a'6jn;'gf}nLuf]/vk'/,
b'xjLhf]ujgLk"l0f{of / 9Ns]j/leQfdf]8d'Hhkm/k'/ k|;f/0f nfOgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'?
ul/g]5 . tL dWo] 9Ns]jf/leQfdf]8d'Hhkm/k'/ k|;f/0f nfO{gsf] lgdf{0fsfo{ cfly{s jif{
@)&).&! ;Dd ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
lghL If]qaf6 pTkflbt ljB't k|;f/0fsf nflu sfnLu08sL, d:of{\bL, sf]zL / sfa]nL sf]l/8f]/
nufotsf k|;f/0f nfOgx? k|fyldstfsf ;fy lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq ljB't gk'u]sf If]qdf ljB't ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?nfO{
x:tfGt/0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . o:tf ;fd'bflos ljt/s ;+:yfx?nfO{ To:tf If]qdf ljB't
lj:tf/ ubf{ nfUg] vr{sf] () k|ltzt cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaf6 z'? u/L qmdzM b]ze/Ls} ;8s aQLnfO{ ln8 aQL / ;f}o{ aQLdf
?kfGtl/t ug]{ sfo{ tTsfn} k|f/De ul/g]5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf nufot b]zsf d'Vo zx/x?df
/fte/ glgEg] u/L gofF k|ljlw dfkm{t ;8s jQL h8fg ug{ hgtfsf] /x/ pHofnf] zx/
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
ljB't r'xfj6nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljB't rf]/L aGb u/f}+, ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0f u/f}+ eGg]
cfAxfgsf ;fy r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfo{nfO{ cleofgsf ?kdf cl3 a9fpg] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
o; cleofgdf :yfgLo lgsfo, k|zf;g, ;'/Iff lgsfo, /fhgLlts bn, kqsf/, ;+3;+:yf /
;j{;fwf/0f ;a}af6 ;xof]usf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .
ljB'tLs/0f ePsf 3/hUuf gfd;f/L jf /lhi6]zg kf; ubf{ ljB'tsf] afFsL aSof}tf g/x]sf]
k|df0f k]z ug{'kg{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' . lg/k]If u/LaLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf blnt, clt
;LdfGts[t / nf]kf]Gd'v kl/jf/x?nfO{ ljB't h8fg z'Nsdf ljz]if 5'6sf] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
;+3Lo :j?kdf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf e};s]kl5 hn;|f]t pkof]usf cfwf/x? ljsl;t ug{
hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL cWoog ul/g]5 . pmhf{sf] cfk"lt{ / vkt cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L
/fli6o PsLs[t pmhf{ art /0fgLlt th{'df ul/g]5 .

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t/fO{ dw]z / kxf8sf ;DefAo s[lif e"ldx?df ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt cg';f/sf] ;fgf, demf}nf /
7"nf l;+rfO cfof]hgfx? ;+rfng u/L cfufdL & jif{ leq ;a} s[lif e"lddf l;+rfO ;]jf lj:tf/
ug{] u/L l;+rfOsf sfo{qmd cl3 a9fPsf] 5' . ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf ;fgf;fgf l;+rfO
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
klZrd t/fO{sf] #% xhf/ % ;o x]S6/df l;+rfO ;'ljwf k'ofpg] nIosf;fy z'? ul/Psf]
l;S6f l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] !% lsnf]ld6/ d"n gx/ lgdf{0f sfo{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq ;DkGg
x'g]5 . cGo afFsL sfo{x? lgwf{l/t ;dod} k"/f ug{ ?= (( s/f]8 ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
s}nfnL lhNnfsf] /fgLhd/fs'nl/of l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf nflu ?= &* s/f]8 ah]6 5'6\ofPsf]
5' . pi0f, pkf]i0f / zLtf]i0f hnjfo'sf] ;lDd>0f /x]sf] bf pkTosfdf lj:t[t l;+rfOsf]
;DefAotf cWoog u/L sfof{Gjog yflng]5 .
afFs] / alb{of If]qsf ^) xhf/ x]S6/ hldgdf l;+rfO ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ug{] / $* d]ufjf6 ljB't
pTkfbg ug{] nIo /flvPsf] e]/LaaO{ 8fOe;{g ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f z'? ul/g]5 .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{df t/fO leqL dw]z / kxf8sf @^ lhNnfx?df ( xhf/ j6f e"ldut
:ofnf] 6\o'jj]n / l8k6\o'jj]n h8fg ul/g]5 . kxf8L If]qsf s[ifsx?n] ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] l;+rfO
;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt cg's"nsf gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t yf]kf l;+rfO /
kf]v/L k|0ffnLsf] k|of]unfO{ cleofgs} ?kdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
s[lifsf] Aoj;flos/0f ug{ tTsfn n3', ;fgf tyf demf}nf l;+rfO cfof]hgf, e"ldut l;+rfO
cfof]hgf / 7"nf l;+rfO cfof]hgfxsf] dd{t ;'wf/ u/L l;+rfO ;'lawf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . ljut
jif{b]lv lgdf{0fsfo{ z'? ePsf demf}nf l;+rfO cfof]hgfx? ;DkGg ug{ / gofF cfof]hgfx?
klxrfg u/L k|f/De ug{ ah]6sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
dWo kxf8L e]usf vfB e08f/sf] ?kdf k|lz4 6f/ tyf kmfF6x?df l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fpg cfufdL jif{ wflbsf] ;Nofg6f/, tgx'Fsf] /D3f6f/, ndh'sf] /fOgf;6f/, gjnk/f;Lsf]
8]9ufpF6f/, sf:sLsf] ljhok'/, a]ugf; / km]jf, kj{tsf] kmn]jf; / UofFbL ?s'dsf]
rf}/hxf/L6f/, /f]Nkfsf] v'L, Ko"7fgsf] ;f/L6f/, kfNkfsf] /fdk'/ kmfF6 / :of\hfsf] rfkfsf]6
6f/ l;+rfO cfof]hgfx?sf] l;+rfO k'g:yf{kgf sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 .
lqz'nLlrtjg, sfnLu08sLltgfp, sfnLu08sLgjnk/f;L, ;'gsf]zLsdnf / tdf]/df]/
8fOe;{g cfof]hgfx?sf] ;DefJotf cWoog sfo{ z['? ul/g]5 . ;fy}, ;DefAo 7xl/Psf
cfof]hgfx?sf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k|:tfj tof/ ul/g]5 .
k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd gbL lgoGq0f / l;+rfO ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ug{ t6jGw lgdf{0f
sfo{ cleofgsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . hgtfsf] t6jGw sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' .
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k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, k"j{tof/L tyf k'g:yf{kgf sfo{nfO{ Aoj:yfkg ug{ ljkb
hf]lvd Aoj:yfkg ;DaGwL P]g th{'df ul/g]5 .
a:tL, 6f/, ahf/ ;+/If0f / hnk|sf]k Go'lgs/0f sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]5' . ;ft jif{
leqdf b]ze/Lsf ;a} gbL lgoGq0f ul/;Sg] u/L ljb]zL ;xfotf ;d]t h'6fO{ gbL lgoGq0f,
;+/If0f / pkof]usf] tTsfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg sfo{of]hgf ;lxtsf] u'?of]hgf th{'df
ul/g]5 .

o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd

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s[lif, pBf]u, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cfof]hgf dfkm{t 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ul/g]5 . /fi6sf]
;d[l4o'jfsf] /f]huf/L eGg] /fli6o cleofgsf ;fy o'jf zlQmnfO{ :j/f]huf/sf] cj;/
pknAw u/fpb} /fi6 lgdf{0f cleofgdf kl/rfng ug{ ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf] ;+o'Qm
k|of;df o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ /fli6o cleofgsf] ?kdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . o; cGtu{t
b]xfosf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' .
-s_

cfly{s ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ljkGg ju{, dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, GkLl8t
tyf z}lIfs o'jf j]/f]huf/nfO{ nlIft u/L Aoj;flos v]tL, kz'kfng, s[lifhGo pBf]u,
3/]n' pBf]u, skfn sf6\g], ;f}Gbo{, df6f] k/LIf0f nufotsf ;]jf Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{
ljgflwtf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ Aofhdf k|lt AolQm ?= b'O{ nfv;Dd C0f pknAw u/fOg]5 .

-v_

o'jfju{df pBdzLntf / ;Lk ljsf; ug{ Aoj;fo ;+rfng / Aoj:yfkg ;DaGwL

lgMz'Ns tflnd lbOg]5 . o'jfx?nfO{ s[lif Aoj;fodf cfslif{t ug{ pGgt aLp /
k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 clwstd pTkfbg lbO{ /x]sf s[lif Aoj;foLx?sf af/]df 1fg, ;Lk
/ cg'ejsf] cfbfg k|bfg u/fpg cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fOg]5 .

-u_

k/Dk/fut ;Lk ePsf t/fO{sf 8f]d, rdf/, d';x/ / kxf8sf sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{,
r]kf tyf /fp6] ;d'bfosf o'jfsf] k]zfnfO{ cfw'lgs Aoj;fosf] ?kdf ljsl;t ug{
of] sfo{qmddf k|fyldstf ;fy ;dflxt ul/g]5 .

-3_

l/S;f dhb'/nfO{ l/S;f dflns agfpg] cleofg cGtu{t l/S;f vl/b ug{ ;x'lnotk"0f{
Aofhb/df C0f pknAw u/fOg]5 .

-_

afbL ;d'bfosf o'jfn] ;d"x agfO{ 6\ofS;L rnfpg] Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{ rfx]df
cf}lrTo x]/L 6\ofS;L cfoftdf nfUg] eG;f/ dx;"n 5'6 lbg'sf ;fy} 6\ofS;L vl/b ug{
;x'nLotk"0f{ Aofhb/df C0f pknAw u/fOg]5 .

;fj{hlgs, ;xsf/L / lghL If]q dfkm{t Aofks?kdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf

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/f]huf/L cfly{s ;'/Iffsf] klxnf] dfWod ePsfn] gful/sx?sf] /f]huf/Ldf kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{
;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL ;a} If]qaf6 pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;/sf/n] hf]8 lbg]5 .
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;/sf/L lgsfo / lghL If]qsf pBf]u Aoj;fox?df ckf / czSt AolQmx?nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf]
Aoj:yf ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
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cfly{s j[l4 ug{ dfq geO{ To;sf nfex?sf] Gofof]lrt lx:;]bf/L l;h{gf u/L cfd
gful/sx?nfO{ cfly{s ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg /f]huf/LnfO{ clwsf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{
;/sf/ k|oTgzLn /xg]5 . /f]huf/L k|Tofe"lt P]gsf] th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog z'? ul/g]5 .
u|fdL0f If]qdf Joj;flos s[lif, k|fylds pBf]ux?, ;fgf hnljB't nufotsf k"jf{wf/ ;]jfdf
nufgL ug{ ljz]if u/L zx/ tyf ljb]zdf sfo{/t k"FhL, 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ej ePsf cfjf;Lo
tyf u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?nfO{ ufpFdf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
pmhf{, ;8s, l;+rfO, ko{6g / s[lif If]qnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] d'Vo If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
>dd'ns ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f x'g] sfo{:yndf
:yfgLo:t/sf] /f]huf/LnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
cfGtl/s / jfXo ahf/sf] dfu adf]lhd ;Lk ljsf; u/L /f]huf/ Ifdtf a9fpg ;Lk tyf
Aoj;fod"ns tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ Aofks?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . /f]huf/d"ns ;Lk ljsf;sf
nflu :yflkt ;+/rgfx?nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ cfufdL sflt{s d;fGtleq gofF /fli6o ;Lk
ljsf; gLlt th{'df ul/g]5 .
;fd'bflos dfWolds / pRr dfWolds ljBfnoxnfO{ k|fljlws tyf Joj;foLs lzIff /
;Lkd"ns Joj;flos tflnd k|bfg ug{ clek|]l/t ul/g]5 .
:yfgLo, /fli6o / cGt/f{li6o >d ahf/sf] dfu cg's"n x'g] u/L ;Lk ljsf; ug{ zlxb
kl/jf/, dw]zL, blnt, hghflt, Psn dlxnf / cGo dlxnfx?dWo]af6 @! xhf/ hgfnfO{
Joj;foLs tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg ul/g]5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] dlxnf sfdbf/nfO{ nlIft u/L ;r]tgf, sNof0fsf/L / ;'/lIft tyf
dof{lbt sfd ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/g]5 . dlxnf sfdbf/x?nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df
hfg' cl3 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{af6 lgMz'Ns ?kdf cled'vLs/0f tflnd lbOg]5 . o;
cltl/St j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf sfdbf/ tyf ltgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft u/L sNof0fsf/L
sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
OG6/g]6 ;+hfnsf] pkof]u u/L g]kfnd} a;]/ a]nfot, cd]/Lsf, hfkfg, ef/t, rLg nufotsf
b]zx?df /x]sf ;]jf k|bfosx?;Fu sn ;]G6/, d]l8sn 6fG;lqmK;g, n]vf h:tf ;]jf Aofkf/
;DaGwL sfo{x? ug{ o'jfx?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ /fHosftkm{af6 ;'ljwfx? pknAw u/fOg]5 .
cf}Bf]lus zflGt / c;n cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw ljsf;df ;3fp k'ofpg 6]8 o'lgog lzIff
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& b]lv k|f/De ePsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/af6 of]ubfgstf{
sd{rf/Lsfdbf/x?sf] lxtdf k|of]u ug{ :yflkt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifnfO{ cfufdL jif{af6
20

sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ o;af6 sfo{:yn b'3{6gf, k|hgg :jf:Yo / :jf:Yo aLdf h:tf l:sdx?
z'? ul/g]5 . cfufdL jif{ leq ;fdflhs ;'/Iff P]gsf] th{'df u/L pQm P]gaf6 sf]ifdf
/f]huf/bftf tyf ;/sf/sf] of]ubfg ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
148

/f]huf/L vf]Hg]x? / /f]huf/L lbg]x?nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ /fli6o ;Lk clen]v
tof/ ul/g]5 . /f]huf/ ;"rgf s]Gb|x?nfO{ /f]huf/ ljlgdo s]Gb|sf] ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ nlug]5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / ljk|]if0f cfo

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j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft Pjd\ dof{lbt t'NofpFb} b'u{d / ljkGg ju{sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt
ul/g]5 . ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf nufgL a9fpg yk k"FhL lgdf{0f ug{] / a9L
k|ltkmn lbg] pTkfbgzLn If]qx?df nufgL ug{ pTk|]l/t ug{] p2]Zon] nufgLsf pko'Qm
k|:tfjx? ;lxtsf] /fli6o nufgL sfo{of]hgf th{'df ug{ pRr:t/Lo sfo{bn u7g ul/g]5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] o'jfx?nfO{ ;Ifd / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg cGt/f{li6o dfu cg'?ksf] ;Lk
/ 1fg clej[l4 ug{ tflnd k|bfg ul/g]5 . o;df u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf ju{, If]q, ln,
hfthflt tyf G k|efljt If]qsf o'jf o'jtLx?nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg] Aoj:yf
ldnfOg]5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] a9L ;Defjgf /x]sf d'Vo uGtAo b]zx?;Fu cfjZostf cg';f/ gofF >d
;Demf}tf ug{'sf ;fy} ePsf ;Demf}tfx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g]5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]
AolQm / /f]huf/bftf aLr ePsf ;Demf}tfsf] kfngf eP gePsf] cg'udg ul/g]5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf x'g] 7uL nufotsf ljs[lt lgoGq0f ug{ o:tf] sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] hf]
sf]lxnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd s8f sf/jfxL ul/g]5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uO{ cnkq k/]sf g]kfnL
>ldsx?sf] zL3| p4f/ ul/g]5 . ljb]zaf6 kmls{Psf o:tf AolQmx?nfO{ :jb]zdf g} sfd ug{]
jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ >lds k'gP{sLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

:jR5 jftfj/0f / a}slNks pmhf{

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a9\bf] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0fLo dfkb08sf] th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf
NofOg]5 . cfufdL cfly{s jif{df l;d]G6, qm;/, cf}Bf]lus j|f]On/ / h]g/]6/sf] u'0f:t/
dfkb08 agfOg]5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;h{gf x'g;Sg] k|lts"n k|efjx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ /fli6o tyf
cGt/f{li6o lgsfox?sf] ;xof]u / ;dGjodf /fli6o cg's"ng sfo{qmd / hnjfo' kl/jt{g
gLltnfO{ qmdzM sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
k"jf{~rnsf] Onfd / dWoklZrdf~rnsf] 3f]/fxL gu/kflnsfnfO{ xl/t gu/sf] ?kdf ljsf;
ug{ cfjZos kxn ul/g]5 . kf]v/fnfO{ rnlrq gu/Lsf] ?kdf k|j4{g ul/g]5 .
/fli6o ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g gk'u]sf b'u{d If]qx?sf jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fpg
cfufdL cfly{s jif{df Ps d]ufjf6;Ddsf n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfaf6 $ xhf/ %
21

;o lsnf]af6 ljB't pTkfbg ul/g]5 . ;f}o{ 3/]n' ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg u/L ^ xhf/ % ;o 3/
kl/jf/nfO{ ;f}o{ pmhf{ dfkm{t ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 . clt b"u{d / ljs6 If]qsf
afl;Gbfx?nfO{ vfg]kfgL ;]jf pknAw u/fpg Ps;oj6f ;fd'bflos ;f}o{ kDk cfof]hgf
;~rfng ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' . oL sfo{x? ;DkGg ug{ ?= ! ca{ $( s/f]8 ah]6
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
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;f}o{ pmhf{ k|j4{g / lj:tf/ ug{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox? /
:yfgdf ;f}o{ pmhf{ dfkm{t ljB't pknAw u/fpb} hfg] gLlt lnOg]5 .
h}ljs Uof; pTkfbg sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ?= $! s/f]8 ah]6 5'6\ofPsf] 5' . b]zdf
afo'pmhf{ / h}ljs OGwgsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf ePklg o; ;DaGwL gLltsf] cefjn] of] If]qdf
ck]Iff u/] cg';f/ ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . afo'pmhf{ tyf h}ljs OGwg sfo{qmdnfO{ :ki6
lbzflgb{]z ug{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{ leq afo'pmhf{ tyf h}ljs OGwg gLltsf] th{'df ul/g]5 .

u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ tyf gd'gf ufpF

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:yfgLo hgtf / ;/sf/sf] nfut ;xeflutfdf u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f, s'nf], af6f], :s'n, :jf:Yo
rf}sL nufotsf ;fgf / demf}nf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{ cleofgsf] kdf ;~rfng ug{ ah]6
Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t hg;xefuLtfdf lgdf{0ffwLg
s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ;8sx? ;DkGg ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
ufpFnfO{ dfof u/f}+M cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwf ufpFd} k'ofcf}+ eGg] d"n gf/fsf ;fy cfufdL
cfly{s jif{ k|To]s lhNnfdf PsPs j6f gd'gf ufpF v8f ul/g]5 . o:tf gd'gf ufpFdf df]6/
rNg] ;8s, vfg]kfgL, ljB't\, 6]lnkmf]g, :jf:Yo rf}sL, ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo jLdf, dfWolds
ljBfno, cgf}krfl/s lzIff, dlxnf ljsf;, ;xsf/L v]tL / kz'kfng, dnvfb aLpljhg
;lxtsf] s[lif / kz' k|fljlws ;]jf, jhf/:yn, ;'ky d"No ;xsf/L k;n, u|fdL0f cf}Bf]lus
If]q, jg jfl6sf, ;fd'bflos ejg, k':tsfno / v]n d}bfg, clws[t txsf ufpF ljsf;
;lrj, k|x/L lg/LIfs;lxtsf] k|x/L rf}sL /xg] Aoj:yf ul/g]5 . oL k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf;
ug{sf nflu o:tf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?nfO{ ?= @) nfv yk cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg]5 .
gd'gf ufpFsf] plNnlvt k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf;df nufgL ug{] lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 .
gd'gf ufpFx?df slDtdf Ps ;o o'jfx?nfO{ lgMz'Ns Ao;flos tflnd lbO{ Aoj;fo ;+rfng
ug{ ;x'lnot Aofhb/df C0f pknAw u/fOg]5 .
cfgf] ufpF cfkm} agfpF sfo{qmdaf6 z'? ul/Psf] :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?
;~rfng ug{ :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' .
:yfgLo lgsfo cg'bfgsf] nflu ?= !$ ca{ %^ s/f]8 ah]6 Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd o;cl3 ul7t k|fljlws ;ldltn]
l;kmfl/z u/]sf] cg';"rLdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf $! j6f gofF gu/kflnsfx? @)^* >fj0f
! ut]b]lv nfu' x'g]u/L u7g ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub{5' . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf]
22

Aoj:yf cg';f/ ljB't, vfg]kfgL, ;+rf/, oftfoft / cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;'ljwf k'u]sf gu/
pGd'v If]qx?nfO{ ;d]t gu/kflnsf agfpFb} n}hfg] k|of]hgsf] nflu jt{dfg dfkb08df
;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g u/L gofF gu/kflnsfx?sf] 3f]if0ff ug{ cfjZos cWoog u/L g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ @)^* efb| d;fGtleq Ps k|fljlws ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 .
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:yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] cg'bfgsf cfwf/ / dfkb08df klg ;dofg's"n ;+zf]wg ul/g]5 .
:yfgLo lgsfox?sf] Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf ;"rsx? kl/dfh{g u/L yk
glthfd'vL agfOg]5 . :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 kl/rfng x'g] ljsf; /sdsf] b'?kof]u x'g lbOg]
5}g . :yfgLo lgsfodf ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ePsf] vr{sf] bx|f] cg'udg ul/g]5 . b'?kof]u u/]sf]
kfOPdf bf]ifL pk/ s8f sfg"gL sf/jfxL ul/g]5 .
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?df ;lqmo hg;xeflutf j[l4 ug{ ljut jif{x?b]lv k|rngdf
cfO{/x]sf] pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{] k|0ffnLdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ Nofpg
cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] sflQ{s d;fGt;Dddf PsLs[t dfu{ bz{g th{'df ul/g]5 .
:jR5 lkpg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{sf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] nIosf ;fy &% j6} lhNnfx?df
;+rflnt u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmd cGtu{tsf cw'/f / qmdfut cfof]hgfx?
cfufdL b'O{ jif{ leq ;DkGg ug{] u/L cfjZos ;|f]tsf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
u|fdL0f oftfoft k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ k|ydr/0fdf gd'gfsf nflu & lhNnfx?af6 k|f/De
ul/Psf] If]qut cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{df yk !) lhNnfdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{sf b'u{d :yfgx?df cfjthfjtdf ;'ljwf k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ;~rfng
ul/Psf] emf]n']k'n lgdf{0f cleofg cGtu{t $ ;o j6f emf]n']k"nsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
b]zel/s} t'Og ;/sf/n] vl/b u/L x6fOg]5 . To:tf 7fpFx?df emf]n'] k'n lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
dfgjLo :jf:Yo / ;Eotf pk/ g} k|lts"n c;/ kfg{] kmf]x/d}nfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;|f]t
kl/rfngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 clek|]l/t u/L bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;fj{hlgslghL
;fem]bf/Ldf kmf]x/d}nf ;+sng, k|zf]wg, k'gp{kof]u ug{] sf/vfgf ;~rfng ug{ ;/sf/n]
k|fyldstf lbg]5 . kmf]xf]/nfO{ ;b'kof]u u/L cfly{s ;|f]tdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
df]/ / ;'g;/L lhNnfsf $ j6f gu/kflnsf / cf;kf;sf !) j6f ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf
nflu lj/f6gu/ If]qdf lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf] PsLs[t kmf]x/d}nf Aoj:yfkg s]Gb|sf] lgdf{0fnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]5' . of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ x]6f}8fjL/uGh, kf]v/fn]vgfy, a'6jne}/xjf /
sf]xnk'/g]kfnuGh If]qdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] :yfgLo:t/df ;|f]t kl/rfng ubf{ :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;dembf/L u/L
;dGjofTds ?kdf hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ 9+n] ug{'kg{] Aoj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ul/g]5 . k|To]s
sfo{qmdsf nflu 5'6[} ;dfgfGt/ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{] k|j[lQsf] cGTo ul/g]5 .

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;/sf/ / gu/kflnsfx?n] p7fpFb} cfPsf] 3/jxfn s/nfO{ Psf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{t Aojl:yt
u/L :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 dfq p7fpg] Aoj:yf ug{] ;DjGwdf cfjZos cWoog ul/g]5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] Aoj:yf cg';f/ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] k|fKt
ug{] 3/hUuf /lhi6]zg b:t'/sf] /sd dWo] @% k|ltzt /sd lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / &%
k|ltzt /sd ;DalGwt gu/kflnsfdf hfg] u/L dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 ;DalGwt lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt / gu/kflnsfsf] vftfdf :jtM hDdf x'g] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
;ef;bx? dfkm{t vr{ x'g] /sdsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u / cg'udgsf] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

ko{6g k|j4{g
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ko{6g If]qnfO{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] alnof] d]?b08sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy ko{6g
ljsf; tyf k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/g]5 . cfufdL !% jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ pTs[i6
uGtAosf] ?kdf ljsf; u/L ljZjsf] gd"gf ko{6g b]zsf] ?kdf :yflkt ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu
Ps bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ u/L cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ug{] tkm{ ah]6nfO{ nlIft u/]sf]
5' .
dWo tyf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf] PsLs[t ko{6sLo ljsf; ug{ ;]kmf]S;'08f], /f/ftfn,
/fdf/f]zg / a9Ldflnsf nufotsf :yfg ljsf; sfo{qmd yfngL ul/g]5 . /f/f, l;+hf, k'kfn,
9f]/kf6g l;:g], hnhnf If]qnfO{ hf]8\g] u/L ax'cfoflds ko{6sLo kl/qmdf dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{
;DefAotf cWoog ul/g]5 . cGgk"0f{ / dgf;n'df ko{6sLo kl/qmdf k}bn dfu{ vf]lng]5 .
b]zsf ;a} efudf /x]sf ko{6sLo ;Defjgfx?nfO{ b[li6ut u/L !& j6f ko{6sLo If]qsf]
cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5' . h;df vKt8dgf:n', n'lDagL, ?? /];'f, sf7df8f}+, nf6f
uf}/Lz/, l;d|f}gu9, ljb]xldlynf, ;nx];, df]/sf] lj/f6 /fhfsf] b/jf/, l5Ggd:tf,
u9LdfO{, k;f{sf] hL/fejfgL, ltnf}/fsf]6, vf]6fsf] j/fxkf]v/L, ;u/dfyf, c?0f / d]rL kxf8L
ko{6sLo If]qx? /xg] u/L tL If]qx?df ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / ko{6g ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug{ ah]6
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
ko{6g If]qsf] hgzlQm ljsf;, /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf / u|fdL0f :jf:Yo ko{6gsf] k|j4{gsf nflu
PsLs[t ko{6g ;]jf s]Gb|x?sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ub{} hfg cfjZos ah]6sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf]
5' .
ljZjsf] gd'gf ko{6g b]zsf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{] nIonfO{ xfl;n ug{ g]kfn ko{6g jif{nfO{
cleofgfTds ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5 .
g]kfnsf] xjfO{ If]qsf] k'jf{wf/ ljsf;nfO{ b[li6ut u/L lqe'jg cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf]
u'0ffTds ;'wf/ / ;DefAotf cWoog cg'?k lghu9df bf];|f] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf]
yfngL ul/g]5 .
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uf}tda'4, kf]v/f, hgsk'/ / ;'v{]tnfO{ If]qLo cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{
cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;fy}, lj/f6gu/, g]kfnuGh / wgu9L
ljdfg:ynnfO{ If]qLo xa ljdfg:ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . Onfdsf] ;s]lgbfdf
kmfNu'0ffgGb ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ug{'sf ;fy} /fhlj/fh ljdfg:ynnfO{ uh]Gb| gf/fo0f l;+x
ljdfg:yn gfdfs/0f u/L :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . bf / kmfKn' ljdfg:ynsf] :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 .
s0ff{nL c~rn nufot b'u{d If]qx?df xjfO{ oftfoftnfO{ lgoldt / hgkx'Fr of]Uo agfpg
ljdfg:ynx?sf] cfw'lgs k|ljlw ;lxtsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
b]ze/sf xfn ;~rflnt / lgdf{0fflwg ljdfg:ynx?sf] qmdzM :t/f]Gglt / lgdf{0fsfo{ ;DkGg
ub{} nlug]5 .
xjfO{ gLlt / ;Demf}tfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g]5 . g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud / g]kfn
gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0fsf] Ifdtf, u'0f:tl/otf, hgzlQm / k|fljlws kIfsf] u'0ffTds
ljsf; ug{ k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] nflu cfjZos
hxfh v/Lb ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ hdfgL /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
af/fsf] lghu9df bf];|f] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ug{ ;DefJotf cWoog ;DkGg u/L
lgdf{0fsfo{ z'? ul/g]5 .
n'lDagL If]qsf] ;du| ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf k'ofpg a'6jndf cGt/f{li6o:t/sf] cTofw'lgs
;efxnsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu ah]6sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . n'lDagLdf
cGt/f{li6o zflGt zx/ lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos j}b]lzs ;|f]t h'6fpg k|of; ul/g]5 .
lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ dw]z ;du| cj:yfsf] :ynut u/fpg] p2]Zon] /fhg]tfx?nfO{ b]z bz{g
sfo{qmddf nUg] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' . k|yd blnt ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f cleofgsf nflu ?= @
s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

jg ljsf;
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jg dfly cltqmd0f a9L/x]sf] ;Gbe{df jgh+unsf] ;+/If0f, lbuf] jg ljsf;, jg k|df0fLs/0f

/ jg pBd / Joj;flos k|of]unfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbO{ ax'p2]ZoLo sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . jg ;+/If0fsf]] nflu hg kl/rfng ul/g]5 / o;sf nflu /fhgLlts kf6L{x? ;d]tsf]
;xof]u lnOg]5 . o; If]qsf nflu ?= % ca{ @* s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
/fli6o dxTjsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ k|lts"n c;/ gkg{] u/L jgsf] If]qkmn
;DaGwdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] /fli6o k|ltj4tfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{, jg If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug{, jg
pkof]usf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg ug{ bL3{sflng of]hgf th{'df ul/g]5 .
lbuf] jg, ;d[4 hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg Ps ufpF Ps g;{/L :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
/fli6o kj{x?, ;+3 ;+:yfsf jflif{s pT;jx? Pj+ AolQmsf] hGd, ljjfx cflbdf j[If/f]k0f ug{
25

cfXjfg ub{5' . o; cleofgaf6 o; cfly{s jif{df # s/f]8 lj?jf /f]lkg] nIo lnPsf] 5' .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / t/fOdw]zsf tf]lsPsf lhNnfx?df xl/ofnL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
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rfn" cfly{s jif{b]lv cf/De ul/Psf] /fli6o dxTjsf] /fi6klt r'/]efj/ If]q ;+/If0f
sfo{qmdnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . r'/] efj/ If]qsf] e"ld, hn, h+un /
lhljsf]kfh{gsf] PsLs[t sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ ?= @^ s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
O6x/Lb]lv sfs8le6[f;Ddsf] t/fO{ If]qdf /x]sf] h+un / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu of]
If]qnfO{ ;+/lIft ag If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+/lIft jg If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ / ko{6g ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] Onfdsf] dfOIf]q,
;'g;/L df]/sf] d+unaf/] a'9Lvf]nf l;d;f/ jg tyf ;+/If0f If]q, s0ff{nL lr;fkfgL b]lv
dxfsfnL;Ddsf] r'/] dxfef/t If]q, /fdf/f];g, al9dflnsf, ;}kfn jg tyf ;+/If0f If]q / k;f{
jf/f cf/If If]qsf] lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ lgdf{0fstf{n] ;8ssf b'j} tkm{ ?v /f]Kg' kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . tL
lj?jfsf] l;+rfO, uf]8d]n Pj+ ;+/If0fdf lgs6td ufpFsf Psn, blnt / GkLl8t dlxnfnfO{
;+nUg ul/g]5 . o:tf] ;+/If0f sfo{df ;+nUgx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ljlw
cfufdL c;f]h dlxgfleq th{'df ul/g]5 .
Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ cfo cfh{gsf lqmofsnfkx?df ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ lj:tf/ ug{
sa'lnotL ag tyf kz'ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' . jg ;Dkbfsf] l;h{gzLn
pkof]u u/L :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x? pknAw u/fpg Ps lhNnf Ps gjLg
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
g]kfndf afof]l8h]n / afof]la|s]6sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf]n] ;lhjg -Hof6f]kf_sf] Aofj;foLs
?kdf pTkfbg ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd nfu' ul/g]5 . afh'/f, 8f]Nkf, dsjfgk'/ nufot pRr
kxf8L lhNnfx?df h}t'g -cf]lne_ pTkfbgsf] nflu g;{/L :yfkgf ug{] / k|zf]wg s]Gb|
:yfkgfsf] nflu ;xsf/L / lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;3g / ax'p2]ZoLo agfpg jg If]q glhssf Go"g cfo ePsf
kl/jf/x?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO jg If]qdf Joj;foLs b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/ /
hl8a'6Lsf] v]tL ;'?jft u/L xl/t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf ul/g]5 . jg pkef]Qmf
dxf;+3 nufotsf ;+:yfx?;+u ;fem]bf/L u/L ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 xl/t pBf]u :yfkgf
ul/g]5 .
kfFr} ljsf; If]qdf xfjfkfgL cg'?k hl8a'6Lsf] pTkfbg a9fpgsf nflu cg';Gwfg, aLp,
cf}iflw, tflnd / k|zf]wgsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg hl8a'6L kmfd{ :yfkgf ul/g]5 . afUn'sf]
9f]/kf6g / tsdf hl8a'6L pTkfbg s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5 . cfufdL cfly{s jif{ g]kfnuGhdf
hl8a'6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ ah]6 5'6\ofPsf] 5' .
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hl8a'6L k|zf]wg s]Gb|x? / cfo'j{]b c:ktfnx?sf] jLrdf sfof{Tds ;DjGw ljsf; ul/g]5 .
pRr d"Nosf hl8a'6Lx?sf] cg';Gwfg, v]tL, k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0fnfO{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
bf]nvf, /fd]5fk / l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] lxdfnL tyf pRr kxf8L If]qnfO{ ljz]if hl8a'6L
If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf;sf] nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg{] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv /fli6o dxTjsf !) j6f l;d;f/ If]qsf] Aoj:yfkg, ;+/If0f / lbuf]
pkof]u ug{] sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 .
nf]kf]Gd'v aGohGt' k|hfltx?sf] ;+/If0f sfo{nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . af3 / u}8fsf]
xfnsf] ;+VofnfO{ cfufdL !) jif{ leqdf bf]Aa/ agfpg] nIosf ;fy ;+/If0f sfo{ cl3
a9fOg]5 . ;+/If0f sfo{df k|of]u x'g] cTofw'lgs pks/0fsf] vl/bsf nflu ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf]
5' . eQmk'/sf] ;"o{ ljgfos If]qdf cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] lrl8ofvfgf :yfkgf ug{] sfo{ k|f/De
ul/g]5 .
jg If]qnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ cltqmd0f lgoGq0f ub{} cltqmldt hldgnfO{ h+undf k"g:yf{lkt ug{]
sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ d ;a} /fhgLlts bn, gful/s;dfh, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?;Fu xflb{s
clkn ub{5' .

lghL If]q ljsf; sfo{qmd

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lghL If]qdf nufgLsf] pko'Qm aftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ pmhf{ ;+s6 ;dfwfg, k"jf{wf/ ;]jfsf]
lj:tf/, >d ljjfbsf] GofoLs Aoj:yfkg / pBf]u k|j4{gdf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L /
;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . lghL If]qsf] pBdzLntf ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 . cf}Bf]lus If]qnfO{
zflGtIf]q 3f]lift u/L ;'/Iffsf] e/kbf{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
ld>Lt cy{k|0ffnLsf] hudf cy{tGqsf] cf}Bf]uLs/0f Pj+ cfw'lgsLs/0f, cfly{s j[l4,
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] j[l4, lgof{t k|j4{g / cfoft k|lt:yfkg Pj+ k"FhL lgdf{0f ug{ ;Ifd,
:jR5, k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{ / cfTd ljZjf;o'Qm lghLIf]qsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
g]kfnsf t'ngfTds tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe ePsf pBf]ux?df ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug{
cfufdL jif{ Pp6f j[xt cGt/f{li6o nufgL ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . ljB't s6f}tLsf] sf/0f
pBf]ux?nfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lj/f6gu/, aL/uGh, sf7df8f}+ / a'6jne}/xjf
If]qdf cnUu} ljB'tLo kmL8/ :yfkgf ug{ ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq ljz]if cfly{s If]q ;DaGwL P]g, nufgL af]8{ P]g / cf}Bf]lus gLlt,
@)^& cg's"n x'g]u/L gofF cf}Bf]lus Aoj;fo P]g NofOg]5 . ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f gLlt th{'df ul/g]5 .

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sfg"gf/f k|bQ ;'ljwf, ;x'lnot / k"jf{wf/ nufotsf ;]jfx? ;dod} ljgf em0em6 Ps}
ynf]af6 pBf]u Aoj;foLx?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg PsnljGb' ;]jfs]Gb| :yfkgf ug{] k|:tfj u/]sf]
5' .
g]kfnaf6 ljb]zdf uO{ kmls{Psf Ps} vfnsf] sfdug{] Ps;o hgf eGbf a9Lsf] ;d"x jf
;xsf/L agfO{ d]sflgsn, P;]DanL, kf6{k"hf{ lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg ;d"x jf ;xsf/Ln] cfoft
ug{] d]lzg/L / k"FhLut j:t'df ;/sf/n] Psd'i6 k"FhLut cg'bfg lbg] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf sf/0f ljleGg yl/sf kmnk"mn, jg:ktL, k'tnLsf k|hftL
nufot ljZjd} b'n{e 7flgPsf / pRr dfu ePsf k"mnxsf] Joj;flos v]tL k|j4{g u/L
nf]/LsNr/ Aoj;fo lj:tf/df ;xof]u k'ofOg]5 .
dlxnf pBdLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ kfFr ljsf; If]qdf PsPs j6f ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]usf]
k|j4{gsf nflu 3/]n' u|fd lgdf{0f ug{ hUufsf] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 . dlxnf pBdL sf]if v8f
ug{ ?= Ps s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
u|fdL0f /f]huf/L / cfocfh{gsf] alnof] dfWodsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf]
ljsf;sf] nflu pko'Qm aftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g]5 . ?U0f cj:yfdf /x]sf ;fgf tyf 3/]n'
pBf]ux?nfO{ k'g?Tyfg ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 .
lghLIf]qn] ;f}o{ nufotsf] a}slNks pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{ cfoft ug{] d]lzg/L ;fdfgdf eG;f/
dx;'n 5'6 lbg] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 . o; ;DjGwL sfo{ljlw th{'df u/L nfu' ul/g]5 . lghL
If]qn] pBf]u ;~rfngsf] qmddf cltl/Qm ljB't pTkfbg u/]df ;f] ljB't g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fn] vl/b ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
hn;|f]t, ko{6g, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf If]qdf :jb]zL / ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ljz]if
sfo{qmd NofOg]5 . cf}Bf]lus If]qdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL nufgL k|j4{g ug{ cfjZos
sfg"gx? tTsfn th{'df ug{] / cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& cg'?ksf ;'ljwfx? pBf]un] kfpg]
Aoj:yf ul/g]5 .
ufpFdf lzIff / :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{] sfo{sf nflu s'g} ;+3 ;+:yfn] bfg u/]df
cfos/df To:tf] vr{ s6[L ug{ kfpg] Aoj:yf nfu' ul/g]5 . o; ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw th{'df
ul/g]5 .
ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t e}/xjfdf :yfkgf ul/g] ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf]
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] afFsL sfo{x? cfufdL cfly{s jif{ ;DkGg x'g]5g\ . ljutdf cf/De ul/Psf
ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf cltl/Qm lj/f6gu/, h'Dnf / kfFrvfndf ;d]t ljz]if cfly{s If]q lgdf{0f
ug{ cfjZos k|f/lDes sfo{x? tLa|tfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fOg]5 .

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cf}Bf]lus If]qdf nufgL cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;/sf/n] ;~rfngdf NofPsf] cf}Bf]lus
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . $% lhNnfx?df sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] n3' pBd
ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
7"nf pBf]ux?nfO{ cfjZos ;fdu|Lx? ;'ne?kdf pknAw u/fpg pko'Qm :yfgdf x:tsnf
u|fd, j:t' ljsf; s]Gb| / 3/]n' u|fdsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
b]zsf ljleGg :yfgx?df ;l~rt /x]sf ax'd"No wft', vlgh, t]n / cd"No kTy/x?sf]
pTvgg / pkof]usf nflu ljz]if cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 . sf7df8f}+sf ljleGg :yfgx?df
pTvgg ul/Psf] k|fs[lts Uof; k/LIf0f u/L pkof]usf] sfo{of]hgf agfO{ ;~rfngdf
NofOg]5 .
cf}Bf]lus af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g, ljsf; / cGo Aoj:yfksLo sfo{x?nfO{
k|efjsf/L 9+un] cl3 a9fpg Aofj;flos hgzlQm ;lxtsf] PsLs[t ;+u7g :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
cf}Bf]lus nufgL ;+/If0f sf]if :yfkgfsf nflu cfufdL cfly{s jif{df cfjZos tof/L k"/f
ul/g]5 . s[lifdf cfwfl/t k|fylds pBf]ux?sf] Ifdtf / k|ljlwdf ljsf; ug{ k|ljlw :t/f]Gglt
sf]ifsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

ljQLo If]q / k"FhLahf/

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a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?k|lt ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f ;'b[9 agfpg ;+:yfut ;'zf;g sfod ub{}
t/ntf Aoj:yfkg, k"FhLahf/sf] ;'wf/, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] ;Gt'lnt lj:tf/ / ljQLo
ck/fw lgoGq0fsf sfo{x? cl3 a9fOg]5g\ . ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf ePsf a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx?sf] k"g;{+/rgf tyf cfjZos k"FhLs/0f ul/g]5 .
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s, g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{ / aLdf ;ldltsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx?sf] cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'NofOg]5 . pRr:t/Lo ljQLo If]q ;dGjo
;ldltnfO{ yk lqmofzLn agfOg]5 .
cfufdL jif{b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L s'g} AolQm, sDkgL jf ;+:yfn] s'g} a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfdf ?=
!) nfv jf ;f] eGbf a9L lgIf]k /fv]df o:tf] /sd cft+sjfb, nfu' kbfy{ sf/f]jf/, dfgj
a]rljvg / ;+ul7t ck/fw nufotsf ca}w ;|f]tx?af6 cfh{g ePsf] xf]Og eGg] :j3f]if0ffsf]
gofF Aoj:yf g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
;DklQ vl/b ubf{ cfo;|f]t v'nfpg' kg{] ljBdfg Aoj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L ?= %) nfv;Ddsf]
;jf/L ;fwg / Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofF ;Ddsf] 3/ hUuf vl/b ubf{ ;|f]t v'nfpg' gkg{] Aoj:yf
u/]sf] 5' .
lwtf]kq, Aoj;flos 3/ lgdf{0f / 3/hUufsf] sf/f]jf/ Pj+ ahf/sf] lzlyntfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
k"FhLut nfes/sf] b/nfO{ 36fPsf] 5' . o; cltl/Qm a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] C0fsf]
Aofh a'emfO ;fjfF gjLs/0f ug{ ;Sg] / z]o/sf] lwtf]df lbOg] C0fsf] ;Ldf ;DaGwdf a}+s
29

tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfkm}+ lg0f{o ug{;Sg] Aoj:yf g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] ul/;s]sf] hfgsf/L
u/fpg rfxG5' .
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Aoj;flos tyf cfjf;Lo 3/df nufgL a9fpg o:tf Pkf6{d]G6 jf Nof6 g]kfn ;/sf/af6
g]kfnL d'nsf ljb]zL gful/s egL kl/ro k|fKt u/]sf AolQmnfO{ tf]lsPsf zt{sf] clwgdf /xL
vl/b ug{ lbg] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' . ;fy}, ljb]zL sDkgL jf AolQmnfO{ klg b'O{ nfv cd]l/sL
8n/ jf ;f] j/fj/sf] ljb]zL d'b|f eGbf a9L d'Nosf] Nof6 jf Pkf6{d]G6 vl/b ug{ lbg], o;/L
vl/b u/]sf] Nof6 jf Pkf6{d]G6 % jif{ ;Dd laqmL ug{ gkfpg] Aoj:yf ug{ e"ld;'wf/ tyf
Aoj:yf dGqfnon] @)^* sflQ{s leq cfjZos sfo{ljlw tof/ ug{]5 .
g]kfnL d'nsf ljb]zL gful/snfO{ g]kfnL lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfpg @)^*
sflQ{sleq g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n] cfjZos sfo{ljlw agfpg]5 . ljZj a}+ssf] k|fljlws
;xof]udf tof/ kfl/Psf] kfFr aifL{o k"FhL ahf/ ljsf; u'?of]hgf cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv
r/0fa4 ?kdf nfu' ul/g]5 .
jflif{s ?= kfFr s/f]8 eGbf a9L sf/f]jf/ ug{] C0f tyf art ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] cg'udg /
;'kl/j]If0f ;xsf/L ljefusf] ;dGjodf g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] ug{] Aoj:yf nfu' ul/g]5 .
ljQLo If]q k|ltsf] ljZj;gLotf a9fpg lgIf]k ;'/If0f ug{] gLltnfO{ s ju{sf a}+sx?df
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . sfg"gL / ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ u/L lgIf]k ;'/If0f ug{] lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4
ul/g]5 . clgjfo{ lgIf]k aLdfsf] /sd a9fO{ qmdzM ?= % nfv k'ofOg]5 . lgIf]k ;'/If0f
lgsfosf] k"FhL a9fpg ?= %) s/f]8 yk nufgL ul/g]5 .
a}+s tyf ljQLo If]qaf6 lnOPsf] shf{ tf]lsPsf] If]qdf nufgL gu/]/ cGo If]qdf nufgL ug{]
Pj+ shf{ lngsf nflu pBf]u Aoj;fo btf{ ug{] / To;sf cfwf/df shf{ lnO lgotj; C0f
gltg{] C0fLx?nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf NofOg]5 .
n3'ljQ ljsf; a}+s / art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, ljsf; / lj:tf/sf]
nflu cfjZos yk sfg"g cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq th{d
' f ul/g]5 .
k"FhL ahf/df b]lvPsf] lu/fj6nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;+:yfut nufgLstf{ / ;fd"lxs nufgL sf]if
dfkm{t ul/g] nufgLnfO{ ;x'lnot lbOg]5 . z]o/ sf/f]jf/sf jf/]df ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfsif{0f j[l4
ug{ ljBfno, sn]h / ufpFufpFdf Aofks k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/g]5 .
b]zsf k|d'v zx/x? / ljb]zaf6 ;d]t lwtf]kq sf/f]jf/ ug{ ;lsg] agfpg lwtf]kqsf]
ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ z'? ul/g]5 . s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k k|0ffnLnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofO ;"rLs[t
lwtf]kqx?sf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ :jR5 / ;"rgf k|ljlw d}qL agfOg]5 .
Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ljZj;gLo ;]jf k|jfx ug{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ k/:k/ ufEg
k|f]T;fxg ug{ g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] l;kmfl/;df /lhi6]zg z'Nsdf 5'6 lbg] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
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;/sf/L If]qdf /x]sf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? ;d]t ;DefAotfsf] cfwf/df ufEg] sfo{ cl3
a9fOg]5 .
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cfly{s ultljlwx?df x'g] ck/fw lgoGq0f u/L cy{tGqnfO{ ;xL af6f]df n}hfg cfjZos kg{]
sfg"gL tyf ;+:yfut Aoj:yfdf yk ;'wf/ u/L ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f P]gnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
n3'ljQ ;+:yfx?af6 x'g] sf/f]jf/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kf/L u/La tyf ljkGgju{df hfg] shf{df
;x'lnot Aofhb/sf] Aoj:yf ul/g]5 . o;sf] nflu Pp6f 5'6[} n3'ljQ sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug{]
sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 .
cfsl:ds aLdf sf]ifsf] k'gM;+/rgf u/L k'gaL{df Aoj;fo ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ u/L
sDkgLdf kl/0ft ul/g]5 .
aLdf ;]jfnfO{ b'u{d u|fdL0f If]q tyf Go"g cfo ju{;Dd k'ofpg] p2]Zosf nflu of] jif{ s]xL
kxf8L lhNnfx?df k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf n3' aLdf sfo{qmd k|f/De ul/g]5 .

lgof{t k|j4{g
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jfl0fHo gLlt / g]kfn Aofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltsf cfwf/df j:t' jf ;]jfsf] lgof{t a9fpg
;DalGwt lgsfosf] ;dGjodf tTsfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 .
lkIfLo, If]qLo tyf ax'kIfLo Aofkf/ ;lGw;Demf}tfx?af6 l;lh{t cj;/x?nfO{ /fli6o lxtdf
clwstd pkof]u ul/g]5 . cGt/f{li6o Aofkf/ j[l4 ug{ cfly{s s'6gLltnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 .
s[lifhGo pTkfbg lrof, skmL, cn}+rL, hl8a'6L, a]df};dL t/sf/L lgof{t ug{]nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf
lbOg]5 . lgof{t ul/g] cn}+rLsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{ ;'sfpg] / Kofls ug{] cTofw'lgs
;'ljwfsf] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
:jb]zdf pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fnfO{ Aojl:yt / cGt/f{li6:t/sf] t'Nofpg
k|df0fLs/0f ug{] k|of]uzfnfx?sf] :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 .
;LdfIf]qsf pko'Qm :yfgx?df ;'Svf aGb/ufx lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ tLa|tf lbOg]5 . rfn'
cfly{s jif{b]lv z'? ul/Psf] lgof{td'ns pBf]ux?nfO{ lgof{tdf lbOg] k|f]T;fxg ;'ljwfnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]5' .
lgsf;L u[x ;~rfng u/L lgof{tstf{x?nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .

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ljb]zl:yt s'6g}lts lgof]ux? / j:t'ut Aoj;flos ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ kl/rfng u/L

sf7df8f}+df j[xt Aofkf/ d]nf cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . o;jf6 g]kfnL laqm]tf / cGt/f{li6o
qm]tfx?n] Ps} ynf]af6 Aofkf/ lj:tf/ ug{] cj;/ kfpg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .

lzIff / ;fIf/tf cleofg

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;+qmd0fsfnLg k|lts"ntfx?nfO{ l5rf]Nb} lzIffIf]qn] kl5Nnf s]xL jif{ otf pNn]vgLo k|ult
u/]sf] 5 . lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] ;dLIff x]bf{ lzIffsf nflu lgwf{/0f ePsf ;x>fAbL ljsf;sf
/fli6o nIox? k|fKt x'g] tkm{ pGd'v /x]sf] dfggLo ;ef;bx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg kfpFbf
dnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . oL pknlAwx?sf] cfwf/df casf] z}lIfs k|0ffnLnfO{ 1fgdf cfwfl/t
cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f tkm{ nlIft ul/g]5 . lzIff If]qsf] nflu k|fyldstfsf ;fy ah]6 ljlgof]hg
u/]sf] 5' .
u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ qmdzM clgjfo{
u/fOg]5 . ;a} blnt ljBfyL{x? / ;a} 5fqfxnfO{ sIff !@ ;Dd ;fd'bflos ljBfnoxdf
lgMz'Ns cWoog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
ljBfnox?nfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff ul/;lsPsf]5 . ljBfno ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xsfo{df of]
3f]if0ffsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo cg'?k sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Ddsf] PsLs[t dfWolds
lzIffdf ;dtfd'ns kx'Fr lj:tf/ / u'0ffTds ;'wf/ ug{ sfg"gL Aoj:yf, ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/
Pj+ kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 .
ljBfnosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno / kl/;/ nufotsf jfXo aftfj/0fsf]
;'wf/ / z}lIfs k|zf;gdf ;+nUg lgsfox?sf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ;~rfngdf /x]sf] ljBfno
If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ lgwf{l/t ;dofjlw leq} ;DkGg x'g] u/L lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5' .
;fd'bflos ljBfnosf sIff ! b]lv !) ;Dd cWoog/t ;a} afnaflnsfx?nfO{ kf7\ok':ts
lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fO{g]5 . nlIft au{sf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ sIff !@ ;Ddsf] kf7\ok':ts lgMz'Ns
ljt/0f ug{] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . @))& ;fn eGbf cufl8 :yfkgf eO{ ;+rfngdf /x]sf
;fd'bflos ljBfnox?sf] dd{t ;Def/sf nflu cfjZos ah]6sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
lzIfs Aoj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ NofO{ lzIfssf] k]zfut bIftf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . lzIf0f k]zfdf
n}ls ;dfgtf sfod ug{ vfnL b/jGbLx?df pknAw eP;Dd dlxnf lzlIfsf lgo'Qm ug{]
Aoj:yf ldnfPsf]5' .
pRr lzIff gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L gofF pRr lzIff gLlt th{'df ul/g]5 . ljZjljBfnox?sf]
Aoj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ u/L pRr lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo, k|lt:kwL{ Pj+ cg';Gwfgd'ns agfpg pRr
lzIff 5ftf P]g th{'df ul/g]5 . pRr lzIffdf nlIft ;d"xsf] kx'Fr a9fpg v'nf ljZjljBfno
32

sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf NofOg]5 . /fhifL{ hgs, aL/uGh / g]kfnuGh tyf k|f}Bf]lus

nufotsf k|:tfljt ljZjljBfnox?sf] :yfkgf sfo{ cl3 a9fOg]5 .
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;fd'bflos ljBfnosf sIff * ;Ddsf ;a} 5fqfx?, ;a} blntx?, ckftf ePsf ;a}
afnaflnsfx? / nlIft ;d"xsf ;a} afnaflnsfx?nfO{ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg
u/]sf] 5' .
nf]kf]Gd'v hftLsf afnaflnsfsf nflu u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|Tofe"t ug{ sIff * b]lv !@ ;Ddsf]
lzIffdf lghL If]qsf ljBfnon] k|bfg ug]{ !) k|ltzt 5fqj[lQ cGtu{t o:tf ljBfyL{nfO{
cfjf; ;lxtsf] k"0f{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf k|bfg ug{ cfjZos Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
t/fO{sf bz lhNnfsf blntljkGg, d'l:nd dlxnfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L ;~rfngdf /x]sf] gl;{
lzIff sfo{qmd cfufdL cfly{s jif{ klg ;~rfngdf /xg] 5g\ .
/fHosf tkm{af6 nlIft 5fq5fqfx?nfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] 5fqj[lQ k|fKt ug{ sf]xL g5'6\g] /
sf]xL gbf]xf]l/g] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu xfn ljleGg lgsfox?af6 pknAw u/fOb} cfPsf]
5fqj[lQnfO{ Psf/ k|0ffnL dfkm{t ljt/0f ug{] Aoj:yfsf] nflu cfjZos tof/L ul/g]5 .
s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cWoog/t ;a} ljBfyL{x?nfO{ bLjf vfhf pknAw
u/fpg] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . ljut cfly{s jif{b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] lbjf vfhf sfo{qmdnfO{
klg lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' .
k|lt ljBfyL{ OsfO nfutsf cfwf/df ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?nfO{ k|bfg ub{} cfOPsf] lzIf0f
cg'bfgnfO{ ah]6df ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5' .
>d ahf/sf] dfu cg';f/ 5f]6f] cjlwsf], /f]huf/ / :j/f]huf/d'vL Aoj;flos tflnd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . ls;fg, dhb'/, xlnof nufot >ddf cfl>t ju{sf] ljsf;sf nflu
k|fljlws lzIff, tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ?= !% s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf]
5' .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{df @% ;o ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?sf] Joj:yfkg :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{
x:tfGt/0f ul/g]5 .
ljBfno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df cWoog/t k|ltefzfnL ljBfyL{x?sf] klxrfgsf] nflu
k|ltefsf] vf]hL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . 5flgPsf k|ltefzfnL ljBfyL{x?sf] k|ltef ljsf;
ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 .
dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . ljleGg :yfgdf ;+rfngdf /x]sf
db/;fx?nfO{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 .
ljBfno txb]lv g} lzIffnfO{ k|fljlws / ;Lkd'ns agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy cfufdL cfly{s jif{
#) ljBfnox?df k|fljlws lzIff Pg]S; sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
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a9\bf] l8lh6n l8efO8af6 l;h{gf x'g] cfly{s ;fdflhs c;dfgtf 36fpg ;fj{hlgs
ljBfnosf kf7\ok':tsnfO{ l8lh6nfOH8 ug{, OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg / ljZjsf pTs[i6
ljBfnodf kx'Fr a9fpg cleefjs, :yfgLo ;d'bfo / u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL;Fu ;xsfo{
ul/g]5 .
cfufdL tLg jif{leq lg/If/tf pGd'ng ug{] u/L sfo{qmd th{'df ul/Psf]5 . o; sfo{qmdnfO{
yk k|efjsf/L agfpg klxnf] r/0fdf 5flgPsf !@ xhf/ j8fx?df ;DalGwt j8fsf
dlxnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ cleoGtf lgo'Qm ul/g]5 .
cfly{s / ;fdflhs lx;fjn] cltljkGg ju{sf jfnjflnsfsf] lzIffdf kx'Fr ljsf; ug{
xfn;Dd @* xhf/ & ;o &@ afnljsf; s]Gb|x? ;~rfngdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ . cfufdL cfly{s
jif{df yk kfFr ;o afnljsf; s]Gb|x? :yfkgf ug{] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' .
lzIffdf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k gd'gf z}lIfs u|fdsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
u'0f:t/Lo k"jf{wf/ / :t/Lo lzIffsf] dfWodf/f l5d]sL /fi6sf ljBfyL{x? ;d]t cfslif{t ug{]
u/L o:tf] u|fdsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . xfn nfu' /x]sf] Ps k|ltzt lzIff ;]jf z'Nssf] ;Gbe{df
cWoog u/L ;'emfj lbg Ps ;ldlt u7gsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' .
Aoj;flos ;Lksf] ljsf;sf nflu Onfddf /Tgs'df/ jfGtjf kf]ln6]SgLs OlG:6Ro"6, a}t8Ldf
ledbQ kf]ln6]SgLs OlG:6Ro"6, kfNkfsf] bds8fdf kf]ln6]SgLs OlG:6Ro"6sf ;fy} /f}tx6,
wflb / /f]Nkfdf ;d]t kf]ln6]SgLs OlG:6Ro"6sf] :yfkgf ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ;'b"/k"j{sf
u|fdL0f 5fqfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L eb|k'/df :yfkgf ul/Psf] dbg :d[lt gl;{ SofDk; ejg
lgdf{0f ug{ ?= Ps s/f]8 5'6\ofPsf] 5' . ;fy}, zlxb :d[tL k|lti7fg emfkfsf] ejg lgdf{0f
ug{sf nflu ?= Ps s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' . dgdf]xg :d[lt sn]hsf]nflu ejg lgdf{0f
ug{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 .
k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf d]l8sn sn]h :yfkgf ug{] gLlt cg'?k klZrdf~rnsf] a'6jn /
dWoklZrdf~rnsf] ;'v{]tdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] cf+lus SofDk;sf] ?kdf d]l8sn sn]h
:yfkgf ug{] sfo{ cf/De ul/g]5 . s}nfnLsf] u]6fdf zlxb bz/y rGb :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg
:yfkgf ul/g]5 .

:jf:Yo ;]jf
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:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ gofF :jf:Yo gLlt th{'df
u/L nfu' ul/g]5 .
cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf cGtu{t dlxnf :jf:Yo ;'wf/, PsLs[t afn :jf:Yo Aoj:yfkg,
lk5l8Psf] If]q :jf:Yo ;'/Iff, ;LdfGts[t Pj+ h]i7gful/s :jf:Yo ;'/Iff / gd'gf :j:Yo ufpF
sfo{qmdx?sf] Kofs]h agfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . of]u tyf k|fs[lts
lrlsT;fnonfO{ ;+:yfut 9+un] cl3 a9fOg]5 .
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g]kfn :jf:Yo If]q sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog of]hgf cg'?k xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;'/lIft dft[Tj,
afn:jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f, ;+qmfdsc;+qmfds /f]ux?sf] lgoGq0f tyf rf]6k6s Aoj:yfkg /
dfgl;s :jf:Yo nufotsf :jf:Yo ;]jfx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' .
dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s Go"g ePsf b'u{d lk5l8Psf lhNnfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L PsLs[t
hg:jf:Yo cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dd cfO{k'Ubf d'n'ssf ljleGg efusf ! xhf/ pk:jf:Yo
rf}sLx?nfO{ :jf:Yo rf}sLdf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]sf] 5 . cfufdL cfly{s jif{ yk
% ;o pk:jf:Yo rf}sLx?nfO{ :jf:Yo rf}sLdf :t/f]Gglt u/L yk !%) j6f :jf:Yo
;+:yfx?df jly{ ;]G6/sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf If]qx?df /x]sf c:ktfnx?nfO{ :t/f]Gglt ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
&% jif{ gf3]sf h]i7 gful/s / !% jif{ d'lgsf jfnjflnsfx?nfO{ d'6' /f]usf] lgMz'Ns pkrf/
;]jf pknAw u/fpg lqe"jg ljZjljBfno lzIf0f c:ktfn / zlxb u+ufnfn /fli6o
x[bos]Gb|af6 ;~rflnt ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' .
eQmk'/ c:ktfnsf] gjlgld{t ejgdf d[uf}nf pkrf/ ;]jfsf] ;'?jft ul/g]5 . of] c:ktfnnfO{
dfgj c+u k|Tof/f]k0f ug]{ ;'ljwf;DkGg c:ktfnsf] ?kdf ljsf; ub{} nlug]5 .
rLg ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lgld{t /fli6o cfo'j]{b cg';Gwfg tyf tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ ;~rfngdf
NofOg]5 . uDeL/ k|s[ltsf b'3{6gfsf lj/fdLx?sf] pkrf/nfO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L agfpg ef/t
;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf jL/ c:ktfndf :yflkt 6df;]G6/nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
gofF g]kfnsf] cfjZostf :jf:Yodf ;xsf/Ltf eGg] d"n gf/fcg';f/ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxdf
;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4sf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf NofOg]5 .
:yfgLo lgsfox?sf] ;xeflutfdf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ :jf:Yo rf}sL;Dd lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . x/]s txdf lgbfg ;]jf / k|]if0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ nlug]5 . ;j{;'ne /
k|efjsf/L :jf:Yo ;]jf :yfgLo:t/df pknAw u/fpg hg;xeflutfdf ;~rflnt ufpF3/
lSnlgs sfo{qmd nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
zlxb kl/jf/, hgcfGbf]ngsf 3fOt]x? / u/LanfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns ?kdf
kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg pko'Qm :yfgdf :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf, ef}lts
lj:tf/ ub}{ hfg] jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] gLlt /x]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo :jo+ ;]ljsfx?
:jf:YosdL{x?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 . k|To]s
;ldltdf /x]sf] dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+ ;]ljsf sf]ifdf yk /sd 5'6\ofpg'sf ;fy}
lb+b} cfPsf] kf]zfs ;'ljwfj[l4 ug{] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' .
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lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/ hg:jf:Yo Pj+ jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] hf]lvdo'Qm ag]sf 5g\ . o:tf
kmf]x/sf] j}1flgs / Jojl:yt Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{nfO{ hf]8 lbg cfufdL cfly{s jif{ kf]v/fdf
;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf] gd'gf
sfo{qmd cf/De ul/g]5 .
ljleGg vf]kx? ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?nfO{ PsLs[t ug{, vf]k ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u
Aojl:yt ?kn] kl/rfng ug{ / vf]k ;]jfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos sfg"gL
Aoj:yfsf nflu cfufdL jif{ vf]k ljw]os th{'df ul/g]5 .
;fdflhs :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmdsf] /0fgLlt tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq c:ktfnx?sf] gS;f+sg ug{] sfo{qmd /fv]sf] 5' . c~rn
c:ktfnx?nfO{ ;'b[9 ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' . :jf:Yo If]qsf] ljBdfg ;+/rgf, ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ Pj+ dfgj ;+zfwgnfO{ hg;+Vof / ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf] cfwf/df k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 .
:jf:Yo pkrf/sf ;Gbe{df lj/fdL / lrlsT;sx? aLr obfsbf l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf cf/f]k
k|Tof/f]k / em}emu8fx?sf] ;d'lrt Aoj:yfkgsf nflu pkrf/sf qmddf lj/fdL /
lrlsT;sx?sf] ;'/Iff Aoj:yfsf] dfkb08 tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;xh, ;:tf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg lghL If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sfn]
;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|f]T;fxg :j?k ljleGg ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 .
lghL, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos If]qdf ;+rflnt c:ktfnx?sf] ;~rfng, ;]jf, z'Ns /
;]jfk|jfxdf :t/Lotf sfod ug{ cfjZos P]g, lgod, dfkb08, lgb{]lzsf agfO{ k|efjsf/L
lgodg ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .

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dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ cf;kf;df cfw'lgs zx/ lgdf{0f ug{ rfn" jif{b]lv sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf]
sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;DefAotf cWoog ;DkGg ePsf !) :yfgdf PsLs[t ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{ z'? ul/g]5 . of] cfof]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? k|fyldstfsf
;fy ;~rfng ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo ;Dddf # xhf/ (! kl/jf/nfO{
cfjf; ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ ;lsPsf] 5 . ljkGg kl/jf/sf] cfjf; clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{
nlIft of] sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv afbL, uGwj{, jgs/Lof, ;'/]n /
ljut Gsf] qmddf 3/jf/ljlxg ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ klg cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg]
Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
u|fdL0f If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ 3gfj:tL sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 Aojl:yt a;f]jf;
u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . x'Dnf, sflnsf]6, Ko"7fg, u'NdL, DofUbL / /;'jf lhNnfsf s]xL
:yfgx?df 3gfj:tL ljsf; ug{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ yflng]5 .
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/fli6o zx/L gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ lj/f6gu/, jL/uGh / a'6jndf PsLs[t zx/L
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L zx/L aftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv PsLs[t zx/L
jftfj/0f ;'wf/ cfof]hgf z'? ul/g]5 . lj/f6gu/ rqmky lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
aL/uGh rqmky lgdf{0f k|f/De ul/g]5 .
dWod:t/Lo / ;fgf zx/x?sf] PsLs[t k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ :yfgLo
lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu d]rL gu/, O6x/L, wgs'6f, tfg;]g, n]vgfy / afUn'
gu/kflnsfx?df cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv zx/L zf;sLo Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd cf/De ug{]
Aoj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
zx/L ;'s'Djf;L Pj+ Go"g cfo ju{sf AolQmx?nfO{ cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;DefAo
Aoj:yfsf] klxrfg u/L l;kmfl/; ug{ Ps sfo{bn u7g ug{] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' .
d'n'se/ /x]sf / cj aGg] ejgx?nfO{ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft t'Nofpg /fli6o ejg
;+lxtfsf] kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
cfufdL kfFrjif{ leq ;a} g]kfnLx?nfO{ :jR5 vfg]kfgL kof{Kt dfqfdf ;'ne 9+un] pknAw
u/fpg] nIosf ;fy vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf cfof]hgfx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 . kfgLsf d'xfgx?sf]
klxrfg, ;+/If0f / pkof]usf] sfo{of]hgf agfO{ ljs6 8fF8fkfvfx?df a;f]jf; ul//x]sf
bfh'efO lbbLalxgLx?nfO{ lk/f]ln/x]sf] vfg]kfgL ;d:ofnfO{ lbuf] ?kn] ;dfwfg ul/g]5 .
kfgLsf ;|f]tx? gePsf zx/L If]qx?df oyf;Dej 6\of+s/ nufotsf] a}slNks pkfof/f kfgL
ljt/0f ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ;fy}, ljtl/t kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ cg'udgnfO{ ;zQm
agfOg]5 .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaf;Lx?n] nfdf] ;dob]lv k|tLIff ul//x]sf] d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf
lgwf{l/t ;doleq ;DkGg ul/g]5 . vfg]kfgL h:tf] hgtfsf] clt cfwf/e"t ;]jf;Fu hf]l8Psf]
of] cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{] /fli6o k|of;df ;xof]u / ;befjsf nflu ;DalGwt ;a}
;/f]sf/afnf;Fu d xflb{s clkn ub{5' .
d'n'ssf ljleGg efux?df w]/} jif{ cufl8
cfof]hgfx?sf] dd{t ;Def/ tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf
u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ pko'Qm kfgL k|zf]wg
of]hgfnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5

;DkGg eO ;~rfngdf /x]sf vfg]kfgL

nflu ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . vfg]kfgLsf]
k|0ffnL Aojxf/df NofOg]5 . kfgL ;'/Iff
.

vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t pknAw gePsf 7fpx?df vfg]kfgL ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu aiff{tsf] kfgL
;+sng k|ljlwsf] clwstd pkof]u ul/g]5 . e"ldut hn;|f]tsf] cToflws bf]xg sfo{nfO{
lgoGq0f ub{} e"ldut hn k'ge{/0fsf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf NofOg]5 .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf leq vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ ug{sf nflu lghLIf]qaf6 Joj;flos tj/n] e"ldut
kfgL lgsfnL laqmLljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ a9\b} uPsf]n] o:tf sfo{x?sf] Ohfht, cg'udg, lgodg
/ u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f;DaGwL dfkb08 th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
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jfUdtL ;Eotf cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} kz'klt cfo{3f6 If]qnfO{ :jR5 /fVg ljz]if
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] jftfj/0fLo ;'wf/sf nflu jfUdtL, lji0f'dtL
nufotsf gbLgfnfx?nfO{ ;kmf, :jR5 / k|b"if0fd'Qm agfpg jfUdtL sfo{of]hgf cGtu{tsf
sfo{qmdx? tLa|tfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
;]tL / dxfsfnL c~rnsf ;a} lhNnfx?, s0ff{nLsf] x'Dnf, e]/Lsf] b}n]v / /fKtLsf] /f]Nkf
lhNnfdf vfg]kfgL, ;'ne rkL{ Pj+ ;/;kmfO{, l;+rfO / n3' hnljB't pTkfbgsf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{ u|fdL0f hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg kl/of]hgf nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' .
gu/ pGd'v zx/L If]qdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf lj:tf/sf] nflu pkef]Qmf ;+:yf /
:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;x nufgLdf cfof]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
/fd]5fksf] ;'Vvfu|:t If]q, l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] afx|lj;], kfFry/sf] of;f]s If]q / sfe|]knfGrf]ssf]
ltdfn If]q h:tf cToGt ;'Vvfu|:t If]qsf hgtfnfO{ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fpg k|fyldstfsf ;fy ljz]if cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
/fli6o tyf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmdnfO{ Aofkstf lbOg]5 .
s0ff{nLsf ;a} / t/fO{ dw]zsf kfFr lhNnfnfO{ cfufdL tLg aif{ leq v'Nnf lbzfd'Qm If]q
3f]if0ff ul/g]5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx? ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf / ;xsfo{df yk ufpF ljsf;
;ldltx?nfO{ lbzf d'Qm If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/

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ufpFufpFdf a|f]8Aof08 ;a} zx/df kmf]g cg l8df08 cleofg ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfjZos
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
x'nfs ;]jfnfO{ k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g cg'?k ljljlws/0f u/L cfTdflge{/ Pj+ Joj;flos
;]jfsf?kdf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL ul/g]5 .
b"/;+rf/, /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f, OG6/g]6 ;]jf jf s]a'n ljt/0fsf nflu ;a}n] 5'6[f5'6[}
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{] jt{dfg k|rngn] o; ;]jfnfO{ vlr{nf] agfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ldtAooL Pj+
;j{;'ne agfpg b"/;+rf/ jf k|zf/0f k|ljlwsf] clwsQd pknlAw x'g] u/L o:tf ;]jf
k|bfosx?n] Ps cfk;df k"jf{wf/sf] ;+o'Qm pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L gLltut Aoj:yf ul/g]5 .
;+rf/ gLlt / ;+rf/ ;DaGwL ljBdfg P]g, lgodx?df ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 .
;u/dfyf nufotsf pRr ljGb'x?df ;+rf/ ;]jf k|zf/0f ug{ e"pku|x /fVg] af/] ;DefAotf
cWoog ul/g]5 . g]kfnnfO{ pknAw Aof08 ljOysf] pkof]u u/L e" pku|x s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{
cfjZos sfg"gL Aoj:yf ul/g]5 .
:jb]z d} ;'/If0f d'b|0f ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg cfjZos sfg"gsf] th{'df ul/g]5 . d'b|0f
;]jfsf nflu ef}lts ;|f]t;fwgx? h'6fpg hf]8 lbOg]5 .
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;~rf/sdL{x?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ cfw'lgs ;'ljwfo'Qm ;~rf/ k|lti7fg :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] ejg lgdf{0f ug{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' . kqsf/x?sf] cfly{s /
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]nflu aLdf ug{ kqsf/ aLdf sf]if v8f u/L /sd ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
o; ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)^* c;f]h leq tof/ ul/g]5 .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df lgj]bg lbFbf lgj]bgdf clgjfo{ ?kdf bz
?k}ofFsf] x'nfs l6s6 6fF:g] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

lj1fg k|ljlw
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ag]kf l:yt ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{df ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/Ldf ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]ux?
;~rfng ug{ k|fT] ;fxg ul/g]5 .
/fli6o ljlw lj1fg k|of]uzfnfnfO{ cTofw'lgs pks/0f vl/b ug{ ah]6 5'6\ofPsf] 5' .
h}ljs k|ljlw gLlt / k/df0f' gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ h}ljs k|ljlw s]Gb|, cf0fljs
k|ljlw s]Gb| / cGt/LIf k|ljlw s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

;flxTo, snf / ;+:s[lt

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g]kfnL efiff nufot b]zdf af]lng] ;a} efiffsf] ;flxTo, ;a} hfthfltsf] snf / k/Dk/fut
;+:s[lt tyf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s :ynx?sf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{g tyf To:tf If]qsf]
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5 . ljleGg d7 dlGb/, u'Djf, dl:hb / luhf{3/x?sf]
;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf nflu ;fj{hlgslghL;fem]bf/Ldf ;|f]t h'6fO{ cfjZostf cg';f/
hL0ff{]f/ / k'g?Tyfg ul/g]5 . g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg / g]kfn
;+lut gf6\o k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ejg lgdf{0f nufotsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ;xof]u
ul/g]5 .
dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] :d[ltdf g]kfnL efiffsf kfFrhgf ljlzi6 ;h{snfO{ k|To]s jif{
?= ! nfvsf] b/n] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' . d}lynL ;flxTosf dxfslj
ljBfkltsf] gfddf lgdf{0ffwLg ljBfklt d}lynL ;f+:s[lts ejg lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u pknJw
u/fOg]5 . ;flxTosf/ ejfgL leIf'sf] :d[ltdf cIfosf]if v8f ul/g]5 . slj uf]s'n hf]zLsf]
k|sflzt / ck|sflzt s[lt k|sfzg ug{ ;xof]u k'ofOg] 5 . o'uslj l;l4r/0f >]i7,
;flxTosf/ eLdlglw ltjf/Lsf] ztjflif{sL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ / ck|sflzt s[ltx? d'b|0f
ug{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofOg]5 .
gf6\o ;d|f6 afns[i0f ;d, jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ l;l4bf; / kxndfgl;+x :jf/sf] of]ubfgnfO{
rL/:d/0fLo agfpg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . d'n'ssf kfFr If]qdf :yfgLo efiff, ;+:s[lt
cWoog k|lti7fg :yfkgf ul/g]5 . dfS;{jfb cWoog cg';Gwfg s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

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g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf cToGt} nf]slk|o gf/L ;fws qo k|]d/fh]Zj/L yfkf, uf]df / kfl/hftsf]
k"0f{sbsf] ;flns :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 . ls/ft wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf cg';Gwftf
wd{u'? kmfNu'0ffgGbsf] ;+emgfdf ljljw sfo{qmd ug{ cIfosf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
kz'klt, hgsk'/, d'lQmgfy, :ju{f/L, a/fxIf]q, dgsfdgf, nufotsf wfld{s ;f+:s[lts
dxTjsf If]qx?sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ul/g]5 .
ljleGg d7 dlGb/, dl:hb, u'Djf, luhf{3/x?df r9fOPsf e]6L3f6Lx?sf] Aoj:yfkgnfO{
kf/bzL{ agfOg]5 . o:tf e]6L3f6LnfO{ log} wfld{s ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] lbuf] ;|f]tsf]
?kdf kl/rfng ug{ a}1flgs Aoj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos sfg"gL Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
b]zsf sl/a ! s/f]8 cflbjf;Lx?sf] klxrfg, dft[efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;
ug{sf nflu ;f+:s[lts ;+l3otf sfo{qmd cGtu{t b]zsf kfFr If]qx?df ;f+:s[lts s]Gb| ejg
tyf ;+u|xfnosf] lgdf{0f u/L ;f+:s[lts ;befj ;DalGw sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . cflbjf;L
hghfltx?sf] dft[efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg
u/]sf] 5' . ;f+:s[lts ;befj lasf; ug]{ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
xfdLn] cd"t{ cGt/f{li6o ;f+:s[lts dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . ;f] dxf;lGwsf] kIf
/fi6sf] x}l;otdf cGt/f{li6o hutaf6 k|fKt x'g] cj;/ ;b'kof]u ub{} /fli6o bfloTjx? lgjf{x
ug{] ;+:yfut Aoj:yfsf nflu cd"t{ ;+:s[lts kl/ifb\ :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
ljZjzflGtsf] cf:yfsf] w/f]x/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] n'lDagLnfO{ u'?of]hgf cg'?ksf] sfo{ cfufdL #
jif{leq ;DkGg ug{] ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tf /x]sf]5 . ;/sf/, hg;d'bfo / ljb]zL bft[ ;+:yf
;d]tsf] ;xof]udf of] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . u'?of]hgf cg'?ksf sfo{x? qmdzM cufl8
a9fpg ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
;Dkbf ;+/If0f ug{] p2]Zon] u7g ul/Psf ljleGg ;ldltx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;'wf/ ug{
PsLs[t 5ftf P]gsf] th{d
' f ul/g]5 .

/fli6o JolQmTj ;Ddfg sfo{qmd

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cd/ zlxb bz/y rGb / eLdbQ kGtsf] :d[ltdf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ cg'bfg lbOg]5 .
cfgf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg /fi6 / hgtfsf] ;]jfsf] nflu ;dlk{t u/]sf >4]o jL=kL= sf]O/fnf,
k'iknfn >]i7, u0f]zdfg l;+x, dgdf]xg clwsf/L, s[i0fk|;fb e6[/fO{, lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf,
dbg e08f/Lsf] of]ubfgnfO{ rL/:d/0fLo agfpg :yflkt k|lti7fgx?nfO{ cg'bfg lbg] Aoj:yf
ldnfPsf] 5' . dw]z cfGbf]ngsf zlxb /d]z dxtf]sf] ;Ddfgdf k|lti7fg :yfkgf u/L sfo{qmd
;+rfng ug{ cg'bfg lbOg]5 .
x/]s jif{ /fli6o hLjgsf ljleGg If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'ofpg] Pshgf ljlzi6
AolQmnfO{ ;Ddfg k|bfg ug{ k'iknfn /fli6o k'/:sf/ :yfkgf ul/g]5 . uh]Gb| gf/fo0f l;+x,
40

dx]Gb| gf/fo0f lgwL, /fdj[If ofbj, hLj/fh cf>Lt, /fdgfy bfxfn, Clif b]jsf]6f cfhfb, g]q
cefuL / ;'/]z jfUn]sf] :d[ltdf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ cg'bfg lbOg]5 .
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c/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] pko'Qm :yfgdf /fli6o lje"lt c/lgsf]sf] k"0f{sbsf] ;flns lgdf{0f
ul/g]5 . gf/bd'gL y'n'sf] ;Demgfdf jxfFsf] hGdynf]df ;flns lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . k|ultzLn
sjL s[i0f;]g k|lti7fgsf] nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
9'+u];fF3', ;'vfgL, l5Gtf, ob's'jf, lk:s/, xf]n]/L, l;:g] / hnhnf h:tf u0ftGq :yfkgfsf
nflu pRr of]ubfg k'ofpg] 7fpFx?sf] ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
g]kfndf u0ftGq :yfkgfsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ rL/sfn;Dd clj:d/0fLo agfpg ljutsf] Oltxf;
emNsfpg], jt{dfg /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] / efjL ;d[4 g]kfnsf] ?k/]vf
b]lvg] u/L sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf u0ftGq :df/s -df]g'd]G6_ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

o'jf kl/rfng tyf v]ns'b ljsf;

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/fi6 lgdf{0fdf o'jfx?sf] Ifdtf / l;h{gzLntfsf] pkof]u ug{ /fli6o o'jf gLltsf] sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . /fli6o o'jf kl/ifb\sf] u7g ul/g]5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f, pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; hgr]tgf
clej[l4 / ;fdflhs s'l/tL lj?4sf] cleofgdf Aofks?kdf o'jf kl/rfng ul/g]5 . ;fy},
o'jfju{nfO{ nfu' cf}ifw / of}g ljs[lt lj?4 n8\g k|f]T;flxt ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ul/g]5 .
v]ns'b If]qsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu k|f/De ul/Psf lgdf{0f sfo{x?nfO{ oyfzL3|
;DkGg ug{ cfjZos ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' . lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ax'p2]ZoLo v]ns'b
sDKn]S; lgdf{0fsf nflu k|of; ul/g]5 .
v]ns'bnfO{ ljBfno tyf ;d'bfo:t/b]lv g} ;+:yfut ul/g] 5 . If]qLo / cGt/f{li6o kbs
ljh]tf v]nf8Lx?nfO{ oyfzSo k|f]T;fxg ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 .
afxf}+ blIf0f PlzofnL v]ns'bsf] k"j{ tof/Lsf nflu cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{ wgu9Ldf a[xt /fli6o v]ns'bsf] cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . o;sfnflu ?= !#
s/f]8 5'6\ofPsf] 5' .
:yfgLo:t/b]lv g} v]ns'bsf] ljsf; ug{] clek|fon] ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?nfO{ hfg] cg'bfg
dWo]af6 Go"gtd ?= bz xhf/ v]ns'b If]qdf vr{ ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

of]hgf, ah]6 k|0ffnL tyf ;fj{hlgs vr{ Aoj:yfkg

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b]zsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu /fli6o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 @) jif{] bL3{sfnLg
ljsf; /0fgLlts of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 . /fli6o hgu0fgf, @)^* af6 k|fKt tYof+snfO{
oyfzL3| k|zf]wg u/L k|sfzgdf NofOg]5 . cfufdL cfly{s jif{ s[lif u0fgf ul/g]5 .

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ljsf; gLlt, sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg

k|fyldstf k|fKt k|yd cfof]hgfx? / bft[ lgsfosf] ;xfotfdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmd /
cfof]hgfx?sf] glthfd'vL 9+un] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ul/g]5 . ljB'tLo cg'udg k4ltsf]
ljsf; u/L cg'udgnfO{ :jrflnt / k|efjsf/L agfpg] sfo{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{af6 z'?
ul/g]5 .
/fli6o :jo+ ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ xfn ;~rflnt /fli6o ljsf; :jod
;]js ;]jfsf] k'g;{+/rgf u/L :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;]jsx? kl/rfng ul/g]5 . g]kfndf
ljsl;t ljsf;sf df]8nx?sf] ;"rgf ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;+rflnt nufot cGo ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] t];|f] kIfaf6 k|efj d"Nof+sg
ug{] Aoj:yf /fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] ldnfpg]5 .
g]kfnsf] ah]6, vr{, nufgL / /fh:j ;DaGwL ;+s]t tyf juL{s/0f cGt/f{li6o dfgb08
cg'?ksf] agfpg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/L ljQLo tYof ;DaGwL Dofg'cn, @))! df cfwfl/t gofF
;+s]t tyf juL{s/0f cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv nfu' x'g]5 . cfufdL cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( sf]
ah]6 ;DaGwL Aoo cg'dfgsf] ljj/0f / cg';"rLx? gofF k|0ffnL cg';f/ th{'df u/L k|:t't
u/]sf] 5' . o;/L gofF k|0ffnLdf hfFbf tYofsf] k|:t'tLs/0fdf ePsf d'ne"t kl/jt{gx?nfO{
cGTodf pNn]v u/]sf] 5' . gofF k|0ffnL nfu' ePkl5 ljQLo tYof ;/n, Aojl:yt,
ljZj;gLo, t'ngfof]Uo / kf/bzL{ x'g] / cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod ug{ yk ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf;
lnPsf] 5' .
rfn' cfly{s jif{b]lv Aoj:yf ul/Psf] a}zfvb]lv c;f/;Dd aflif{s ljlgof]hgsf] $) k|ltzt
/ c;f/ dlxgfdf aflif{s ljlgof]hgsf] @) k|ltzt eGbf a9L vr{ ug{ gkfpg] Aoj:yfnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]5' . ;'b"/ / dWo klZrd If]qdf ljlgof]hg ePsf] ah]6 cGo If]qdf /sdfGt/
ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] Aoj:yf sfod /flvPsf]5 . ;fj{hlgs ;fwg ;|f]tsf] b'kof]u lgoGq0f,
l9nf;':tLsf] cGTo / tTsfn k|ltkmn lbg] u/L ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ r':t b'?:t
agfOg]5 . ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg k|rlnt sfg"g / ;Demf}tfx?sf] s8fO{sf
;fy kfng u/fpg cg'udg Aoj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
?= !% s/f]8 eGbf a9L /sd ljlgof]hg ePsf cfof]hgfx?sf] ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ultsf]
cfjlws cg'udg cy{ dGqLsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] pRr:t/Lo ;ldltn] ug{] rfn' jif{sf]
Aoj:yfnfO{ cfufdL jif{ klg lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
pkef]u, ;+rfng tyf cg'bfg h:tf cg'Tkfbs rfn" vr{ tLa|?kdf j[l4 eO/x]sf]5 . /fh:j
j[l4 nIo cg';f/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; cj:yfdf k"FhL lgdf{0f x'g] ljsf; vr{sf] nflu ;|f]tsf]
pknAwtf ;Lldt aGb} uPsf]5 . t;y{ cg'Tkfbs vr{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ s"n ah]6df k'FhLut
ah]6sf] c+z qmdzM a9fpFb} n}hfg rfn" vr{ lgoGq0fsf nflu ldtAooLtf ;DaGwL gLltx?
cjnDag ug{ lgb{]lzsf th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
42

345

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:yfgLo txdf sfof{Gjog x'g] 3f]lift sfo{qmdx af/] ;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{ ;"lrt ug]{ Aoj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldlt;xsf/L dfk{mt sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] xsdf ;fj{hlgs
n]vfk/LIf0f ug{] Aoj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/g]5 .
;/sf/L ah]6 Joj:yfkg tyf vr{ k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]usf] l;kmfl/znfO{ qmdzM
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ cem k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{, l56f]5l/tf] / :jR5 t'Nofpg g]kfn
;/sf/n] ljut s]xL jif{b]lv r/0fj4 ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ ?=
b'O{ s/f]8 dflysf 7]Ssfsf nflu clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{nfO{ ;/n agfpg cfjZos lgb{]lzsfx?, sfo{ljlwx?, af]nkqsf
gd'gfx?, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug{] ;"rs ;lxtsf k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrfx? cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf]
kf}if d;fGt leq th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;Gbe{df ldnf]dtf] ug{] ljrf}lnof k|j[lQdf ;+nUg AolQmnfO{ hl/jfgf ug{] /
lghsf] Aofj;flos ;+:yf eP To;nfO{ vf/]h ug{];Ddsf] sfg"gL Aoj:yf th{'df u/L
sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
sf]if k|0ffnLsf] cfw'lgs 9fFrf cjnDag u/L rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf @@ lhNnfdf
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnLnfO{ cfufdL b'O{ jif{leq ;a} lhNnfx?df nfu'
ul/g]5 .

j}b]lzs ;xfotf
351

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353

/fli6o k|fyldstfsf If]q / sfo{qmddf dfq j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng tyf pkof]u
ul/g]5 . ;fy}, j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]u ug{] Ifdtf a9fpgsf cltl/Qm ;xfotf
kl/rfngnfO{ ;dGjotfTds, kf/bzL{ tyf hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ agfpg ;a} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs
;xfotfnfO{ /fli6o ah]6 tyf cGo ;/sf/L k|0ffnL leq Nofpg cfjZos ;+:yfut tyf
gLltut Aoj:yf ul/g]5 .
j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf sfof{Gjog ul/g] cfof]hgfx?sf] ah]6 lgsf;fnfO{ cfof]hgfn] u/]sf] vr{,
sfof{Gjogaf6 k|fKt glthf / ;dod} ljQLo tyf n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;DaGwL sfo{;Dkfbg
u/] gu/]sf] kIf;Fu cfj4 ul/g]5 .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ /fli6o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf ?kdf ;xefuL agfpg
cfjZos Aoj:yf ul/g] 5 . cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] ;f]xL gfddf g]kfnL u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx? btf{ ug{] / bf]xf]/f] kl/rfng sfod u/L sfd ug{] k|rngnfO{ cGTo ul/g]5 .
cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfsf ?kdf dfq sfd ug{] Aoj:yfnfO{
s8fO{sf ;fy nfu' ul/g]5 . lkIfLo, ax'kIfLo / cGt/ ;/sf/L:t/df ;Demf}tf eO{ g]kfnsf
43

nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] cfly{s ;xfotf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? dfkm{t kl/rfng x'g]
Aoj:yfsf] cGTo ul/g]5 .
354

cGt/f{li6o tyf /fli6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] sfdnfO{ ;dGjo / cg'udg ug{ ;dfh sNof0f
kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/

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clwsf+z ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo cg'?k hgtfnfO{ ;]jf lbg ;kmn t'Nofpg
tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf], ;~rfng / cg'udgnfO{ ;zQm agfpg pRr:t/Lo ;fj{hlgs
k|lti7fg Aoj:yfkg af]8{ u7g ul/g]5 .
;a} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t jf dxfk|jGwssf] lgo'lQm Ifdtf, cg'ej,
z}lIfs of]Uotf / ;+:yfgsf] ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] k|:tfjsf] cfwf/df v'nf k|ltof]lutff/f ul/g]5 .
o;/L v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm x'g] kbflwsf/Lx?;Fu sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf
ul/g]5 . sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsfsf] cfwf/df x/]s jif{ lghx?sf] sfdsf] d"Nofg u/L ;]jfsf]
lg/Gt/tf lbg] glbg] af/]df lg0f{o ul/g]5 .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] z]o/ ;j{;fwf/0fdf ljlgj]z ub{} hfg] gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .

;'zf;g k|j4{g k|zf;g ;'wf/

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363

;/n Pj+ pQ/bfoL k|zf;g / k|efjsf/L ;'/Iffsf] efjgf cg'?k d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt
k|bfg ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t / b'?:t t'NofOg]5 .
pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / ;bfrf/sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gnfO{ ;]jfu|fxL d}qL agfpFb} nUg Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s ;]jf k|jfxsf] Aoj:yf nfu'
ul/g]5 . cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv k/LIf0fsf]?kdf sf7df8f}+sf dfnkf]t sfof{nox? / c~rn
oftfoft Aoj:yf sfof{no afudtLaf6 sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . o;sfnflu cfjZos sfo{ljlw
@)^* c;f]h leq th{'df ul/g]5 .
e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /0fgLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . e|i6frf/ lj?4 z"Go
;xgzLntfsf] ljsf; ug{ /fli6o hfu/0f cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
/fi6 ;]js sd{rf/L, >lds Pj+ k]zfsdL{x?sf] dgf]an clej[l4 u/L pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{
;/sf/n] 7f]; gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cjnDag ug{]5 . o; ;Gbe{df k]zfut If]qsf ;d:of
cWoog ug{ ul7t sfo{bnn] k|:t't u/]sf] ;'emfjx?nfO{ qmdzM sfof{Gjog ub{} ;fj{hlgs
If]qdf c;n sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] yfngL ub{} c;n cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw sfod ug{ k|oTg ul/g]5 .
lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5 / of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
xfnsf] dx+uLnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L lghfdtL, h+uL, k|x/L, lzIfs nufotsf /fi6;]js
sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]jn pRr /fvL ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrjsf]
44

;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; ;d]tsf cfwf/df jt{dfg tnjdfgdf #)=#( k|ltzt
b]lv $@=*^ k|ltzt;Dd a[l4 u/]sf] 5' . xfnsf] dx+uLeQfnfO{ tnadf uflePsf] 5 .
364

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] :jf:Yo jLdf sfo{qmd cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv cf/De ul/g]5 .

;efd'v dxf]bo,
365

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hg;fwf/0fsf] Gofodf ;xh kx'Frsf] clej[l4 u/L l56f], 5l/tf] / ;'ne ?kdf Gofo kfPsf]
cg'e"lt ug{ ;Sg] kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu ljkGg ju{nfO{ pknAw u/fOg] lgMz'Ns sfg"gL
;xfotfnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fO{ ljs]lGb|t Goflos k|lqmofsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
Gofokflnsfsf] /0fgLlts of]hgfn] k|If]k0f u/]sf cbfnt Aoj:yfkg ;'wf/ nufotsf
pkfox?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . cbfntsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, Goflos
hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; / km};nf sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg] ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?
;+rfng ul/g]5 .
ljb]z l:yt g]kfnL s"6gLlts lgof]ux?sf] nflu cfg} ejg lgdf{0f tyf vl/b ug{] sfo{ z'?
ul/g]5 .
;'b[9 hg;DjGw / k|efjsf/L hg;'/IffnfO{ jt{dfg ;/sf/n] pRr k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .
o;sfnflu g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an / /fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ yk ;'b[9 agfOg]5 .
ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv a9\b} cfPsf] c;dfgtfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] cl:y/tfsf] hudf a9]/ uPsf
u}/sfg"gL / ck/flws lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ u[x k|zf;gnfO{ pRr dgf]jno'Qm /
;|f]t;fwgn] ;DkGg agfOg]5 .
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf kmf}hbf/L ck/fwx?sf] cg';Gwfg / z+sf:kb ck/flws lqmofsnfkx? pk/
lg/Gt/ lgu/fgL ug{ cfjZos oGqpks/0f / ;jf/L;fwg vl/b ug{ ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
o;af6 ck/fw lgoGq0f, cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf ;'wf/ cfO{ ck/fw Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg
k'Ug]5 .
:yfgLo:t/af6 k|jfx x'g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?nfO{ :jR5, l56f]5l/tf] t'Nofpg / ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?df kof{Kt ;dGjo h'6fpg lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox?af6 lgjf{x x'g'kg{]
e"ldsfnfO{ ;zQm agfpg lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox?sf] k"jf{wf/ Pj+ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu
ah]6 Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv r/0fj4 ?kdf pkTosf jflx/sf lhNnfk|zf;g sfof{nox? dfkm{t
/fxbfgL cfj]bg kmf/fd ;+sng / /fxbfgL ljt/0f ug{] sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 . ;fy}, ljb]zl:yt
g]kfnL lgof]ux?af6 /fxbfgL cfj]bg kmf/fd ;+sng ug{] sfo{nfO{ l56f]5l/tf] / ;'/lIft
agfOg] 5 .
cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f u/L aGbLu[xnfO{ ;'wf/ u[xdf ?kfGt/0f ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy ah]6
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' . v'nf sf/fuf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ qmdzM sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] 5 . lqk'/]Zj/
45

l:yt eb|uf]n h]n, s]Gb|Lo sf/fuf/ tyf dlxnf aGbLu[xx?nfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf ;fg{
;DefAotf cWoog ul/g]5 .
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;j} g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ljleGg ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] afof]d]l6s
:df6{ sf8{ tof/ ug{] sfo{sf] z'?jft ul/g]5 . k|yd r/0fdf cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq $ nfv
sf8{ ljt/0f ul/g]5 .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf leq ;jf/L cfjfudg / 6flkms ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0fsf nflu dxfgu/Lo 6flkms
k|x/L Pkm Pd :6]zgsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ah]6 5'6\ofPsf] 5' .
g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfw'lglss/0f ub{} a+s/af6 Aof/]s sf] gLlt cg'?k Aof/]s lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3
a9fOg]5 .

;efd'v dxf]bo,
cj d dflysf] If]qut sfo{qmdsf] nflu ah]6sf] ljlgof]hg / ;|f]t Joj:yfsf] of]hgf k|:t't\ ug{
rfxG5' .
377

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cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( sf] ah]6sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu s"n ?= #*$ cj{
() s/f]8 ljlgof]hg k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' . ;/sf/L ljQLo tYofsf] gofF juL{s/0f cg';f/ s"n
ljlgof]hg dWo] rfn' vr{ ?= @^^ cj{ ^! s/f]8 cyf{t ^(=@& k|ltzt, k"FhLut vr{ ?= &@
cj{ ^! s/f]8 cyf{t !*=*^ k|ltzt ljQLo Aoj:yf cGtu{t C0f tyf z]o/ nufgL ?= @%
cj{ #* s/f]8 cyf{t ^=^) k|ltzt / ;fFjf e'QmfgL ?= @) cj{ #) s/f]8 cyf{t %=@& k|ltzt
k|:tfj ul/Psf]5 . k|:tfljt vr{ cg'dfg rfn' jif{sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfgsf] tn'gfdf @%=^&
k|ltztn] a9L /x]sf]5 .
;fljssf] Aoj:yf cg';f/ rfn' vr{ %^=)* k|ltzt, k"FhLut vr{ #*=^$ k|ltzt / ;fFjf
e'QmfgL %=@* k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . rfn' jif{sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfgsf] t'ngfdf rfn' vr{ !(=*@
k|ltzt / k"FhLut vr{ #&=^@ k|ltztn] a9]sf]5 .
s"n ljlgof]hg dWo] ljsf; sfo{qmdsf nflu ?= @)@ cj{ %^ s/f]8 cyf{t, %@=^@ k|ltzt /
;fwf/0f k|zf;g tkm{ ?= !*@ cj{ #$ s/f]8 cyf{t $&=#* k|ltzt k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf nflu cg'dfg ul/Psf] vr{ Joxf]g]{ ;|f]tdWo] /fh:jaf6 ?= @$! cj{ &&
s/f]8, ;fjfF lkmtf{ k|fKtLaf6 ?= % cj{ (# s/f]8 / j}b]lzs cg'bfgaf6 ?= &) cj{ !# s/f]8
Aoxf]/L ?= ^& cj{ ^ s/f]8 Go"g ah]6 x'g]5 . of] Go"g k"tL{nfO{ j}b]lzs C0faf6 ? @( cj{ ^%
s/f]8 h'6fOg]5 . /fh:j kl/rfng / j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng ubf{ klg ?= #& cj{ $!
s/f]8 Go"g /xg hfg] 5 . of] /sd cfGtl/s C0faf6 k"lt{ ul/g]5 .

;efd'v dxf]bo,
ca d cfly{s aif{ @)^*.^( sf] /fh:j gLlt, o;sf cfwf/x? / /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] af/]df
;+lIfKtdf k|:t't ub{5' .
46

/fh:j gLlt
381

cfGtl/s ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfngjf6 lbuf], lghL If]q d}qL, kf/bzL{ tyf
:jfanDjL cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;dtfd'ns s/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ u/L lgDgfg';f/sf]
/fh:j gLlt canDag u/]sf] 5' .
-s_

/fh:jsf b/x?df j[l4 gu/L k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ / /fh:j k|zf;gsf] Ifdtf clej[l4af6
/fh:j kl/rfng ug]{ .

-v_

:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLstf{x?nfO{ nufgL k|lt cfslif{t u/L nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ub}{ hnljB't tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf If]qdf nufgL lj:tf/ ug{ s/ ;x'lnot
lbg] .

-u_

pTkfbgd'ns, cfoft k|lt:yfkg / lgsf;L k|j4{g ug]{ pBf]ux?nfO{ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g

ub}{ b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ cf}Bf]lus/0ftkm{ cufl8 a9fpg] .

-3_

/fh:jsf] cfwf/ km/flsnf] t'Nofpg s/sf] bfo/fdf gcfPsf gofF If]qx?sf] klxrfg
u/L s/sf] bfo/f lj:tf/ ug]{ .

-_

u}/s/ /fh:jsf gof+ If]qx? klxrfg ug'{sf ;fy} ljBdfg b/x?nfO{ ;dofg';f/
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L u}/s/ /fh:jnfO{ /fh:j ;+sngsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf] ?kdf ljsf;
ug]{ .

-r_

/fh:j r'xfj6, ljb]zL ljlgdo ckrng Pj+ ;DklQ z'l4s/0fsf If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/L
r'xfj6 lgoGq0fdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] .

-5_

ljB'tLo ;]jf k|jfxsf] dfWodjf6 /fh:j k|zf;gnfO{ ;/n, kf/bzL{ Pj+ bIf agfpg
cy{ dGqfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfox?jLr s]Gb|Lo /fh:j ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ .

-h_

/fh:j k|zf;gsf] jt{dfg ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g

u/L :jR5, kf/bzL{, Joj;foLs / s/bftf d}qL /fh:j k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

plNnlvt /fh:j gLltx? sfof{Gjog ug{ lgDg adf]lhdsf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? canDag
ul/g]5 .
/fh:jsf] bfo/f lj:tf/ ug]{
382

/fh:jsf] bfo/f j[l4 ug{ lgDg /0fgLltx? cjnDjg ul/g]5g\ .

-s_

rfn" cfly{s jif{nfO{ s/ sfof{Gjog cleofg jif{ sf] ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/bf s/sf]
bfo/fdf j[l4 ePsf], s/ sfg"gsf] kl/kfngfdf ;hutf cfPsf], k'/fgf aSof}tfsf]
sfg"gL sf/jfxL Pj+ c;"nLdf k|efjsfl/tf b]lvPsf] / /fh:j kl/rfngdf ;d]t
;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] x'+bf cfly{s jif{ @)^*^( nfO{ klg s/ sfof{Gjog cleofg
jif{ sf] ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
47

-v_

g]kfnLdf cfgf] ;DklQ jf hfoh]yfsf] ;|f]t / k|of]hgsf] clen]v /fVg] afgL ljsf;
e}g;s]sf] cj:yfdf of] ;d:ofnfO{ ;bfsf]nflu lg/fs/0f ug{ ;DklQ s/ P]gsf]
Aoj:yf u/L AolQm, kl/jf/ jf sDkgLn] g]kfn ;/sf/ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nox?df
cfg} :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 3/hUuf, u/uxgf, gub, a}+sljQLo ;+:yfdf /x]sf] lgIf]k,
s;}nfO{ lbPsf] ;fk6L, z]o/l8j]Gr/df u/]sf] nufgL / ;jf/L ;fwg nufotsf
;Dk"0f{ rn crn ;DklQsf] lglZrt k|ltzt s/ lt/L :j3f]if0ff ug{] Aoj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu afx]s ;DklQ ;DaGwL o:tf] hfgsf/L cToGt uf]Ko
/flvg]5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^(.&) b]lv nfu' x'g]u/L o; :j3f]if0ffnfO{ s/sf] cfwf/sf]
?kdf lnOg]5 . o;/L ;DkQLsf] :j3f]if0ffaf6 k|fKt /fh:jnfO{ d'n'ssf] pmhf{ ;+s6
;dfwfg ug{ hnljB't kl/of]hgfdf ljlgof]hg ug{] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

-u_

eG;f/ d"NofgnfO{ oyfy{k/s agfpg / Go"g ljhsLs/0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ k}7f/L

x'g] dfnj:t'x?sf] eG;f/ ljGb'd} clwstd v'b|f d"No 3f]if0ff ug'{kg]{ u/L tf]Sg ;Sg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-3_

:jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s dlb/f, ljo/, r'/f]6 tyf ;'lt{hGo j:t'sf] pkef]unfO{
lg?T;flxt ug{ cGtMz'Nssf] b/df s]xL j[l4 u/]sf] 5' .

-_

3/ hUufsf] lsga]rdf /lhi6]zg lnvt kfl/t ug]{ ;Gbe{df n]vfk9L ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{
JolQmx?sf] ;]jfnfO{ Joj;flos / dof{lbt agfpg :yfoL n]vf gDa/ lnPsf
JolQmx?n] dfq /lhi6];g ;DaGwL n]vfk9L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

-r_

nfdf] ;dob]lv af+sL /x]sf aSof}tfnfO{ c;'nL ug{ o:tf aSof}tf /sdnfO{ /sd /
jif{sf] cfwf/df tflnsLs/0f u/L c;'nLsf nflu ljz]if cleofg ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

-5_

/fh:j ;+sngdf u}/ s/sf] of]ubfg a9fpg cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo u/L u}/ s/sf
jt{dfg b/x?, k|bfg u/Lg] ;]jfsf] nfut, nufgL / c;"nLsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df
k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g]5 .

s/ ;x'[lnot tyf ;'ljwfdf j[l4

383

s/ ;x'lnot tyf ;'ljwf j[l4sf] nflu lgDg /0fgLlt cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

-s_

;xsf/Laf6 ;+rflnt uf]ne]8faf6 s]rk pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]ux?n] cfoft ug]{ ldn
d]l;g/L Pj+ oGqpks/0fx?df s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/;df eG;f/
dx;'n 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

-v_

j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 kms]{sf g]kfnL ofq'x?n] ljb]zaf6 cfpFbf Nofpg] Pn=;L=8L=,

KnfHdf jf Pn=O{=8L= 6]lnlehgdf ;db/df nfUg] xfnsf] dx;'n b/ 36fPsf] 5' .

-u_

h'6 pBf]un] k}7f/L ug]{ :ko]o/ kf6{\; nufotsf ;fdfu|Lx?df d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6
lbg] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' .
48

-3_

ckftf ePsf JolQmn] k|of]u ug{ ldNg] u/L agfOPsf !%) ;L=;L= ;Ddsf :s'6/df
;jf/L ;fwg s/ / ;8s lgdf{0f tyf ;+ef/ b:t'/ gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' . To;}u/L
ljB't, ;f]nf/ Pj+ Jof6Laf6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgdf nfUg] ;8s lgdf{0f tyf ;+ef/
b:t'/df krf; k|ltzt 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf u/sf] 5' .

-_

bdsn tyf zjjfxgdf ;jf/L ;fwg s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-r_

j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf sfdbf/x?sf] /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf

e'QmfgL x'g] jLdf /sddf nfUb} cfPsf] cfos/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g jf]8{ dfk{mt
;f]wegf{ x'g] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

-5_

3/ hUufsf] ljqmLaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLdf nfUb} cfPsf] k"FhLut nfes/ krf; k|ltztn]
36fPsf] 5' . ;fy} lwtf]kq jf]8{df ;"rLs/0f ePsf lgsfosf] z]o/ vl/b ljqmLdf s6[f
ul/g] k"FhLut nfe s/ lgsfosf] xsdf kGw| k|ltztaf6 bzdf / JolQmsf] xsdf bz
k|ltztaf6 kfFrdf emf/]sf] 5' .

-h_

e"lddf dlxnfsf] :jfldTj j9fpg] p2]Zon] lxdfnL If]qsf tfKn]h', ;f]n'v'Dj', /;'jf,
dgf, d':tf, x'Dnf, h'Dnf, d'u', sflnsf]6, 8f]Nkf, aemf / bfr'{nf lhNnfsf
;b/d'sfd jfx]ssf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx? / ;+v'jf;ef, bf]nvf, wflb, l;Gw'kfNrf]s
/ uf]/vfsf s]xL b'u{d uf=lj=;=x?df dlxnfsf] gfddf 3/ hUufsf] /lhi6]zg kfl/t
ubf{ lnvtdf nfUg] b:t'/df $) k|ltzt 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-em_

xfn kltsf] gfddf sfod /x]sf] 3/hUufsf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g u/L kTgL ;d]tsf]
gfddf ;+o'Qm :jfldTjsf] ?kdf lnvt ug{ rfx]df Ps ;o ?k}of dfq /lhi6]zg
b:t'/ nfUg] Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5' .

-`_

:j/f]huf/ l;h{gf ug{ d2t k'ofpg] n'uf l;pg] sndf Ps k|ltzt dfq eG;f/
dx;'n nfUg] u/L 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

lghL If]qsf] k|j4{g Pj+ Joj;flos nfut 36fpg]

384

/fli6o cy{tGqnfO{ alnof] agfpg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] lghL If]qnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ /
Joj;flos nfut sd ug{ lgDg /0fgLltx? canDag ul/g]5 .
-s_

ljqmd ;Dat @)&! efb| & ut] leq lgdf{0f k|f/De ug]{ hnljB't cfof]hgfn] ;Djt\
@)&% ;fn r}q dlxgf;Dd Jofkfl/s ?kdf hnljB'tsf] pTkfbg ;'? u/]df klxnf] bz
jif{;Dd k"/} cfos/ 5'6 kfpg]5 / To;kl5sf] kf+r jif{;Dd krf; k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6
kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

-v_

Pscfk;df ufleg rfxg] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ cfzo kq j'emfpg] ;do @)^(
sflQ{s;Ddsf] nflu yk ug]{ u/L k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . ufleg] ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] ;f]
k|of]hgsf nflu 3/hUufsf] /lhi6]zg kfl/t ubf{ lnvtdf nfUg] b:t'/ 5'6 lbPsf] 5' .
49

-u_

s/ ;+sng k4ltdf ;'wf/sf] nflu s/bftfx?n] ltg'{kg]{ s/ cfkm' glhs /x]sf] a}+s
af6 ltg{kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ /fh:j vftf ;+rfng ug]{ a}+sx?sf] h'g;'s} zfvfx?df
/fh:j hDdf ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

-3_

eG;f/ hfFrkf; k|0ffnLdf nfu' ul/Psf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf cfwfl/t 5gf}6

k|0ffnLnfO{ yk eG;f/ sfof{nox?df lj:tf/ ub}{ hfFrkf; k|lqmofnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf]
t'Nofpg] / hfFrkf; kl5sf] k/LIf0faf6 lgoGq0f ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

-_

eG;f/ If]qsf] Jofkfl/s 5nnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ / Jofkf/ Joj;fodf ;bfrfl/tf /

OdfGbfl/tfsf] sb/ ug]{ kl/kf6L z'? ug{ :jR5 Joj;foLsf] klxrfg u/L ;Ddfg ul/g]
gLlt cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

/fh:j r'xfj6 Pj+ rf]/L k}7f/L lgoGq0f

385

/fh:j r'xfj6 tyf rf]/L k}7f/L lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf lgDg sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
-s_

d"No clej[l4 s/ k|0ffnL cfkm}Fdf j}1flgs, kf/bzL{, Jofks bfo/f ePsf], :jod\ s/
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t / nufgL d}qL ePtf klg em'7[f Pj+ gSsnL ljn ljhssf]
k|of]u u/L s/ 5Ng] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] kfOPsf]n] o:tf] sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] / ;3fpm
k'ofpg] b'j} kIfnfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g u/]sf] 5' .
e'm7[f tyf gSsnL ljn ljhs ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg k|lqmofdf /x]sf afFsL s/bftfx?sf]
cg';Gwfg zL3| ;DkGg ul/g]5 .

-v_

s/sf] bfo/fdf gcfpg] jf cfP/ klg Go"g ;xeflutf hgfpg] jf s/ bfloTj kfngf
gug]{ s/bftfdfly sfg"g adf]lhd ;d'lrt cg';Gwfg / sf/jfxL ul/g]5 .

-u_

/fh:j ;dodf ga'emfpg] Pj+ ltg{ a'emfpg t/ tfs]tf ubf{ ;d]t c6]/ ug]{nfO{
lg?T;flxt ug{ tTsfn /fh:j c;'n gu/] kl5 c;'n x'g ;Sg] cj:yf g/xg] ePdf
To:tf JolQm;+u w/f}6L dfu ug]{ / ;f] ga'emfPdf y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf k|:tfj
ul/Psf] 5 .

-3_

d"No clej[l4 s/ ljj/0f ljB'tLo dfWodjf6 lnFbf Ps nfv ?k}ofF eGbf dflysf]
:yfgLo vl/b / ljqmLsf] ljj/0f lng] u/L 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nojf6 o;sf] yfngL
ul/g]5 .

-_

cGtMz'Ns /fh:j r'xfj6nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ug{ o;} cfly{s jif{b]lv ljo/,
dlb/f / r'/f]6df gofF 9fFrfdf ;'/If0f ljlw cg'?k 5kfO{ ePsf u'0f:t/Lo ;'/If0fo'Qm
:6Ls/x? k|of]udf NofOg]5 . ;fy} gSsnL cGtMz'Ns :6Ls/sf] k|of]unfO{ lg?T;flxt
u/fpg s8f sfg"gL Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

-r_

dlb/f, ljo/ / r'/f]6 pBf]u / ltgsf ljqm]tfx?n] s'g} klg k|sf/sf pkxf/
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{ gkfOg] / To:tf pBf]ux?n] d"No clej[l4
50

s/df btf{ ePsf jfx]s cGo laqm]tfnfO{ To:tf] pTkfbg laqmL ubf{
5'6 ;d]t lbg gkfOg] Joj:yf k|:tfj u/sf] 5' .
-5_

eG;f/df x'g] Go"g ljhsLs/0f sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ Go"g ljhsLs/0f eO cfpg]
dfnj:t' vl/b ug{ kof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' . Go"g ljhsLs/0f ePsf ;fdfg
vl/b kZrft ljqmL ug]{ pko'Qm ;+:yfut Joj:yf ldnfO{ k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f ul/g]5 .

-h_

/fh:j r'xfj6 cg';Gwfg / txlssft k|lqmofnfO{ a9L Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfO{

/fh:j kl/rfngdf clej[l4 ug{ /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';GWffg / lgoGq0f_ lgodfjnL o;}
jif{ tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .

-em_

dfnj:t'sf] cfGtl/s cf];f/k;f/ k|s[ofnfO{ yk j}1flgs agfO{ :jR5 Joj;fonfO{

k|f]T;fxg k'Ug] u/L ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 cg'udg x'g] u/L dfnaxfs ;jf/L ;fwgsf]
cfGtl/s cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ k|0ffnL o;} jif{ tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{g]5 .

-`_

cj}w tyf ljrng x'g] Jofkf/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] d+l;/ leq
cfoft kl/rokq ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .

/fh:j k|zf;gdf ul/g] ;'wf/

386

ljut s]xL ;dob]lv /fh:j k|zf;gdf ePsf dxTjk"0f{ ;'wf/x?nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} /fh:j
k|zf;gnfO{ cem a9L r':t, ;/n, kf/bzL{ / s/bftfd}qL agfpg / /fh:j k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg
;+/rgfnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug{ lgDgfg';f/ ;'wf/ ul/g] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' .
-s_

/fh:j k|zf;gnfO{ :jfoQ / k|efjsf/L agfpg s]Gb|Lo /fh:j af]8{ u7g ul/g]5 .

-v_

ljut rf/ jif{b]lv /fh:j k|zf;gdf nfu' ul/Psf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg
k|0ffnLjf6 /fh:j ;+sngdf j[l4 ePsf], sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/df u'0ffTdstf cfPsf],
;d"xdf sfd ug]{ sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] / ;]jfu|fxL k|ltsf] bfloTj jf]w ;d]t
a9\b} uPsf]n] o; k|0ffnLsf kl/;"rsx?nfO{ yk a}1flgs t'Nofpg] u/L lg/Gt/tf
lbPsf] 5' .

-u_

/fh:j 5'6 ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpFbf To;sf] pkof]u, ;a{;fwf/0fdf kg]{ k|efj, Pj+
cg'udgsf] ;+oGq ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL b'?kof]u gx'g] u/L lglZrt dfkb08sf]
cfwf/df dfq 5'6 lbg] u/L /fh:j 5'6 gLltdf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 .

-3_

s/bftf ;]jfnfO{ yk lj:tf/ u/L k|efjsf/L agfpg cfufdL aif{df sf7df8f}+ pkTosf
jflx/ yk !# j6f s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no :yfkgf u/L ;+rfngdf NofOg]5 .

-_

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] dfWodjf6 cGt/ljefuLo ;~hfn :yfkgf u/L /fh:j
r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{df /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 .

51

-r_

ljBdfg cfos/ lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ul/g'sf ;fy} cGtMz'Ns tyf d"No
clej[l4 s/ lgb]l{ zsf ;d]t tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .

-5_

cGtMz'Ns /fh:jsf] of]ubfgnfO{ b[li6ut u/L o;sf] 5'6[} ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf dfkm{t
k|zf;g u/L /fh:j ;+sngdf clej[l4 ug{ o; cfly{s aif{df 5'6[} cGtMz'Ns ljefu
:yfkgf ul/g]5 .

-h_

jL/u~hsf] cnf}df ldq/fi6 ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf PsLs[t hfFr rf}sL lgdf{0f
sfo{ k|f/De eO{ ;s]sf]5 . lj/f6gu/, e}/xjf / g]kfnu~hdf ;d]t PsLs[t hfFr
rf}sL lgdf{0f ;DaGwL k|lqmof yfngL eO{ ;s]sf]n] cfufdL lbgdf oL gfsfx?df eG;f/,
cWofudg, ;Ldf ;'/Iff, Sjf/]G6fO{g, a}+s nufotsf ;'ljwfx? Ps} ynf]af6 pknJw
u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 .

-em_

g]kfn / rLgsf] ltJjt jLr a9\bf] Jofkf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] nfrf{df
;'VvfaGb/ufxsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 / /;'jf eG;f/ sfof{nosf] nflu ;f]xL
:yfgdf hUuf vl/b u/L ejg lgdf{0f nufotsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ yfngL
ul/g]5 .

-`_

eG;f/ Ph]G6sf] ckof{KttfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ o;} cfly{s aif{df eG;f/ Ph]G6sf] ;+Vof
j9fpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

-6_

eG;f/ d"Nofg ;DaGwL lj:t[t sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f u/L o;} cfly{s aif{leq sfof{Gjogdf
NofO{g]5 .

-7_

eG;f/ k|lqmofnfO{ cem j9L kf/bzL{ / ;/nLs/0f ub}{ n}hfgsf] nflu eG;f/ ;'wf/sf]
cGt/f{li6o dfkb08sf ?kdf /x]sf] ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLsf] kIf /fi6 x'g]
k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 j9fOg]5 .

-8_

5'6[} /fh:j k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf geP;Dd /fh:j cg';Gwfg tyf eG;f/ sfof{nox?sf]
;'/Iff / rf]/L k}7f/Llgsf;L lgoGq0f ug{ cfjlws ?kdf v6fOg] ;z:q k|x/L jnsf]
;f eG;f/ ljefu tyf /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] lgoGq0f / lgb]{zgdf /xg] u/L
;z:q k|x/L an v6fO{g]5 .

-9_

;]jfu|fxLsf] u'gf;f]nfO{ tTsfn ;Djf]wg ug{ / /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug{ eG;f/
ljefudf ;]jfu|fxL ;]jf sIfsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

-0f_

;DklQ z'l4s/0f cg';Gwfg ;DjGwL sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf
5'6[} ;DklQ z'l4s/0f ljefu u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljefunfO{ cGt/f{li6o dfkb08
cg'?k, ef}lts ;+/rgf, k|ljlw tyf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

52

-t_

;DklQ z'l4s/0f tyf cft+sjfb lgoGq0f ;DjGwL cGt/f{li6o dxf;GwLx?sf] cg'df]bg

Pj+ o; ;DaGwL af+sL /x]sf sfg"gx? cljnDj th'{df ug'{sf ;fy} ;DklQ ;'l4s/0f
;DjGwL kfFr aif]{ /0fgLlt tof/ u/L nfu' ul/g]5 .

;DdfggLo ;efd'v dxf]bo,

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

k|:t't ah]6sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ;du| cfly{s j[l4b/ % k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 .
d'b|f:kmLlt b/ & k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /xg] cg'dfg 5 . To:t}, e'QmfgL ;Gt'ng l:ylt
;sf/fTds x'g], ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] t/ntfsf] cj:yf ;xh x'g], k"FhL ahf/n] ult lng] /
nufgLsf] jftfj/0fdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf]5 .
k|:tfljt ah]6sf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf d"No l:ylt nufotsf ;dli6ut cfly{s kl/;"rsx?df
ck]lIft k|efj kfg{ / ljQLo ;|f]tnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]q tkm{ pGd'v t'Nofpg ;3fp k'ofpg]
u/L g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] df}lb|s gLlt l56[} ;fj{hlgs ug{]5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] oyfy{, @)^&.^* ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg / cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( sf]
cg'dflgt cfo Joosf] ljj/0f cg';"rLx?df k|:t't\ ul/Psf] 5 . bft[ ;d'bfo / cGt/f{li6o
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?af6 g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotf ;DaGwL ljj/0f k'l:tsf
5'} k]z ul/Psf]5 .
rfn" jif{sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjogaf6 xfl;n ug{'kg]{ pknlAwsf cg'udg ;"rsx?nfO{ klg 5'}
cg';"rLdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5' .
;dod} ah]6 cfpg g;Sbf cy{tGqdf kg{] k|lts"n c;/x? bf]xl/g glbO{ cy{tGqdf
;'lglZrttf / ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f ljsl;t ug{ lglZrt\ ldltdf ah]6 k|:t't\ ug{] sfg"gL
Joj:yf th{'df ug{ dfggLo ;b:ox? ;dIf d xflb{s clkn ub{5' .
ah]6 lgdf{0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cd"No lbzflgb]{z ug'{ x'g] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"k|lt ljz]if
cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . pkk|wfgdGqLHo"x?, dGqLHo"x?, /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?,
;ef;bx?, s/bftf, cy{zf:qL, k|fWofks, ljifolj1, Joj;foLs, Aofkfl/s tyf j:t'ut
;+3;+u7gsf k|ltlglwx?, k]zfut ;+3;+:yfx?, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw / ;+rf/sdL{
;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
o;}u/L, ut cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'ofpg' x'g] ;a} dfggLo ;ef;bx?,
/fhgLlts bn, s/bftf, gful/s ;dfh, Joj;flos ;+3;:yf, /fi6;]js sd{rf/L / cfd
gful/sx?nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . o;}u/L g]kfnsf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xof]u
k'ofpg] bft[ ;d'bfo k|lt klg xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . ;fy} o; cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6
sfof{Gjogdf klg cem a9L ;xof]u / ;b\efj k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .

wGojfb .
53