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8.10

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11.6

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11.1

WUNmLs - uLs - uW - J
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11.2

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11.3

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12.2

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12.3

C]j NpLs

12.4

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12.6

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13.4

14.5

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14.6

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YLLs - NWQXVeLs - \ TLl \Ls
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15.2

14.2

15.3

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14.4

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14.3

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15.5

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- Ut\ \Ls - XlWvLl, GiPvLl
- TVuTLs - Ut AY fN LiXuv EhTjRp - El - Ut TjRp
- u HtT - LY]m, CWjR CZl D NnRp
- CWjR YL - CWjR YeLs hTeLs UtLiP TltL] SdLm YnlLs

T[PdLm
TdLm
uW

iii

AlTPl TP [dLm

iv

TPjhPm

CVtVp
1.

GkWVp, TlTsLu TiLs

2. YlTVp

19

3. JVp

33

4. u]t\m ARu [Lm

59

5. A, AdL CVtVp

79

YVp
6. Y]Ls

92

7. Yf NoUeLs

105

8. EXLeLm AXLeLm

115

9. Lf NoUeLs

144

EVp
10. E] AUl XLs

158

11. Np EVp

187

12. C]lTdL EVp

204

13. SnLm Sn Golj \m

226

14. SU tfZp

241

15 TVuTh EVp

262

CVtVp

1, GkWVp. TlTu TiLs

dLp RPu R] m GpX
T s L m J W Dol d L jR l
Tts[]. C Dol dLm G]lTm.
dLp AUkR m \ LiP
Tu NVpTm Dol NV
AlTu GP W = mg Bm.
RPuj R] m Tu dLm
ARu \Vl TjRRu.

TlTu N NVpTmT
Ht T m [L[ l Tt A m
CVtV-u J GkWVp Bm.
CVdLVp, XVp BV] GkWV-u
CWi Ls Bm. TsLp N
NVpTmT, AYtu CVdLeLp
Ut \m HtTm . Ak R U t\e L ] p
TsLu LR, CVp XL[ AV
ERm CVdLVp Bm. TX NLs
J Tu NVpTmT ARu
CVdLjp GkR UTm HtTPR XV
Am XVp Bm. CPlTVof
CVdLm, Zt CVdLm, Ao CVdLm BV
CVdLeL[l T s Ls Tts [ ] .
NdLWeLu CVdLm, uu C\dLLs
V]f t Ym LsLs, Au
EhLYf t Ym GXdhWuLs R-V]
Ztf CVdLeLd GjdLhLs. h
RuU, TWl CN, TX BV]
TlTsLu L dVU] CVtVp
TiLs Bm. ClTiL[ Xd
NLu AlTPp [dL CVm.
SmPm Es[ YqY TsL[l TtV
YWeL[l T\ TlTsLu
TiLs Tt R k L sY L
CuVUVR Ju, AR]p YqY
TVuTLd Lf NV] TsL[
RokRdL Tl TsLu TiLs Tt
AY TVuRm. ThTiVp Gu\
TPl p CYt\l Tt AVXm.

Z m Tu Ltj RP
NejRL NVpTh, Tu CVdLjR
RP Nn\. G]Y, AlTs RPu
R ] m T u YL j R P
\Y] YLjp \.
SQVm-C\ NR]: Lt WlTlThP
Zp SQVm Ju\m C\ Ju\m
JW SWjp U NnL. YtPl TmT
T V uT j
Z p
Es[
L t \
YVtL.

GTsLu CVdLm TtV AlTP

LjLs, TsLu YhP CVdLm,
DolVp RuU, LsLu CVdLm, TWl
CN, TX, To][- Rt\m ARu
TVuTLs Tt Cl TPlTp Rk
Ls[Xm.

TPm 1.1 SQVm C\ NR]

1. Z m C\ 2. Z m SQVm
3. Lt 4. YtPm 5. YtP Tm

RXZL j SQVjRm C\Lm

Zf NnL. Rp Lrp CXN] C\LP
ALm \ LiP SQVm L YLUL
YRm, C\ \Ljd Li
UYL YRm LQXm. B]p
CWiPY Lrp SQVm C\m
Ju\LY YRd LQXm. CkLrL
-k Lt m TsLu CVdLjt
RPV HtTju\ G] AVXm.

1 . 1 RPuj R] m
TsLu CVdLm
GTu CVdLm.

1, RPu R] m TsLs
LtjRP CpXR T Dol Nu
LWQUL V Sd u\ Ts
RPu R] m Ts G]lTm.
1

Z m Tu NVpTm Ltj
RP Tu YYm, A[, YLm
BVYt\l TjR. CR] uYm
GjdLhLs Xm [dLXm.

NlTm
dLh
Tk,
R-V]
GTsLdL] GjdLhLs Bm.
GTs CVem TR GTu TR
G]lTU.

GjdLhLs:

1) UpSd GRp
SWVL UpSd TsL[ Sm
u\m ApX iu\m ApXY?
CR] UpSd GRp G]Xm. AkRl
Tu RPdL NYLm UpSdm
B]p AlTu R] Dol
dLm rSdm AUm. G]Y
SWVL UpSd GVlTm Ts

(1) TWh \dLlTPR Xp Y]jp

lTYo kR YLjPu rSd
Yo. B]p TWh \dLlThP Xp
Ltj RP]p Tu YYm, A[
ALUYRm AR]p Z m
Tu YLm \YRm LQXm.
CR]p T W h p C\e Y U r f
Ad\.
(2) RtLXjp, Ltj RPV \dLm
GT[f dL]lTjRm RVeLs
Lt j RPV d
\d U
W L
YYUdLlTu\].
(3) L EVWj-k Z mT
Dol N]p Ts dLjRl
T u\. A R SW jp T u
YLjt HtT Ltj RPN Goj
Np Tu NVpT\. CkR
LtjRPu Gol Nm Z m
Tu GPm NUUmT Ts
W] NYLjp ZjRPem. CY
tj NYLm G]lTm. TWh \dLR
Xp Y ]jp lTYu t j
NYLm H\d\V Ud 200 .. Bm.
(4) Y]jp lTYoLs rSd
mT LtjRPV ALdLm,
m SWjR hdLm T\dm L
Tu ReL[ AUjd Ls\oLs.
TWh
\d LlTh PPu,
EY m
RPNu LWQUL Rp YLm
Cum \dLlT\.

v=0
v
v
v
g

v0
v0

TPm 1.3 UpSd GRp

dLm U\Up AURp, NYLm UTRp

TU EVWjR APkRPu LQSWm u

u R] NV Utd Lsm.
ClT AkR Ts RPu R]
m T[L U\.
(1) UpSd GVlTm TsLu
CVdLm TtV NUuTLs
Ts SWVL UpSd GVlThPp
ARu NYLm TlTVL \k
LiP Ym. AlT AlTs TU
EVWjR APmT ARu NYLm
VL AUm.

1.2 LtjRP NVpTRp T\dm

- L YYm

GTs CVdLjRl Tt AkLs[

C V d L m T tV uYm NUuT L s
TVs[RL AUm.

2, GTu CVdLm
RPdL NYLm AdLlTmT
Dol NVm LtjRPVm RuPV
TRp CVem GkRY Tm
GTs G]lTm. lTd-k
PlTm i, GTs okRu CVem
WdLh, [Vh WWp GlTm Dh,

v = u + at
1 2
at
2
v 2 = u2 + 2as

s = ut +

S WVL Up S d T [ ]
G Vl ThP p NUu T Ls uYU
AUm.
v = u gt
1 2
gt
2
v 2 = u2 2gs

s = ut

t22 =

NUuT (4) -k

... (2)

h =

... (3)

u2
2g
2
u2 =

g
2g

t2 =

u2
g2

u
t2 = g

... (6)

NUuT (5), (6) CWiPm JlP

t1 = t2

Dol N u L WQU L C V e m
TsLu UXt\ SWm \dL SWm
NUm GuTR AVXm.
(5) T\dm LXm ( tf )
GVlTm Ts Ltp Cdm SWm
T\dm LXm G]lTm. T\dm LXm
UXt\ SWm, \dL SWm BVYtu
Rdf NUm Bm.

... (4)

G]Y, UpSd GVlTm Ts

APm TU EVWm ARu RPdL
NYLju C Ud SoRjp
Cdm.

Ce

tf = t1 + t2
u

= g + g

(3) UXt\ SWm (t1)

UpSd GVlTm Ts TU
EVWjR APV Gjd Lsm SWm
UXt\ SWm G]lTm.
t1 GuT UXt\ SWm GuL. TU
EVWjR APmT ARu NYLm
v = 0 Bm
NUuT (1)-k

2u

tf = g

... (7)

(6) RWV APmT NYLm

h EVWj-k J Ts Z
PlThPp ARu RPdL NYLm (u)
V m .
R WV
Al T s
YkRPmT ARu NYLm v GuL.
NUuT (3) -k

0 = u gt1
u
t1 = g

v 2 = 2gh.
v = 2 gh

(4) \dL SWm (t2)

TU EVWjR APkRPu Ts
RPuj R] m T[l Tu
rSd ZjRPem.

... (8)

NUuT (4) -k UpSd GVlTm

Tu NYLm
u = 2 gh

... (9)

NUuTLs (8), (9) BVYt-k h

EVWj-k RWV Sd Z m
Tu YLm AR h EVWjR APV
SWVL UpSd GVlTm Tu
YLm NUm.
G]Y lhP s-k Tu
Up SdV NYLm r SdV
NYLm NUm Bm. lhP EVWjR

RPuj R] m Ts RWV
APV Gjd Lsm SWm \dL SWm
G]lTm. CkLrp u = 0 Bm. g
SodV Tm.
NUuT (2)-k
h =0+

2h
g

t2 =

... (1)

(2) Ts APm TU EVWm (h)

u Gu\ RPdL NYLjp J Ts
S W VL Up S d GV lTYR L d
LY m.
AlT s
Up S d
CVeYRp ARuR] Dol dLm
g Bm. AlTs UX NpXfNpX
ARu NYLm \k LiP Ym.
p TU EVWjR APmT
NYLm (v = 0) UlT APm.
NUuT (3) -k
0 u2 = 2 gh
u2
h =
2g

2h
g

1
gt 2
2 2

(h) Ts APV GjdLsm SWm

(t) RkRp
g=

49 = 14.7t

2h

C\m 4.9 Bp YdL

t2

10 = 3t t2
t2 3t 10 = 0
(t 5) (t + 2) = 0
t = 5 ] ApX t = 20 ].

Gu\ YnThuXm g UlT LQdPXm.

LQd: SWVL UpSd Ts
GVlTmT 10 hPo EVWjR APkRp
(i) Tu NYLm (ii) TU EVWjR
APV AlTs GjdLsm SWm
BVYt\d LQd.

t Ul GodVL AUV
t = 5 ].

Ce h = 10 , v = 0, u = ? g = 9.8 ms2.

2) PjR[jp GRp
PjR[jp NlTm Tk, Pj
R[jp lTd-k PlTm i
B V ] PjR [ j p Nl T m X
GTsLs Bm. CkR YLV] GR-p
PjR[jp ApX X Afp UhU u
Gu\ RPdL NYLm NVpTm. B]p
Up SdV SoNp ApX Y Afp
AlTu RPdL NYLm Hm
NVpTP.

(i) v2 u2 = 2gh
0 u2 = 2 9.8 10
u 2 = 196
(ii)

u
vu
0
t

1
9.8 t2
2

= 14 ms1
= gt.
= 14 9.8 t
= 1.43 ]

LQd: 49 . EVWm LiP LWj

-k 14.7 1 NYLjp Ts
UpSd GVlTmT AlTs
RWV YkRPV Gjd Lsm SWjRd
LQdL.

u
v

v
v
u
v

TPm 1.5 GTu TR

A RPu R] m Ts ;
B PjR[jp GVlThP Ts

TPm 1.4 LWju Efk NejRL

GVlTm Ts
h EVWm LiP, AB Gu\ LWjRd
LYm. A Gu\ s-k SWVL
UpSd GVlTm Ts C Gu\
sp TU EVWjR APk Aek
RPuj R] Z Zj RPe\.
AC = x GuL.
Ts CPlTVof s = x (x + h)
= h = 49 hPo

B]p Dol Nu LWQUL r

SdV Np AkRl Tu dLm
HtTm. Ts GVlThPPu X Afp
dLU GkR NV NVpTP. B]p
CkR Np GTs u Gu\ W]
NYLjp CVem. Ts PjR[jp
CVemT Dol Nu LWQUL
rSdV Np Z PlThP Ts
Tu AlTu CVdLm AUm.

u = 14.7 ms1, g = 9.8 ms2

RPu R] m A Gu\
T[m, AR EVWjp AR SWjp
PjR [ j p u G u \ N Y L j p
GVlTm B Gu\ Ut\ T[m

RWV YkRPV Bm SWm = t

CVdLm TtV NUuThPl TVuTjR,
s = ut +

1 2
gt
2

LYm. Tu Lt]p HtTm

RP \dLdLl TYRLd LsYm.

G j d L s m S Wm GT u
T\dmLXm G]Xm. AR]d LQdm
NUuT

B Gu\ Ts JW SWjp (i) u Gu\

W] PjR[j NYLjRm (ii) v Gu\
Wt\ Nej NYLjRm T\. B
Gu\ Ts rSd CVemT Dol
dLjRp rSdV NYLm RPok
ALjdLiP Ym. B]p u Gu\
PjR[ NYLm U\Up JW W]RL
Cdm. CRu LWQUL RPuj R]
Z m, A Gu \ T m , A R
EVWj-k AR SWjp PjR[jp
GVlTm B Gu\ Tm JW SWjp
B]p Yq Y CPe L p RWV
APm.

tf =

SdLm

TPm 1.6 lhP LQjp GRp

GTs APYRtm CPVs[

RX PjR[ SdLm (R) G]lTm
CR]d LQdm NUuT

KdLidm RPo Yi-k

Y V PlTm Lp PjR[j p
GVlTm B Gu\ GTs (TPm 1.5)
Tu N V pT\. B u T R
TWY[Vm Bm. G]Y KdLidm
RPo Yi-k YV PlTm Lp
TWY[Vl TRV UtLsm G]
AVXm.

R=

TU SdLjRl T\, Ts 45o

LQjp GVlTP Yim. i GRp,
Dh GRp, Lpl [Vh Tu\ TU
WjR APm [Vh LrLp
UtNu] TkR] RYV\.
1.2 YhP CVdLm
W] YLjp J Ls YhPlTRp
CVe]p AkR CVdLjR YhP CVdLm
Gu\m.

AkRl TU EVWjR APV GTs

GjdLsm SWm
... (1)

GTs APkR TU EVWju

Ul

G Ts

u2 sin2
2g

PjR[jR

... (4)

TPm. 1.7 TU SdLm T\ GLQm 45o

CjRp Yim.

GTs TR ACB J TWY[VUm.

Ce CD GuT GTs APkR TU
EVWm h Bm.

h=

u2 sin 2
g

NUuT (4), TPj-k PjR[

SdLm TUUL AUV GLQm
= 45o BL AUVYim G] AVXm.

3) UpSd NnYL GRp

PjR[jPu lhP LQjp
Ts GVlTYRLd LYm. RPdL
NYLm u G]m GLQm G]m
LYm. RPdLj NYLjR CWi
L[Ll TdLXm. AY (i) PjR[d
u cos (ii) Nejd u sin .

u sin
g

... (3)

GV l T hP
s d m
A l s
AUks[ PjR[jR im AkR

B]p GkRY LQjm CWi

TsLm RW-k JW A[Y]
Nej EVWjXV Cdm. C-k
RPuj R] m Tu CVdLm
P j R[j p N lTh P GT u
CVdLm Ju\ G] AVXm.

t=

2u sin
g

XV] O Gu\ sV UVULd

Li W] YLjp YhPlTRp J
Ts CVeYRLd LYm.

... (2)

A PV
5

Ts A Gu\ s-k B Gu\

sd SLmT, OA Gu\ BWm Gu\
LQjR HtTjm.

CkR Tm Lp-u N YhPlTRu

RLhj Np AUm.
v

3
B

2
1

r
A

TPm 1.8 YhP CVdLm

TPm. 1.9 UVSd N

O Gu\

UV ls p BW Y d Po
HtTjm LQ CPlTVof Rm LQj
NYLm Bm. A -k Bd Ts t
SWjp SLmT
=

1. L 2. Lp

CfNV--k YhPlTRp CVem

Lp-u YhPju UVjR Sd
NV u NV p T YR E QWXm.
CkRNV UVSd N G]Xm.

... (1)

LQj NYLju AX WVu /

]
Bm.
T
GuT
Ts
YhPlTRp J \ ZpYRt
GjdLsm SWm G]d LYm.
AlT
T =

T[ YhPlTRp CVeLYdLj
RYV] N UVSd N G]lTm.
C kR UV S d N YhPj u
UVjR Sd Tu dLjR
EYd\. C UVSd dLm
G]lTm. Tu R] UVSd
dLm uYm NUuThPp dLlTm.

... (2)

YhP p AB = s Gp
s =r

ac =

C\m t Bp YdL

s
=r
t
t

s
t

... (3)
F=

... (6)

mv 2
r

... (7)

YhPl TRp Lo ApX Nds

tYW RYV] UVSd N,
AYtu YLjRm Y[l TRu
BWjRm TjR Bm.
NUuT (7) Id LQj NYLjRd
Li uYU GRXm

... (4)

NUuT (3)p NUuTLs (1), (4) IlWP

v = r

v2
r

Tu \ m Gp UVSd N,

YhPjp CVem Tu SodLhj

NYLm v Gp,
v =

3. RVp NYLm

... (5)

CY YhP CVdLjp Es[ Tu

SodLhj NYLjtm LQj
NYLjtm, CPVV] RPo Bm.

F = mr 2

... (8)

UV S d
N
S P\ p
TXReLp TVuT\.
1. Ydm GkWju Zt]p
-k oj GdLlT\.
GkWm
YLULf
ZmT
s[ o NVpTm N
V Nok W YhPlTRp
ZXf NnV TU]RL CpX.
R YV ]
UV S d
N
CpXRRp o -k WYL

1, UVSd N
NVp: Ltu ]p LpXd
Lhf tmT AdLp YhPlTRV
UtLsm G] Sm AYm.
L-k LW SYhPp Lp
YhPlTRp CVeLUp AkR LQSWjp
Es[ N YLju N p YhPl
TR-k Thf NpYRd LQXm.
6

YV \. CR]p p
Es[ DWm \m.

NYLm u YlTLp Es[

NYLjRP ALUL Es[. G]Y
u Yl TLp, UVXd
N \YLm, X SdLhlTp
ALULm Es[.

CRu LWQULY u YlT

H\d\V RhPVL Es[ G] AVXm.
Um X SdLhp u hPjtm
Yl T p u hPj t m
CPVV] YT 48 .. Bm.

(3) UV Xd Nu TVuTLs
(1) UV Xd NV AlTPVLd
Li NVpTm GkWeLs UV XdLs
G]lTm. CdLu Zt NVpThu
AlTPp YqY GP ApX
APoj LiP TsL[l j GdL
UV XdLs TVuTu\]. Ko E[d
Zp Es[ WYm uUhPo ER]p
L YLULf Zt\lTmT Zu Zt
Af-k L]U] LsLs YV
NlTu\]. B]p XN] LsLs Zt
AfN Sd SLou\]. -k
DWjR YVt\l TVuTm J
Ydm GkWjp Es[ Zm LXu
J UV Xd Bm.
[vU-k CWjR NpL[l
jRdLm, Tp jRlTu L
Xm
T--k
YiQVl
jR d L m C kR UV Xd L s
TVuTu\]. LWN-p Es[ YWvL[f
NhP Pjt 5 105 \ Zm
UV XdLs TVuTu\].
L YLULf ZmT UV Xdu
Z n PjR [ j p C d U A
TjRlThs[. L]U] TsLs
L u Yl T S d C P m
T V o u\ ] . G j d L hP L , C WjR m
CdLp YdLlTh Zt\lTmT
CWjR YlTdLs Lu AlT
Vm, CXN] Ys[VdLs Zu
UtTVm APYRd LQXm.
NodLWd LlT-k UV Xdu
ERVp NodLWl TLeLs jRdLl
Tu\]. Ru U-k CdLu
ERVp Ru jRdLl T\.
(2) Y[Y] TRp kR YLjp
Yi NpmT ARu NVpTm

TPm 1.10 Ydm GkWm

1. Ls

2. Ydm AUl

2. U VS d N
\ YR u
LWQULjRu N. NLp YV
YWCVXUp YL]eLu NdLWeLs
UhdLsm.
UVSd
NVV YL]ju NdLWjtm
Ndm CPVs[ Y] Dol
N N NdLWjR Cdl jd
Lsm A[t TU]RL
CpX. G]Y PVu YhP CVdLju
R L h u
Np
N
NdLWj-k Th YVm.
3. Ldm dm CPV Es[
Dol N UVSd NVL
NVpTYR p
R u
Ls L s
YhP lT Rp R Pok t
Yu\].

2, UVXd N
oUV] Y[lTRp kR
YLjp Npm Lo Tu\ YL]eLp
TVQm NnTYo Yi-k YV
Rs[lTY Tu EQYRd LQXm.
[Vhl eLdLp Es[ Zm
Yi p [V Y o C R T u
YV Rs [ lTYR L EQY R d
LQXm. CqYLV] N UVXd
N G]lTm. CkR UVXd N
U VS d
N d
GojN p
NVpTm.
UVXd N = F =

mv 2
r

F mv I
GH r JK
2

UVXd N

RuPV Afp ZpYRp X

SdLhl Td Ap TsLu

AqYiVd

LZfNn\. TRdm YifNdLWjp

7

AUlp Um m Sf NpU
CQdLlThs[]. GkWju Zt YLm
ALdL ALdL Zm Riu YLm
A L d m . AR u L WQU L B 1 , B 2
iLuR] UV Xd Nm
ALjdLiP Npm. iLu
Zt YLm ALUYRp iLm M
Gu\ EXLji Tm UpSd
SLu\]. CR]p GkWjtf Npm
Wd Zu Yp RtL-LUL PlTh
Zn YV GkWjtf Npm Wu
A[ LhlTjRlT\. G]Y Ggu
YLm LhlTjRlT\.

Es[ PVdm CPp Es[ EWn

NVP UVXd N ALULf
NVpTYRpRu Yi LZ S\.
CR]j RodL Y[Y] TRLs Nt
EVojRlThs[]. ARY Y[Y]l
TRu YSdV T Nt LQ
A[ EVoj YdLlThs[. CkR
EVo j Rl Th P T Ru L Q A[
uYU AUm.

Fv I
GH JK
2

= tan1 rg .

Ce g GuT Dol dLm Bm.

EVojRlThP TRu LWQUL Yi
NUXV APV UVXf N EWn
NVf NUuNn\. CR]p Y[Y]
TRp Yi LrY RodLlT\.
CY Y[lTRLu KWm EVoRp
Bm. CRu LWQULY KhPlTkRV
TRLs
k R
Yh P
YYU L
AUdLlTu\].

(4) NodLp UWQdi Gu\ Lrfp

L[YY Cmd iu EhTp
kR YL j p U hP o Nd [
KhYoLs. AqY KhTYo RXZL
AkR is Zu\m AYo Z
ZUhPo. A GR]p? AkR is
UhPo Nds KhTYo NVpTm
UV Xd
N
AYW
AYW
CdLXV Qj Yd\.

(3) Yh LYo]o: UVXd Nu

AlTPp GguLu YLeL[d
LhlTjR TVuTm L Yh LYo]o
Bm.

1.3 DoljRuU
W] CVdLeLp LsLu CVdLm L
dVU] Ju\m. PXu (.. 2-m
t\i) UVd LsLuT V
TWiPju UVULm Vu, X,
LsLs, iiLs, BVY YqY
d L X ] T R L p V f t
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TPm 1.11 Yh LYo]o

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0.241

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TPm 1.13 Ll[o CWiPm

S - Vu X,
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RVp FV olTWlu TPjp
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r
m1

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m2

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F=

AY tt

G m1 m2
r2

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m1 = m2 = 1 .., r = 1 hPo Gp F = G Bm

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Bm.

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N, 2. K] Dol N.
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TPm. 1.15 LfV, TV TRWNj Ls

J W
T u
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NVp. nUV] LiQj Rhu

Ld \kR A[ TRWNjR Y. AkR
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10

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XdLs Ju\Vu DodL V

TUj RX Xd GpX Bm.
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2, Xd LsL AlTPp
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TPm. 1.18 TWl CNdL] NVp[dLm

TPm. 1.17 XdLdPVV] N

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11

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h =

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TPm 1.19 TWl CNdL] NVp [dLm

1. s Es[ L
2. k YV GdLlThP L

UtLiP u NVpL-k WYl

TWl Cj YdLlThP Nq Tp
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WYlTWlT U A[t \jd Ls[
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4, iZ Ht\m
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iZ [dL] GjdLhLs

LYp Es[ WYjp iZd

Zn NejRL ArjRlThPp EP]VL
WYm AdZp UX\Y \eLY
Nnm.

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RYWeLm o UX EgNlTRp.
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GiQn UXRp.
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(4) LUiQ P UQp EXo Xp

Es[. LUip Es[ SdLU]
LsLs L iV ZnL[L
NVpTYRp LUiu UtTWlp
o Wk UX\.

5, TWl CNu TVuTLs

(1) RYWeLp o UXYRt iZ
Ht\l TiT LWQm. GiQn [d, vPq
B V Ytp u Y V GiQ n
UXYRt iZ Ht\j RuUV
LWQm.

TPm 1.20 iZ Ht\m

1. iZd Zn 2. o 3. TRWNm

WYju UXt\m ApX \dLm

uYm NUuThPp dLlTm.
12

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TsLs HtTjm RP TX N
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TX G]lTm.
Ju\Vu Rm C TsLd
CPVV] No CVdLjR Godm
EWn NVl Tu\R TX N.
NVp: Jup m Ut\up Nm,
WlTlThP CWi iP LiQ
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(2) Lu AL A[Y] TWlp o

TWYRtLLjRu YdmT
NlTl TVuTj\m. Nl p
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TWl CNV \j AL TWlT[p
WYeLs GRL TWYRt Y Nn\m.
CRu LWQULY YdL Nl
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TtLp TW Y] jRm Nn\.
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u TWl CN \u\. ARu
LWQUL LdgLs s r
Au\].
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TP L[f t lT nL p E s [
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(5) Gm T]u ]lT L
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Es[. C iZd Zn Tu
NVpTYRp T]u ]d RPok
U YkLidm.
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YYjRl TtlTRt u TWl
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1.5 TX
NVp. o, Ru, Nu WlTlThP u
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1
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1. iP E[

2. o

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N L ALUL Es[ GuTRd
Lh\.
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KhPeLs Es[].
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1. Zn

2. WYm

l hP s u Y V T m
WYjs[ GpXj LsLm JW A[Y]
NYLjp AUkRp AqYL WY
KhPm Yfo KhPm G]lTm. Cp
WYju CVdLm Ym WYj Ls JW
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s p
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Yq Y
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TsLu TVuTLs
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AjWYeLu TVp TiTl TjR.
LlTpLs, LoLs, U]m Tu\Ytu
CVdLjR o ApX Ltu TX N
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L WQU L Y
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N \du\. AlT GkW Bt\p
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TVuTm Ts EV Ts G]lTm.
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TWlLd CPp J Up-V TPXjR
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R m T Wl L p L Ql T m V
Ts[eL[ Wl, EVlTsLs EWnu
[Y Su \d\. LLWm Tu\
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A Poj m L iP L L W GiQ n
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TVuTu\]. EV GiQnLPu iP
Ne- AUlT LiP T-UoL[f
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T X Gi U \ Up C d U
NnVlT\. SpX EV Ts uYm
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T W T s [ j R Wl m T i U
TtdL Yim
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TPm 1.24
A - Zu V T B - Zu ALu\ T

WYju CVdL Bt\p : m \ LiP

WYm v NYLjp TnYRLd LYm.
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1
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KWX \s[ WYju CVdL Bt\p

1
= v 2.
2

WYju X Bt\p : lTWl-k

h EVWjp WYm ClTRLd LYm.
WYju X Bt\p = mgh.

KWX \s[ WYju X Bt\p = gh.

TPm. 1.23 To][ RjYjtL] NVp

[dLm
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WYju AjR Bt\p : WYju

NVpTjRlTm oU AjRm P G]m,
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G]m LYm.

2. GPVt\ V Tk

NV
p. TPjp LhVY ]-u Ynl
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WYju AjR Bt\p = PV

FG m IJ
H K

=P

NVp
NVp. CWi TuL[ ALL JW
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AjRm,
Ak R
Tu L[
Um
SdLUPVf Nnm.

KWX \s[ WYju

AjR Bt\p

=
WYm T m T C m u Y L
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Bm.

1, To][ Rt\m
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AjR + CVdL + X = J UBt\p
Bt\p Bt\p
KWX \s[ WYm TmT

UtLiP NVpLs Ltu YLjtm,

AjRjtm CPV J RPo ClTR
Lhu\].

To][ NUuT
C TnU GkWV-p Es[ Ko
AlTP RPo Bm. YX-Bt\p
Rt\j-k To][- NUuThP
T\Xm. Ko AUlu RTVu
N]p NnVlTm YX ARu CVdL
Bt\p UThdf NUm.
J WYm ARu CVdLju LWQUL
CVdL Bt\Xl Tts[. WYm Es[
XVl Tj XVt\Xm Tm.

1 2
v + gh = J U2

C To][- NUuT G]lTm.

J PjR[d Znd h J U15

v2
2

(2) CVdLjp Es[ Tn Tu N

YLjRd LQdm hP Zp
TVuT\.

= U-.

UtLiP
NUuTh-k
Tn
TsLu NYLm ALdmT
AjRm \m G]m , N YL m
\mT AjRm ALdm G]m
AVXm. CjRjYjR uYm Nn\
[dLeLs Xm AVXm.

(3) Lo Tu\ Es G Ggp LoWhPo

Tp Ltm, ThWp Bm JuPu
Ju\ LXlTRt CjRjYm TVuT\.
(4) To][- RjYm GiQn ,
YLhm Tm BVYtp TVuT\.

2, To][ RjYju NVp\

[dLm

(5) oUV] YYjp U]eLu

C\dLLs YYUdLlTu\]. AkR
C\dLu UtTWl kR YiQm,
rTWl kR YiQm, LiPRL
YY Ud L l T \ . C R u [ Y L
C \ d L u A l T p E Y m
Lt\hPju YLjRP C\dLu
Ut\jp EYm Lt\hPm AL
YLjp Cdm. CR]p C\dLu
UtTp Lt AjRm rlTp
Es[R P \m. CkR AjR
YThu LWQUL U]m NejRL
UpSd CVe\.

(1) UVlTk
TPj p
LhVY
Z-k
SojRL kR YLjp YVm
WYjp GP\kR V TkR YjRp
1
2

4, To][j RjYju [Ls.

(1) W] m Zp Lt\p WLs
njd Li NpYRd LQXm.

TPm 1.25

\ d L t\ p L tu N YL m
ALUmT Ltu AjRm WUt
T Wl p \ \ . AR ] p W u

1. GP\kR V Tk
2. kR YLjp YVm o

Tk Zu ]d UX J lhP
EVWj p Dol N d G W L
EVojRlTh Zu LiP ClTRd
LQXm. Z u Afp W Yj u
NYLm ALUL ClTRp Aes[
AjRm \m. YUiPX Lt\jRm
Tk Cdm CPjp Es[ AjRjRP
ALUL ClTRp AR CPjp X
tm.
(2) U]hPo GuT WYm WlTlThP
J U-YY Zn Bm. YUiPXjp
CdLu CVeLm \kR Xp
CkRp WYeLu A[ CVeLm
NUUL Cdm. kR YLjp J Vju
U X PjR[jp L t\ F ] p
AlVjp YLm ALlTRp AjRm
\m. G]Y AkR Vjp WYm UX
HYRd LQXm.

1.26 WLs \d Lt]p njd

Li NpRp

AlTdLjp AjRm UX Es[R P

ALUm. CR]p WLs GRL d
GVlTu\]. AlT LhPPf YoLs
TdLlTYpX.

3, To][ Rt\ju TVuTLs

(1) WYm Tm RjR LQdm Yu
hPo Lp To][- RjYm
TVuT\.

(2) kR YLjp RPo Yi Npm

T SP UP Ap tTYo Ko Ek
NV EQoYo. AL YLjp Npm
16

140 140 sin 30o

9.8
140 140
1
=

9.8
2
R = 1000 hPo = 1 ..

RPo Yidm Ap tTYdm

CPV Es[ Lt AL YLjp NpYRp
Ae AjRd \ HtTh tTYd
u\m HtTm L AjRju LWQUL
RPoYiV Sd Rs[lT\o.

odLlThP LQdLs
(1) 15 .1 NYLjp Npm 1000
XWm \ LiP NWd Yi
50 hPo BWm LiP Y[Y]
TRp mYRt RYV]
UVSd NVd LQdL.

Ru Ul
NV] PVj RokRdL :
1. Dol N LWQUL CVem Tu
UXt\ SWjtm \dL SWjtm
Es[ RPo

Yiu NYLm v = 15 ms1

Yiu \ m = 1000 .
YhPl TRu BWm r = 50 hPo
RYV] UVSd N F = ?
UVSd N F =
F =

mv 2
r

1000 15 15
50

2.

= 100 3 15
F = 4500 N

(2) 45 N. BWm LiP Nds Yi

Juu NdLWm. 10 1 NYLjp
CVem T
H tTm
L Qj
NYLjRd LQdL.
Ndu YLm v = 10 1
Nds NdLWju BWm r = 45 N.
= 45 102 hPo
LQjNYLm = ?

3.

v = r
=

v
r

= 22.2

(3)

10

1000
45
WVu--1

45 102

15o LQ

Nnp lTd YdLlTh

PlTmT A-k 140 1
NYLjp i YV lTd
YdLlThs[ UhPjXV RWVj
Rd\ Gp, i APm
PjR[ SdLjRd LQdL.
iu NYLm v = 140 1
GLQm = 15o,
PjR[ SdLm R = ?

4.

5.

(1) TWl CN
(2) Dol N
(3) UV Sd N(4) UV Xd N

u 2 sin 2
R=
g

LhP CPeL[ WlL :

6. Ltj RPV GoLs[m ..................
GTs dL]m HtTjRm RVe

140 140 sin (2 15 )

9.8
o

(1) UXt\ SWm \dL SWjRP

ALm
(2) UXt\ SWm \dL SWjRP
\
(3) UXt\ SWm, \dL SWm NUm
(4) UXt\ SWm, \dL SWm
GlTm NUm BL
Qd L [ J YhPl T R p
CVdYRt, QdLm, dm
CPV AUm UV Sd N
(1) Dol N
(2) LkR N
(3) K] Dol N
(4) Y] Dol N
Lo ApX Nds YhPlTRp CVeL
RYV] UV Sd N GRl
TjR ?
(1) Y[l TR EVojRlThP LQ
A[Yl TjR
(2) Yiu N YLjR Uhm
TjR
(3) Y[l TR BWjR Uhm
TjR
(4) NYLjRm Y[l TR
BWjRm TjR
LsLu CVdLm TtV Ll[u Rp
u Ut\ TVo.
(1) LXeLu
(2) TWlLu
(3) tl TRLu
(4) RXLu
UZjLs L[ YYjRl T\d
LWQm

17

F o Ls
Y f W h P
AUdLlTu\].

28. To][-u Rt\jRd L. To][NUuT RL.

29. To][- Rt\ju TVuTLs HRm
CWi L.
30. kR YLjp Npm RPoYid
L Ap SPUPp Sm tT
TLlT]R ? [dL.

YYj p

7. UV Xd Nu AlTPp
NVpTm .................. Gm L Ggu
YLjRd LhlTjRl TVuT\.
8. YqY ThLu XdLd
CPVV] Dol N .................. Bm.

Y] PV :
31. T[ NejRL UpSd GR-p
(i) T\jRp LXm (ii) V APm
T NYLm BVYttL]
NUuTL[l TL.
32. RPuj R] m Tu
CVdLjRm PjR[jp NlTm
GTu CVdLjRm JlL.
33. SodLh NYLjtm LQj
NYLjtm CPVV] RPoTl
TL.
34. (i) UVSd N (ii) UVXd
NLs Tt l GL.
35. LsLu CVdLm TtV Ll[u
L[d [dL.
36. Xd
L s L
A l T P p
WYeLu TWl CNV [dL.
37. Au\P Yrp WYeLu TWl
CNu TVuTL[ [dL.
38. Au\P
Yrp
TXu
TVuTL[ [dL.
39. EVl TsLs Gu\p Gu] ?
GjdLh RL. SpX EVl Tu
TiLs VY ?
40. Tm WYm Tts[ Bt\pL[l Tt
l GL. To][- Rt\jR
[dL.
LQdLs:
41. 0.7 hPm LiP Lu NdLWm
Tts[ LQjNYLm 10 WVu/
] Gp AkRf NdLWm APm
(3.5 .-1)
YLm GqY[ ?
42. 4 1 YLjp vhPo Ju
CVe\. AkR Yi NdLWju hPm
40 N. Gp NdLWju LQjNYLm
(20 WVuLs/])
GqY[ ?
43. 500 .. \ LiP Lo Ju 50 hPo
BWm LiP Y[lTRp 20 1
NYLjp NpYRt RYV]
UVSd NVd LQdL.
(4000 hPu)

9. TWl CN GlTm WYl TWlT

.................. \jd Ls[ V\.

dLUL PV :
10. RWp m T s L t
HtTjm RP GYt\f NokR ? Ko
GjdLh Rk [dL.
11. Kd Lidm RPo Yi-k
Y V PlTm Lp TW Y [ V l
TRV UtLs\. Hu ?
12. GTu T\dm LXm Gu\p Gu]?
13. GTu SdLm GuTR] YWV.
14. NnY] GR-p PjR[ SdLm
TUUL AUV GLQju Ul
G qY[
Cd L
Yi m
?
AkTkR]d X GjdLhLs RL.
15. W] YhP CVdLm Gu\p Gu] ?
16. LQj NYLm Gu\p Gu] ? ARu
AX V ?
17. YhP CVdLjp tdLXm Gu\p Gu]?
18. UVSd NVm, UVSd
dLjRm YWV.
19. UVSd Nu TVuT HRm
Ju L.
20. UVXdLs Gu\p Gu] ? AYtu
TVuLs HRm CWi L.
21. LsLu CV d Lm
L[d L.

TtV

L l [ o

22. hPu T Dol Vd L.

23. WYju TWl CNV YWVdL.
24. XdLu Y] Dol N, K]
Dol N Gu\p Gu] ?
25. Au\P YrdLp WYeLu TWl
CNu TVuTLs HRm CWi
L.
26. WY eL u T Xu Au\ Pl
TVuTLs HRm CWi RL.
27. S p X EV l T h L u Ti L s
HRm CWi L.
18

2, YlTVp
NVp: NU \m, NU dYhl
TWlm LiP AVm, RWm, LVm,
CmTX] Su E[L[ Gjd
L s . E [ L [ L d m p
YUL r CdU ReL .
X PeLdl \ JW SWjp GpX
E[L[m Yp Gj Ap Es[

YlTm TYLd LQlTm Bt\p

B m. YlTm KPj-k Ut \ o
CPjt YlTd LPjRp, YlTf NX]m,
Lo Np BV \L p TW \ .
YlTjR Y YL Bt\XL Ut\ m.
YlT Bt\-u RuU Xm V]m.
UWdL, ThWp, XdL, Y Tu\ G
TsLs YlT Bt\-u Ut\ XeL[m.
E]eLs Eo YZ YlT Bt\p RY.
J
T u
o
A p X
YlTjRuUu A[ YlTX Bm.
YlTX Tp Es[ LsLu CVdL
Bt\-u A[Ym. YlTX Ut\m, X
Ut\m, YlT BVY YlT
Bt\-u X CVtVp [Ls Bm.
Yl T B t\p Rh T YlT XL [
A[Yp dV Te Yd\.

TPm. 2.2 iUeLu RuYlT Htj\u

1. AVm 2. LVm 3. RWm 4. Cm

TW@u U Lhp Y. YqY

EXL E[Ls YqY BZeLp
C\elTRd LY.

2.1 RuYlT Ht \u
NVp: tm JjR u LYLp
NU \ LiP o, UiQiQn, ReLn

1 2

TsLu RuYlT Htj\u, GkW

Bt\dm YlT Bt\dm Es[ RPo,
YlT , X Ut\m, YUiPX
DWlTRu, Au\P Yrp ARu TVuTLs
BVYt\ ClTPjp LiTm.

NVp : NU \ LiP J LpXm

Wm GjdLs. V YlTjp
AWU SWm Y. RtT J L]p
LpXm UL]p Wm RhlTo.
LpX] W P YlTUL ClTRd
LY.

UtV u NVpL-k YlT

Ht \]] YqY TsLd
YqY\L ClTR Rk Ls[Xm.
J T[ YlTlTjmT A
Yl T B t\ X E hL YoYR p A R u
YlTX EVo\. EhLYWlThP (i) YlT
Bt\p (Q) Tu \ (m) (ii) YlTX
Y T
(t)
B V Ytt
So
Rj-dm.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
TPm. 2.1 WYeLu RuTqT Htj\u
1. ReLn GiQn 2. o 3. UiQiQn

GiQn Li WlL. AYtu RPdL

YlTXL[ jd LsL. JW GNWV
[d]d Li LYL[ Ju\uu
Ju\L Ik PeLs YlTlTj,
YlTX EVoL[ A[L. YlTX
EVo YqY WYeLd YqY\L
ClTRd LY.

Q = ms t

Ce s GuT Tu Ru YlT Ht
\]m. Um CRu Ul Tu
RuUV Tj AUm.
m = 1 .. t = 1 K Gp Q = s Bm.
19

LQd : 100 Wm \ LiP u

YlTXV 278 K -k 368 K EVojR
RYlTm YlT Bt\-u A[Yd
LQd. u RuYlT Htj\u = 4180
JKg1 K1.

J Tu Ru YlT Ht \u GuT
KWX \ LiP Tu YlTXV
1K EVojR RYlTm YlT Bt\-u
A[Ym. CRu AX J kg 1 K 1 C
Tu YlT XUju A[Ym.

u \ m = 100 g = 0.1 .Wm

J Tu YlT Ht \u GuT
J lhP \ LiP Tu YlT
XV 1K EVojR RYlTm YlT
Bt\-u A[Ym.
YlT Ht \u = \
Ht \u. CRu AX JK1

RuYlT Htj\u s = 4180 J Kg1 K1

RPdL YlTX = 278 K
C YlTX = 368 K

Ru YlT

YlTX Ut\m t = 368 278 = 90 K

RYV] YlTm Q = ?

AhPYQ 2.1.
X TsLu Ru YlT Ht\u
Y.
Gi

ThLs

Q = ms t

RuYlT Ht\u

= 0.1 4180 90

J kg1 K1

1.

LVm

128

2.

TRWNm

138

3.

RWm

386

4.

AVm

899

5.

UWm

1755

6.

UiQiQn

2090

7.

TdLh

2130

8.

4180

9.

TW@u U

2900

= 37620 J

LQd : 0.50 .. \VPV ReLju

YlTXV 800 K EVojR 50 KJ YlT
Bt\p RYlT\. ReLju Ru YlT
Htj\]d LQdL.
AdLlThP YlTm Q = 52 KJ = 52000 J
ReLju \ m = 0.50 .Wm
YlTX Ut\m t = 800 K
Ru YlT Htj\u S = ?
52,000 = 0.5 S 800
S =

WYeLp u Ru YlT Htj\u

TU UlTm, TRWNm U UlTm
Tts[. G]Y, o YL] GguLp
Es[ WVhPoLp olT]Lm,
TRWNm YlTXULm TVuT\.

52,000
0.5 800

= 130 J Kg1 K1

2.2 LXY \
YqY YlT XLp Es[ C
TsL[ Ju\Lf Nojd LXdmT
EVoYlTXp Es[ T-k
\kR YlTXp Es[ Td
YlTm TW\. CTsLm NU
XV APm YW CkLr SPTm.
Zd YlTm AdLlTPY ApX
Z--k YlTm Gjd Ls[lTPY
CpX G]m LXYp GqR Y
]m LZpX G]m LiPp,

LQd : 0.150 . \LiP Cmu

YlTXV 283 K - k 5 3 3 K d
EVojRj RYlTm YlT Bt\-u
A[Yd LQd. Cmu Ru YlT
Htj\u = 480 J Kg1 K1.
\ (m)
RuYlT Htj\u (s)
RPdL YlTX
C YlTX
YlTX Ut\m

= 0.150 .Wm
= 480 J Kg1 K1
= 283 K
= 533 K
= 533 283
t = 250 K
HtdLiP YlTm Q = ?
Q = ms t
= 0.150 480 250
Q = 18,000 J

P] Ts
CZkR YlTm

okR T]p
HtLlTm YlTm

1, Pl Tu RuYlT Htj\u
LQp
EXokR, L-V] RW LXU Juu
\V (m1) AR T[p NnVlThP
LXdPu Nojd LiL. Ru YlT
20

Htj\u (s2) RkR WYjRl TV[

LXUp Wl UTm \ (m2)
LiL. LmT, Tg Tu\ TsL[p
WlTlThP UWlThs Pu V
LXU V Yd Lm . Ru Yl T

WYm Htd
LiP YlTm = (m2 m1) s2 (3 1)
HtdLiP
UjR YlTm = m1s1 (3 1)
+ (m2 m1) s2 (3 1)

PlTs CZkR
YlTm = (m3 m2) s3 (2 3)
... (1)

LXY\u RjYlT,
4

CZkR YlTm = HtdLiP YlTm

(m3 m2) s3 (2 3)

= m1s1 (3 1) + (m2 m1) s2 (3 1)

NNnV,
s3 =

[ m 1 s1 + ( m 2 m 1 ) s 2 ] ( 3 1 )
(m3 m 2 ) (2 3 )

...(2)

CfNUuThPl TVuTj LdLlThP

PlTu RuYlT Htj\] ( s3)
LQdPXm.
TPm. 2.3 PlTu RuYlT Ht \u
LXY \

PlTu RuYlT Htj\u (s3)

RkRp WYju RuYlT Ht \u
UlT LXY \p LQdPXm.

1. W LXu 2. PlTs 3. LXU Utm

WYm 4. YlTXU

NUuT (1)I NNnV, WYju RuYlT

Htj\u

Htj\u (s3) LQYiV PlT[

uL[o YlTh p U \ E V o
Y l TXV
( 2 ) APm
YW
YlTlTjL. LXU, WYju,
RPdL YlTXV (1) jd LsL.
LXUp Es[ WYjp P]
PlT[ ZfNn LXdVp Su
LXdLm. LXYu C YlTXV (3)
jd LsL.

s2 =

( m3 m2 ) s3 ( 2 3 ) m1 s1 ( 3 1 )
... (3)
( m2 m1 ) ( 3 1 )

2, LXU NR]p UtLs[

YiV u]fNdLLs
(1) YlTdLo Np Xm HtTm YlT
CZlTj RodL LXU dLp
Xm NlTh Su T[T[lTL
CdL Yim.
(2) YlTd LPjRp, YlTf NX]m Xm
Zd YlTl TUt\m LrYRd
\dL
NR]
mYW
LXU UWlThs YdLlTP
Yim.
(3) PlTs [LY ApX
i L [ L Y C d L Yim.
CR]p YlTX JW WL Cdm.
(4) LXUp Es[ WY Utm P
TsLPV GqR Y]m
LZdP.
(5) YlTXVj p-VUL A[P
AW A[p NnVlThP
YlTXUV TVuTjRYim.

LQd :
LXUu \ = m1
WYju \ = m2 m1
PlTu \ = m3 m2
LXU WYju YlTX
EVo = 3 1
LXUu RuYlT Htj
\u = s1
WYju RuYlT Htj\u = s2
PlTu RuYlT Htj\u = s3
PlTu YlTXj Rr = 2 3
LXU Htd LiP YlTm
= m1s1 (3 1)
21

(6) P] PlT[ LXUp

Zf NnYRt Nt u WYju
RP d L YlT XV A[ P
Yim.

TVp TVuTLp dV Te
Yd\.
NVp : A\ YlT Xp G Gu\
A[f NhPjp NVL TjRd V Ko
E [ V G j d L s . E [ V

LQd: 373 K YlTXp Es[ 0.4

.Wm \ LiP RWj Ri 293 K
YlTXp Es[ 0.7 . p \.
LXYu C YlTX 296 K Gp
RWju Ru YlT Htj\]d LQd.
u Ru YlT Ht \u = 4180 JKg1 K1
RWj Riu \ m1 = 0.4 ..

u \ m2 = 0.7 ..

2
TPm. 2.4 E[ A[f NhP NR]

RPdL YlTX = 293 K

1. E[ 2. A[f NhPm

C YlTX = 296 K

Tj, A[f NhPjp Tj]p, A

NV L T k Y p X. E [ V d
oj im TjR VtjRp A
A[f NhPjp NVLl Tk\.

u Ru YlT Ht\u = 4180 JKg1 K1

RWju RuYlT Ht\u = ?
LXY \u RjYjuT
YlT CZl = YlT Ht

NVp : A\ YlTXp GRL

Y[Vjs Npm Ko EXLd L[jR

0.4 s1 77 = 0.7 4180 3

s1 =

0.7 4180 3
0.4 77

= 285 JKg1 K1

2.3 GkWVp YlT CQUt

_mv WvLh _p Gum BeXV
CVtVp AOo RPok TX NR]L[f
Nn NXPlThP GkW Bt\dm,
RtdLlThP YlTjtPV J
NV] RPo ClTRd LiPkRo.
TPm. 2.5 L[-Y[V NR]

W GuT NnVlThP YX G]m H

AR]p RtdLlThP YlTm G]m

LiPp
W = JH ; J =

GjdLs. EXLl TkR YlTlTj

Y [ V j u Y. E X L l T k
Y [ V j u Y V Np X V U p
ClTRd LY.

W
H

Ce J Gu\ U- _p U- ApX
GkWVp YlT CQ Ut G]lTm.
GkWVp YlT CQ Ut (J) GuT
KWX YlTjR EYdL RYlTm
YX Bm. CRu Ul 4.186 _p/LX
S.I AX \p W = H G]Y J = 1 Bm.

UtV C NVpL-k TsLs

YlTlTjm T YPYRm,
odmT eYRm AVXm.
J T [ Yl T l T j m T ,
XdLu CVdL Bt\p ALlTRp,
AY L YLUL AoYPu\]. CR]p
AYtt AL CPm RYlTYRp,
T s L s
Y P u\ ] .
Yl T l
TjYRp [jp HtTm Ut\m s
G]lTm. TWlp HtTm Ut\m TWl
Ut\m G]lTm. TUp HtTm Ut\m

2.4 YlT
YlT GpX XLp Es[
Tl T sL m Lm , N UYl T m
AdmT YdLs WYeL[ P
ALULm, WYeLs PlThL[ P
ALULm YPm, YlT ,
22

TU (i) RPdL TUu (V1) (ii)

YlTX EVo (t = t2 t1) BVYt\l
Tj AUm.

TU G]lTm. YlT YqY

TsLd YqY\L Cdm.
1. s

V2 V1 = V1 t .

t1 K YlTXp Ko EXLjRiu [m

Ce RL U- - J Tu TU
Yi G]lTm. Um CRu Ul
Tu RuUVl Tj AUm.

L1 GuL. AR YlTlTjmT ARu

YlTX t2 K d EVo\. ARu [m L2

BL U\.

V2 V1
= V t
1

s = L2 L1
s (i) EXLjRiu RPdL [m
L 1 (ii) Y l T X E V o t = t 2 t 1
BVYt\l Tj AUm.

RPdL TUu YlTX EVo

L2 L1 = L1 t

J PlTu TU Gi GuT
KWX YlTX EVoYp TUp HtTm
Ut\jtm ARu RPdL TUdm
CPV Es[ RL Bm.

Ce R U- , EXLjRiu
sYi G]lTm.
L2 L1

= L t
1

J PlTu TU Yi ARu
[ Yiu u UPeLm.

[ EVo

TU EVo

= 3.

RPdL [m YlTX EVo

3, PlTsLp YlT u
SuULs
(1) J L iQ d Y p E s[
APlT] \dL VRT,
ARu ]lTV YlTlTjR
A
YPm.
RtT
APlT] Gp \dLXm.
(2) YlT j RjYm UWfNdLWjp
Cm Y[VjRl TjRl TVu
T\.
(3) Cmj RLLs Ju\ Ju\
C d L U L Qd L T j L s
TVuTu\]. Su Pt\lThP
TjL[ C EXLj RLLs
YV Nj ARu ]Ls jVp
AdLlT\. TjLs o
YPmT C EXLj RLLm
CdLUL QdLlTu\].
(4) DXLj RL : Ko DXLj RL
GuT C Yq Y E X L j
(jR[, Cm) RLLs NokR
AUlTm. NRWQ YlTXp
EXLj RLLs SWL Cdm.
Yl T l T j m T
jR [
CmTP ALUL YPYRp,
Y[u Yl\m jR[m
EhTdLm Cmm AUm.
YlTXlTjLu ut\ dL
D X L jR L L s
T V uT u\] .

Ko EXLj Riu sYi GuT

KWX YlTX EVoYp [jp HtTm
EVotm ARu RPdL [jtm Es[
RL Bm. PlTsLp, EXLeLs
AL sYi UlL[l Ttdm.
AhPYQ 2.2 X PlTu
sYi UlLs
Y.
Gi

Ts

1.

TWdv LiQ

2.

Uu LiQ

3.

Luh

11

4.

G@

11

5.

Cm

12

6.

ReLm

14

7.

RWm

17

8.

jR[

19

9.

Ys

19

10.

AVm

26

sYi
106 K1

2. TU :
t1 K YlTXp J Tu TUu
V 1 GuL. CR] t 2 K Y l T X d
YlTlTjmT ARu TUu V2 BL
Um Gp TU = V2 V1
23

YlTXlTj YlTX U\Up

YdLl
TV u T\.
YlT X
ALd m T
E X LjRL L s
YPYRp AY Y[u\]. CR]p
ut RPo idLlT\. YlTX
\mT DXLjRLLs RPdL
XVm YYjRm APu\]. G]Y
ut tlT\.

Ju Nm CPjp CPY h
T jR l T m .
A qY
C PY
CpXVp LPd LXeLp, YlT
p RiPY[eLs Xu\].
CR]p Tj HtTP HY\. CR
L WQeL d L L ,
S g N XL m
TXeLm Luh RLLdPV
CPY PlT\.
(2) LLWjp Es[ FN-u AX SWm
ARu [jRl TjR.
YlTX
ALdmT FN-u [m Ut\m
AP\. G]Y, LPdLXeLp
LLWeLp SW CZlm, o LXeLp
SW hlm HtT\. YlT Yp
HtTm Cq[ Ko DXLj RLhP
TVuTj DNnVlT\.
(3) YdL[PeV oT] ThpLs
YlT Yp YdLUp CdL A RjR
LiQVp NnVlThdm.
LQd : J jR[ EXLjRiu [m
289.6 K YlTXp 52.2 N. BLm,
368.5 K YlTXp 52.28 N. BLm
A[PlT\. jR[ EXLj Riu
s YiQd LQdL.
Riu RPdL [m L1 = 52.20 N.

(A)

(B)
5

(C)

TPm. 2.6 DXLj RL

(A) okR X (B) YlTlTjRlThP X
(C) DXL RL N
1. jR[ 2. Cm 3. N RPoLs
4. YlTlTjd 5. RW RL

Riu C [m L2 = 52.28 N.

4, YlTu \TLs
(i) LRLs Tu TsLu YYm
Utm TUQeLp Ut\m HtTjRp, (ii)
YoLs YPYRp TdLlTRp (iii)
P] LiQ Yp HtTm Np
(iv) P] o ApX W Npm EXLd
ZnLp HtTm Yl BVY YlT
Yp TsLp HtTm X \TLs
Bm.

RPdL YlTX t1 = 289.6 K

C YlTX t2 = 372.5 K
s Yi = ?
L2 L1

= L t
1

52.28 52.20

= 52.2 (368.5 289.6)

Au\P Yrp YlTu [Ls:

=

( 1 ) R i P Y [ e L s : CY CmTp
NnVlTYRp AY YlTlTjmT
YPu\]. Um oYPm T
eu\]. C RiPY[eLs Ju\

(i)

2.5 XUt\m
TlTsLs P, WY, Y BV u
XLp Es[]. YlT Bt\X AlTRu
XULY ApX YlT Bt\X ARp
C k G j d L s YR u XU L Y
TsL[ J X-k Ut\
Xd Ut\ m. o P, WY, Y
XLp \V TdLh, o, W BV
XLp Es[.

(ii)

TPm. 2.7 RiPY[eLs

1. CPY

0.08
= 1.94 105 K1
52.2 78.9

J PlTs WYXd Um Lr
ERp G]lTm. (G.L) TdLh WL

2. Bl YY CPY

24

J WYm Y Xd UmT
BV\. BVRp WYju UtTWlp
Lr\. BVR-u T AL
Bt\PV XdLs, Ap Es[
Xd L d P V V ] Dol N
-k Th WYjRh YV
\. Cm\p AL Bt\PV
XdL[ CZk, \kR Bt\PV
XdLs Uhm ReYRp NWN CVdL
Bt\p \k \. G]Y WYju
YlTX \k WYm oYP\.

URp, olTRp WYm PXd

URp E\Rp G]lTm. YlTlTjYRp
J WYm B Xd Um Lr
BVRp G]lTm. (G.L) o WVL
URp.

TReLURp

Y ApX
B
eRp
(oRp)

BVRp

UZdLXeLp, DWU] Ls EXW

iP S WU u\ ] . H ] p , L t p
HtL]Y Es[ B BVRp LrY
R UR l T j \ . L n f NX p T d L l
T hPYu
S t p
okR
p
RndLlThP V YdmT, EP-u
A L
Yl T X V d
L i
o
BV\. CR]p EP-u YlTX
\\.

WYm
E\Rp

ERp
iUm

TPm. 2.8 XUt\m

3, BVRu o [Ls
(1) LPdLXeLp, SnLs SdL
YV ReL hdm. CR]p
Sdp Es[ o BV ofV
HtTjm.
(2) LPdLXeLp UiT]Lp
Es[
o
oYL
Cdm.
UiT]Lp Es[ i [Ls
YV o YV BVYRp
T]p Es[ o ofVL
Cdm.
(3) S U
R-p
Es[
VoY
BVYRp, oY EiPd\.

X
PlT s Ls
W Y X V
AP VUp SW V L Y Xd
Uu\]. C TReLURp G]lTm.
R[ Ptm T P LoTu-PBd^ Y Xd Uu\.
TReLURp Lm Ut\ Ts
AVu. B e WYUL Um Lr
B WL eRp Bm. W e
WL U\.

1, Es\ YlTm
KWX \LiP J T[ ARu
YlTX U\Up Ut\ Xd Ut\j
RYlTm YlT Bt\p AlTu
Es\ YlTm G]lTm. XUt\ju
T EhLYWlTm YlTm XdLd
P VV] Dol N V d L l
TVuT\. XdLu CVdL Bt\p
ALdL. G]Y XUt\ju T
YlTX ALlTpX.

4, TdLhu XUt\m
J N R ] d Z p V o
GjdLi Ap J YlTXUV
Y. NR]d ZV E\dLXY Es[
J Rhp Y. Zp Es[ o UhPm
E \ d L XY UhPj R P \ Y L
CdLYim. W LXdVp UYLm,
L Y] U L m
L Xd ,
JqY
30
]Ldm YlTXVd jdLs.
CR] u YlTX J X
0o C d \YL YlTX YmYW
RPWm. X-Afp SWjRm, Y Afp
YlT XVm Li YWTPm YWL.
YWlTPjp AB-T WY XVd
d\. B p W Y X - k 0 o C
PXd U\j RPe\. Cp WYm
Ym TdLhVL U\. Ce

2, BVRp Xm oYPRp
NVp : Lu u\m R[ GjR]p
ApX ThWX Yj LV AN.
GjR]p L WYL BV, L
ofV EQm. GjR]p BVRdL]
Es\ YlTj] E] Lp Ck
Gjd LsYRp Lu YlTX
\k ofVL Es[. UWd[Lp
Es[ CXLp Es[ o BVYRp
tl\jR od\.
25

XUt\juT YlTX U\Up

Es[. Cd r Es[ T PXp
TdLh Es[Rd Lh\. YWTPjp

oYPVfNn. JqY Pjt \m

Uu YlTXVd jdLs.
C qY U u Yl T X 30 o C
APmYW YlTXVd jdLs.
X-Afp SWjRm, Y-Afp YlT

XVm Li J YWTPm YW.

YWTPjp AB T U WYXm
Cd r PXm Es[Rd d\.
YWTPjp PUhPl Tu YlTX
Uu EXVd d\. Uu
EXls 57o C. WY Xs[
U PXd UmT ARu TUu
\\.

A
YlT
X

0oC

C
D
SWm

6, oNR]l Th
J WYm B V m T Yl T
Bt\X GjdLi ZX o
d\. J Y oR-uT Es\
YlTjR Yh WYUL U\. C
oNR]l Ths Es[ YlTjR
Gj Thd YV Al\.

TPm. 2.9 TdLh E\Rp

1. o

2. E\dLXY

PUhPl T o P XV APm
SWjRd d\. ClTp P WY
XLs JNW Es[. C ERp ApX
E\X sVm. WY X-k P
Xd Um CkSWjp Ts RPok
YlTjR CZkRm ARu YlTX
\YpX. o PlT[L UmT
ARu TUu AL d \. T s
E mT YlTm H tT\. A
E\mT YlTm CZdLlT\.

Gp BVm WYm @Vu Bm.

C TmTX] oNR] ThLp
TVuT\. oNR] Ths Es[
TdLh Th ApX o RLLs
2

5, Uu XUt\m
J NR]d Zp TU] A[
U L W l AR] J [
AP l T] p
.
[Y V
YlTXUV Y. ZV s[
LY p Yj U Y m
WYXd UmYW W YlTlTjRm.
RtT YlTlTjRX j UL

3
9

4
8

5
10

7
1
6

A
1

TPm. 2.11 oNR]l Th

YlT
X

2
57oC

1. EQ 2. uLl
3. BVdm Zn
4. EXLd olTu 5. WYUdm ZnLs
6. Adl Tm 7. YlTm Es[ 8. YlTm
9. WYm
10. YlTm YV

C
D

rks[ Lmf p WYm BVYRp

ofV HtTj\. EY] Vu
Y YVt\lTh, AjRlT\. Ce
Vu Y im WYUL oYP\.
oYRt GjdLiP YlTjR

SWm

TPm. 2.10 U E\Rp

1. U

2. o

26

LsYRp AlTp AL oY
HtTj\. U\L 0 o C -p Es[ o
T-k
GqR
Es\
YlTjRm GjdLsYpX. C
TmTX] WYeLdm AYtu P
Xdm Tkm.

im Y\. G]Y Ths

Es[ EQ Utm \ TsL-k
Yl TjR H t, u Y \ .
oNR]l Thu LR \kdU]p,
Tml L]UL YX NnVYi Es[Rp
NUVX\p
AL
YlT jR
Y\. G]Y A\ YlTUL
Es[.

AhPYQ 2.4 : X ThLu ERu

Es\ YlTm Utm EX

7, E\dLXY
\kR YlTXV EYdm LXY
E\dLXY G]lTm. TdLhj iLs,
El AUVm ShWh NokR LXY
E\dLXY G]lTm. TdLh lhP
ElLs NokR LXY 0o C d \Y]
YlT XL[ EYd\. Td
LhPu ElT NodmT El-k
YlTjR GjdLi TdLh
E\. G]Y LXYu YlTX
\\. RtT EY] p El
LW\. CRtL] YlTm LXY-kR
G j d Ls[ lTYR p
LXY u
YlTX 0o Cdm r \\. Elm
TdLhm 1 : 3 Gu\ Rjp NokR
E\dLX Y 13 o C YW X ] \
YlTjR EYd\.

Y.
Gi.

El

100 .
LXYp
Elu A[

Tm
YlTX
(oC)

1.

MgSO4

19

3.9

2.

KCl

19.7

11.1

3.

NH4Cl

18.6

15.8

4.

NaCl

22.4

21.2

5.

CaCl2

29.8

55

6.

KOH

31.5

65

E R - u EX
Es\
(oC)
YlTm
10 5 (JKg1)

1.

TdLh

3.34

2.

SlR-u

1.46

80

3. LVm

0.25

327

4.

Ys

0.92

961

5.

jRSLm

1.13

420

6. RWm

1.8

1083

7.

3.21

658

8. TWu U

1.8

57

9.

0.5

269

AVm
vUj

1 , TdLhu ERu Es\

YlTm LQp
n UV ]
EXokR
L-V]
LXUu \V (m 1) LXdPu
Noj LiL. J LYp R[ W
A\ YlTXVP 10 o C ALUL
CdU YlTlTjRlT\. LX
Up TA[ Cko WlTlT\.
LXU, P] o Utm LXdPu
Noj \ V d L iL (m 2 ). Pu
LXUV J UWlThs Yj,
u YlTXVd jd LsL (t1). u
YlTX Uo 4 o C Rp 5 o C A\
YlTXVP \m YW EXokR
TdLhV LXUp RLf
NodLm. C YlTXVm (t 2 )
LXUu \Vm (m3) LiL.
s1, s2 \V LXU Utm u
RuYlT Htj\uLs GuL. TdLhu
YlTX = 0 o C Utm TdLhu
EsW YlTm L GuL.

AhPYQ 2.3 X E\dLXYLu

YlTXLs
Y.
Gi

Ts

2.6 ERu Es\ YlTm

J Tu ER-u Es\
YlTm GuT U\ YlTXLp KWX
\ LiP PlT[ ARu EX
YlTXp Ym WYUL Ut\j
RYlTm YlT Bt\p Bm. CRu
Es\ YlTju AX J kg1 Bm.

LXU Utm o CZkR UjR YlTm

0o C-p Es[ TdLh 0oC-p Es[ W

P J Tp oY HtTjR YpX.
JqY X Wm TdLhm 0oC-YlT
Xp EL ARu Es\ YlTU]
3.34 105 J-I AlT-kR Gjd

= m1s1 (t1 t2) + (m2 m1) s2 (t1 t2)

... (1)

TdLh Htd LiP YlTm

= (m3 m2) L + (m3 m2) s2 t2
27

... (2)

LXY \ RjYjuT,

ALULm ClTRd LQXm. G]Y

Wm TdLhm \V \kR YlT
XU L m Yl T H t V L m YlT
GguLp TVuTu\].

CZkR YlTm = HtdLiP YlTm

(m3 m2) L + (m3 m2) s2 t2

= m1s1 (t1 t2) + (m2 m1) s2 (t1 t2)

3 , u BVRu Es\ YlTm

LQp
n UV ] E XokR L X U V
LXdPu Noj \ (m1) LiL. TV[
W Wl im LXUu \ (m2)

TdLhu ER-u Es\ YlTm

[ m1 s1 ( m2 m1 ) s2 ] ( t1 t2 ) ( m3 m2 ) s2 t2
( m3 m2 )

Gu\ NUuTh-k LQdPlT\.

LQd: 500 Wm \ LiP TdLh
ARu YlTX U\Up WL Ut\j
RYlTm YlT Bt\Xd LQd.
TdLhu
Es\ YlTm = 3.34 105 _p .1
TdLhu \ = 500 = 0.5 .
RYlTm YlT Bt\p Q = ?
Q = mL
Q = 0.5 3.34 105
= 1.67 105 _p

2, BVRu Es\ YlTm

KWX \ LiP WYjR ARu
LX p
tm
B V d L j
RYlTm YlT Bt\p AjWYju
BVR-u Es\ YlTm G]lTm.

2.12 BVRu Es\ YlTm

L iL . u R Pd L Yl T X (t 1 )
j d L s L .
R t T
W V
YVtdZn Xm LXUp Es[
p Nj Su LXdLm. u YlTX
Uo 10o C EVokRPu YVt ZV
LY]UL dLYim. C YlTX (t2)
j d L s L . C l T L X U ,
As[Ytu \ (m3) LiL.

AhPYQ 2.5. X TsLu BVRu

Es\ YlTm Utm LX
Y.
Gi.

Ts

BVR-u
Es\
YlTm
J kg1

LX
(o C)

1.

2.26 106

100

2.

BpLap

8.5 105

78.5

3.

DRo

3.9 105

34.5

4.

TRWNm

2.96 105

357

5.

PoTuPu

2.93 105

159

[W@Tom

2.45 105

61.2

6.

Wu YlTX
= 100o C
LXU Utm LXdu
RuYlT Htj\u
= s1
u Ru YlT Htj\u
= s2
o BVR-u Es\ YlTm = L
LXU Utm o HtdLiP UjR
YlTm = [m1 s1 + (m2 m1) s2] (t2 t1)
... (1)
o
100 C p WVL UYRt
W CZkR YlTm
= (m3 m2) L
o
o
100 C p Es[ o t2 C o
CZkR YlTm = (m3 m2) s2 (100 t2)
UjR Bt\p CZl
= (m3 m2) L + (m3 m2) s2 (100 t2) ... (2)
LXY \u RjYlT,
CZkR YlTm = HtdLiP YlTm

Wm Lm JW YlTXp
(100o C) CkRTm LWP W

AL LVm HtTj\. H]p Wu

Es\ YlTju LWQUL L AL
YlT Bt\X Ttdm.
AhPYQLs 2.4, 2.5 -k ER-u
Es\ YlTm TdLhd ALULm,
Wu Es\ YlTm H]VYt\P
28

(m3 m2) L + (m3 m2) s2 (100 t2)

TdLhu YV Npm. Lmu

s[ TdLh AjRjRp \kR YlT
Xp E\. AqY Lm TdLh
YV NpmT Lmu Us[ o
im E\\. G]Y, TdLh C
TVL YpX. CqY TdLh
im E\m Lr E CQRp
G]lTm.

= m1s1 (t2 t1) + (m2 m1) s2 (t2 t1)

u BVR-u Es\ YlTm

L=

[ m1 s1 + (m2 m1 ) s2 ] (t2 t1 ) ( m3 m2 ) s2 (100 t2 )

(m3 m2 )

Gu\ NUuTh-k LQdPlT\.

LQd: 373 K YlTXp Es[ 0.40
. o AR YlTXp WVL
Ut\lT\. CRtL] YlT Bt\Xd
LQd.
Wu Es\
YlTm
u \
YlTX
RYlTm YlT
Bt\p Q

TdLhp LrYRlTp J Ts
EYRp e]p ARu EX
AjR ALlTp \m. TW@u
Up LrYRl Tp J Ts
EYRp YPkRp ARu EXl
s AjR ALlTp EVm.

= 2.26 106 J/Kg

= 0.40 .
= 373 K

2, TfNd
TfNd LhPu ] oUVL
Es[Rp TdLhu NVpTm
AjRm TdLh EL TU]RL
Es[. CqY EYm o EVl
T [ L NV p T YR p T f N d
GUVL TdLhu Np\. E
CQRp LrYp im EV o
TdLhVL U\. G]Y TfNd
T d L h p A L l Pu NpX
H Y \ . T j Ws L m T f N d
FoLm CR RjYju AlTPp
NVpTu\].
3 , UlTsLs EX.
LXp HtTjm [
NVp : J LYp Es[ p R[
El ApX HRm J UlT[
Ldm YW Tj. LXp
YlTXV A[. C 100o C-V P
ALUL ClTRd LY. J WYju
LX UlTsL[ NolTRp
EV\ GuTR CfNVp Lh\.
NVp : J LYp X iLs
TdLhV GjdLi Ap R[
ElTj . TdLh EmYW Su
LXd ARu YlTXV A[. C
0o C dm \YL Es[R LYdLXm.
UlTsLs TdLhu EXVd
\d\.
4, LXp AjRju [
J L[YYd Yp, W Wl
Uo CWi u PeLs LdL.
RtT EYm W Yp Es[
Lt\ YVtm. YlTlTjYR j
Yu YV CWlTo APlT]p
CdLUL RXZL Lrj Y.

=mL
= 0.4 2.26 106
= 0.904 106
Q = 904 kJ.

2.7

UlTsLs, AjRm
BVYt\p EX,
LXLp HtTm Ut\m

NVp : C TdLh iLs Ju\

Ju\ Yj Su Aj. RtT C
iLm Ju\L E\ks[R LY.
AjRj]p J Tu E X
\\.

1 , AjRjRp EXp HtTm

[ - E CQRp NR]
J TdLhu Ko EXLd LmV
Yj ARu C ]Lm CNU

TPm. 2.13 E CQRp NR]

1. TdLh

2. GP

GPLs (5 .) CQdLm. Lmp

CQdLl Th s [
GPV p
Lm
29

 Y u Up ok R W F t .
Y p Es[ W oYR p

NVpT\. AjR NUVtLXu AV

EXLd LXYVX] L] LXs W
AjRm Uo 2 Y AjRjp CdLUL
APdLlThs[. CqYjRjp u
LX Uo 120o C Bm. CkXp
EQl TsLs NUdLlTmT SWm
GTm \m. NUlTRtL] SWm
\YRp EQlTu Bt\p Ul
(hPuLs, LUlTs) TLdLl
T\. LtpXR Wf Z-p EQl
T s L s NUd L l T YR p E Q l
T s L s Bd _ ] t\ m APY
RdLlT\.
E V WU ]
T L p
NUlTp HtTm dLpL[ AjR
NUVtLXu od\.

TPm. 2.14 LXp AjRju [

2 . 8 DWlTRu Utm JlU

DWlTRu
YUiPXjs[ Wu A[
DWlTRu Bm. YUiPXjs[ Wu
A[
L XjR l
T j m ,
RhT
YlTXV Tjm UTm. WPu
V Lt DWdLt G]lTm. KWX TUu
Ltp Es[ Wu A[ Ltu DWlTRu
Bm. C .. 3 Gu\ AXLp
A[PlT\. DWlTRu RhTYlT
XL[ oUlTp TVuT\.
Ltp Wu A[ \mT,
Lt EXokR Lt\L Es[. Um ARu
DWlTRu \. Ltp Wu A[
ALdmT Lt DWlTRjPu Es[.
CRu DWlTRu ALm. Ltp DWlTRju
A[ JlU DWlTRu G]lTm.
J lhP TUu Es[ Ltp
Wu \dm (m) AR TUs[
Lt\ AR YlTXp RhYRtj
RYV] Wu \dm (M) Es[ RL
JlU DWlTRu (RH) G]lTm.

Ys AjRm \\. RtT

Yp Es[ o LlTRd LY.
CkR Bn-k AjRm \YRp
u LX \YRd LQXm. G]Y
AjRm ALlTR p J W Y j u
LX ALd\.
UXu Efp YUiPX AjRm
\YL Es[Rp Ae o \kR
YlTXXV Ld\. EQl
T sL[
Su
N UlTRtL ]
YlTXVP CqYlTX Ld
\. ARY UXlTp EQl
TsL[ NUdL iP SWUm. u
LX
AL d m T
EQ l
TsL[ NUlTRtL] SWm \\.
5, AjR NUVtLXu
AjRm ALlTRp J WYju
LX ALd\ Gu\ RjYju
Al TP p
AjR
NUV tL Xu
2

JlU DWlTRu =
3

m
100%
M

Ltp AL A[ DW B CkRp
A R u Jl U DWl T R u 100% Bm.
CkXp lTWls[ o BVL
V. JlU DWlTRu 100% dm \YL
CkRp BVRp Rm \m. G]Y
CfZ-p
DWU]
Ls
Gp
EXoYpX.

TPm. 2.15 AjR NUlTu

1. AjR Yp 2. TLl Yp
3. Ll 4. W

30

AhPYQ 2.6 : YlTXV Tj

Lts[ W A[p HtTm Ut\m

6. BVRp .................. p Lm.

(1) WYju UtTWlp
(2) WYju AlTp
(3) WYju SlTp
(4) WYju UtTWl Utm AlTp
7. UZ SsLp JlU DWlTRu ..................
Bm.
(1) 70%
(2) 0%
(3) 50%
(4) 100%
8. AjR NUVtLXs u LX
.................. .
o
o
o
o
(1) 100 C
(2) 0 C (3) 120 C (4) 120 C
9. oNR]l Thp TVuTm Gp
BVm WYm .................. .
(1) Vu
(2) o
(3) -Vm
(4) AhPu
10. J PlTs ELj RYV]
YlTm .................. .
(1) H = ms
(2) H = ms
(3) H = mL
(4) H = m
LhP CPeL[ WlL :
11. u RuYlT Ht \u .................. .

Y.Gi. Ltu YlTX Wu \

(L]hPo Ltp)
(oC)
1.

10

9.3

2.

15

12.7

3.

20

17.1

4.

25

22.8

5.

30

30.9

6.

35

39.2

7.

40

51

8.

50

60

JlU DWlTRu LXjR Tj

UTm. UZdLXeLp Ltp u
A[ ALlTRp ARu JlU DWlTRu
ALm (RH = 100%) AL JlU DWlTRu,
LPtLWl TLp WkRWU] Ju\m.
AL JlU DWlTRjRp SU EP-p Es[
VoY B BYpX G]Y Sm
dLjR EQo\m.

12. T d L hPu Nod L l T m U l

TsLs, TdLhu EX
................. .

Ru Ul

13. U p
A jR j R
EX .................. .

NV] PVj RokRdL :

1. Ru YlT Htj\u AX .................. .
1

2.

3.

4.

5.

Al T R p

14. PlTsLp .................. u s Yi

Ul ALUm.

(1) J kg K
(2) kg K
1
1
(3) JK
(4) J kg
LjRX JlmT BVRp
.................. .
(1) UY], AUV] Lrf
(2) UY] NjRU] Lrf
(3) WY], AUV] Lrf
(4) WY] NjRU] Lrf
TdLhu EsW YlTju Ul
.................. .
5
(1) 80 J/kg
(2) 3.34 10 J/kg
5
(3) 22.57 10 J/kg
(4) 540 J/kg
J WYm BVm T ARu
YlTX .................. .
(1) EVm
(2) \m
(3) Ut\m APYpX
(4) EVm ApX \m
o TdLhVL E\mT .................. .
(1) YlTm EhLYWlTm
(2) YlTm YPlTm
(3) YlTX EVm
(4) YlTX \m

15. A jR N UV tL X p E s [ W
AjRm Uo .................. .
16. J Ts PX-k SPVL
Y Xd Um Lr ..................
G]lTm.

dLUL PV :
17. YWV : J T u R uYl T
Htj\u.
18. YWV : J Tu YlT Htj\u.
19. TRWNm YlTXULp TVuTjRl
TYRu ?
20. o olT]Ll TVuT\. Hu ?
21. LXY \u RjYjRd ?
22. LXU NR]p UtLs[lTm
u]fNdLLs CWiPd lL.
23. YWV : GkWVp YlT CQUt.
24. GkWVp Bt\dm YlT Bt\d
PVV] RPo V ?
31

25. TsL s
YlTlTjm T
YPYRu ?

46. L U V ] L n f N - u T D W j
Stp YdLlTYRu ?

26. K o EX Lj Ril T u s
YiQ YWV.

47. ofNR]l Thu RjYjR G.

48. E\dLXY GuT V ? GjdLh
RL.

27. s Noks[ LWLs VY ?

30. Ko DXLj RL GuT V ?

Y] PV :
49. J PlTu Ru YlT Htj\u
Lm \V [dL.
50. J WYju RuYlT Htj\u Lm
\V Y.
51. PlTu s, TU Y
[dL.

31. o T]
T h pLs
NnVlThlTRu ?

52. TdLh ER-u Es\ YlTm

Lm NR] \V Y.

28. YWV : J PlTu TU

Gi.
29. TXeLs
Ri PY [e Ls
Ut m
SgNXLp Luh TXeLs
B VY tp CPY H tT jR l
TYRu ?
L] U L

53. W u E s \ Yl T m L m
\V Y.

32. YWV. ER-u Es\ YlTm.

33. G L d LUV ] d L V j R
Ht T j m ? L o ApX W .
[dL.

54. E X p ,
A jR m ,
TsLu [Y Y.

34. 0o C p Es[ TdLh 0o C YlTXp

Es[ W P AL of V
HtTjYRu ?
35. YWV : BVR-u Es\ YlTm.
36. TfNdu RjYjR [dL.
37. UX l TL p
NUd L
iP
SWUYRu ?
38. DWlTR] YWVj ARu AX]j
RL.
39. JlU DWlTR] YWV.
40. UZdLXeLm LPtLWl TLm
dLUL EQoYRu ?
41. YWV : ERp, E\Rp.
42. YWV : BVRp, oRp.

U l

55. L X p
A jR m
Ut m
UlTsLu [Y Y.
56. TdLh, Uu XUt\jR LXm
- YlTX YWTPjRd Li Y.
L[l Tt LjW RL.

LQdLs:
57. 150 Wm RWju YlTXV 293 K
-k 295 K EVojR GqY[ YlTm
(P: 115.5 J)
RYlTm ?
58. RWju sYi 16 106 K1. 5 N.
[s[ RWdLmV 274K EVojm
T [jp HtTm EVoYd LQdL.
(P: 2.19 N.))
59. 1 . \LiP TdLhV 0o C p
WYUL Ut\j RYlTm YlT
(P: 3.34 105 J )
Bt\Xd LQd.

43. YWV : TReLURp.

44. J WYm BVRp Noks[ LWLs
VY ?

60. 273 K YlT Xs[ 0.175 .. \

TdLhV 373 K Yl T X p
WVL Ut\j RYlTm YlT
Bt\-u A[Yd LQdL.

45. UZdLXeLp DWU] Ls EXW

iP SWUYRu ?

(P: 527.2 kJ)

32

3, JVp
V Ju, p Es[ E]eLs
Eo YZ CV X . T Uj R YW eL s
JfNodL Xm EQ RVdL V J
TVuT\. URoLm, XeLm
EQt LL R YW e L[ N ok Y Z
Yis[. G]Y Vu Bt\-u
RuU XUm. Bt\-u J YYU]
J, ToYV EQWf Nn\. CVtL
LrL[] XY]m, Y]p, um
iuLs, YWeLu JjRlLs
BV VjR, AZL] [L[ Ju
Xm AVXm. lThPLeLs, XuLp
HtTm JXLX ClTPjp LQXm.
JVp LL[] LW, iQd,
RXSd WlTP rjLu RjYm
AY YX Nnm Rm ClTPjp
[dLlThs[].

(i)

(ii)
TPm. 3.2 SQVm EVoYL RRp
(i) SQVm RYpX (ii) SQVm RRp

1, LiQl T[jp JLp

YWTXLp J R[l Tj
ARu NqYL LiQl T[jR Y.
ARu GpXLs ABCDId jdLs. ABp
O - k NM G u \ N e j d L
YWVm. OX Gu\ SoL YWk ARu
iLs P, QYl TjRm. LiQl
T[ju GolTdLjp P, Q iLu
mTeLm R, S Gu\ C iLm JW
SodLhp AUU R, S iL[l
Tj. LiQlT[m, iL[ d
iLu X R, S I CQjRp A CD
p, O' p RU h Pm. CDd O'- k
N' M' Gu\ Nejd L YWVm. O, O' I
CQdLm. Lo XOO' Yu TRVd LY.
C Op N' M'I Sdm O'p N' M'I h
Xm ClTRd LY. Lt, LiQ
FPLeLu GpXLp J Y[k
Npm.

3.1 JXLp
NVp : s[ LYp J TuX
Y. Wj R m s p T up
Y[klTRd LY.

TPm. 3.1 LYp Es[ Tup

J Ko FPLj-k Ut\o FPLjt

NpmT R] So TRVh
X f Np m . C q [ J XL p
(Refraction) G]lTm. (Refraction Yd
dm J Xju Np Bm.)
TLdm Nejd LhtP
VV] LQm TLQm Bm. i1 = XON
X Ldm Nejd Lhtm
CPVV] LQm XLQm Bm.

N V p : L lTu Ap J
S QVjR
Y.
L lT u
UpT-k SQVjRl To. J
lhP Xp SQVm RYpX.
Ll TV m RXV m SLojR Up
GqY S Q V jR T od L m ?
LlTp W Wl. RtT SQVm
RYRd LY.
33

r1 = MOO', r2 = N' O' O

Ultm
Ultm
Es[Rd
XLdL]

sLQm i2 = M' O' Y.

X

Q
i1

sin i sin r

A
M

r1

X LQju Nu
Es[ Rm U-VL
LiPkRo. C J
vSp Vm.

sin i = 12 sin r

sin i
= = U-.
sin r 1 2

N'
r2

O'

i2 R
M'

U - 12 Rp FPLjRl Tj
CWiPm FPLju JXLp Gi Bm.
C J TUQUt\ GiQm. Ko FPLju
JXLp Gi TLQju UlT NokR
Au. C FPLju RuUVl TjR.

F
Y

FPLm 1 -k FPLm 2 t Npm

Ju XLp Gi

TPm. 3.3 LiQl T[ju J XLp

2
sin i
=
sin r
1

XOY E YW h. C XLXPVR
Lu TR Bm. TLo (XOE) sLo
(O'Y)d CQVL Es[Rd LY.

(i.e.,) 1 sin i = 2 sin r.

CQl TdLeL[dLiP T[ju

YV J NpmT ARu TR
Ut\UPVpXVm, A TdLYhp
CP m TVok s[ . C Td LY h
CPlTVof G]lTm. LQeLs i1, r1, i2,
r2 BVYt\ A[. i1 = i2 , r1 = r2 BLm
ClTRd LY. CfNR]V TpY
TLQeLd Nn ARu XLpLQm
Utm sLQeLs A[h AhP-

vSp V uYU Gp U]p

Ls[Xm.
FPLju

JXLp

Gi

Lt ApX YtPjRf Nok Ko

F PL j u J XL p Gi AR u R
JXLp Gi Bm. Rp FPLj-k
CWiPY FPLjt J NpmT
FPLju JXLp Gi CWiPY
FPLj-k Rp FPLjt J
NpmT FPLju JXLp Giu
RX Bm.

sin i

= U-VL ClTRd
YQlTj.
sin r
LQXm.
AhPYQ 3.1 LiQl T[ju
JXLp Gi
r1 i 2
r 2 12
Y.Gi i 1
12
=

sin i1
sin r1

sin i2
sin r2

AkR FPLjp

LQju = U
Nu Ul

12 =

1
2 1

Wf Nok LiQu JXLp Gi

Lt\f Nok LiQu JXLp
Gitm u JXLp Gitm
Es[ RUm.
Lt LiQ

JXL-u Ls

oLiQ =

1. T Lo, XLo, T s p
NejdL BVY JW R[jp
AUm.

Lt o

CRlTXY, LiQ FPLjR Nok

u JXLp Gi,
Lt o

2. 1612 Bm Bi vSp Gu\ AVp

A Oo,
L d LlTh P
C
FPLeLd TLQju Nu

LiQo = Lt LiQ

34

LQd: Ltp TLQm 50o Tp

XL p L Qm 36 o G p T u
JXLp GiQd LQd.

Ko FPLju JXLp Gi, FPLju

YV Npm JV Y[dm \]m.
LiQu JXLp Gi Lt\P
ALm. G]Y LiQp J AL
A[t Y[k N pm . LiQ
APo FPLULm Lt APo\
FPLULm LRlT\.

i = 50o,

2 = ?

r = 36o ,

vSp lT
1 sin i = 2 sin r
..
1 sin 50o = 2 sin 36o [ . Lt = 1]
o
sin 50
2 =
= 1.303
sin 36o
Tu JXLp Gi = 1.303

NVp : uRhp Es[ J ]

dL Vt Nn. A Rt\Udm

LQd: Lt FPLjp Npm Lo 53o

TLQjp p \. u JXLp
Gi 1.33 Gp p XLp LQm LiL.
i = 53o,

o = 1.33,

r=?

vSp -k
1 sin i1 = 2 sin r
1 sin 53o = 1.33 sin r
sin 53o
1.33
r = 36.9o
p XLp LQm r = 36.9o

TPm. 3.4 u Rhp Es[ u

sin r =

CPjp ClTpX. J XL-u

LWQUL Rt\Udm CPjRP Nt
BZjp Cdm.

LQd : Lt\l Tj LiQ, u

AhPYQ 3.2 : YtPjRl Tj X

TY] FPLeLu JXLp GiLs
Ts
Lt

JXLp Ts
Gi
1.00029

JXLp GiLs \V

1.49

TdLh

1.30

Tuu

1.50

1.33

W[u
LiQ

1.52

GjR]p

1.36

@ih
LiQ

1.65

LkRL AXm

1.43

L]P
TpNm

1.53

UiQiQn

1.44

NVm
[W

1.54

Yohv

1.46

LoTu-P
NpT

1.63

PoTuPu
GiQn

1.472

1.71

Nu

1.48

YWm

2.42

NodLWd
LWNp

1.38

Gp, Wl

Tj LiQu JXLp Gi LiL.

JXLp
Gi

NodLW
LWNp
(80%)

3 4
,
2 3

Lt LiQ

3
2

Lt o

4
3

o LiQ

=?

LiQu JXLp Gi Wl Tj
o LiQ

Lt LiQ

3
3

2
4

b3 2 g
b g

= 43

Lt o

9
8

= 1.125

2, lThPLjp JXLp
u NUR [ T d L eL [ p Zl T h P
Jm FPLm lThPLm Bm. C
T d L eL s T [ T [ l T L m , J T d L m
JLRY RndLlThdm. TdLeLs
JX R[eLs Bm. RndLlThPlTdLm
A l T d L U m .
C
J X
R[eLdPVV] LQm lThPLju
LQm G]lTm. J lThPLm GlTm
NUTdL dLQUL CdL YiVpX.
35

3, JXLu EVojm [
Ko FPLjp YdLlThs[ T[
Ut\o FPLju YV LmT

NR] : J YWTXLp YWR[l

Tj ARu lThPLjR YdLm.
lThPLju GpXLs ABCV YWk
Ls. lThPLjR d Op NM Gu\
NejdL YW. XO Gu\ SodL
YWk ARu P Utm Q Gu\ C
i L[f N e jR Ll T j .

A
K
N
i1
X

O
r1

M'

d
r2
M

N'

O'
i2

S
B

TPm. 3.5 lThPLju YV JXLp

TPm. 3.6. JXLu EVojm [

Y

Ts ARu EiU X-k Nt

UX ClTTp Rum.

lThPLjR im ARu Xp Yj
AC Y V iLs P Utm Q u
mTeL[l T o. AC , Td Ljp P, Q
iLu mTeLs, R, S Gu\ C
iLm JW SodLhp AUU
R, S iL[l Tj. lThPLjR
d R, S V CQjRp A AC I O'p
Nkdm. O' YV NejdL (N' M')
YW. Um OO'I CQ.
TLQm
i1 = XON,
XLQeLs
r1 = MOO',

LiQlT[ju r YdLlThs[
T s O Y Up T d L s [ L t
FPLj-k TodmT O - k
Ym Lo OA NejRL R[jp k
Ltp SWLf (AC) Npm. OB Gu\ Ut\
Lo lhP LQjp R[jp k
Nejd LhPh X BD YV
TolTRt CdLo I-k YYRlTp
Rum. APo FPLjp YdLlThs[
J T[ APo\ FPLm YV
LmT Ap ClTRLj Rum.

r2 = M'O' O
i2 = YO' N' GuL.

vSp -k
OA

TLQeLs i1, i2, XLQeLs r1, r2

BVYt\ A[. TLQju TpY
UlLd CfNR]Vj mTfNn
Lh l T L[ Ah PYQlT j .
TLQju Nu Ul, XLQju
Nu Ult So Rjp ClTRd
LQXm. lThPLju JXLp GiQ
12

sin i1

12 = IA

EiU BZm

= Rt \ BZm

NR] : WYju Rt\, EiU

B ZeL [ A[ YR u Xm A R u

sin i2

= sin r = sin r Gm NUuTh-k

1
2

LQdPXm.
AhPYQ 3.3 lThPLl Tu JXLp Gi

Y.Gi

i1

r1

i2

r2

12

12

sin i1
sin r1

sin i2
sin r2

h2
h1

TPm. 3.7 : WYju JXLp Gi LQp

36

JXLp
Gi Q
G UV L d
LQdPXm. WYs[ LYp J A[
LX NejRL Y. Ut\ A[LX
LYu YlTdLjp J Rep
Tj.

LYV NnYL Y. u R[jRd

LYjRp A NUR[ BVlTu
Rum. R[jt Us[ TsL[
LQ CVX. B]p SQVju T-Y]
mTjR AL GWl]p LQXm.

UpTdLk A[LX Toj C

A[L-u AlTdLm JW R[jp
AUU Yl\ A[LX N Nn.
oUhPm A[LpLp Lhm A[Ls
h1, h2 I A[.

N V p : Ko CWhP\p Es[ u
Rhp TV[ W Wl. Rhu

h1, h2 \V EiU, Rt\ BZeLs

Bm. Lt FPLjR Nok WYju

JXLp Gi,
Lto =

EiU BZm
h1
=
h2
Rt \ BZm

CfNUuThP TVuTj WYju

JXLp GiQd LQXm.

TPm. 3.8 u R[m NUR[ BVL

NVpTRp
1. SQVm,

LQd : LiQl T[ju YV J

T[l TodmT ARu Rt\ BZm
4 N.. LiQu JXLp Gi 1.5 Gp
Tu EiU BZjRd LQdL.

AjR[jp Pof [dL Yj UYL

NndmT o FPLjts[V J
GWlTRd LY.

LiQu JXLp Gi = 1.5

Rt\ BZm
= 4 N.
EiU BZm
=?

1.5 =

J APo FPLj-k APo\

FPLjt NpmT XLo Nejd
LhP h Xf Npm. U\L
R[jt NejRL m Lo XL-u
SWLf Npm. TLQm ALdL X
L Qm A L d m . J l h P
TLQjp XLo u R[jR
RhdLi Npm. X LQm 90o
dL] APo FPLjp TLQju

EiU BZm
Rt \ BZm
EiU BZm
4

EiU BZm = 1.5 4 = 6 N.

LQd : J fNp [jp o 12 hPo
BZjp ClTRLj Ru\. [jp
Es[ u EiU BZm 16 hPo Gp
u JXLp GiQd LQdL.

EiU BZm
= 16 ,
Rt\ BZm
= 12
JXLp Gi = ?
=

i=0

i<C
i=C

EiU BZm
Rt \ BZm

16
12

4
3

2. SQVju mTm

= 1.33

u J XLp Gi = 1.33

4, AL GWl
N V p : s[ LiQ LYu
Al TP p J S QV jR Yj

i>C

TPm. 3.9 AL GWl

U l
U Xd L Qm
G] l T m.
TLQju Ul UXdLQjR
37

P ALUmT, JdLo APo

FPLjXV GWdLlTm.

45o

APo FPLj-k APo\

FPLjR Sdf Npm Ko JdLo, UXdLQjRP AL TLQjp
mT AR FPLjp YUL
GWdLlTm Ck Lr A L
GWl G]lTm.

45o
B
(i)

UXd LQjtm JXLp

Gids[ RPo

M1

A
L

oLt = Lt o

sin C
sin 90o

sin C =

45o

Lt o

M1

45o

[ . . . sin 90o = 1]
Lt o

45o

(ii)

Lt\f Nok GkRYo FPLju

JXLp Gi m , ARu U Xd
LQju Nu Ulu RX Bm.

(i) 90o GWl lThPLm,

(ii) 180o GWl lThPLm,

GWl]p BC YV NejRL
Npm (LM) Lo ARu Np CZlu
90 o XL XPk Np \ . C jR L V
l T hPL eL s A L G W l
lThPLeLs G]lTm. C TmTm
90 o
XL X PV f
Nn V
LW
LiQdlTXL TVuT\. CR
lThPLm LW 180o XLXPVf NnVm
TVuT\.

(1) JAPo FPLj-k APo\

FPLjtf NpX Yim.
Ul U Xd
ALU L Cd L

LQd : YWju UXd LQm

24.4o . ARu JXLp Gi LiL.
=?
1

TPm. 3.10 AL GWl lThPLeLs

AL GWltL] TkR]Ls

(2) T L Q ju
LQ jR P
Yim.

45o
45o

1
Lto = sin C

C = 24.4o

TvLlu AL GWl
lThPLeLs TVuTu\]. o-rd
LlT-p olTWlt Up Es[ TsL[d
LQ TvLl TVuT\.

LtYWm = sin C = sin 24.4o = 2.42.

5, AL GWl lThPLeLs
C X R[eLdPVs[ LQm
o
90 , Ut\ C LQeLs JqYum 45o
Es[ lThPLeLs AL GWl
lThPLeLs Bm.
ABC GuT NeLQ dLQ LiQ
lThPLm Bm. LM Gu\ JdLo AB
Ne jRL \. lTh PLj s
XLX P V Up AC p 45 o L Qj p
\. C LiQu UXd
LQjR (42o) P ALm. G]Y AL

6, LiQ JZ
L iQ
J Z,

AL
GWlT AlTPVLd Lis[.
Cp JfNL f A[ Bt\p
CZlPu KPj-k Ut\o CPjt
TWlTlT\.
Y[ m R uU L iP J X
p-hPo
RUu
LiP
iP
LiQjRi LiQ JZ Bm.
LiQ JZp E[ YY Es[Lm
38

JV Gjf Np\. Es[LjRf t

Yl\m TUV E\ Ju Es[.
Es[Lju JXLp Gi ( = 1.7) Yl\

XuLs UVjp RU]Lm

mLp U-km ClTRd LY.
XuLs
UVjp
U-km
mLp Rjm Cdm.
NVp : J Tud Up XuNl
j Tu-u RY] mTm

TPm. 3.11 JZp Npm JdLoLs

1. E\ 2. s Es[Lm

TUV E\u JXLp GiQ

( = 1.5) P Nt ALm. Es[Lm, TUV
R[eLP V AL GW l
APYRp JZp Ck Th
NpYpX. G]Y, LiQ JZLs
Jd ZVLl TVuTu\].

(i)

(ii)

TPm. 3.12 : (i) Xu,

(ii) Xu NVpT

PdU XuN um umL

SLoj.
Tup TVRL Ru]p E]
Lp Es[ Xuv. U\L VRL
Ru]p A Xuv Bm.
1, XuLs
Jm T[p B] C\m
L[Ll TWlLs ApX J\m L[L
TWl Ut\ \m NUR[ TWl LiP
Jm Tu TV Xuv
G]lTm.

TVuTLs :
(1) LiQ
JZLs
Y[kR
Tm NpYRp SU EP-u
EsTV
TPm
d m
(GiPvLl) Lp TVuT\.
(2) Cp N nLs Gi V p u
JjlL[Ld \kR Bt\p
CZlPu Gjf NpXlT\. CY
RXT, LlT RLYpL[
GjfNp\.
(3) JZj RphTm WWp
Tu\ iU ElLp Es[
tSnd
LhL[
AdLl
TVuT\.
3.2 XuLs YV JXLp
SU A]\P YrdLp XuLs
dV Te Ydu\]. LWL YpSo
LLp Es[ WLLu YWeL[ AV
XuL[l TVuTjYR Tojd
\m.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(i) C\ Xuv, (ii) NUR[d Xuv,

(iii) - Xuv

LLWm RVlTYo Ap iV
TLeL[ RYLd LQ XuL[
TVuTj\o. d LiQLs JTPl
ThLs, iQdLs JVp LLs
RVlTp XuLs TVuTu\].
NVp : EeLPm TXYL XuLs
RWlThs[]. AYt\j Rhl Toj
AY Xu ApX Xu GuTR
Li.

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(iv) C\ Xuv, (v) NUR[d Xuv,

(vi) - Xuv

TPm. 3.13 : Xuu TXYLLs

39

2, Xuu YWV\Ls
1. J Xuu ALXm ApX hPm
ARu CPPm G]lTm.

XLXPkR u dV Afp Es[ J

s-k k NpYRl TX
P

2. J Xuu YVp UVm ARu

JVp UVm (O) G]lTm.

F
C2

C1

(i)

C2

C1

(i)

Q
P

(ii)

TPm 3.14 : XuvLu Y[ BWm Utm

UVm
(i) Xuv, (ii) Xuv

3. GkRd L[ju J TVL Xu

Es[R AdL[ju UVm Xuu
Y[ UVm (C) G]lTm.
4. GkRd L[ju J TVL Xuv
Es[R, AdL[ju BWm Xuu
Y[ BWm (R) Bm.
5. Xuu C R[eLu Y[
UVeLs,
JVp
UVm
BVYtu YVLf Npm SoL
dV Af G]lTm.
NVp : J Xutm, Pof
[dtm CPp lT Y. Xu^
N NnRp, Xu-k Ym LoLs J
sp YRd LY U\L Xup,
J
s-k
LoLs
k
NpYRm LY.

(ii)

TPm 3.16 : XuvLu dVd Vm

(i) Xu (ii) Xu

Rum. Als Xuu dV

Vm Bm.
7. J Xuu JVp UVjtm
ARu dV Vjtm CPV
Es[ RX V Wm G]lTm.
3, Xuv lThPLeL[X]
J Xuv TX V lThPLeL[p
B]. Xuu UVjRP mLp
J A L U L X Np U

(i)
(i)
(ii)
TPm 3.15 : XuvLu VUdm, k
Npm RuU
(i) Xuv, (ii) Xuv

6. d V Aft CQ V L Ym
JdLoLs, Xuu YV Nu
XLXPkR u dV Afp J
sp
m.
AlsV
Xuu
dVd
Vm
G]lTm.

(ii)
TPm 3.17 : Xuv lThPeL[p B]

d V Aft CQV L Ym
JdLo Ls Xuv Y V Nu

(i) Xuv, (ii) Xuv

40

AhPYQ 3.4 : , XuvLp mTeLs RtjRp - Ls

Xuv
1.

Xuv

dV Aft CQVL Ym
TLo, XLdl u Xuu
UTdLjp dV Vm YVLf
Npm.

dV Aft CQVL Ym TLo

XLdl u Xuu AR TdLjp
dV Vj-k k NpY Tp
Rum.

2.

dVd Vm YV Npm TLo

XLdl u dV Aft
CQVLf Npm.

dV VjR Sdf Npm TLo,

XLdl u dV Aft CQVLf
Npm.

F
F

3.

JVp UVm YV Npm

TLo XL-u AR Np
SoLhl TRp Npm.

JVp UVm YV Npm TLo

XL-u AR Np SoLhl
TRp Npm.

lThPLeLs AUks[]. C dV
Aft CQVL Ym JdLoLs
Xup dLlTYRm (UnlmTm)
Xup J s-k k
NpYTp (UVlmTm) RuYRm
[d\.

UnlmTm G]lTm. Un mTjR W

p dL m. Um A RXZ].
XuLp JXLp APkR LoLu
du Pdm mTm UV mTm
G]lTm.
5, XuLp RtdLlTm
mTeLs
AB Gu\ J Ts Xuu dV
Afp 2F d AlTp YdLlTYRLd

4, Un Utm UV mTeLs
XuLp JXLXPkR LoLu
EiUV] dhPp Pdm mTm
41

LsYm. B - k d V A f t
CQVL Ym Lo XLdl u
UTdLjp F YV Np\. B - k
Ym Ut\ Lo JVp UVm (O)
YV XL-u SWLf Np\. Cq
LoLm B ' p Nkj V, RXZ]
Un mTm A'B' dm 2F dm CPp
EYdu\].

SW] UV mTm EiP\. CVL

Tu RX Gp mTju
RXm Bm. mTju A[
Tu A[t NUm.

CRTp Xup TpY XLp

T s
Yd LlTm T
R u m
mTeLu RuU X, BVYt\ Lol
TPm Xm LQXm. (AhPYQ 3.5)

N V p : J XuN Rep
Tj. J Gm UYojV ARu
Po Xup dV Afp CdU Y.
J WV Xuu u Yj um
um SLoj]p RY] RXZ] Un
mTm Pdm. T[ YqY
XLp Yj, EYm mTju X,
RuU A[ BVYt\d LY, E]
L[ AhPYQ 3.5 EPu JlL.

J
T u
Gh
XL m
AYttV mTeLu XLm JW
GiQp dLlThs[].

B
A'

F
A

2F

2F

B'

7, Xup EYm mTeLs

TPm. 3.18 Xup mTm RuRp

J Xuu dV Afp Fd AlTp

J Ts YdLlTYRLd LYm.
B-k dV Aft CQVL Ym
Lo XLdl u Yl\UL k
Npm. AR] uTdLUL h]p
AdLo F YV NpYRl Tp Rum.
B--k Ym Ut\ Lo JVp
UVm YV XL-u Np\. k
Npm LoL[ LmT AY B'- k
YYRlTp Rum Um A'B' Gu\
V SW] mTm. JVp UVjtm
dV Vjtm CPV EYm.

6, Xup (1) Ts, mTju

RX (2) Tu, mTju
A[ BVYtu RPo
T[ XuN Sd SLojmT
mTju RXm A[m ALdu\].
Ts 2Fp YdLlTmT mTju
RX Tu RXtf NUm.
Tu RX J Vj RXdf
NUUmT mTju RXm A[m
- Bm. Tu RX f Gp
mTm RuYpX. Tu RX
7
1

3 4 5 6 7

8
F

2F

2F
1

B
3

B'

4
2F

TPm 3.19 : mTju RXm A[m

Tu RXYm A[Ym Tj
URp

A'

TPm 3.20 : Xuu mTeLs RuRp

TsLu YqY XLdL]

m T eL u
XL m
R uU L m
AhPYQ 3.5p LdLlThs[].

J
UP e
V jR XY
P
\mT, Ts Es[ TdLjXV
42

AhPYQ : 3.5 Xup Ts YqY XLp Es[T Rum

mTju Xm RuUm
TPm

Tu mTju mTju
X
X
RuU
A[

(i)
O

2F

F-p

2F-d

AlTp

F-dm
2F dm

2F p

2F p

NU A[
RXZ]
Unl
mTm

2Fdm
Fdm

2Fdm

TV RX JlTP
Z] Unl rjLs
mTm

F-p

Fdm
Odm

Tu TV
TdLm
SW]
UVmTm

s
A[
UnmTm

RX
Sdp
T[
Xuv

V
JTPl
RXZ] Th
CPp UnlmTm (LW)

A'

F
A

(ii)

TVuT
Ls

2F
B'

(iii)
B
F
A

2F

2F

A'
B'

(iv)

2F

F
A

2F

A'

AlTp

Vp
RX
Sdp
RXr
mTjR
SWd
YRt

B'

(v)
2F

2F

DXl
TU
RXZ]
UnmTm

RRp
[d

(vi)

B
A'

2F

F
A

CPp

43

El
TdLs

AhPYQ 3.6 : Xup TsLu YqY XLdL] mTeLu

X, RuU
LolTPm

(i)
F

B
2F

mTju
X

mTju
A[,
RuU

F-p

s A[
UVmTm

DX RX
dm
O-dm
CPp

Fdm O-dm

V SW]
UVmTm

(ii)
B'

Tu
X

A'

8, Xup

9, LoVu h UW
uYm h UWLs XuvLp
TVuTu\].

(1) Ts mTju RX
(2) Ts mTju A[ BVYtu
RPo
T [ J Xu N S d
SLojmT mTju RX \\.
B]p mTju A[, kRV mTju
A[Y P ALd\. Ts Xu^
SemT ARu UV mTm AR
TdLjp Xu^ Sd Se\. U\L
mTju A[ ALd\. Xuu J
UVjp Ts YdLlTmT AR
A[ s[ SW ] U V m Tm J
UVjXV Ru\. Tu Ik
XLm AYttV mTju XLm
JW GiL[p dLlThs[].
1

B
+
O
RX ()

RX (+)

B'

TPm. 3.22 LoVu h UW

(1) Ts GlTm Xuu CPlTdLU

YdLlT\. G]Y TLu N
CPk YXUL AUm.
(2) GpXj RXLm JVp
UVj-kR A[PlTu\].

A'

12345

2F

CPp

(3) TLu Np JVp UVj

-k A[PlTm RXLs
SodVL LRlTu\].

2F

(4) T L u Nd G oj N p
JVp UVj-k A[PlTm
RXLs GodVL LRlT
u\].

TPm. 3.21 Tu RXYm, A[Ym

Tj mTju RXm A[m URp
44

OA
OA'

(5) dV Aft NejRL Ut\m

S d A[ PlTm EV WeL s
SodVL LRlTu\].

u
v

uv + uf = vf
uv = vf uf
uv = uf vf
uv = f (u v)

CfNUuThPf NNnV
1
f

A'

LoVu UWlT,
Xu-k Tu RX = OA = u
Xu-k mTju RX = OA' = +v
Xuu Vj RX = OF = f GuL.
dLQeLs ABOm, A' B' Om
YYjRY.

f=

... (1)

uv
u + v

Gm NUuTh-k LQdPlT\.

Um, dLQeLs DOFm B'A' F m

YYjRY.

DO
A' B'

OF
FA'

B]p AB = DO

AB
A' B'

OF
FA'

-k

Xuu Vj RXY
NR] Xm LQp
LdLlThs[ XuN Rep
Tj ARu u JhPlThP Lm
YXV YdLm. UTdLjp J WV
Yj AR] um um SLoj]p
T u R Y ] m T m W p
Pd m .
T d m
Xut m
CPVs[ RX (u), Xutm
Wdm CPV Es[ RX (v)
BVYt\ A[. CfNR] T[l
TpY RXLp Yj Tu
ElTdLUPkR mTm Utm V
mTm PdU Nn RXLs
A[ Pl T u\ ] .
L hl
TLs
AhPYQlTjRlTu\]. Xuu
Vj RX

TPm. 3.23 u, v, f - d CPVV] RPo

3.20

11,

B'

OA
OA'

1
1

v
u

CfNUuThP TPm
Xutm T\Xm.

AB

A' B'

CY Xuv NUuT Bm.

D
F

= v f

u (v f) = vf

f Vj RX LiP J Up-V
XuNd LYm. ARu JVp
UVm O GuL. Ts AB Xuu dV
Aft NejRL YdLlThs[. dV
Aft CQVL Ym BD Lo Dp Th
J XLXPk UTdLjp F YV
Np\. BO Gu\ Ut\ Lo JVp
UVm YV XL-u SWLf Np\.
Cq LoLm B'p Nkdu\]. dV
Aft NejRL A' B' YWL. A' B', Ts
(AB)u RXZ] UnmTm Bm.

... (3)

CmUlT NUuT (3)p WP

10, Xu NUuT
J Xup Tu RX (u),
mTju RX (v) Utm VjWm (f)
BVYttPVV] RPo Xuv
NUuT Bm.

OF
FA'

TPm 3.23--k FA' = OA' OF

(6) dV Aft NejRL rl\m

Sd A[PlTm RXLs
GodVL LRlTu\].

... (2)
TPm 3.24 u - v \

NUuTLs (1), (2) -k

45

AhPYQ 3.7 : u v \ Xuu Vj RX

u

Y.Gi

f=

uv
u + v

Vj RXY Noks[. J Xuu

Vj RXu RX ARu \u
G]lTm. \u AX PVlPo (D).
f 1 , f 2 Vj RX LiP C

1
1
1
= f + f ;
F
1
2
Um P = P1 + P2 Bm. Ce P1, P2 C
XuLu \uLs. F, P GuTY \V

XuvLs CQdLlThkRp

RTVu VWm, RTVu \u Bm.

LQd : J Up-V Xuu Vj
RX 40 N. Gp ARu \u V ?
f = 40 N.. = 40 102

YWTP \ : u-Y X Afm vV Y

Afm Li YWTPm YWVlT\.
C AfLm A[jhPm Bl
sm JW A[YL CdLYim.

P =?
1

\u P = f

P =

45o
A

100
= 2.5 D.
40
Xuu \u = 2.5 D.

TPm 3.25 u - v \

AfLu C NUYhu C\m

YWL NUfWL Es[. C NUYh
YWLhP Yhm sp u = v. J
Xup Ts 2Fp YdLlTmT
UhU u = v Bm. G]Y NU UlLs 2f
UlTj Ru\].
f =

1
40 102

13, Xuu ElTdLm

dV Aft NejRL A[PlTm
J T s A p X m T j u A [
AYtu EVWm Bm. Tu EVWm = h,
mTju EVWm = h' GuL.

u v
=
2 2

TdLYh ElTdLm | m | =
f =

OA OB
=
2
2

h'
h

T u
N X V
mTm
AUU]p ElTdLm Sod G]m
U\L Tu Nd GojNp mTm
AUU]p A God G]m

12, Xuu \u
CQV] JdLoL[ VlTjm
ApX dLf Nnm \u A[ J
Xuu \u Bm. J Xuu \u ARu

LRlTu\]. ElTdLm m =
u

AhPYQ 3.8 : , XuvLp RtdLlTm mTeLu RuU

mTm
Xuv
YL

Tu
X

Xuv

YL

RuU/N

A[

Fts

Fd
AlTp
Tu
TdLm

UV

SW]

TV

v
m=
u
-

Fd
AlTp

Xuu
U\m

Un

RXZ]

V,
AR A[
TV

Tu
TdLm

UV

SW]

Xuv GeLm

46

14, XuLu TVuTLs

G]Y Ts Xu-k 12 N.
RXp YdLlTP Yim.

(i) Xuv

(1) XuvLs ElTdL[Ll

TVuTu\]. LLWm RVlTYo LLWju
iV TLeL[d LQm, LWL
YpSo LLp Es[ WLL[ RYLd
LQm ElTdL[Ll TVuTj
u\]o.
(2) WlToY Gum ToYd \T
R kR
Xu^ d
L i
N
NnVlT\.
(3) V Jm TPjRp Es[
EYjR W p T V m TU j
Rt l T Rt J lTP rj L p
Xuv TVuT\.
(4) V p
R X S d L p
T[ XuNp RtdLlTm
RXZ] mTjR SWdL Xuv
TVuT\.
(5) RXSdp AL RXs[
TsLu V RXZ] mTjR ARu
Vj R[jp RtdL T[
XuNLl TVuT\.
(ii) Xuv
(1) hPlT oY Gum T oYd
\T RkR XuNd Li N
NnVlT\.
(2) L - V
RXSdp
LiXuvL[L XuLs TVuTu\].
LQd : 10 N. VjRX LiP
J Xu W-k 60 N.
RXp YdLlThs[. Wp
UnlmTjRj RtdL Ts GqY[
RXp YdLlTP Yim ? mTju
ElTdLm, TiL[d LiL.
(i) f = +10 N.,
( Xuv)
v = +60 N.

(ii) ElTdLm

(iii) mTju TiLs : RXZ], TV,

UnlmTm.

15, iuLs uRp

-k YlTm YlTd Lof
Bt\p YUiPX Lt AdLu
APojV RPofVL UtdLiP
Cdm. d Ap Es[ Uu\
APoj LiP Lt AdLs ARu
J XL p
Gi Ql
Td\.
iuL-k Ym JdLoLu
TR, JXLXp UdLiP Cdm.
S'

S
1
2
3

TPm. 3.27 : iuLs uRp

1. APo\ Lt Ad 2. APo Ad 3.

G]Y SU Li X SWeLp AL JV
Htm. AlT iu T-YLj
Rum. X SWeLp \kR A[
JVV Sm Li Htm. AlT iu
UeLXLj Rm. CqY iuLs
T-YLm UeLXLm Rum LrY
iuLs uRp G]lTm.

(UnlmTm)

16, L]p o
T XY] eL m Yl T U ] R o f
N XL m
L Ql T m
J Vp
U V j R t\ m L ] p o Bm . Y p
LXeLp lTWlt Ap Es[
Ltu Up AdL[P r Ad
YlTULm APo \YLm Es[.
CR]p T-k Ym JdLo
RPofVL AL GWlt
EhTYRp Up Sd Y[k Npm.

= f

1
1

60
u

1
10

1
u

1
1

10
60

1
u

5
60

FG 60 IJ
H 12 K

m =+5

Xuv NUuThPl TVuTjR

1
1

v
u

v
m=
u

u = 12 N.
47

TPXm (Corner) YV J Lits

Np\. YiTPXjt u\s[
YhP YY CPjWV] Lu
UVj[ LiTY Bm. TYu
C P P A[ R NL u NV X p
NNn V l T h
L i Q
A P m
JfNYd LhlTj\. LiQ
Tu\ CZL[X] VlTjm TL
Xu Lu u\m AUks[.
TL Xuu YYm Y[m -Vj
RNL[p LhlTjRlTu\]. Xuu
Y [ Y U t YR u Xm m T eL s
j W p
R t d L l T u\ ] .
L i s [
Xuv
A m
RXm Es[ ThL[l TolTRt
HtT R] VWjR Ut AUj
jWp RY] RXrl mTjR
HtTj\. CjRuU LiRL AURp
G]lTm. dL[m Xuu u J
WYm u\ m r U T NV m
Lidm. Liu jWp C
RU] J EQo RuUs[ RiLm
mLm AUks[]. AL GidLd
LiP RiLs JV EQm RuU
L iPY.
YiQeL [ p
AY
TdLlTYpX.
RiLs UeLX] Jm mLs
YiQlT-Y] Jm L hTjPu
NVpTm. mLs T[ YiQUL
LQ ERu\]. ToY SWmLs RLYX
jW-k [d GjfNp\.
[ mTeL[ SW] mTeL[L TodL
ER\. Liu NVpT TX YLp
J LWu NVpThP Jjd\.

C Tu RXZ] UVl mTjRj

Rtdm. ClmTm TVLd Ntj

2
6
1
4
3

TPm. 3.27 YlTU] TXY]eLp L]p o

1. UWm 2. o, APo Lt Ad
3. UWju mTm
4. YlTU] APo \ Lt Ad,
5. RW 6. Li

RXp dm RiohP
Es[Tp R u m . Ck R J V p
UVjRt\U L]po G]lTm.
CRTu\ Lr Ld okR TLs
ApX okR LXeLp LP-u

TPm. 3.28 ol TLp Rum JVp

UVj Rt\m

1. P] APo \ Ad 2. XlT
3. okR APo Lt Ad 4. LPp
5

UtTp Rum. CqYLV] JVp

UVjRt\jp mTeLs SWLm Tu
Ut\m LQlTm.

TPm. 3.29 URd Li

1. L 2. Li TY 3. TLXuv
4. jW 5. ToY SWmLs

3 . 3 ToYm JVp
LLm
Li L hTU] Xl Bm. C J
YiQeL[d LiP kR EXLjRd
LQlTVuT\.

CWiU XuL[d Lid\.

B]p LWp Xuu Y[Y Ut\
CVX.
NVp : LU\ AhPu UVjp
J V [. CR s[ L[ YYd
Yu J\m Y. AhPu u J
Gm [d] Y. Yu U\m
J WV Yj NNn [du
RY] mTjR Wp . mTm
VRLm RXZLm ClTRd LY.

1, URu Li
dL[m L[YYjp Cdm.
ARu Yl\s[ YiU \ TPXm
YlTPXm G]lTm. Y[kR J
Fm RuU LiP dLs Yi
48

2, Liu \TLs

GkR sLdPV LiQp J

T [j
R Y L
L Q U
Al sLs AiUl s , Nn Ul
sLs G]lTm. NnUl sLd

(1) hPlToY
RXp Es[ TsL[ RYLm
Y T j m L Q C V X R R u U
hPlToY G]lTm. Tu mTm
jWd uT RtdLlTYRp
Cd\ HtT\. hPlToY \T
Es[Yo Ap Es[ ThL[ Uhm
RYLd LQ CVm. YiTPXju

5
1
4
3

TPm 3.30 : Li YX Nnm Rm

1. Ll AhP 2. Ys[ AhP
3. Ys[ o 4. Ts 5. mTm

GpX PV (-). AiUls

TL Xuu Li RL AURXl Tj
UTm.
NVp : J TuX UYL E]
dL Sd SLoj. lhP Wjp
Tup RYt\RL RuYRd LY.
Tup R uj R u m s
AiUls G]lTm.
TYL Li Tu oUV]
mTjR AiU NnUl sLd
PV jWp Rtdm. RYt\
mTeL[d Lm JYd hPlToY
ApX WlToY \T CdLXm.
jWp mTeLs VULRR
Cd\Thtd LWQm Bm.
S n, L V m , U BV Ytu
LWQUL Li Ru CVp X-k
YTYRp Cd\TLs HtTu\].
\TPt\ LiToY LiP JYd
J T[ RYLd LQdV Ld
\kR RX RY Lhu f
RX Bm.
C NRWQUL 25 N. Cdm.
AhPYQ 3.9 CVpT] Liu
RWVU] AiUlsLs
YV (BiLs)
10
20
30
40
50
60

TPm 3.31 : hPl ToYm AR]

NNnRm
1. \Ts[ Li 2. CVpT] Li
3. \T dLlTRp

ALU] Y[]m, dL[m

ALUL sYRm Cd\T HtT\.
RkR VWs[ XuL[d LiP
LiQL[ AYRu Xm Cd\T
dLlT\.
(2) WlToY
Ap Es[ TsL[ RYLm
Y T j m L Q C V X R R u U
WlToY Bm. jWdl u\m
Tu mTm RtdLlTYRp
Cd\T HtT\. dL[m e
YR CRt LWQm. WlToY Es[Yo
R X s [ T s L [ Uh U
RYLd LQ CVm. RkR Vj
RX LiP XuL[p B]
LiQL[ AYRu Xm Cd\T
d L l T \ . L i ts Ym J d
LoLu mTm jWp RuU
Xuv
l T R p
Xu
Cd\ThP d\.

AiUls (N.)
10
12
15
25
40
100
49

 N V p : Ko ElTdu YV
hs[ Ko DVl To. A TVRL
RuYRd LY. ElTdm LiQ
J T-k Ym JV Li

CVpTL WlToY Uu LWQUL

Ht T \. YV R ] J Yo LiQ
AVUp NnjR[ TdmT Nt
Wjp YjlTRd LQXm.
O

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

TPm 3.33 Xuv ElTdVL

NVpTRp

TPm 3.32 : WlToYm AR] NNnRm

(i) V LQm (ii) ALu\d LQm

(iii) Du Lhj Rt\m

1. \Ts[ Li 2. CVpT] Li
3. \T dLlTRp

l hP L Qj p H tU J
T-k
JYY
Tu
ElTdm Xuv Y[j Lh\.
ARY ElTdm LiQ Ko GV
iQdVL NVpT\.
J Lo Ap Es[T TRLm,
Nt RXp Es[T RLm

UVPYRp -Vj RNLs

YZk YRm TL pXLs
AYtu h ApX L]j RuUV
CZk YRm Liu RL AUl
UT\.
Xd hPlToY, WlToY BV
C \TLm CdLXm. CYt\ dL
, XuL[ JW LiQp
Tj AV Yim. C CV
LiQ G]lTm. CR] TgNu
Weu GuTYo EYd]o. AYo C
XuvL[m J NhPjp Tj]o.
rlTs[ VXuv TdLm,
UpTs[ Xuv hPlToYV
NNnVm TVuT\.

3, JVp LLs
iuLs, LsLs, Vu Tu\ Lj
RXs[ TsL[ TolT Ld
L]m. Um LfV NpLs, TdVdLs,
YWvLs BVYt\ Ym LiQp LQ
CVX. ClTsL[ Sm hTUL BWV
V. G]Y RYLm YTjm
TsL[ LQ X LL[ EYdY
CuVUVj RYV\.
SkRXs[ ThL[ LQ
RXSd ER\. TVdLt\tTp
L iV T s L[ d L Q m
El Td d L h Pm i Q d
TVuT\.

TPm 3.34 : Ts GqY[ TRL Rum

GuTR ToYd LQm oUd\

R u \ . C q Y T ht L WQ m
ToYd LQm Bm. J Lo Ap
Es[T ALu\ ToYd LQjp
LQlTYRp A TRLj Rum. J
Xuv EiUV] A[YP T[
TRd Lhm. H]p JXLp,
ToYd LQjR ALd\. B]p J
SodLhl TRp NpYRl Tu
50

Li JV EQo\. G]Y Ts
EiUV]
A[Y P
T R L j
Ru\. RV Xuv ApX GV
iQd HtTjm ElTdLjRP
AL ElTdLjR RtdL h
iQd TVuT\.

Y]p \kR Vj RX
L iP C Xuv L s T jR l
Ths[]. C XuvLd CPVs[
RXY NNnUm ZnLs Juu
Ut\u SLUm AUdLlThs[].
T[ Sd Es[ Xuv T[
Xuv Bm. SU Lit As[
Xuv L iQ Xuv G] l T m.
LiQ XuN P T[ Xuu
VjRX, CPPm \YL
Cdm.

4, GV iQd
J Xuu u Ts F-ds
YdLlTmT A[p TV UV
B'

NVpT
B
A'

2F

Su JhPlThP J V Ts

F
A

(AB) T[ Xuu F dm 2F dm

CPp YdLlThs[. ElTdL

UPkR RXZ] UnlmTm A 1 B 1
T [ Xuu 2 F d Al T p
Ru\. ClmTm LiQ Xuu
F d s
Yd L l T h s [
T [ L f
NV p T \ .
L iQ
Xu v

TPm 3.35 : GV iQd

mTjR Xuv EYdm CkXp

Xuv Ko GV iQdVLf NVpTm.
Xuu Vj RX f GuL.
RYL LmT RXp mTm
EY\. v = 25 N.. Xuv NUuThp
h UWTl TVuTjR
1
1
1

= f
v
u
1
1
1
(v) u = f
v
v
v

= f
v
u
v
1 m = f

T[ Xuv

A2

Fo

Li Xuv

A1

Fe

A
fcb

B2

v
( . .. m = )
u

B1

TPm 3.36 : h iQd

ElTdLUPkR, SW] UV mTm A2

B2Y Tu TdLjXV EYd\.
C mTm A2 B2 SW] ; Rp mTm A1
B1 V Pl TV. Ts ABVP
TV; RXZ].

v
m = 1 f

v
= 1 +
f

T [ Xu d m L iQ
Xudm CPVs[ RX Zu
[m (L) Bm.

25
= + 1
f

G]Y VjRX f VRp

D - R Lhu f RX

Xu^p RtdLlTm ElTdLm

ALUL Cdm.

fo - T[ Xuu Vj RX

5, h iQd
AUl : TYL J iQdp
Jud UtThP XuvLs TVuTYRp
A J h iQd Bm. h
iQdp Es[ C ZnLu

fe - LiXuu Vj RX

h iQdu ElTdLm
GuT C mTju LQ A[dm
Tu LQ A[tm Es[ Rm
Bm.
51

ElTdLm m =

NVpT : RX T-k Ym
CQdLoLs T[ Xuu
\. T[ Xup XLdlu
oUV] RXZ] UnlmTm AB ARu
dVdVjp EY\. RtT ABu

A 2 B2
AB

F
GH

I
JK

25
v
m = f + 1
e
u

T[ Xuu dVdVjp
Ts YdLlTmT ElTdLm
ALd\.

T[ Xuv

LiQ Xuv

B
A1

NVp : Juu Ju SLm YiQm

C E[ YY ZnL[ ([vd
ApX AhP) RokR. C YThP
V RX LiP XuvL[
ZnLu C ]Lm Tj. AL
Vj RX LiP Xuu
YV T[l TojdLi ZnL[
um um SLoj RXTu

B1

TPm 3.38 : XLp YL YVp RX

Sd

mTm Li Xuu Vjp AUU

LiQ Xuv NNnVlT\. CR]p
C m T m p X R Xp
Ru\. CqY RXSdp
X RXp mTm RtlTR
\Vp NNnRp G]Xm.

TPm 3.37 : GV RXSd

RY] mTjR EYd. RXTs

Lit
Ap
ClT
Tp
RuYRd LY.

C kX p T [ L iQ
Xuv L d C P V s [ R X
T [ Xuv L iQ Xu v
B V Ytu
V j
R X L u
Rdf NUm.

6, YVp RXSd
C iuLs , L s Ls T u\
iL[eLs LQl TVuTm Ko JVp
L Bm. C JXLp, GWdm
RXSdLs G] CYLlTm. J
XLp YLp AL VjRX
LiP Xuv T[ Xu^Lm,
GWdm YLp AL VjRX
LiP B T s BV L l
TVuT\.

L = fe + fo

\p NNnR-p YVp RX
Sdu ElTdm \u
=

T[ Xuu Vj RX
LiQ Xuu Vj RX
fo

m= f
e

JXLp YVp RX Sd :
AUl : CRu JVp NVpT
iQdVl Tu\.

R Lhu f Xp

fe
fo
m = f 1 +
D
e

Cp AL Vj RX LiP
Xuv T[ XuNLm \kR
Vj R X L iP X uv
LiQ XuNLm C XuLs Es[].

C e D R d L h u f
RX (25 N.) Bm.
YVp TVuTL[ TjRYWp
RXZL CkRm Cl mTjRl
TlTpX.

CY Juu Ju SLU C
R j R V ] Z nL u ] L p
TjRlThs[]. ZnLu EhTdLm
LUPlThs[Rp ARs[ J
GWdLlTYpX.

3.4 Ju \lL
NVp : AhPVX] YhP YY Rh
Ju\ H NUTLeL[Ll . ClTLeL[
o YiQeLs Li . Tu-u
52

]p RhP YLULf Zt. RtT

Rh Ys[ \UL RuYRd LY.

ALm. J lThPLju GpX \eLu

AX[eLd NUtd LQm JW
A[ Y L C d L . G] Y l T hPL m
Ys[V ARu T YiQeL[Ll
d\.

FR
Yl
BWg

CiL
Xm

Ll
BWg
UgNs
TfN
Xm
CiL
FR

Ys[ J
UgNs

TfN

TPm 3.39 : Ys[ \m

- H YiQeLu Rl

TPm 3.41 : Ju \lL

NVp : ChP\p J NUR[ BV

s[ LYs NnYL Y. V
Ju Up-V Lt\V NUR[ Bp
U Nn. A\u Y p T X
YiQeLs RuYRd LY.

lThPLjp Yl J Ld\YLm
FR J L ALULm XLXPm.

Ys[
Ll

FR

3
2

TPm 3.42 : TpY \eLu NUt\d

LQm
TPm 3.40 : \UX RuRp

AhPYQ 3.42 : TpY \eLu

AX[m

1. NUR[ B 2. o 3. V J

\m

1, lThPLjp Ys[u
\lL
Ys[d Lt\ lThPLju YV
NpmT A YqY \eL[Ll
m. CR]p Wp YiQjR
Pdm. Ys[p APes[ T
YiQeL[Ll m Lr \lL
G]lTm Wp Rum YiQeLu
Rl \UX G]lTm. CkR YiQeLs
ThPL[L CpXUp TlTVL \m
NPu TX \eLs LQlTm. Ys[
\UXp, FR, CiL, Xm, TfN,
UgNs, BWg, Yl (VIBGYOR) BV
\eLs Es[].
Ys[ \m TpY \eLu LXY
Bm. JqY \m J lhP
AX[m LiP JVd dm. Yl
Ju AX[m X \ JV P

AX[m (nm)

FR

400 - 440

CiL

440 - 460

Xm

460 - 500

TfN

500 - 570

UgNs

570 - 590

BWg

590 - 620

Ll

620 - 720

2, TsLu \eLs
J Tu \m A GWdm
J u \ j R l T jR . Gp X
\ eL [ m
G W jR p
A
YiUVLj Rum. J X \eL[
UhU GWjRp A \PVRLj
Rum. Sm Lm \m GWdLlTP
Ju \m Bm. Yl \ LiQu
53

Y V J Tk R T od m T A
YlTLj Rum. YiU\ TsLs
2

U_uP + TfN

Ys[.

Vu + Yl

Ys[.

CQk Yi\Udm \eLs

+ RuU \eLs Ys[.

4, \ YlTu
lhP \jR Uhm FYf Nn,
H]V \eL[ EhLYm RuU LiP
J Fm YiQlTs \ YlTu
G]lTm. GjdLh : Yl YlTu
Yl \jR Uhm FYf Nn H]V
\ eL [ E hL Ym J Yl T u
Ys[s[ TfN X \d L[
EhLYokRp \m YlTL Cdm.

TPm 3.43: Ll LiQp Tku Rt\m

1. Tk 2. Ll LiQ
3. Ll J LiQu YV NpRp
4. OYGBIV EhLYWlTRp

Yl
BWg
Ys[ UgNs
TfN
Xm
FR

GpX \eL[m GWdm. LU\

TsLs GpX \eL[m EhLYm.
Ll \ TsLs Ll \jR Uhm
GWj, H]V \eL[ EhLYok
m.

TfN
Xm
FR

(1) X\ YlTu

3, \m RuRp
Yl, TfN X \eL[ NV]
Rjp NodmT GpX \eL[m
EYdL m. B]p H]V \eL[
GkR Rjp NokRm Yl, TfN, X
\eL[j RtdL CVX. CR]pRu
Yl, TfN, X \eLs RuU \eLs
G] AZdLlTu\]. HRm CWi
RuU \eL[ Noj EYdm \eLs
CWiPm X \eLs G]lTm. C
\eL[f NV] Rjp NodmT
Ys[ \m Ru]p AY CQk
Yi\Udm \eLs G]lTm.

Yl
BWg
Ys[ UgNs
TfN
Xm
FR

BWg
UgNs
TfN

(2) UgNs\ YlTu

Yl
BWg
Ys[ UgNs
TfN
Xm
FR

TfN
Xm
FR

TfN

(3) X, UgNs \ YlTu

TPm 3.45 : \YlTuLs

1
2

4
3

1. Ll
2. U_iP
3. s[
4. UgNs
5. Xm
6. Vu
7. TfN

CqY YlTu dRp \p YiQ

JV EYd\.

5, \Ls
Ys[u X L[ GWj
H]VYt\ EhLYm JLl TsLs
\Ls G]lTm.

TPm 3.44: \eL[ NojRp

GjdLhLs : RYWeLp Es[

TfNVm, YoQeLs, NVeLs.

Yl + TfN UgNs

\Ls GWdm \eL[ UhU

S m L iQ p L i \ m . \ L [
Tu NodmT UhU A
\PVRL Rum. RYV] \eL[
TYRt Ko KVo RkR \L[
Nod\o. J Yl \ BP GpX

Yl + Xm U_uP CWiPm X
\eLs
Xm + TfN Vu
Yl + TfN + Xm

Ys[.

UgNs + Xm

Ys[.
54

\eL[m EhLYok Yl \jR Uhm

GWlTRp A YlTL Ru\.
UgNs YoQm X \jR EhLYok, Yl,
UgNs, TfN \ JV GWd\.
X\ YoQm Yl, UgNs \eL[
EhLYo\. B]p Xm, TfN \ JV
GWd\. UgNs, X YoQeL[f
NodmT TfN \ YoQm EY\.
H]p UgNm, Xm Nok Ll,
UgNs, X \eL[ EhLYo\. C UgNs,
X\ J V f NolT \L [ f
NolT-k YT\.

LQeLp AUm. Vu Ht\d

LQm 42od Up ALU]p RWp
2

7
1
3
5

6, Y]p
UZjLs Rtdm CVtLu
LiLs[ LhV] V \UXV
Y]p G]lTm. UZj\-u T
ApX UZdl u UZjLu
VJ YRp Y]pXd LQXm.
V J

54.52o
50.8o 42.8o 40.8o

TPm 3.47 : Y]pp Es[ TpY

\eLu Nnd LQeLs
R V

V
(i)

V J

CWiPmX Y]p
RuU Y]p X NUVeLp UeLX]
C WiP m X Y ] p Pu Nok
L Ql T m . V J UZj
C\ AL GWlm C\
J XLm APYRp CWiPmX
Y]p Ru\. Y]p-s[
C\ SPTm AL GWlLs,
\eLu YNV RXZL Ut\.
CWiPm X Y]p-p FR \m
YlTdLm Yl \m EsTdLm
Cdm. CWiPm X Y]p-p Ll
\ju EsTdLm FR \ju YlTdLm
\V 50.8o, 54.42o LQeLp AUm.
Vu Ht\d LQm 54o d ALUm
T AY]jp Es[ JYo CWiPm
X Y]pXd LQ CVX.
C Y]pLd CPlThP T
L UV L
L Ql T m .
C Ytt
CPVs[ UZj Lu NUt\d
LQm UUlTP \YL ClTR
CRtd LWQUm. X SWeLp RpX
Y]p-u EsTdLm ApX CWiPmX
p-u YlTdLjt Ap Um X
pLs LQlTu\]. Um CqpLs
UZjLu EY A[Yl Tj
AUm.

Es[ JYo RuU Y]pXd LQ

V.

(ii)

TPm 3.46 : Y]p

Vd GojNp TUVjRd
LiP YhPYY, YiQUVU] pL[
TodL m. TYL p-u JT
UhU Sm Lidj Rm. Vu
Efp CdmT U]j-k
TojRp Y] p-u YhPjRm LQ
m.

RuU Y]p
TYL Sm Lm Y]p RuU
Y]p Bm. C V-k Ym
J J\ AL GWlm, CWi\
JXLm Tt UjN Ut\ Xp
V JdLo YYYRp RuU
Y]p EY\. RuU Y]p-p
Yl YlTdLjm FR EsTdLjm
AUm. H]V \eLs, FR, Yl
\eLdPp \UX YNp
AUm. FR \ju EsTdLm Yl
\ju YlTdLm \V 40.8o, 42.8o
55

3.5 LlTPVp
SWVLY ApX U\LULY J
EQo R[eLp JfNVXp J Tu
mTjR T NnRp, LlTPVp Bm.
C JPu YlTsLu ]V
AlTPVLd LiP.

f - Gi =

f
D

TPfu m Ju N
I

1
( f Gi ) 2

1, LW
J ]p Xum U]p
TPfm LiP J LR ThV
LW Bm. LWp Es[ Xuv
TPfp J UnmTjRj Rt
d\. EYm mTm V, RXZ],
UnmTm Bm. AhPYQ 3.5(ii)Il TodL.

4
2

5
6

(i) VlTjRp

Xudm TPfdPVs[
RXY Ut J LW VlTjRl
T\. TPfp mTjR VlTjR
XuN um um SLojRYim.

TPm 3.48 : LW
1. Ts 2. Xuv 3. CPPm
4. TPfs 5. JjRlTu 6. mTm

(ii) JjRlTu

LWs Npm Ju N
JjRlTu \kdm LX A[Yp
LhlTjRlT\. Jl LXm
JjRlTu YLm Bm. JjRl
Tu X YLeLs

1
1
1
1
,
,
,
30 60 125 250

(v) TPfu YLm

TPfp Es[ YlTsLPu

J ]m YLju A[ TPfu
YL m B m . A YL T Pf d
Jl LXm Ld \YLm, \YL
TPfd Jl LXm ALULm
RYlT\.

].

JjRlTu YLm XV] Td

1
60
1
500

]m YLULf Npm Td
\kR LlTPUdmT, TPfu
YLm f - G i , J j R l T u Y L m
BVYt\d Ljp Ls[Yim.

]m BL CdLYim.

(iii) CPPj Rl

2, ToY hl

JlTP Ths Npm Ju

A[ CPjRls[ [u A[Ym
LhlTjRlTm. C Xud Nt u]p
AUkdm. UeV Jp TPUdL
CPP A[ TRL CdLYim.
GkR Y
r Xm
NV ]
JlTl T\ JjRlTu YLm
CPP A[m JeL NVpTPYim.
oUV] Su VlTjRlThP
mTjR EYdLd LWt u Es[
RXL[ dm LY V BZm
G]lTm.

T[ dV um LdV SWm
Tu mTjR LQ CVm Liu
\u ToY hl G]lTm. J lhP
Tu Lhl Xu Ts U\kR \m
1
] Xjdm. WlTPm Km
16

T TPm ]d 24 NhPeLs Rm
Ju\uu Ju\L LhVdm. J TPf
1
] ) ,
24
1
ToY hl LXjR P (
])
16

NhPm LhVdm LXm (

(iv) f - GiLs

\Ym. kRV NhPju LhlXu

AjR NhPm LhVdLj RPem YW
RPm C RPofV] ToY EQoY
HtTj\.

(f)
X uu
V jR X tm
CPPju hPjtm (D) dm CPV
Es[ Rm f - GiL[m.
56

Ru Ul

10. uYY]Yts GY RuU \eLs?

(1) Yl, TfN, Xm
(2) Yl, Vu, Xm
(3) Xm, Vu, U_uP
(4) FR, Yl, TfN

NV] PVj RokRdL :

1. Lt FPLjp Npm J d L o
oXu UtTWlp NnYL \.
A

LhP CPeL[ WlL :

11. Lt FPLju JXLp Gi ...................

(1) ARu TRp XL-u s

Npm
(2)Nejd LhP h XfNpm
(3)Nejd LhP Sdf Npm
(4)ARu RPdLl TR-k
mfNpm
2. J Xup T[ Ge YjRp
Tu A[Ys[ RXZ]
UnmTm EYm ?
(1) Xutm ARu dVd Vjtm
CPp
(2) Vjp
(3) CUPe VjRXp
(4) Xj RXp
3. Ko JdLo -k Lt\ Sdf
Np\. TLQju Ul 40o Gp
XLQm .................. .
(1) 40o
(2) 40o d \ B]p pX
(3) 40o d Up
(4)
4. YWju UXdLQm .................. .

12. p YdLlThs[ Lp Y[YLj

Ru\d LWQm .................. .
13. WlToYd \T .................. XuNl
TVuTj NNnVlTm.
14. J Xuv TX .................. L[p B].
15. WlTP rjLp Rum mTeLs
.................. .
16. J Xuu \u SWVL .................. Bp
A[PlT\.
17. X \lTs
GWdm.

Uhm

18. L]p o RuYRtL] JVp

LsL .................. .
19. RXSdp T[ Xuu
VjRX LiQ XuNP
.................. .
20. JXLp Gi ALdU]p XLp
................ Bm.
dLUL PV :
21. J XuNm XuNm GqY
YTjYn ?
22. YWV : Xuu dVd Vm,
Vj RX.
23. UnlmTm, UVlmTm - YTjL.
24. JXLdL] vSp Vd .
25. Ko FPLju JXLp GiQ YWV.
26. J XL p
Gi tm
E i U
BZjts[ RPo V ?
27. Ko FPLju UXd LQjR
YWV.
28. AL GWltL] TkR]Ls
VY ?
29. LiQ JZp Es[Lm, Yl\
E\ GuT] VY ?
30. LiQ JZu TVuTL[d
lL.
31. Xup mTeL[j RtdL
LPldm Ls VY ?

(1) 24.4 (2) 42.4 (3) 34.4 (4) 24.8

5. LiQu JXLp Gi ..................
Noks[.
(1) TLQm
(2) Tm Ju \m
(3) LiQ T[ju A[
(4) Tm Ju N
6. \lLuT Ld \kR A[
XLXPm \m .................. .
(1) TfN (2) FR (3) Xm (4) Yl
7. GpX \eL[m EhLYm J Ts
.................. Rum.
(1) LlTL
(2) T-YL
(3) TX \eL[L
(4) Ys[VL
8. U_uP, UgNs, Vu BV \eL[
NodmT Pdm \m .................. .
(1) TfN
(2) Xm
(3) Yl
(4) Ys[
9. Xuv \u SI AX .................. .
(1) hPo
(3) Yh

..................

(2) PVlPo
(4) LX
57

LQdLs:
50. J JdLo LPp u R[jp 50 o
LQjp \. XLp LQm 17o
Gp LPpu JXLp GiQd
P. 2.62)
LQd.
(P.
51. LiQu UXdLQm 41.8o Gp
ARu JXLp GiQd LQd.
P. 1.501)
(P.
52. Tm Wm 80 N. Wjp
Yd L l T h s [ ] . Xuu J
lhP Xp 2/3 ElTdLm
LiP UnlmTm Wp EY\.
Xuu Vj RXYd LiL.
P. 19.2 N.)
(P.
53. h iQdu T[ Xuu
Vj RX 0.5 N., Um Zu
[m 15 N.. A HtTjm LQ
ElTdLm 225. LiQ Xuu
Vj RXYd LiL.
P. 3.33 N.)
(P.
AY Nn:
54. Vu AY]jp CdmT s
EiPTp RuYRu?
55. J Su LX A[Y JXLp
GqY[ Td\?
56. Pu V LY Liu R[jRP
EVoYL CdmT T[lT[lTL
RYRu?
57. LsLs uYpX. Hu?
58. J s Rhp u k\. u
R[ju U-k LmT C uLs
Ru\. CR] [dL Lo YWTPm
YWL.
59. Y WT P \ p 1 N. . E V W m
Xu-k 80 N.. RXm Es[
T u
X,
A[,
R u U
BVYt\ Li. Xuu Vj
RX 20 N. GuL.

32. Xup mTeL[j RtdLd

LPldm Ls VY ?
33. XuLu h UW VY ?
34. J Xuu \] YWV.
35. C XuLs Noj YdLlTmT
hPUlu RTVu \u V ?
36. J Xuu ElTdLjR YWV.
37. Ju \lLV YWV.
38. RuU, CW i P m X Y ] p
BVYtt CPV Es[ YTLs
VY ?
39. LiQl T[jp JXLdL]
LolTPm YW. LiQu JXLp
Lm \V [dL.
40. lThPLjp JXLX [dL.
41. lThPLjs JdLu TRV
YWL. Um lThPLl Tu J
XLp Gi Lm \V Y.
42. J X L - u
EVojm
GjdLhPu [dL.

[Y

43. LiQ JZL[l Tt l

YWL.
44. J Up-V Xuu u, v, f BVYtt
CPVs[ RPoT Y.
45. iuLs uRp, L]p W [dL.
46. h iQdu AUlTm
NVpThPm [d.
47. YVp RX Sdu AUlTm
NVpThPm Y.
48. RuU, CWiPm X \eLs GuT]
VY? \eLu UtTkRX
[dL.
49. LWu RjYm, NVpTm RjR
[dL.

58

4, u Bt\m ARu [Lm

Sm RLYp RphT LXjp Yrk
Lidu\m. RtLX NRVjp
uNWm dVl Te Yd\. AVp,
RphTm, RLYp RPo BVYtu
u]t\m uNWj]p UhU HtTP
m.
u
YZe Lp
jRl T h
U jYU ],
LPLs,
CpXeL p
uVtLs NVpTPj Yem T
uNWju dVjYjR Sm Gp
EQWXm. EXp Lm YNV], TWYXLl
TVuTjRlTm Bt\pLp u]t\p
Ju\m. Um iP WeLd Bt\p
CZl ALu CR GjfNpX m.

u hPeL s
G od m .
uhPeLs Dodm.

G ]

m : C u hPeL d
C Pl T hP
u
N u
A [
u hPeL u
T d L t
T X d
SojRLm, AYtu CPj RXu
CUd GojRLm Cdm.
q1

q2

TPm. 4.2 m

ClTPlTp uV-u AlTPd

LjL[m, YlT, LkR [Ls
Tu\ ARu TpY [L[m
LtLXm.

1 q1q2
4o r 2

F=

Ce q 1 , q 2 u hPeL [ m r
RXYm dm. o GuT YtPju
u AU \]d dm.

4.1 uXm Utm u]jRm

SXu Utm Pu BPL[
LZtmT T J- Ju EiPm. J
T[ Y\u\p Rndm T

o = 8.85 1012 C2 N1 m2

1, s uhPju uXm
J uhPm Tt\ Ts NV
EQm Y uXm G]lTm. Op
YdLlThs[ q- u h P j - k r
R X p E s [ P- Gu\ sVd
LYm. P p KWX SouhPm
C l T R L d
L s Y m .
C q
uhPeLdm CPlThP N
F=

1
q 1
2
4o
r

+1
P

TPm 4.1 : uhP

TPm. 4.3 uXm

uhPm EYm. Thj Vp

LiQj Ri RndLlThPp So
uhPm EYm. CWlTo Ri Ju
Rp RndLlThPp Go uhPm
HtTm.

s uhPm Ju. J sp
EiPdm uXm GuT Alsp
YdLlThs[ KWX So uhPm
UtLsm NVm.

uN Dol ApX Gol YLVL

CdLXm. uh P lT K ]

E=
59

1
q
.
4o r 2

 [ C d R p Ap X C jR d
JlT]. CR]p uhPm XVt\X
Tu\. u]jRju AX Yph (V)
Bm. NRWQUL Sm u]jRjR
YpPw Gu lu\m. Rp

Eu NV] OP SoLhu YV
YSd AUm. uXm J YdPo
A[Ym. O-p q uhPm CkRp
E-u N EsSd Cdm. uXju
AX hPu/m Bm.

2, uNd LLs
uXm Jup J V SouhPm
Y dLl ThP p A N J u ] p
lhP Np SLm. uXm Jup
KWX SouhPm Ju SLm TR
uNdL G]lTm.

CdLlTmT
spu GkW
XVt\p ALm

CPY \m
T uhPeLu
u XVt\p ALm

TPm. 4.5 uNd GWL NnVlTm

YX XVt\XL Um

uLXjRd LijR CjR-V Sh

AOo AXdNihW YpP ]YL,
Yph TVuTjRlTu\.
J s p u] jR m GuT
uXjd GWL KWX So uhPjR
D-k
Alsd
LiYW
NnVlTm YX Bm.
q-uhPj-k r-RXp Es[
u]jRm

TPm. 4.4 uNd LLs

TpY uhPeLdL] uNd

LLs TPjp LhPlThs[].

V=

uNd LLu TiLs

(1) uNd LLs SouhPjp
Ye Go uhPjp YPm.
(2) uNd Lhd J sp
YWVlTm RL Alsp
uXju NVd dm.
(3) CdLLs JTm Ju\Vu
YhdLsYpX.
(4) LLd SojjNp KWX
TWldV LLu GidL
uX Y-Ud SojRLp Cdm.
(5) LP ju TW ld N d L
GlTm NejRL Cdm.
(6) V LPjs NdLLs
TnYpX.

1
q
.
4 o r

J m So uhPjR D-k
J sd SLojRf NnVlTm YX J
_p Gp, Alsp Es[ u]jRm
J Yph Bm.
uXm Jup KWX SouhPm
Ju\ J s-k Ut\ut
SLojRf
NnVlTm
YX
AlsLdPlThP u]jR YT
G] l T m . u] jR m J s p
A[dLlTm. B]p u]jR YT
C sLd CPV A[dLlTm.
CWiU Yph AXp dLlTm.
4, uXm. u]jRm-RPo
d-CPYp Es[ C sLd
CPlThP u]jR YT V G]m,

3 , u]jRm
SU Au\P Yrp YX NnV
u]t\X TVuTju\m. CqYt\p
XVt\XL NLdLlThPp, RYlTm
T ARl TVuTjRXm.

uXf N E G]m Clu E =

V
.
d

u X Y - U Vm 1 Gu\ AXp
dLlTm. uXm J YdPo B]p
u]jRm J vLXo.
5, u]hPm
Ko EXLd LPjp YqY NLp
CVem LhPt\ GXdhWuLs ALm Es[].
Ko EXLd Lmu C ]Ld

J uhPm JjR uhPjR Sd

ApX Go uhPj-k X
SLojRlTm T uNd GWL
YX NnVlTP Yim. C u Nf
60

CPV uLXm Xm u]jR YT

RWlTm T, Lm YV GXdhWuLs
Tm. EVo u]jRj-k Rr
u]jRjt HtTm uhPl Tn
u]hPm G]lTm.
YlTlTnd YlTX YT
LWQUu\. C LXuLdPV Es[
UhP YT LWQUL o Tm. CRTp
u]jR YT GXdhWu Tnd Y
Ydm. J LPjp HRm J d
TWl YVL HtTm uhPl Tn Rm
u]hPm G]lTm . q- u h P m
t-LXjp TnkRp, u]hPm
I=

K
V

V.R

TPm. 4.6 Km V UnljRp

K-N V-Yph hPo
R-XV] uRP
A-AmhPo B-uLX Ad V.R-UuRP

AhPYQ 4.1 : Km V UnljRp

q
t

Y.Gi

u]hPju AX BmVo (A)

J m uhPm LPj Juu
YV J ]p TnkRp u]hPm
J BmVo G]lTm.

YphhPo

AmhPo

A[ (V)

A[ (I)

V
I

R=

1.
2.
3.

4.2 Km
_ow NUu Km Gu\ _oUu Sh
A Oo u ] h Pjd m u] jR
YThdm Es[ RPoT AjRo. A
K m G]lTm . CqlT U \
YlTXp LPj Juu YV Tm
u]hPm
ARu
]Ld
CPVs[ u]jR YThd
SojRLp Cdm.
E- u]hPjRm
V- u] jR
YThPm jRp

u]jR YThtm u]hPj

tm CPVs[ RL J U- GuTR
AVXm. CY Km Vm.

N R =

V I ApX V = IR

Ce R LPju uRP Bm.

uRPu AX Km, CRu . J
LPju C ]Ld CPV J
Yph u]jR YT Cdm T
J BmV o u ] h Pm T nkR p
LPju uRP J Km G]lTm.

AB
BC

I
TPm. 4.7 Km
V
= R = UI

1, Km V UnljRp
J XV] uRP, N, uLXm,
AmhPo, uRP Ut BVY TPjp
Lhs[T CQdLlTu\]. Xu
RP d CP V J Y ph hPo
CQdLlTu\. u]hPm A[dL
AmhPm u]jR YT LQ
YphhPm TVuTjRlTu\].

CY Km Vm.
V-I Y WT Pm J S od L P m.
CdLhu N LPju uRP UlTj
Rm.
V-I YWTPjp TmTV (Km
V) TXLPjLs uTtu\].
Km u YWmLs
(i) YlTX U\Up CdL utp
\kR
u]hPm
UhU
TVYim.
(ii) LPj GkRY RL,
CNd EhTPd P.

ut
AUd LlTh
N
PlTmT tp u]hPm Tm,
YphhPo, AmhPo A[Ls TpY
u]hPeLp GdLlTh AhPYQl
TjRlTu\].
61

2, uRP
TsLu CVdLjPu EWnj RP
Gl T m Nok d m . C RT p
u]hPjPu uRP RPoPV.
T p
Es[
GXd h W u L d m
AVLdm CPlThP URp LWQUL
uRP EYu\.
Ko EXLd Lmu uRP R ARu
[m L-d SojRLm dl TWl Ad
GoRLm Cdm.
R=.

L
A

A
V1

Ce Gu\ U-, Tu uRP

Gi Bm. CRu AX Km hPo Bm.
RjR Lmu uRP Up-V Lmu
uRPV Pd\ GuTR UtLiP
RPo-k AVXm.

B
V2

V3

TPm. 4.8 (A)

R1, R2, R3 BV uRPLs ]d

] CQdLlThPp A RPo t
G]lTm. Cp GpX uRPLs YVLm
JW u]hPm Tm.

h3

h = h1 + h2 + h3

A, B CPV V1 u]jR YTm, B,

C CPV V2 u]jR YTm, C, D
CPV V3 u]jR YTm Clu
A, D CPV Es[ UjR u]jR YT

TPm. 4.8 (B) RPo CQlp p

YdLlThs[ NdLWeLs 4.8(A) utPu
CR JlL
(ii) CQf t

... (1)

JqY uRPu J ] J
Tlsdm Ut\ ]Ls Ut\
Tl sdm CQdLlThPp Aft
CQft G]lTm. Cftp JqY
uRP YVm YqY u]hPm
Tm. GpX uRPdm CPlThP
u]jR YT Ju\m.
UjR u]hPm (I) R j R
u]hPeLs I 1 , I 2, I 3 BVYtu
Rdf NUm.

Ce I u]hPjRm, R [
uRPVm dm.
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3
... (2)

IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

R = R1 + R2 + R3

h2

R3

V = V1 + V2 + V3

R3

h1

(i) RPo t

B]p

R2
C

3, uRPLu Rl
XV] u ] h Pjd V
utm u]jR Xm AYVm. tp
Clu A \kR t G]lTm.
hL[d L i J ut\ j
\dLY ApX PY m. RPo,
TdL CQlLs BV C AlTP u
CQl Ls Es [ ]. J q Y u d m
YqY uVp TiLs Es[].

V = IR

R1

... (3)

G ]Y, R Po tp CQd Ll T m
uRPLu Rl uRP Ul,
RjR uRPLu Rdf NUm.

I1 =
62

V
V
V
;
I2 =
;
I3 =
R1
R2
R3

uRPVd LiL.

V
R
I = I1 + I2 + I3

... (4)

I=

1
1
1
1
= R + R + R
R
1
2
3

... (5)

V
V
V
V
=
+
+ R
R
R
R
1
2
3

1
1
1
1
= R + R + R
R
1
2
3

R =

... (6)

12

A
I2

R1

I3
R3

R2

12

11

[ uRP Ul tp
11
Es[ Ld \kR uRP (2)V Pd
\.
4.3 u]hPju YlT
[
J L Pj u Y V u ] hP m
TmT LPjp YlTm EiPm.
EXLm YV LhPt\ GXdhWuLs
SLmT EXL AdLPu U
AdLu AoYt\p YlT Bt\XL
Ut\lTm. u Pt, uRnlTu BV
LLp CqYlT [ mTjRdL.
uVtLs Utm u UtLp C
RodLlTP YiV.

I
I1

1 1 1 11
+ + =
2 4 6 12

1, _p YlT[
J u]hPm ReV LPjp
EYm YlTm (H) u]hPju CU
(I2), LPju uRP (R), u]hPl Tn
LXm (t) CYtt SojRLp Cdm.

H = I2 Rt

CjRPo _p YlT G]lTm.

2, u]hP YlT [u
TVuTLs

TPm 4.9 (B) TdL CQlp p Es[

NdLWeLs TPm 4.9 (A) utPu CR
JlL.

(i) u PtLs

uNW Lhp, uRnlTu, u Al

BVY u]hP YlT [Yl
TVuTjm h uNR]eLs Bm.
CdLLp dWm Gu\ dLp WV
LXl EXLjRp NnVlThP LmfsLs
Pt\lTu\]. CdLXl EXLm EVokR
uR P
Gi
L iP .
U m
B d _ ] t\ m
C u
L
E V ok R
YlTXdf Pt\lTPdV. LpSo,
AhP, UdL Tu\ YlTdLlTuLs
CdLmf s t\lThs[. CR]p
E Y m
Yl T m
L V h
YVY RdLlTu\.

G]Y, J CQf tp [
uRP u RXr Ul R jR
uRP Lu
RX r
Ul L u
Rdf NUm.
LQd: 1, 2, 3 uRPLs RPo
t p
C Q d LlTh P p
[
uRPVd LQdL.
R = R1 + R2 + R3
=1+2+3
=6
UjR uRP (6 ) tp Es[ L
EVokR uRP (3 ) V P ALm.
L Q d : 2 , 4 , 6 uRPLs TdL

(ii) uZ [d

Cp [h]m ApX LoTu Up-Z

J LiQ ds YdLlThs[.

CQlp CQdLlThPp [
63

uNWm, TmT A P u]o

JV Em. [h]jd \kR
EXm Sem Tim Es[Rp
CRt l TX L L oTu CZ u] o

W = VIt
... (1)
YX
u\u GuT YX NnVlTm Rm
W
VI t
=
t
t
P = VI
u\u AX Yh (W) Bm.

BRXp \u

P =

Yh =

... (2)

_p
]

\u SP\ AX 1 XYh (kW)

C 1000 Wdf NUm.
4, u]t\p
YX ApX Bt\dL] SP\
AX _p (J) Bm.

2
3

1 Yh \s[ J utp 1 U
SWjp NXPlTm Bt\p 1 Yh U
Bm.

TPm 4.10 uZ [d
1. u]Ls 2. LiQdr 3. uZ

1 Yh U = 1 Yh 1 U

TVuTjRlThP. LoTu CZ [d
AUdLp GN]m, CeXkp
vY]m JW SWjp LidLlThP.
CZ Gk TLUp CdL A YtPd
ds YdLlThP. 1800 o C YlT
XdUp LoTu E BVRXm,
\u NX ALUYRm ARtlTXL
BvVm, PiPXm, PevPu CZLs
TVuTjRlTu\]. YtP [dp
PevPu
CZ
s
Yp
YdLlThs[.

= 1 _p/ 3600 ]
= 3600 _p
= 3.6 103 _p
1 XYh \s[ J utp 1 U
SWjp NXPlTm Bt\p 1 X Yh
U (kWh) Bm.
1 XYh U = 1000 Yh 1 U
Wj \u Gu\ AXm u \dl
TVuTjRlT\. 1 Wj\u = 746 Yh.
1 XYh = 1.341 Wj\u
u] t\ d L ] Y L V p A X
XYh U Bm.
TY] h uNR]eLm, AY
TVuTjm u \m AhPYQp
LdLlThs[].

[du u]Ls Cm-dLp

EXLdLXYV p
N nV lTh P Y.
Cq X Lju
YlT
Gi
LiQ Pu
J js [ R p
EV okR
YlTXp r EPV. uZ
[dLp 5% u]t\p UhU JVL
Ut\lTm. Ggs[ Bt\p YlTUL
Q\.

AhPYQ 4.2 : NR]eLu u\u

uNR]m

BoLu Vu Tu\ UkRYdLs

ds APdLlThPp CZ EVokR
Yl TXL m
E
BV R p
RdLlTm. CjRLV [d-k
EZlTm Ju N L EVoYL
Es[Rp C R [dLL TVuTjRlTm.
J u [du Bs 1000 ULs Bm.
uZu RUu U]p Bs \m.

uZ [d
uRnlTu
u Pt
AWlTu
LXd
oNR]l Th
RXdLh
u Al
uUhPo
Lt oTj

3, u\u
J utp u]t\p NXPlTm
Rm tu \u G]lTm. I-u]hPm
t-LXjd V-u]jR YT LiP
J LPj YVL TmT, NnVlTm
64

NXPlTm
u\u (Yh)
40 - 100
1000
1500
1000
800
500
100
600
700
1500

LQd : Ss Jud 5 U Rm J
U Rj d Ik 6 0 Y h [ d L s
TVuTjRlThPp, AXd 2.00 Tn X
LiP u]t\d GqY[ NXYm ?

R T s L s uY n L p T m.
LjRp Tm TsLs Sou Tim
B]p LQlTm TsLs Gou
Tim LiPY. u]tT Tu
TiTl Tj YVp ]Ls Um.

J [d J Ud
GjdLsm Bt\p = 60 W
Sd Ik U Rm
30 ShLd J [d
TVuTjm Bt\p \u = 60 5 30
= 9000 Yh U
Ik [d TVuTjm
UjR Bt\p = 9000 5
= 45000 Yh-U

2, u]t TldL] *TWP Ls

u]t Tlp YVm ApX
LWm TsLu A[Y @TWP Bn
NnRo. A uYm Lp RWlTu\.
R p : u] tT l u T
YVm ApX LWm Tu \
Tm UjR u]hPjt SojRLp
Cdm.

= 45 KWh

M -Tu \Vm, Q- U j R
I -uhPjRm
uhPjRm
t- LXjRm jRp

= 45 AX
Bm UjR NX = 45 2.00
= . 90.00

M = ZIt

LQd: Ss Jud 1 U Rm 1000 W

PtV J URm TVuTjR Bm
NXYd LQd. Ko AXdL] NX
. 4 Bm.

... (1)

Ce Z GuT J U-. A Tu
u YVp CQUt G]lTm.
J BmVo u]hPm u]tT
Ts YV J ] Tm T
uY p
T m
T u
\
AlTu u YVp CQUt
G]lTm.

J S[d u]t\p
NX = 1000 1
= 1 XYhU
= 1 AX
J URjd Bt\p NX = 30 4

CWiPm : JW uhPl TnYp

YVm ApX LWm TsLu
\Ls AYtu uYVp CQUt
UlLd SojRLp Cdm.

= . 120.

4 . 4 u]hPju YVp
[
1, u]tTl
Ko EXLd Lmu YV u]hPm
Tm T Lm PYRj RW Y
GkR Ut\m XlTYpX. B]p
u]hPm YVp LWNp YVLf
NjRlTmT YVp R
HtTm. CjRLV TsLs u]tT
TsLs G]lTm. ClTsLs YV
u]hPm LPjRlTY u]tTl
G]lTm.

M1, M2 \L[m Z1, Z2 uYVp

CQUt UlL[m jRp
M1
Z1
M 2 = Z2

3, uTlu TVuTLs
(1) EXLl l
A V m ,
Ud V m
Tu\
E X L eL [ l jR d L uT l
TVuTm. EdLlThP VXhp
L Wk s [ T d ^ h (Al 2 O 3 ) - k
A V j R
uT l
\ p
jRdLXm. ThPVm, UdVm,
[WL-k UdVm RVdL
C m \ T V uT m . R Wm , N Vm
ThPVm Utm LpVm Cm\XV
RVdLlTm.

u]tT TsLds ApX

ARh u]hPm NpXl TVuTm
LPjLs uYnLs G]lTm. u]hPm
Es[ NpXl TVuTm uYn B]
ApX SouYn G]lTm. u]hPm
YVm uYn LjR ApX
GouYn G]lTm. u]tT Tu
65

(2) YVp TsLu RVl

u]o RkR u TTs Jup ARd

LjRPL ReLP Yim. X
U-Y] BTWQeLs ReLXm ApX
YsXm NlTh T-Pu Rt\m
Rm.

YLVp dVjYm YnkR X

EVokR YVp TsLs uTl
\p RVdLlTu\]. Lvd NP,
ThP Vm
[ W h ,
N V m
a T [ W h
BV Y
X
GjdLhLs Bm.

J Td RW Xm N A
RWNpThLWN-p
LjRPLm
VRWjRi B]PLm YdLlTm.
u]hPm TmT RW AVLs
(+) LjRd CPm TVm. CR]p
Ts RWm NlTm.

(3) EXLj nUVdLp

u tddL] RWm LjnUVL
CjRp Yim. V A[ U NokRX
AL A[ uRP EVm. RW NpTh
LWNX u T T[Lm jRlTjR
YiV RWjR B]PLm TVuTj
99.99 % A[d nUlTjRXm. ReLm,
jRSLm, dLp, LVm BVYm
Cm\p nUlTjRlTu\].

CuSO4

AhPYQ 4.3 u f YWeLs

f

B]

uT TsLs

Ys
Xm

Ys

AL A[
ThPVm
NV]p
LWdLlThs[
Ys NV]

ReL
Xm

ReLm

AL A[
ThPVm
NV]p
LWdLlThs[
ReL NV]

dLp
Xm

dLp

dLp AmUVm
NpTh,
AmUVm
NpTh LWNp

WV
Xm

WVm Wd AXm
ApX
Wd Np@Th,
LVm
Wd LoT]h
LWNp

(4) uf
Ko EXLl Ts RYV]
EXLjRlNl TVuTm Nn\ uf
G]lTm. Lt, o CYt\p Cm Tu\
EXLeLs
W p
ld m .
CRjRdL AYtu jRSLm LhVm
K

Bt

Cu+ + SO4

Cml TsLs R-p dLp

X m u] o Ys X m N
GYopYo TsLs Pdm. G]Y CY
uf dLp Ys TsLs (E.P.N.S)
G]lTm.

4
3

TPm. 4.11 uf

4, u YVp LXeLs
Y] Xm u]t\p T\lTm
LXeLs uYVp LXeLs Bm.

1. RW B] 2. LjR
3. RW NpTh LWNp 4. RW AV
5. NpTh AV A-AmhPo, K-N
Bt-uLX Ad.

(i) TNuLXm

C U tV Ud L l T hP Xd X g
uLXm Bm. Cp Up-V E[
YX] jRSLj RL Es[. C
GouYVL NVpTm. UVjp Es[
LdLhP SouYVm. AmUVm
[ W m jR S L d [ W T N

dLp ApX WVjRp B] UuTPXm

Ju\l NXm. CR]p TsLu
Rt \m
Su
U m .
u f
NlTPYiV Tu Tks[ ,
v Tu\ UL[ ALt\ Yim.
66

AhPYQ 4.4 X uLXeLm AmNeLm

uTT[m. LoTu, UeL P

Bd^, jRSL [W, AmUVm
[W, o BVYt\X] LhlTN
LdLhPVf t YdLlThs[.
1
2
3

uLXm

B]

LjR

uT uTs VdN

PVp

RWm

jRSLm

ojR
H2SO 4

1.1 V

XdXg

LoTu

jRSLm

NH 4Cl

1.5 V

TNLXm

LoTu

jRSLm

NH 4Cl
+ ZnCl2

1.5 V

TRWN
uLXm

jRSLm

TRWN
Bd^
+ WTh

KOH

1.4 V

LV
AX
NUdLXu

PbO 2

Pb

ojR
H2SO 4

2.1 V

HO
GTs
uLXm

i[
dLp

i[
dLp

KOH

1.0 V

4
5
6

4 . 5 u]hPju LkR
[
u]hPm ReV LPj Juu r
YdLlThP LkR F Ju YPd Rt
Lh-k XYR 1820p KovPh Gu\
AO o L i jR o. u ] hP m
LkRlXjRj Rtdm Gu\ EiU
C-k
XlTm.
uVdm
L kR V d m
Es[
R Po T
XlTjYRp, C YWXt dVjYm
YnkR NR]Vm. u]hPju N
U]p LkRlXju Nm Um.
1, LkRlXju N
u]hPm ReV LPj EiPdm
LkRlXju NV AV C dV
Ls Es[].

TPm. 4.12 TNuLXm

1. Lhl TN 2. jRSLm
3. AmUV [W TN
4. i[ AhP
5. LoTu MnO2 TN 6. LdLhP

LXju Ls ANVUp CdL h

TNl TVuT\. EYdLlTm YdLs
YV\ V [ Es[ . C R u
uVd N XdXg uLXjd
JlT]. B]p TN uLXju ALu
RPLd \.
(ii) TNuLXju StTiLs

(1) CRu ALuRP Ld\.

(2) C Gp Gjf NpXdV.
Gem GlTm Gp LV[lTPdV.
(3) TpY A[Lp C Pdm.
(4) L [dLs, RXT, WuvPo
Ht CYtp TWYXLl TVuTjRl
Tu\].

(i) BmVm fNp

LkR FV Sd Lm CdL JYo

u]hPjNp k]p, Fu
YP] AYW CPdLV Sd Xm.

(iii) uLXeLu YLLs

R u U u L X e L s : Go LZ
Y Vp ]L[l TV u Tj m
uLXeLs Bm. EXo uLXm, XdXg
uLX m, PV p u LXm BV Y
CYtt GjdLhLs.
Q uLXeLs Go Lr ]L[l
TVuTjm uLXeLs Bm. LV AX
NUdLXm, dLp LhVm uLXm BVY
GjdLhLs.

TPm 4.13 : BmVo fNp

(ii) UdvYp

YXg Ju u]hPm Tm

TPm. 4.14 : UdvYp

67

Np u]m YLp LlThPp,

Zm N LkRNd LLu
NVd dm.

2. Lmfu UVjp uNdL

SoLPL AUm.
I

2, u]hPm ReV SoLPj

HtTjm LkRlXm
NVp : PjR[jp YdLlThs[ Ko
AhP YV NejRL J RjR So
RWd LmV Nj. AhP Cm
i LsL[ . u]o Lm YV
Y-UV] u]hPjR Nj

TPm 4.16 : u]hPm ReV YhPfu

LkRlXm
1. Lm 2. AhP 3. uLXm

3. Lmfu R[jd uNd

LLs SojRL AUm.
3

4, u]hPm ReV sYf u

LkRlXm
sYfs GuT E[ YY Lmf
s Bm. ARu YV u]hPm Tm
T sYfs J NhP LkRULf
NVpTm. u J] YPYULm
U] Ru YULm NVpTm.

TPm 4.15 : u]hPm ReV SoLPju

LkRlXm
1. CmjLsLs

2. AhP

3. LPj.

AhPV UuUVLj Rh]p Cm

LsLs T UVYhPeLp AUk
LsYRl TodLXm.
CqYhPeLs u]hPm ReV So
LPj EiPdm LkRNd LL[d
dm. CdLLu N UdvYp
Pu Jjs[.
3 , u]hPm ReV YhPfu
LkRlXm
J iP RjR Lm Y[dLlTh ARu
C ]Lm AhP Juu YV
NjRlTm T YhPfs Pdm.
C uLXm JuPu CQdLlTm.
CmjLsLs AhP YlTh
u]hPm Tm T AjLsLs
TPjp Lhs[ TRLp AUm.
Cf NR] p
u Ym
Ls
PdLlTm.

TPm 4.17 : sYfu LkRlXm

sNf u LkRNd LLu

AUl NhPd LkRjRl TXY Cdm.
s Afu YV YqY sLp
LkRlXm YqY\L Cdm.
4 . 6 u]hPju LkR
[l TVuTLs
u]hPju LkR [ uLkRm
UdWTu, J-Td BVYtp
TVuTjRlT\.

1. Lmd Ap uNd LLs

T
UV
YhPeL[Lm,
Lm-k Wm ALdL YhPeLs
SoLPLm AUu\].
68

1, uLkReLs
uLkR e Ls
LiPY.

TX

Yd L l T h s [ .
Ud W T d
EsPLj RWlTm J- AXNqY
AoYPVf Nnm.
LkRlXjp Lmfs AoYPm
T uLkRj iPp LWQUL u
C V d N iPl T m . C kR U
u]jRm J- Yeu YPm.
CqY
JBt\p
u]t\XL
Ut\lT\.
3, J Td
C u]t\X J- Bt\XL Utm
L V m . u ] hPm R e V J
Lmfs LkRlXjp YdLlTmT
NV E QoYR p L m f s Gu \

\lV p L s

(1) Lmfp Tm u]hPjR

EVoj uLkReLu Y-UV
EVojRXm.
(2) Lmfds Rm Es[Lm
YlTRu Xm X Y-UVd
hPXm.
(3) A Y L Y - U Y n k R R t L - L
LkReLs Bm.
(4) u]hPm
u\Pu
LkRdLm Tm.

AY

(5) RYdLt\Y TpY A[Lm

Ym uLkReL[ AUdLXm.

AYtu \ll TiL[l Tj

AY TpY TVuTLs LiPY.
(1) UhPoLp AY TVuTu\].
(2) uNWULp AY TVuTu\].
(3) Rk, RXTLp AY TVuTm.

(4) C m
Utm
G@L
Ut\
ThL-k dL uLkReLs
TVuTu\].

(5) L]U] Cm G@ TsL[j

dfNpYRt CY TVuTu\].

2, UdWTu
J- Bt\X u]t\XL Utm NR]m
CY m .
UdWTp
Up-V

TPm 4.19 : JTd

1. Rm 2. Js 3. XV] LkRm
4. U\ 5. Rsm 6. Td

LhThu AlTPp J-Td

NVpT\.
J XV ] E [ L kR j u
BWXjp SLm YLp J-fs Ju
YdLlThs[. Cfs \lYL R[p
NnVlThP J mPu TjRlThs[.
J-Yeu Y TdLlTh A
J-Td EsPLj RWlTm. LkRlXjp
Es[ u]hPm Tm s N
NVpTm. G]Y A SLm. sSLm
N @l[e CPdL Xm RWlTm.
s YV Tm u]hPm UYRp
A um um SLm. CRPu
TjRlThs[ m SLok AR]p
ts[ Lt AoYPm. CqY
u]t\p J-Vt\XL Ut\lT\.

N
2

TPm 4.18 : UdW@Tu

1. E[ LkRm 2. Lmfs 3. Nq 4. Td

Lmfs TjRlThP Nq Es[.

Y-UV] E[ LkRjp Cfs
69

4 . 7 u]hPju GkW
[
1 , LkRlXjp YdLlThs[
u]hPm ReV LPj
NVpTm N
u] h Pm R e V LPj Ju
LkRlXjp N Ju\ EQm. CqN
LPjV LkRlXjtm u]hPjtm

CPdLu LhPWp, hWp, SWp

B V Y Ju d L u NejR L
YdLlTu\]. XjNV hWm,
u]hPj NV SWm lhPp,
LhPWp LPj SLm NV (N)
dm.
4.8 uLkRj iPp
ut
JuPu
RPoPV
LkRlTVm Um T tp J
uVd N iPlTm GuTR 1831p
@TWP LiPkRo. J LPjdm J
LkRlXjdm CPV JlU CVdLm
Cdm T LPjp uVd N
iPlTm GuTRd LijRo. CjRLV
uVd N i uVd N
Gum CkLr uLkRj iPp Gum
AZdLlTm. i uVd N
LPjp J u]hPjR EYdm.
C m u ] hPm i u ] hP m
G]lTm. uLkRj iPp Lil
uTVp \p J V NLlRjR
HtTjs[.
1, iuVd NVj
RtjRp
NVp : AL tLs LiP RjR
RWdLmX] J RhPV] YhPfs

l
)

TPm 4.20 : u]hPj] GkW [

NejR] Np SLojm. CqNu

A[ (F) u]hP Y-U (I), LPju
[m (l) LkRlXju TV APoj (B)
BVYt\f NokR.
F = BIl sin

LkRl Xjp
Yd LlTh s [
u]hPm ReV LPj NVpTm
N Xjdf NejRL LPj Cdm
T TUUm. CQVm T
Vm.

2, *l[e CPdL
u] h Pm R e V LPj Ju
LkRlXjp YdLlTmT ARu

TPm 4.22 : RuuiPp

1. NhPLkRm 2. Lmfs G-LpY]hPo

EQo\u dL CVe s LpY]hPo

2

(G) JuPu CQdLlTm. J iP

NhPdLkRm Lmf[ Sd Gjf

Np Xl T hP p
L p Y] hPp
J
LQXdLm Rum. LkRm -k
X Gjf NpXlThPp, im J
LQXdLm, GojNp HtTm. LkRm
]d ] Ut\lTh NR] mTf
NnVlThPp GojNp XLp HtTm.
LkRm [ SdV ApX [h

TPm 4.21 : @l[e CPdL

1. hWp (Xm) 2. SWp (u]hPm)
3. LhPWp (N)

NVpTm Nu NV AV Cq
TVuTm.
70

YWp iPlTm u]hPm

dm. C @TWPu Rp
G]lTm.

XV LYLUL Gjf NpXlThPp

AL XLp HtTm. C-k iPlTm
u Vd N Utm u ]hPm
LkRju YLjRf NokRY GuT
Xl T m. Cq Y L k Rl Xm Xm
u Vd
N m
u ] h Pm
iPlTm.
A s[
J
Lm fp
u]hPjR UtYRu Xm J p
u]hPm i PlTm GuT R m
@TWP LiPkRo. P, S BV C sLs
K Wf p
AUU
SdL U L
YdLlThs[]. X tdL[d LiP P
Gu\
R W d Lm fs,
uL Xm ,
uRPUt, NPu CQdLlThs[.
1

(2) iPlTm uVd N Utm

u]hPju UlLs LkRlTV
Ut\ Rjd SojRLp Cdm.
C @T W P u C WiP m
G]lTm.
Xuv :
(3) iPlTm uVdN Utm
u]hPju NLs AY
EiPYRtL] CVdLjR Godm
YLp AUm.
3, *l[e YXdL
J LkRl Xjp NdLLdd
dLL LPj Ju SLojRlTm T
Ap iPlTm u]hPju NV
AV @l[e YXdL TVuTm.

3
2

3
1

G
4

TPm 4.23 : TUt uiPp

2

1. CLmf sN 2. uLXm 3. uRPUt

4. N G-LpY]hPo

TPm 4.24 : @l[e CPdL

1. LkRlXm (hWp)
2. iu]hPm (SWp)
3. LPju CVdLm (LhPWp)

C RuU s G]lTm. CWiPm s

S EQo \u d L Ko CV e s
LpY]hPPu CQdLlThs[. C
Qf s G]lTm. NV P-p
u]hPjR
H tTjm
T
LpY]hPp LQXdLm HtTm. s
S -p iPlTm u]hPm RuU
u]hPjd GojNp Cdm.
P-p u]hPm XVm YWp S-p
i u]hPm dm.

YXdLu hWp, SWp, LhPWp

u\ m Ju d L u NejR L
YdLYim. LkRlXju NV
h Wm , L Pj S L m N V
LhPWm jRp SWp i
u]hPju NVd dm.
4 . 9 uLkRjiPp TVuTLs

2, uLkRj iPp Ls
UX [ d LlTh P G V N R ]
Ls u L[Lj RdLlTu\].
CY uLkRj iPp Ls G]lTm.

u V t
Ut m
uU tL u
NVpT uLkRj iP-u AlTPp
Es[.
1, A.C. uVt
J P]U ApX uVt Gu\
NR]m GkW Bt\X u]t\XL Utm.
J LkRlXjp W] LQN YLjp
Lmfs Ju Zt\lTmT Ap
uVd N Ju iPlTm. UN

TWP Ls
(1) J V tPu RPoPV
LkRlTVm UmTRpXm
uVd Nm u]hPm
iPlTm. LkRlTV Ut\m dm
71

u]hPjR EYdm J GkWm A.C.

uVt G]lTm.

YXdL lT p ABCD Np
u]hPm Tm. Yftp B1 Gou
TiTm B2 Sou Tim Ttdm.
AjR AWftp B1 SWLm, B2 GWLm
Um. CqY J ftp uVd
Nm u]hPm C\ NV
UtdLsm. AYtu UlLs Nu
Nop UdLiPdm. AjRjR
t d L m
C jR L V
U t\ eL s
mTjmT Lm. uVd N
LXjRlTj GqY Um GuT
TPjp LhPlThs[.

J A.C. uVtu dV TLs

(i) Zp s (ii) XdLkRm (iii) S
Y[VeLs (iv) LLs
A
C

2, uUt
J u ts[ RrkR u]jRjR
AiUf t Jup EVo u]jRULY
Ap X E V o u] jR j R R r k R
u]jRULY Utm L uUt
G]lTm. C sLdPV Es[
TUt uiPp AlTPp C
NV p T m . U N u] jR eL [
Ut\UhU C ERm.

R2
B2
B1
R1

TPm 4.25

A.C.

uVt

Zp
s
Gu T
Rm
Es[Lju t\lThP RWd Lmf[m. J Zp RiPu TjRlThP
Cfs J uLkRju ]Ld
CPV W] YLjp Zm, u
C]Lm R1, R2 BV RW S
Y[VeLPu CQdLlThs[]. Zp
s ZmT S Y[VeLm

uCVdN

SWm
C

TPm 4.26

A.C.

AX YYm
TPm 4.27 uUt

Nok Zm CWi EXL ApX LoTu

LLs B 1 , B 2 S Y[V eL [
U uUVL
Ajm
Y L p
YdLlThs[]. AY YftPu
CQdLlThs[].

1. Ht uUt 2. C\d uUt

CC Cm Es[Lm RjRVL
t\lThP P, S BV C sLs Cp
Es[]. Ut\lTP YiV u]jRm
RuUfs P d YZeLlTm. Ut\lThP
YhPj Rm s S Qf s
G]lTm.

Zp s R[m ABCD RPdLjp

LkRlXjd SojRL ClTRLd
LYm. Rp AWftp AB r
Sdm CD Up Sdm SLm. @l[e
72

uVt Rm u]hPm u LhP

A.C.
G] l T m .
C q
Y L
u]hPeLm SUd Pdm. CjRLV
uYZeL-p Yl Ll\ LiP Lm
u ] hPd L m
G] l T m .
L l
Ll\s[ Ut\ Lm SXd Lm
G]lTm. SU Shp Cq LmLdm
CPV u]jR YT 220 V Cdm.

RuUf s ]LdPV
NjRlTm u]jRm Vp Ap UN
u]hPjR
Ei Ti m .
C
Es[Ljp J Um LkRlTVjRj
Rtdm. G]Y AR AoYi Es[
A.C. u]jRm Ju Qf p
iPlTm. RuU, Qf sLp
Es[ tdLu GidL \V np
Utm ns BL CdLhm.

SU Lp CdLmLs hPo Top

Es[ RuU E YVL Yh-U
hPPu C Qd L l T h s [ ] . C Y
RuU h Xm u]hPm YZem
LmLPu CQdLlTm. 15 A EVo\u
tm, 5 A \kR \u tm RjRVL
SU Lp TVuTjRlTu\]. TfN
Ll\Pu Es[ dLm Ko EXLj
RLhPu CQdLlTh hdLp
dLp RdLlTm. EXLdLXu
L [ X ]
L L [ l
T L l T L
TVuTjYRtLL C TVuTm. uLYp
E iP m
u] of V j
R dL
lTjRp RYlTu\.

Vp np ; Vs ns

ns
Vs
=
np
Vp

... (1)

(i) Ht uUtp Vs > Vp . G]Y

ns > np . RuU p RjR LlPlThP

X t RWdLm Es[. Qf p
Up-V LlPlThP TX t RWdLm
Es[.
(ii) C\d uUtp Vs < Vp . G]Y
n s < n p . Q fs X t R jR
LmVX]. RuUfs TX t
Up-V LmVX].
ip , is RuU, Qf s u]hPe
L[d jRp, Es \u Utm Y
\u Ko CXhV uUtp NUm.

J TY] h ut TPjp
LhPlThs[.
1

Vs is = Vp ip

ApX

Vs
Vp =

ip
is

ns
= n
p

2
3

... (2)

220V
4

SP\ uUtLp Y \u
TpY Bt\p CZl LWQUL Es
\]P \YL Cdm.

TPm 4.28 Th ut
1. CQl 2. u]hPd Lm 3. SXd
Lm 4. uE 5. A[ 6. ToU] Th

iP WeLd u\] AlT

HtuUtLs TVuTu\]. Y]-l
T h p E s [ J - T d L s , X -Lo
ZnLs, Vu [dLs BVYtp
HtuUtLm uNW UL[ CVdL
C\d u U tLm , TV u Tu \ ] .
AlTlThP u]jRjR 230 Vd \dL
C RYlTm. RXdLh HtLp
Tp Y
Qf sL[ d
L iP
uUtLs TVuTu\].

TpY uNR]eLs u]hP, SX

L m L d
C P V
R jR VL
CQdLlThs[]. JqYudm J R
h Es[. GpX NR]eLm TdL
CQlp Es[Rp JqYudm JW
u]jRm Pdm. Um J hNl
T hP m j ] m A Ut \
hL[ TdL.

4.10 h utLs
dLp TdLlThP LmLs ApX
uLmTeLs Xm SU Lp u\u
T\lTm. J s Es[ A.C. uVt
Xm T\lTm u]hPm J LhP A.C.
G]lTm. JudLu 120o LQ Nnp
YdLlThs[ u sLs Es[ J A.C.

J u tp AL A[ u]hPm
T n kR p , A L f P T j
HtTPXm. LLm TRPVXm. d
u t L m C jR L V V [ Y
H tT j m .
u E L s ,
u t
\lTuLs, TLl hLs Tu\
LLs EVo u]hPm Utm d
73

(ii) EdLmu TLl u]hP

tL[p uNR]eLs TdLlTPUp

CdLf Nnu\].

YWm GuT Lm AL P\Um

ELUm CdmT Rem
u]hP A[Ym. C U E
u]hPjRPd \.

1, uTLldL] ELs
uE GuT \kR EX
LiP J V EXLjiPm. J
utp u]hPm 15 A ApX 20 A
G] uhV oUdLlThP A[YP
EVmT _p YlTm uEV
ELfNn ut \dLlTm.

1
2

X Y[Lp LmLu Ll\

Rnk LmLs Ju\Vu Rm.
XSWeLp EVou]jRd Lm Vj
Rm. CqWim df t HtTh
AL A[ u]hPm Tm. AlT
uE V p u t i d Ll T h
uNR]eLs TLdLlTm.

TPm 4.29 (A) T PlThP u

1. Lm

Lp 230o C EX LiP V
LVd Lm EVLl TVuTjRlTm. C
5A d Up u]hPm NpmT
Em. EVo u]hPeLd RWdLm
TVuTjRlTm. u]hPm 35A d Up
mT C Em. TVuThj
RuUVl Tj TpY u ELs
RVdLlTu\]. uYL ELs
Es[]. (i) T PlThP E (ii) tm
PlThP E (iii) GNu E.

2. RPo

TPm 4.29 (B) PlThP u

RpYL ELp EdLm tm

\kR (A) V YdLlTP. h
utLp CqYL E TVuTjRl
Tu\. LdhPV] Lm Cp
TVuT jRlTm . CR] p U E
u]hP Ul ALUm.

1. Lm

2. LiQdZn 3. RPo

CWiPm YL ELp LmV] J

LlPlThP LXp YdLlTm. C
L o h h w E G]lTm . EX L
L[dLiP J Zs Lm
LQl T m. GXd h W V p LL p
CjRLV E TVuTjRlTm.

TPm 4.29 (C) GNu u

G Nu YL Eu AlT L m
u Z
[ d u
AV l T u
LQlTm. J EV Y\ E\ds
YdLXm. G.LhPL 30A EV J 15A
E\ds YdL m.

(iii) Ed LW GuT Lmu U

ELPu RPoPV X dV
Ls Es[].
TiT[Ls
TiT[
(i) U E u ] h P m GuT
EdLm EYRt YiV U
u]hPm.

CVp XLp EdLm YVLl

Tm u]hPm Lmp YlTm
EiPdY CpX. CR]p ut
id L l T P . l hP T L l

1. RPo

2. EThP

Eu]hPjdm, TLl
YWmdm Es[ RLYm. CRu Ul
GlTm 1-I P ALm.

74

3, CQl
ELs, tj\lTuLs GlTm
u]of-k SmU TLlTpX.
uNR]m Juu EXLl TV EVo
u]jRd Lm XY[ RPXm.
UhPo Lmf t EXL E\Vj
RRp Ko GjdLhPm. EXL E\V

YWmdUp u]hPm TmT Lm

E t \dLlTm.
2, ut \lTuLs
Rp\ Utm hl TVuTLp
LhlT NR]eL[L CY TVuTm.
u]hPm Vm T C t\j
\dm. GXdhWVp LLp \kR
RUlj \lTuLs TVuTm. UhPoLs,
PtLp EVo RUlj \lTuLs
TVuTm.

2
1

TPm 4.31 (A) UhPu EXL E\

EVou]jRd LmVj Rh,
lTjRlTPR Xp, HtTjm u]of

(a)

(b)

TPm 4.31 (B) lTjRlTm Xp

HtTm uTLl

TPm 4.30 YlTut \lTu

1. sp 2. Y[VdV LPj
3. DXLlThP

1. uE 2. lTjm Lm
3. lTjRlThP Lm

tj \lTuLs TXYLlTm.
(1) YlT utj \lTu,
(2) YlT - LkR tj \lTu,
(3) oU - LkR \lTu.

A l T S m R hP p
[Ls HtTP Ynli.

U NU ]

CRj RodL dLm RYlTm.

ut d CQdLlTYRp tp
Es[ E t\j \dm. m]
NLs uNR]eLp TVuTm. J
] lTjRlTm. C Ut\Yt\Pl
TRL Cdm. CjRLV NR]m JL
N G]lTm. uTLld C Tm
ERm. Ut\ C]Lp Ju u]hP
]VLm Ut\u SX ]VLm
NVpTm. CfN Xm EXL E\
LiP uNR]eLs lTjRlTu\].

J YlT tj \lTp h
RPoLs Utm DXLjRL CYtu
YVL u]hPm Tm. TLl
YWmdd r u]hPm Cdm T
DXLjRL YpX. CR]p ut
V Cdm. YWmdUp u]hPm
NpmT DXLm YPm.
CR]p RL Y[k ut \dm. L
EVou]hPeLp DXLm Ym
t \lTm EP]VL Lm.
75

o NnVlThP LQdLs
(1) 9 hPo RXp 100 UdW m
uhPm EYdm u]jRjRd
LQdL.

TPm 4.35 (A) p Es[ X BTjR].

EXL E\V lTjmT E
t\j \dm.
4, u Aof
u T L ld uV p T tV
AlTP A RY. J utu J
TVL Sm UPdP GuTR
dVUL ]p Ls[-Yim. UR
EPm Cdm u]hP A[ uRP
u]jR Xm BVYt\f NokR.

q = 100 C = 100 106 C = 104 C

r = 9 m,

1
9
2 2
4 o = 9 10 Nm C

u]jRm V =

V
KmlT I = R , Ce Rb GuT EPmu
b

= 9 109

(2) ]LdPV 15 V u]jR

YT LiP J LPj YVL
3A u]hPm TnkRp LPju
uRPVd LiL.
V = 15 V ;

SU L YVL EVou]jR ut
Ju PlThPp u]ofm dLVm
Ht TP X m. B] p EPpYV L t
PlThPp RN LhlT e SPdLY
CVXUp T LX m . H ]p R NL s
SWmL[m, SWmLs ulL[m
LhlTjRlTu\]. u]hPm L
ALU]p YN dLpLs HtTh CRVm
TdLlTPdm. 100mA u]hPjd
Up C\ldL Ynli.

uRP R =

I = 1A,

5 - 10

Up-V Ao

10 - 15

SPdL CVXU.

15 - 25

RNdLhlT CZl

25 - 50

YNddLp

50 - 100

CRVm eRp, YN
jRm

> 100

V 15
=
= 5 Km
I
3

R = 5 ,

t = 30 = 1800 ]

YlTm H = I2 Rt
H = 1 5 1800 = 9000 _p
= 9 kJ

(4) 60 W uZ [d YV 1A
u]hPm
TnkRp
CZ
uRPVd LiL.

[
TjdLs[d V

I = 3A

(3) 5 uRP YV 30 Pjd 1A

u]hPm TmT EiPm
YlTjRd LiL.

AhPYQ 4.5 UR EPp u]hP

[Ls

10 4
9

= 105 V

uRPVd dm. EXokR Rd EVo

uRP Cd m . AlT T m
u]hPm \Ym. u]of Ae
UuUVL Cdm. DWjRd uRP
Ld \. CRu YVL HtTm u]of
LUVL Cdm.

u]hPm
(.B.)

q
1
.
4 o r

P = VI
P = I2 R
R =

P
I

60
1

= 60

(5) J Ht uUtp t Rm 5,
E s u] jR m 2 00 V G p
Y u]jRm GqY[ ?

C\l

Sm uYm LjR U]p Ls[

Yim.

ns
np = 5,

Vp = 200 V

Vs
ns
Vp = np

=5

Vs = 5 Vp

u]hPU UR]d Lpm,

EVokR u]jRm LpYpX

= 5 200V = 1000 V
76

(6) 4.383 102 u RPs[ J RWd

Lmd 0.1 V u]jRm RWlTm.
Lmp Tm u]hPjRd
LQdL.
I=

8. u]hPjRp HtTm LkRlXj

NVj RY
(1) @l[e CPdL
(2) @l[e YXdL
(3) @TWP Rp
(4) BmVo fNp
9. uLkReLu AlTPd LhT
(1) u]hPju YlT[
(2) u]hPju GkW[
(3) u]hPju LkR[
(4) u]hPju YVp[
10. GkW Bt\X u]t\XL UtY
(1) J-Td
(2) UdWTu
(3) uVt
(4) UhPo
11. J utp iPlTm uVd
N
(1) LkRlTV Ut\jd SojRLp
Cdm
(2) LkRlTV Ut\Rjd SojRLp
Cdm
(3) LkRlTV Ut\jd GojRLp
Cdm
(4) LkRlTV Ut\Rjd GojRLp
Cdm
12. @l[e YXdL Xm CRu N
LQlTm .................. .
(1) GkWN
(2) i uVdN
(3) LkRlXm
(4) uXm
13. S Y[VeLs YdLlTm L
(1) DC uVt
(2) AC uVt
(3) LpY]hPo
(4) uUt
LhP CPeL[ WlL :
14. uXm J .................. A[ Utm
u]jRm J ................ A[.
15. uR PL s
TdL
C Ql p
CdmT [ uRP Ul
........ uRP UlTP ................ Cdm.
16. dLp - WV EXLd LXY ..................
G]lTm.
17. J LpY]hPo AmhPWL Ut\lTP
.................. uRP ................ tp
CQdLlTP Yim.
18. i u]hPju N ARj
Rtdm .................. Np Cdm.
19. AZl ULPu TVuTY ..................
uUtLs.
20. J CXhV uUtp Es \u
Utm Y \u .................. .
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TVuTm.
22. .................. ut \lTuLs TVuTm.

V
0.1
=
= 2.28 A
R
4.383 102

(7) 2 XYh u Al Ju 6 U
S Wm
TV u TjRlTm T
NXYm u]t\Xd LQdL.
E = P.t
= 2 XYh 6 U
= 12 XYh
= 12 AXLs

Ru Ul

NV] PVj RokRdL :

1. uNd L Ld So jR L
KWXlTWlp Es[ NdLLu
GidL CRt SojRLp Cdm.
(1) uX Y-U
(2) u]jR CU
(3) FPLju u AU\u
(4) FPLju APoj
2. LPj Juu uRP Noks[ LW
(1) LPju [m Uhm
(2) LPju RUu Uhm
(3) LPjVdLlThP Ts Uhm
(4) LPjl Ts Utm TUQeLs
3. J LPjp HtTm YlTm
(1) u]hPjd SojRLp Cdm
(2) u]hPjd GojRLp Cdm
(3) u]hPju mUd SojRLp
Cdm
(4) u]hPju CUd SojRLp
Cdm
4. J W \u = .................. .
(1) 1000 Yh
(2) 500 Yh
(3) 746 Yh
(4) 647 Yh
5. uTThLs TYL Cdm X
(1) iUeLs
(2) WYeLs
(3) YdLs
(4) [vU
6. u f NnVlTP YiV Ts
YdLlTY
(1) LjR
(2) B]
(3) LjR (A) B]
(4) u TTs
7. TWYXLl TVuTjRlTm RuU
uLXm
(1) XdXgf uLXm
(2) PVp uLXm
(3) TN uLXm
(4) LV AX NUdLXm
77

dLUL PV :
23. uXf NY YWV.
24. u]jRjR YWV.
25. u NdLLs VY ?
26. u]hPjR YWV.
27. Ts Juu uRP GiQ YWV.
28. J XYh U GuTR YWV.
29. u TTsLs VY ?
30. UdvYp-u Vd L.
31. @l[eu CPdL Vd .
32. uLkRj iPp Gu\p Gu] ?
Y] PV :
33. uNd L L u Ti L [ d
lL.
34. K m V d L. A Gq Y
UnldLlTm GuTRm [dL.
(ii) C Q f
tLp
35. (i) RPo
uRPLu [ Ul-LdL]
LYVj R.
36. _p YlTVd [dL.
37. u] h Pju
YlT
[ l
TVuTL[ Y.
38. u]t Tl
N V pTh P
GjdLhPu Y.
39. uf GqY NnVlTm GuTR
[dL.
40. TN uLXju NVpThPl TPjPu
[dL.
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TVuL[m Y.
42. (i) UdWTu (ii) J- Td CYtu
AUlTm NVp-ThPm [dL.
43. uLkRj
i Pd L ]
@T W P
NR]L[ Y.
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Xuv L[ [dL.
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NVpThPm [dL.
46. J uU tu AUl m Ut m
NVpThP Y.
47. uTLlp u ELu TeL
[dL.
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TeL Y.
49. uTL l d lTjRp H u
RYlTm GuTR - [dL.
50. u Aof Tt l YWL.

LQdLs:
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CQjRLLd CPV u]jR
YT 10V. AYtt CPlThP uX
Y-UVd LiL.
P. 100 Vm1)
(P.
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0.5 A Gp ]P uAjR
P. 1 V)
YT V ?
(P.
53. 2A u]hPm ReV 25 N. [ LPj
Ju 3T LkRlXjp 30o LQNnp
YdLlThs[. ARu NVpTm
NVd LQdL.
(P.
P. 0.75 N)
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80 J YlTjR EiPdm u]h
P. 2A)
PjRd LiL.
(P.
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TVuTjRlTu\. u]X . 3.00
Gp Bm NXYd LQdL.
(P.
P. . 45)
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uAjRm Utm u]hPm \V
220 V Utm 1 A Bm. Qfp
LQlTm u\]d LQdL.
(P.
P. 220 W)
1

57. Ko C\d u Utu t Rm

2
Utm RuU u]hPm 1 A Gp
P. 2A)
Q u]hPm V ?
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NVpLs:
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. LiT Gu]? [dL.
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LmV J Cm Tphu t
Lmu
C ] L [ m
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Li Y. Gu] Ru\? [dL.
60. RW, jRSLj iL[ Ko E[
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1, uLkR AXLu YLlT
uLkR AXLs iP SdLjRd
L iP
A oYiL [ m
A X
[ eL [ m L i s [ ] . uL k R
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1. LUd LoLs
2. X-LoLs
3. \FRd LoLs
4. Li LoLs
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6. UdW AXLs
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GpX uLkR AXLm uYm
TY] TiL[l Ttdm.
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Ap X
YtPj X
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RUeLp AUks[ AdLu

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u hP m L i P GXd h W u L [ m
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CVXR Ut\o GkW AX J- AX
Bm. CkR GkW AXLs A]jm TWY
Y
E
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E
B
B
B
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TPm 5.1 uLkR AXLs

E- uXm B-LkRlXm

J TlTs FPLm RY. B]p

T l Ts
FPLju
Q u
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79

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Y.
Gi.
1.

uLkR
AXu YL
LU LoLs

Xm

AX[ SdLm
(hPo)

LVdL AdLu
EhLdLs
(GjdLh
LTph 60)

H\d\V
Rp 1014
YW

1010

AoYi
SdLm
(aohv)
3 1016Rp
3 1022 YW

109 Rp 6 1012
YW

3 1017 Rp
3 1019 YW

UV Tp
1. Vu
2. AYlT TsLs
3. TRWN B [d

3.8 107 Rp
6 1010 YW

8 1014 -k
3 1017 YW

Li J

1. Vu
2. YqY [dLs
3. YqY PoLs

7.8 107 Rp
3.8 107 YW

4 1014 Rp
8 1014 YW

5.

ALfYld LoLs

Vu, YlTl TsLs

103 Rp
7.8 107 YW

3 1011 Rp
4 1014 YW

6.

UdW AXLs

UdW AX
Nnj RPo NR]m

0.3 Rp 103 YW

109 Rp
3 1011 YW

7.

WV AXLs

WV TWl, iuLs
iu WsLs

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X-LoLs

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3.

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4.

80

X . Rp
0.3 hPo YW

X aohv Rp
109 aohv YW

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Y.
Gi

uLkR
Bt\p SdLm
AXu YL (GXdhWu Yph)

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EQoRp

1.

LU LoLs

104 Rp 107YW

2.

X-LoLs

103- k 105 YW 1. RpSn fNp

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3.

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10 Rp 103 YW

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81

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8
2

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4
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M 6
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4
7

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Es[. G]Y GmLs X LoL[
EhLYm SpX T[m. CXY]
dL[p B] RNp ahW_u,
LoTu, ShW_u, Bd_u Tu\
C XN ] R UeL s T U[ p
Es[]. G]Y AY X- LoL[
EhLYYpX. AR]p RNLu
YV X- LoLs Ff NpX
CV\.

PevPu EXLm AL A GPVm

AL EXVm TtlTR SpX
YlTm LPjm RuUL[m Tts[.
PevPu uZ \kR A[
u]jRjp 4 Yph YlTlTjRl
T\. AR]p GXdhWuLs EZlT
u\]. LRdm B]dm CPp
1,00,000 Yph u]jRm AdLlTmT
CkR
GX d h W uLs
k R
A[ p
dLlTu\]. u U-l]m EXL
E[ ERVp B] dLl
Tu\]. B]p Tk Es[ PevPu
EXLju Wk Npm GXdhWuLs
UYRp X - LoLs YlTu\]. Ce
EYm YlTj]p CXdlTs

AL A[p X - LoLs UR EP-p

ThPp SnYnlTRm Hu C\lm
P SPXm.
82

3) X - LoLu TVuTLs

3, ALfYld LoLs
Yl\ Ju AX[jRP Nt
ALU] AX[m LiP uLkR
AXLs ALfYld LoLs G]lTm.
ARu AX[ SdLm 103 hP-k
7.8 107 YW YlTU] TsL-k
CkR ALfYld LoLs YlTu\].
ALfYldLoLu CVtL Xm Vu
B m . u [ d , S l , Yl T l
TsLu XdLs Tu\Y NVtL

UjYj \, Rp\, AVp

BWnf, RPV AVp Tu\ \Lp
X - LoLu Tm Te Ydu\].
(i) UjYl TVuTLs :
X- L o l T P V p (Radiography) Gm
Yd LiPVm, GmLs X
ClTR AVm X - Lo TP eL s
TVuTu\]. EQl TRp ApX
WWpLp HRm RYVt\ TsLs
CkRp AYt\d lh LhPm
EP-p TnkR lTdd iL[d
LhPm, X - LolTPeLs TVuTu\].

XeLs, UR EPp
. -k
10
100
. A[ X ] AX [ m L i P
AL f Yl L o f N Y \ .
ALfYl Lof ToYdl XlTP.
B]p SU Rp YlTUPYRu Xm
AR] EQWXm.

X - Lo UjYj\ (Radiotherapy)

SsThP tSnd LhL[ AdLm

XYL Rp SnL[ QlTjRm
X - LoLs TVuTu\].

XYL TmLs \l ElLs Xm

ALfYld Lofu YlTlTjm
RuUV Su EQWdVY, TmLu
R Xl T u C \ m A Uk s[
Lp AkR EQm El AUks[.
AYtuXm Yl T U ] T [ ]
iP- Tu\Yt\ Chm TmL[p
EQW \.

(ii) Rp\, AVp BWnf

TVuTLs

(1) Ko CWj]d Lp EiUV]R ApX

T-V]R GuTRd LiPV
X - LoLs TVuTu\].
(2) Puv TkLs, CWlTo PVoLs
Tu\Ytp HtTm \TL[
LiPV X - LoLs TVuTu\].

ALfYld LoLu TVuLs

(1) Lt, APokR T BVYt\p
AL f Yl d
L oL s
EhLYWlTYpX. CR]p Li
J FY CVXR Lt, T
C Yt \ d
L Pk
T Pm
G d L
ALfYld LoLs TVuTu\].
(2) Li JV P ALfYld
LoLs Y GRL UR EP-p
BZUL Ff Npm, CkR
ALfYld LoLs CWjRdZnL[
YPVf Nn CWjR KhPjR
ALlTju\].
(3) CVu UjY \p (Physiotherapy)
RNLm, Gm CQlLm
HtTm Y-V dL ALfYld
LoLs TVuTu\].
(4) XdLu YYUlTl Tt
AV AY TVuTu\].
(5) RL AdLlThP YoQeL[m
T[T[lT] f TWlL[ \kR
SWjp LV YdL TVuTu\].
(6) AL f Yl [ d L s , C W Y
YL]eLp TjRlTh CWiPm

(3) EX L Y olL p Gk W eL u
TLeLp Es[ EXL CQlLm H Rm N p A p X
\T Es[R GuTRd LiPV X
- LoLs TVuTu\].
(4) EX Ld LXYL u EYd L m ,
AYtuR] YlT [ CYt\
AV X -LoLs TVuTu\].
(5) TLeLu Es[UlTm LU E
Xd AUlL[m LiPV
X - LoLs TVuTu\].
(iv) RPVVp \ TVuTLs
X - Lo TPVp NR]Ls t\eL[

lTYRt TVuTjRlTu\].
(1) X - Lo NR]d EhTj SLL[
e LPj YTYoL[d LidLXm.
(2) ThLp U\j LPj Gj
YWlTm ReLm LgN, Y TsLs
Tu\Ytu YV X - LoL[f Nj
JoWp AYt\d LidLXm.
(3) Ls[ Tn ShL[d LidLm
T-l
TjWeLs
RVjRXd
LidLm X -LoLs TVuTu\].
83

EXLl TuT CW SWeLm

TVuTjRlThP].
(7) ALfYld LofN olTWlLs
EhLYu\]. G]Y NVtLd Ls
TPeLp HLm, BLm, Ll
\UL Rum. ARu LWQUL
ALfYld LofNl TVuTj
p o XeL[d LiPVXm.

X X hPoYW Cdm. iuLm,

iu WsLm WV AXL[
EYdu\]. GXdhWVp tL[d
Li GXdhWuL[ Ao\f NnYRm
WV AXLs EiPdLlTu\].
WV AXLs WV, RXdLh,
NnjRPo NR]eLp TVuTu\].
5.2 LVdLm
1896-p LVdLm au TdLWp
GuTYWp LidLlThP. WVm
WVju X ElLm LhX]LR
Fm RuU LiP LofL[
R u V p T L Y E r Y R , Ad L o
fL[p
Jl T Pj
RLLs
TdLlTYRm LiPkRo.
L]U] RUeLs RufNVL AL
Fj\u LiP LofL[ R]
Ym Lr LVdLm G]lTm.
L V d L
L o f L [
Y m
RUeLd LVdLj RUeLs Gu
TVo. CkR LofLs TdLWp LoLs
A p X
L V d L
L oL s
Gu m
AZdLlTu\].

(8) ALf Yld

LoL[
u
NVtLd Ls TPeLs YX
u]ldl TVuTu\].
(9) Sn YnlThP ToL[ LiPV
ALfYl NVtLdLs TPeLs
TVuTu\].

4, UdW AXLs
1 . -k 10 N. YW \kR
AX[ SdLPV WV AXLs
UdW AXLs G]lTm. CkR UdW
AXLs UdW AX APl, Ud]hWu,
vhWu, CVe AX Zn Tu\
GX dhW d LLs Xm EtT j
NnVlu\].
UdW AXLu TVuTLs

UPm d, AYW LQYo V ,

Ro@To Utm TXo LVdL BnL[
NnR]o. A GP 206m ARt ALU]
A GP LiP WVm, TXVm,
WVm, RVm Tu\ RUeLm
LVdLm EYYR AYoLs LiPkR]o.
C YlTX, AjRm Tu\ CVtVp
A p X Y V p r XL ] m
TdLlTYpX.
1, LVdLf NR]
LVd Lhu Sp V [
AUj AR]p R[ LVdLj
RUm YdLlT\. GpXj NLm
Y V m L o f L [ m L V m
EhLYm. LVd Lhd Up Tp
Wjp JTPjRL Ju YdLlThs[.
CkR AUlm YtPUdLlTh
Ch A\p YdLlThs[.

(1) SLWeLdPVV] RXT

RP oL p Ud W A XL s
TVuTu\].
(2) NVtLd Ls RXj RPom,
WPo NR]eLm UdW AXLs
TVuTu\].
(3) RtLXeLp NUVp NnYRtd P
UdW AXLs TVuTu\].
U dW AX Al 12 N.
AX[m LiP uLkR AXL[
Yh EQ NUlTRt Bt\X
Adu\].
(4) R Vd
Pe L p
fL [
AdLm, EQlTsL[ AL
A[ TjRUp AYts[
TdVeL[ AdLm UdW
AXLs TVuTu\].
(5) WV YVp \p UdW
AXLs TVuTu\].
(6) A, XdLu LhPUlTd
LiPV
UdW
AXLs
TVuTu\].
5, WV AXLs
Tm AX[m LiP uLkR
AXLs WV AXLs G]lTm.
AYtu AX[ SdLm 0.3 hP-k

TPju R[jt SodjRL Y-UV]

LkRlXm NjRlT\. iP SW
LVdLjt EhTjRlThP u RL
E j Xd L l T m T A kR Jl T P
ThPj RLhp u lhP sLs
ClTRd LQXm. C-k LVd
Lhu [-k YYm Lofd
L t\ V ] u T L [ L l k
NpYR AVXm. TPjt CP\m
Sd Xs[ RXY T - LsLs
Bm . YX \ m S d X s[
84

LVdLf R
LVdL EhL , LoL[ YlTj
RmT J V RUm EY\.
-R : LVdL EhL Lofu
LWQUL L[ ErkRp A Gip
CWi \m, \ Gip Su
\m.

CWiPY T LoLs - LsLs Bm.

GkRRU] XLdm EhTPUp SWLf
Npm LoLs LoLs Bm. [e
CPdL Vl TVuTj CP\m
Xm LoLs SouhPm LiP
- LsLs G]m, YX\m Xm LoLs
3

Z 2YA 4 + 2He4
Ce Z - A Gi, X - Rn A,
A
ZX

A - \ Gi, Y - Nn A,
4

4
2He -

GjdLh. Ls YRp WVm

RVUL R\.

90Th234 + 2He4
-R: LVdLj RUm J - L[
Erk RmT ARu \ Gip
URp HtTYpX. B]p A Gip
Ju ALdm.
238

92U

TPm. 5.3 LVdLd LoLu R]

LkRlX[

1. LVdLh 2. LVdLj RUm

3. ThPl TPjRL 4. () LkRlXm
5. YtPUdLlThP AUl
6. YtP Tmt 7. uXm

A
ZX

88Ra

X- LoLdm Es[
YTLs
LUd LoLs, X-LoLs CWim uLkR
LofLs Bm. B]p AY AhPYQ
5.2p Lis[Rl TX YThPY.
AhPYQ 5.2 : -Lo, X-Lo Jl

X - LoLu
AX[eL[
P - LoLu
AX[eLs
Ld \.

A
Z+1Y

1e

228

89Ac

228

1e

-Er: J LVdLj RUm - Lo

L [ Y YR uXm AR u A
GiX, \ GiX GkR Ut\m
HtTYpX. B]p AdLu Bt\p
UhPeLp Ut\m EYm.

-LoLdm,

(ii)

G j d L h . WVm J -L[
YRp BdVm RUUL R\.

GouhPm LiP - LsLs G]m,

XLXPVUp SWLf Npm LoLs
uhPUt\ SXV] - LoLs G]m
AVXm. , , - LoLu TiLs
AhPYQ 5.2p RdLlThs[].

Y.
- LoLs
Gi.
(i) Au
EhLdL-k
RufNVL
EZlTm
Lof]p
- Lo
EY\.
(AdL NVp)

Ls Bm.

5 . 3 AdL [m
AdL CQm
1, AdLl[
1939p
_oUu
S hPf
N ok R
BhPau vhWvUu BV CYm
WVm RUjR hWu Li
Rd]o. A TVm, lPu Gu\ CWi
NUU] iL[L Yj YYYRm,
AlT TW[ Bt\p YlTYRm
LijR]o. C H\d\V EV-p
Np Tu ClTRp CkR EhL
Lrt AdL [ Gu TVo Tt\.
L ] U ]
R UeL u
Ad L u
AdLdLs H\d\V NUU] CWi
iL[L [TjRlTh AL A[X]
Bt\X YlTjm Lr AdL
[ HtTm.

X - LoLs
AdLu EVo
Bt\p UhPeL-k RrkR
Bt\p UhPeLd GXdhWuLs
CPm TVoYRp
X-LoLs EY
u\]. (Af NVp)
B]p X - LoLs
\kR AX[m LiPY.

85

3, RPo]
Ko Ap HtTm AdL [
Lr Ut\o Ap [Yj i\.
AlT YlTm hWuLs im
Ajs[ AdLu AR EhLl[Yj
i\. CkLr AjRjR EhLdLp
RPofVL LrkLiP Cdm.
A d L [ L r p Yl T m
hWuLs As[ AdL[j Rd
[Yj RPo\. Cp [m Ts
UVL RYPmYW hWuLu
Gi d L Wk T d L iP
Cdm.
U235 RUjp Lm RPo]Vd
L Y m . \ kR YL m L i P

W Vm \ YL h W uL [ p
RdLlTmT AkR WVm AdL
XVt\ RuUV AP\. XVt\
CkR WVm H\d\V CWi NUU]
iL[L [T\. CkLrp CWi
Ap X
u
h W u L m
YlTu\].
235
92U

+ 0n1 92U236 56Ba141 + 36Kr92 + 3 0n1 + Q

Ce Q GuT YlTm Bt\p.

2, AdLl[p Bt\p YlT
AdL [uT A[Yt\ Bt\p
Yl T \. [ d u E s [
AdLu \ [dlu Pdm
]
[
T sL u
Rp
\VP ALm. CkR \YT
E = mc 2 Gu\ Iuvu \ Bt\p
NUuThuT Bt\XLj Ru\.
AdL [p YlTm Bt\Xd
LQdP AdL UX Es[ [
]Vd LYm.
235 EhLu \
= 235.04573 a.m.u
92U
(a.m.u GuT A\ AX)
= 1.008665 amu
hWu \ (0n1)
[d u UjR \ = 236.044398 amu
TVju \
= 140.9177 amu
lPu \
= 91.8854 amu
3 hWuLu \
= 3.025995 amu

TVm
lPu
TPm. 5.4 RPo]

(3 1.008665)

U - WVm n - hWu

[dl u UjR \ = 235.829095 amu

\p HtTm YT = 0.2153 amu
1 amu

hWuLs WVm EhLYj Rd]p,

AkR EhL TVm, lPu Gu\ C
TlTsL[L [u\]. CkR
Lrp 3 hWuLm YVu\].
J [t H\d\V 200 MeV Bt\p
YlT\. CkLrp CqY EYm
hWuLs Ut\ WVm EhLdL[
im Rd Um [L[ HtTj
u\ ] . C qY A L Gi d L p
hWu YlTYRp AL A[X]
Bt\p EYu\. CkLr RPofVL
Lrk LiP Cdm. CkR RPofV]
[ ] RPo] G]lTm.

= 931 MeV

G]Y, J [p YlTm Bt\p

= \p YT 931 MeV
= 0.2153 931
E = 200.5 MeV
MeV GuT p-Vu GXdhWu Yph

Bm.
CqY WV AdLl [uT
200 MeV Bt\p YlTY 1 Wm
WVm AdL [t EhTmT
5.128 1023 MeV Bt\p YlT\. C
2.26 104 XYh U Bt\df NUm.
AdL [p AL A[ Bt\p
YlTYRp AdL Bt\p uNWm
EtTj NnVlT\.

AdL [p EYm hWuLu

GidLV LhTjRhPp Ld
\kR LX CPYXV Lh V
Yl HtTh A[Yt\ Bt\p YlTm.
86

CR] LhTPt\ RPo] G]Xm.

CY Ai YlTu AlTPj
RjYm Bm.

NVm BVY olTuL[Ll

T V uT u\ ] . L ] o R l T ] L m
olT]Lm NVpT\. J Tml
olT] AdL EXu Es[
Rs[ AUdLlThs[. olTu

4, AdL EX
U V ]
Lh lT Pu
V
RtNoPV AdLl[ RPo]
Lm AUl AdL EX G]lTm.
AdL EXu L dVU]
TLs :
(i) GTs : [m INPlLs
LiP RUm AdL EXp [
Ts G]lTm. U235, Pu239, U233BV]
AdL EXp TV u Tm [
TsLs Bm. AV -iPp Ri
Yp AUkR [m Ts TLlTL
YdLlThs[. CVtLp WVm
99.28% U238 BLm 0.72% U235 BLm
Pd\. B]p [m GT[X]
U235 Ld \kR A[X Pd\. CkR
[m U 235 NhPlThP WVm
G]lTm.
: A d L [
(ii) R l T u
HtTmT EtTj NnVlTm hWu
YLjRd \dLl TVuTm Ts
RlTuLs G]lTm. WTh, T-Vm,
L]o (D2O), T-Vm BdNLs BV]
Rl TuL [ Ll TV uTu\]. S p X
RlTuLs EVokR EXm \kR
A Gim LiPRL CdLYim.
(iii) LhlTjm LLs : RPo]
LrYRd LhlTjR AdL EXp
LhlTjm LLs TVuTjRlTu\].
CkRd LLs hWuL[ EhLYm
TsL[p B]Y LhVm, TWu
ApX alVm LLs LhlTjm
LL[Ll TVuTu\]. CY YUL
G T s [
Rs [ lTm T
Yl T m , h W uLs A] j m
EhLYWlTYRp RPo] EP]VL
j Rl T \. Gk R A[ t CkR d
LhlTh LLs YV CdLlT
u\]Y AkR A[t Y-UVL
RPo] Lm.
(iv) olTu : RPo]uT
HtTm YlTjR EhLYWl TVuTm
Ts olTu Bm. olT]p
YVt\lTm YlT Bt\p W WVL
Ut\. CqY YVm W
PoTuL[ ZXf NnYRp u]t\p
EtTjf NnVlT\. NRWQ o, L]o,
Lt, LoTuP Bd^, -Vm Y, WY

TPm. 5.5 AdL EX

1. GTs 2. RlTu 3. LhlTjm LLs
4. olTu 5. hWu GWlTu
6. Rl E\Ls 7. Tm 8. o 9. W

EVokR EXm, EVokR Ru YlT

Htj\m LiPRL CdL Yim.
(v) hWu GWlTu : GTs,
RlTu CYt\f rks[ AUl
hWu GWlTu Bm. AdL
EXs Rlj Km hWuL[
im EXs NjYRt C
TVuT\. CRu LWQUL hWu L
\dLlT\.
(vi) Rl E\Ls : AdLl[u
T YlTm Lof E]jt
Lm ATVLWU]m e [dL
V Bm. G]Y AdL EXV
CVdTYoL[m, Ae TTYoL[m
Lof ATVj-k LlTt\ AdL
E X V f tm L V YoL m 2
hP-k 2.5 hPo YWX] RjR
Ludh YoLm AUdLlThs[].
5, AdL CQ
CWi ApX ARt UtThP CXN]
AdLdL[ CQlTRu Xm L]U]
XV] AdL EY AL A[
Bt\X Ym Lr AdL CQ
G]lTm.
AdL CQp EYm RjR
E hL u \ AkL r p D T m
CXN] EhLdLu \Lu RX
87

AdL CQYl TVuTjYRu

SuULs

P \YL Cdm. E = mC2 Gu\ Iuvu

\ Bt\p NUuThuT CkR \
YT Bt\XL Ut\lT\.
G j dL h P L, CW i h V m
AdLdLs Ju\L CQk J -Vm
AdLYL U\. CkR AdL
CQp
Y lTm
Bt\ X
LQdYm.
2
2
1H + 1H

(1) RYV] GTsL[] ahW_u,

hVm -jVm Tu\ AdLdLs
kR A[p LP-p Pdu\].
(2) AdL CQp LlTsLs
EYYpX.
AhPYQ 5.4 AdL [,
AdL CQ YTLs

2He4

2
1H

u \
= 2.014102 amu
u \
= 4.002604 amu
\ YT
= 2 (2.014102) 4.002604
AdL CQp
YlTm Bt\p = \ YT 931

AdLl [

4
2He

= 0.0256 931
E

= 23.84 MeV.

AdL CQ Lr t E V o
YlTX RYlTYRp CkR AdL
CQ ]Ls YlT AdL ]Ls
G]lTm. Cp YlTm Bt\p YlT
AdL Bt\p G]lTm.
YlT AdL ]Ls Vm
iuLm
HtTm
AdL
]L[l Tt [dLU] LsLL[
TjR Gu\ AVp AOo YhPo.
Vp YlTm CjRLV TW[
Bt\d Ae Lm L dVU]
LoTu-ShW_u Zt AdL ]L[
LWQm G] TjR L]o. CfZtp
Su WhPuLs Ju\L CQk J
-Vm AdL, CWi ThWuLs 24.7
MeV
A[tf
N UU ]
Bt\ m
YlT\.
4 1H1 2He4 + 2 1e0 + Bt\p
V]P AL YlTXp Es[
iuLs ReLdj RYV] Bt\X
LoTu, ShW_u Zt Xm Ttd
Lsu\]. B]p V]P \kR
Yl TXp iuLs Re Ld j
RYV] Bt\X WhPu - WhPu
Zt Xm Ttd Lsu\]. CkR
Lrm P Su WhPuLs Ju\L
CQk J -Vm EhLY Ad\.
LoTu - ShW_u Ztp LoTu ]
FdVLf NVpT\. B]p WhPu
- WhPu Ztp GkRR ]
Fdm CpX. EVo YlTX LiP
Vm iuLm HtTm Bt\d
AdL CQY LWQm Bm.

AdL CQ

(i) Cp L]U] EhL

CiL[L
dLlT\.

CWi CXN]
RUeLs Ju\L
CQm Lr.

(ii) ATVLWU]
LofL[
EYd\. G]Y
AdLl [
Bt\p nUV]Bt\p Au.

ATVLWU]
LofL[ EYdYpX.
G]Y AdL
CQ Bt\p
nUV]
Bt\p G]lTm.

(iii) A\ YlTXp
P CkLrY
HtTjR m.

CkLr EVo
YlTXLp
(107 K) UhU Lm.

(iv) CkLrt
hWuL[
CQlTL
AUu\].

CkLrd
WhPuL[
CQlTL
AUu\].

(v) Ko AdLjLu
NWN Bt\p
0.850 MeV.

Ko AdLjLu
NWN Bt\p
6.75 MeV.

(vi) CjRjYm A
i YjR-p TVuT\.

CjRjYm aW_u
i YjR-p
TVuT\.

5.4. A Bt\u SuULs,

V[Ls, TLl
SPYdLLs
1, A Bt\u SuULs
A]pu XVeL[P Au
XVeLs AL SuUL[l Tts[].
(i) A Bt\p XVeLs LoTu-PBd ^ , Np T o Bd ^ L s T u \
YdL[ YVtYpX. G]Y AY
YUiPXjR UTjYpX.
(ii) RTY GTsLs Ym
TVuTjRlThP \m AdL]
GT[] WVm okYpX.
(iii) A Bt\p XVeLp Es[
EXLs AY NVpTmT AYtt
RYV] Bt\X AqXL[ RVjd
Lsu\]. AqYLV] EXLs EtTj
EXLs G]lTu\].
88

A Bt\p XVeLm, WeLe

Lm X-Lo BnYLjm TTYoLs
ThP -m AhPL[
LilTL
AV Yim. Ae TTYoL[
Lof Rd]p AkR ThP -m
AhP TlTPm. lhP LX CP
YLp AkR AhPL[ NLdLlTh
EjXdLlTmT AR] Ak
CkRYo Lof Tlds[]YW
GuTR] AVXm.
3, TLl Y\Ls
L o f
Bn YL eL p
uY m
GfNdLL[l uTt\ Yim.
(i) RjR LV LXuLp LVdLj
RUeLs YdLlTPp Yim.
(ii) Lof ATVs[ CPeLp LV
EPL[m LV L\L[m AV
Yim.
(iii) V UdW -m AhPL[ Ae
TTYoLs GlTm AV Yim.
Lofu TLl A[Yj Rk Ls[
NULX CPYLp AkR AhPL[f
NdL Yim.
4, CkV A Bt\p hPm
J Shu u]t\jR oUlTp
Bt\p dV Te Ydu\. ou
EtTj, A]pu EtTj, A u EtTj
G] Yq Y Y L L p u] t\ p
RVdLlTT\. u Bt\X A
Bt\--k EtTj NnYp TX
\ T L s C kR T m , R [
AdL GT-k AL A[p
uNWm RVdL CVm.
TpVm, _oUu, _lTu, RnYu,
vTu Tu\ Rp NokR SLp
UjR u]t\-p 30%dm ALUL
AdL EXLs Xm u]t\X EtTj
Nnu\]. CkV Shm, ABt\p
Xm uNWm TYRt J UTm
NVp hPm Es[. CkRTm RtT
Sm RVdm UjR u]t\- p 4 %
A[t UhU AdL EX Xm
uNWm RVdu\m.
RtT TX AdL EXLs Sm Shp
NVpTu\]. CYtp X BWnf
EXLs Ut\Y Bt\p EXLs Bm.
CkVu Rp AdL Bt\p hPjR
EYdV u] TkRLV[o PdPo
aTT BYo. AYo CkVu Rp,
Utm LlTV AdL EXV Y
VtLs UtLiPo. AkR AdL
EX mT USLWjp WmT Gm

(iv) LlTpLm or LlTpLm

AYt\ CVdYRtj RYV] Bt\X
AYtp Es[ AdL EXLs EtTj
Nnu\].
(v) WV INPlL[m UjY
\dm AdL BWnf TVuTh
Ldm RYV] hWu Lt\L[
AdL EXLs EYu\].
2, AdL Bt\u V[Ls
AdL EXL[p UX lhP
SuULs CkRm AL A[p V
[Lm HtTP Ynli.
, , LofLs A]dm AVVdm
LofL[ Bm. AdLu YV
Tm CdLofLs AdL-k
GXdhWuL[ YVtu\]. C
EofNpLp XdLu AUlm
NVpThm J Ut\jR [d\.
HRm El AL A[ Lofd
EhTU]p Aes[ XdLs TdLl
Tu\]. C EP-p Lm GpXRf
NVp T L[ m T lTR p UR u
SnYnlTP LWQU\. CR]d Lof
Sn G]Xm.
AdL EX LhlTu CVe
U]p AL A[ Lof YlTh
Ltp LXkm. CkLr WxV Shp
No]p AdL XVjp 1986-p
LrkR. C 1000 ..d AlTp Es[ UjV
IWl T YW NlTh T l ]
HtTjV.
CkR No]p Tj]p HtThP
Lof X U LWQUL Ik Bi
Ldl \m P, hPu Shp
YNLs ReLs BL[ EQtLL tL
CVXR VWm HtThP.
Lofu AX Wih_u Bm. J
XWm Ltp 1.61 1015 AV CQ
L[ EiPd V Lof KWX Wih_u
Bm.
AhPYQ 5.5 Lofu [Ls

Lofu
A[
- Wih_u
0 - 25
25 - 50
50 - 100
100 - 200
200 - 400
400
600

[
lPjRdL [
Hm CpX
CWjRjp Ut\m
Ykm, L[lm HtTRp
CWjRl Td HtTRp
EP-p WkRW Ut\m
50% C\l HtTP Ynl
100% C\l
89

Ru Ul

CPjp YlTh (BARC - Bhaba Atomic

Research Centre) TT A BWnf UVm
G]l TVPlThP. CkR BARC- p AlNW,
Wv, _o-], oU, Y BV
BWnf EXLm AUks[].
CkV AdL Bt\p LZLm (NPCIL Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd) Gm
Tj\ Y]m, R] AdL
EXL[ NVpTh Y\. 2020m
Bip UjRm 20,000 [MWe (ULYh
Bt\p)] \] T\ NPCIL hPhs[.
CkR A Bt\p hPjp 14 A EXLs
NVpTm Xm, Gh A EXLs
LhU]jm Es[].
X dV NVpTm A Bt\p
EXL[m, LhU]jp Es[ Bt\p
EXL[m \V AhPYQ 5.6, 5.7p
LQXm.
AhPYQ 5.6 : NVpTm A
Bt\p EXLs
CPm

YL

(1) 109 hP-k 6 1012 . YW

(2) 3.8 107 hP-k 6 1010 . YW
(3) 7.8 107 hP-k 3.8 107 . YW
(4) 103 hP-k 7.8 107 . YW
2. X-LoLs CRu YV NpX
(1) LiQ
(2) ReLm
(3) LpVm
(4) LoTu
3. LVdLj RUm L[ Erk
RmT ARu A Gi
(1) CWi ALd\
(2) Ju \\
(3) Ju ALd\
(4) CWi \\
4. uYY]Yts G uLkR CVp
At\?

Bt\p Ul
(MWe)

Lo A EX

2 160

W_vRu AjR X L]o

EX

1 100
1 200
2 220

LpTdLm AjR X L]o EX

2 170

SWW

AjRX L]o EX

2 220

LdWTo

AjRX L]o EX

2 220

RWlo

NV] PVj RokRdL :

1. uLkR \UXp Li Ju
AX [ SdLm .................. .

(1) BpTd LoLs

(2) LUd LoLs
(3) ALfYl LoLs
(4) \ FRdLoLs

LhP CPeL[ WlL :

5. uLkR \UXp X -LoLu
AX[ SdLm .................. .
6. UR EPp .................. -k ................ YW
AX[m LiP ALfYl LoL[
Y\.

AhPYQ 5.7 LhU]jp Es[

A Bt\p EXLs
CPm

YL

Bt\p
Ul
(MWe) p

NVpTP
GoTodLl
Tm Ss
AX - 3
_X 2006
AX - 4
AdPTo
- 2005

RWlo
(3, 4)

AjR
X
L]o
EX

2 540

LL
(3, 4)

AjR
X
L]o
EX

2 220

AjR
X
L]o
EX
--

2 220

W_vRu
(5, 6)

Pe[m
(RrS)

2 220

7. uXjRm LkRlXjRm XLp

APVR CWi LoLs .................., ...................
Bm.

dLUL PV :
8 .uLkR AXLu Tl TiLs
HRm SuL L.
9. X-LoLu EYdLju RjYjRj
RL.

AX - 3
NmTo 2006
AX 4
_u 2007

10. X-LoLu TiLs HRm SuL

L.

AX 5
U 2007
AX 6
SYmTo 2007
AX 1
2007
AX 2
2008

11. X-LoLu UjY TVuL[j RL.

12. ALfYld LoLu TVuLs HRm
Su RL.
13. UdW AXL[ EtTj Nnm
LL[d L.
90

14. UdW AXLu TVuLs HRm

Su RL.

XeLs YLLs VY? AYtt

GjdLhLs RL.

15. WV AXLu TVuTL[d L.

31. Lofu A[m AXL YWVdL.

16. LVdLm Gu\p Gu] ?

32. Lofu A[]m AR]p, UR

E Pd
H tT m
[ Y m,
AhPYQl TjL.

17. LVdLj RUeLs Gu\p Gu]?

GjdLhLs RL.

33. BARCp Es[ BWnf EXL[l

TVL.

18. -LoL[m X-LoL[m YTjL.

19. WV LVdLj RUm LoL[
ErkRp Gu] Lm?

34. NVpTh Lidm Bt\p EXLs

AUks[ CPeL[d L.

20. uYm AdL ]p X-EhL

Y-Gu\ Ut\o EhLYL U\.
226

88X

Y] P RL:
35. X-LoLu EYdLjRj RjYjPu
[dL.

Y + 2He4

Y-EhLu A Gi, \ Gi Gu]?

36. X-LoLu TiL[j RL.

21. AdL [ Gu\p Gu]?

37. X-LoLu TVuL[j RL.

22. AdL [ LrtL] AdL

]V GL.

38. (i) ALfYl LoLs (ii) UdW AXLs

(iii) WV AXLs Tt l GL.

23. AdL [ Lrp RPo]

Gu\p Gu]?

39. LVdLf NR]V [dL.

24. AdL EX Gu\p Gu]?

40. LVdLf R LVdL TsLs Tt

l YWL.

25. RlTu Gu\p Gu]?

41. (i) AdL [ (ii) AdL [

L r p Bt\ p Yl T (iii)
RPo] Tt [dLUL GL.

26. olTu Gu\p Gu]? Gjd

LhLs RL.
27. AdL CQ Gu\p Gu]?

42. AdL EX Gu\p Gu]? AdL

EXu dV TL[ [dL.

28. AdL CQ Lr] Bt\p

XUL TVuTjYRp HtTm SuULs
VY?

43. AdL CQ Tt l YWL.

Ad L
[ Ym ,
A d L
CQYm JlL.

29. AdL [ Lrtm, AdL

CQ Lrtm Es[ YTLs
HRm Su L.

44. A Bt\-u SuULs, V[Ls

Tt GL. TLl SPYdLL[m
[dL.

30. URoL[ Tdm Lofu dV

91