Industrial Joinery

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l C...Stool l Side-Table l Simplizissimus-Table l Zoom-Table l Frame-Shelf
Examples for application

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Start
l Tutorial
l Meander-Shelf l Clip-Shelf l C...Frame and Panel l Chest of drawers l Upright furniture
l Infothek
l About this CD
l Help
l Wood Joints
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Side-Table The side-table consists of an endless frame as well as of two shelves that are let in the frame. The individual solid wood parts of the framing timbers are joined at the corners with a Mitre Joint with Dovetail Key. The shelves are let in the framing timbers by means of modified Dovetail Tenons. Not only a ridgid construction is thus created, but also, depending on the choice of material, a very attractive small piece of furniture.
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The use of the Mitre Joint with Dovetail Key makes a simple and problemless assembly of the endless frame possible.
Used wood joints l T_011 Mitre Joint with Dovetail Key l T_013 Lapped Dovetail in a modified version
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Clip-Shelf For the Clip-Shelf, the crossbars are simply clipped in the sides and the shelf is already assembled. This is made possible by the use of the Clip Tenon Joint. Because of the heavy demands on the material of this joint, the Clip-Shelf should be made out of multiplex plywood. The shelves are mortises in the sides by means of Finger Tenons, but they could also be put on drilled in shelf bearers.
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Used wood joints l C_001 Clip Tenons l F_010 Finger Tenons
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C...Stool The C...Stool by Jochen Gros is one of the first pieces of furniture developed at the CLab at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung. The C...Stool is based on the Ulm Stool, which was designed in the early 50s by the Swiss architect and sculptor Max Bill for the Hochschule fr Gestaltung Ulm. Jochen Gros redesigned this design classic with the intention of clearly showing the effects of the CNC-production technology on the Ulm Stool. The influence of the production technology on furniture design is illustrated by the CNC-compatible wood joints as well as by the possibility of engraving various motives in the stool surfaces.
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The C...Stool is manufactured under license and distributed in various variants by l NEWCRAFT.
Used wood joints l F_001 Fingertip Tenons l F_009 Fingertip Tenons with Central Positioning Tenon, executed as open and blind version
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Meander-Shelf The Meander-Shelf was created in the course of the project l 100% CNC. The design aimed at developing a simple shelf that can be slotted together and thus assembled without problems nor tools, and at the same time be manufactured with as little trim waste as possible. The two vertical shelf bearers merge in such a way, that they can be cut out of one board in one go.
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The shelves have slots that correspond to the designated vertical shelf bearers. The shelves are put in place and lock when pushed back. The better the fit of the joints, the better the stability of the shelf. The Meander-Shelf can be made out of various board materials.
Used wood joint l St_002 Slotting Girder Joint
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CFrame and Panel The construction principle of frame and panel has a long tradition in furniture construction. While the framing timbers are cut out of solid wood, the panels can be made out of various materials, like board materials, synthetic materials or glass. The use of digital wood joints as joining elements for the framing timbers gives rise to interesting design solutions and, at the same time, greatly facilitates the assembly of the frames.
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In the case of the CFrame with Dovetail Key Corner Joint, the framing timbers are not directly interlinked, but joined with the use of a connector, which can be made out of various materials. This makes it possible to push the mitred framing timbers on the panel and to then fix them in place with the connectors.
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For the second type of frame, the framing timbers are joined by means of a Halving with Elliptical Tenon. For the vertical timber frames to go through, they need to be rabbetted rather than grooved in order to take on the panel. Afterwards the panel needs to be cleated from behind.
Used wood joints l T_007 Dovetail Key Corner Joint l X_003 Halving with Elliptical Tenon
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Frame-Shelf The loose sides and shelves of the Frame-Shelf are held together and stabilised by a closed frame out of solid wood. At the corners the framing timbers are joined by means of decorative wood joints. The joints are executed in such a way, that they can be put together and taken apart at any time without the use of tools. The sides and shelves can be made out of board material, like MDF, or out of solid wood.
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The Frame-Shelf that was designed by Jochen Gros is manufactured under license and distributed by lNEWCRAFT.
Used wood joint l P_001 Jigsaw Mitre Joint
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Simplizissimus-Table The Simplizissimus-Table is based on a fairly simple and ingenious construction principle. All joining elements are machined together with the individual table parts. As soon as all parts are machined, the table can be put together without tools. As the assembly of the Simplizissimus-Table is self-explanatory, there is no need for written instructions. The Simplizissimus-Table was first presented by the CLab at the special show l Digital Furniture Construction 100% CNC on the occasion of the Interzum97 in Cologne.
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At the special show the Simplizissimus-Table was manufactured in only 7 minutes on a CNC-machining center, of the kind one can already find today in many cabinet-makers and joiners workshops, and with standard tools. For traditional constructions, materials and production methods, this would be unthinkable, even more so when we bear in mind that the construction principle of the SimplizissimusTable can be materialised in a multitude of variants, thus making every table a one-off piece.
Used wood joints l St_001 Simple Sotting Joint l F_010 Finger Tenons
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Chest of drawers The chest of drawers is based on a simple board construction. Top shelf and sides are joined by means of a Lapped Finger Tenon Joint. The board shelves or bottom shelf are mortised in or through the sides by means of Finger Tenons. The Secret Finger Tenon Joint is put to use as the joining element for the drawer sides with front, back and bottom shelf.
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The chest of drawers can be maded with various numbers of drawers. The height of the drawers can be adapted to the given requirements.
Used wood joints l F_003 Lapped Finger Tenons l F_007 Secret Finger Tenons l F_010 Finger Tenons
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Upright furniture For upright construction, the sides of the furniture piece are fitted with two vertical and one horizontal upright. Uprights and sides are connected with tongues, so that the sides can be pushed up into the thus created U. The vertical and horizontal uprights are connected with a decorative corner joint, the Halved Dovetail Corner. As the sides are flush with the inner edge of the upright, the corners of the shelves do not need to be notched.
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The principles of upright construction can be put to use for a number of furniture, like cabinet furniture and low tables.
Used wood joint l T_009 Halved Dovetail Corner
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Zoom-Table The Zoom-Table is designed in such a way, that its height, width and length can be proportionally enlarged or reduced. Not only the outer dimensions of the table are zoomed in the process, but all joining elements are also proportionally adapted according to the zoom factor. This means that the number of Lapped Finger Tenons, which join tabletop and legs, always stays the same. In order to manufacture the legs with as little trim waste as possible, they are abutted in the middle by means of a table joint. In addition, this table joint prevents a deflection of the tabletop when loaded.
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The Zoom-Table can be made out of various board materials. Depending on the cutting tolerances for the joints of the Zoom-Table, the table is either simply put together or it needs to be glued.
Used wood joints l F_002 Finger Tenons l F_003 Lapped Finger Tenons
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name of file:
T_013
Lapped Dovetail The Simple Lapped Dovetail can be used to lengthen framing timbers, as well as boards or panels. Due to the dovetailed tenons, the joint is secured against longitudinal tension, while the scarf prevents a perpendicular shift. For decorative purposes, the tenons can take different shapes, e.g. like Ginkgo leaves, which can be arranged regularly or freely.
Example of application l Side-Table
to the data files
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name of file:
T_015
Double Lapped Dovetail As opposed to the simple version, the manufacturing of the Double Lapped Dovetail is much more costly. In exchange one gets a joint that is more durable and very decorative from both sides. The second row of dovetails is offset and this prevents an opening of the lower rabbet caused by loading, which can occur with the simple version. Depending on the precision requested of the router, the joint can be executed as detachable or glued versions.
to the data files
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name of file:
T_012
Board Lengthening with Asymmetrical Dovetail Keys The Board Lengthening with Asymmetrical Dovetail Keys is a very decorative joint. Even though joints with dovetail keys are very old, they are hardly used in furniture construction. The dovetailed keys, which here are presented in an asymmetrical and alternating version, secure the joint against tension. The dovetail keys can be used for lengthenings as well as for width joints, or for securing cracks in solid wood boards and planks. The decorative value of the joint can be increased by the use of fine woods or other materials.
to the data files
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name of file:
P_002
Board Lengthening with Jigsaw Keys The Board Lengthening with Jigsaw Keys clearly shows that let in loose connectors, a Jigsaw Key in our example, can take on a multitude of shapes. They can also be arranged in various ways in order to make a durable as well as decorative joint. When the Jigsaw Keys are used in width joints, due to the opposing main directions of shrinkage, it is recommended to keep the length of the keys to a minimum and to slightly undercut them at the ends.
to the data files
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name of file:
S_002
Lengthening with Meander Key Unlike other loose connectors, e.g. the dovetail key, there is no traditional model for the Meander Key. The reason for this is that a key of this shape can only be made out of material that can stand longitudinal as well as cross tension. Suitable materials are, inter alia, multiplex plywood, acrylic glass or aluminium. When joining boards with a Meander Key, it is important to make sure that the wood is well dried and that there is enough material left at the inner radii of the key to withstand the tensile force.
to the data files
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name of file:
V_001
Detachable Lengthening with Key The Lengthening with Key was designed from the start to be a detachable joint. It can be detached and relocked at any time without tools. The region around the joint is flattened on both boards and is provided with a slot. When both parts are assembled, the key is introduced into the interconnected slot and then turned. The geometry of the slot stops the key after a quarter turn. As the strain on all parts of this joint is particularly high, it is recommended to execute it in multiplex plywood.
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digital wood joints
Survey BoardJ Joints

Lengthenings
To open a file of the kind you need, just press the name of the appropriate folder (e. g. lDXF.10).
Name of file: in folder:
Name of the joint:
Lapped Dovetail
T_013
l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D
l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0
l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1
Double Lapped Dovetail Board Lengthening with Asymmetrical Dovetail Keys Board Lengthening with Jigsaw Keys
T_015
l Iges 5
T_012
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 3 l MBA_SIM Part 3 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2
P_002
l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D
l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0
l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0
l Iges 5
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digital wood joints

Lengthenings
Board Lengthening with Meander Key Detachable Lengthening with Key
S_002
l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D
l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0
l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 3 l MBA_SIM Part 3
V_001
l Iges 5
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name of file:
F_002
Finger Tenons Due to the superior stability of finger tenons, it is hard to imagine traditional furniture construction without them. Finger Tenons are the simplest of the CNC-compatible tenons. They differ from their traditional models - the European finger tenon or the Japanese Go-mai-hozo-gata - through the deeper drawn cuts at the inner corners of the tenon base. The thus created jutted out tenons are characteristic for CNC-compatible manufacturing and give the joint its individual character. The width of the tenons should be at least three times the diameter of the router bit.
Example of application l Zoom-Table
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name of file:
F_003
Lapped Finger Tenons The Finger Tenon Joint can also be executed as a lapped variant. The Lapped Finger Tenons are used wherever one of the two surfaces must not be interrupted by the joint for aesthetical or functional reasons, for example, drawer fronts or cupboard sides. Like all other tenons, the lapped finger tenons can be made using solid wood or various board materials like multiplex plywood or MDF.
Examples of application l Zoom-Table l Chest of drawers
to the data files
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name of file:
F_007
Secret Finger Tenons The Secret Finger Tenon Joint hides the tenons in its interior from curious glances. As opposed to the traditional secret tenon mitre joint, the CNC-compatible version leads to a rabbet at the front edge. Secret joints are traditionally looked upon as the height of a cabinet-makers craftsmanship. Sweat and skill of the craftsman are hidden from the eyes of the world in the interior of the joint. It is said: Out of awe for his material, the cabinet-maker humbly conceals his own efforts in making a piece of furniture.
Example of application l Chest of drawers
to the data files
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name of file:
F_001
Fingertip Tenons The Fingertip Tenons are slenderer than the Finger Tenons. Ideally the width of the tenons equals the diameter of the router bit. In order to avoid that the tenons slip through, a special positioning tenon is placed at either end of each row of tenons. In the case of broader rows of tenons, additional positioning tenons can be inserted. Due to the greater number of tenons for an equal width, the Fingertip Tenons, as opposed to the Finger Tenons, have a higher friction tight which leads to a higher durability of the joint.
Example of application l C...Stool
to the data files
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name of file:
F_004
Lapped Fingertip Tenons The lapped version of the Fingertip Tenons is used wherever one of the two surfaces must not be interrupted by the joint for aesthetical or functional reasons. Depending on the degree of precision according to which the joint has been machined, we get a perfect fit joint that is durable simply by friction tight and can be detached at any time, or a joint that easily comes undone and needs to be glued. The exactness of the fit depends also on the correct tool, as well as feed and the depth of the Z-step.
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name of file:
F_006
Secret Fingertip Tenons The secret version of the Fingertip Tenons Joint leads to a rabbet at the front edge of the assembled joint. From a design-oriented viewpoint, this rabbet is an interesting design detail on furniture. For traditional wood and furniture construction the rule was not to let a joint show, however complicated its execution might have been. But today, in the age of industrial furniture construction with its invisible connectors in the form of dowels and lamellos, times have changed. The demonstratively shown joints are a sign for the quality of furniture made by a craftsman.
to the data files
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name of file:
F_005
Fingertip Tenons with Key A special form of the Fingertip Tenon is the variant with key. Its characteristic are the prolongated tenons that have a groove on the outside which perpendicular runs across the tenons. After assembling the joint, a key with a square end-grain cutting is inserted into the groove and thus secures it against tension. There is no direct model for the Fingertip Tenons with Key. Ideas came from decorative forms of various corner locks, where surpassing tenons are employed as decorative elements.
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name of file:
H_001
Hammer Tenons Similar to the dovetail tenon joint, a characteristic of the Hammer Tenons is the fact that it withstands tension in one direction even without glue. This is not achieved through trapeze-shaped dovetails, but through tenons that are shouldered in their width, so-called Hammer Tenons. The best tensile strength of the joint is given when the thickness of the inner Hammer Tenon equals half the thickness of the board. A stop in the centre of the tenon base prevents the tenons from slipping through. The Hammer Tenons can be made using solid wood as well as various board materials or three-layer boards.
to the data files
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name of file:
H_002
Lapped Hammer Tenons Like most tenon joints, the Hammer Tenons can also be made as a lapped version. As the Lapped Hammer Tenons are durable against tension in one direction even without glue, as opposed to the Finger or Fingertip Tenons, there are particularly suitable for drawers when the front should not be interrupted for design reasons. The strength of the rabbet that covers the hammer tenons should be between 1/4 and 1/3 of the thickness of the material. If the sides are joined with the use of hammer tenons, they prevent a warping of the surface.
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digital wood joints

Corner Joints
Name of the joint:
Finger Tenons
F_002
l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D
l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0
l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1
Lapped Finger Tenons
F_003
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1
Secret Finger Tenons
F_007
l Iges 5
Fingertip Tenons
F_001
l Iges 5
Lapped Fingertip Tenons
F_004
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2
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digital wood joints

Corner Joints
Secret Fingertip Tenons Fingertip Tenons with Key Hammer Tenons
F_006
l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D
l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0
l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0
l Iges 5
F_005
l Iges 5
H_001
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2
Lapped Hammer Tenons
H_002
l Iges 5
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name of file:
St_001
Simple Slotting Joint The here presented slotting joints were created when it became necessary to develop detachable joints for demountable furniture manufactured from modern wood-derived materials, like multiplex plywood for example. For the Simple Slotting Joint, a slot is cut up to the middle of the board, at the end of the two construction elements that are to be joined. In order to achieve a high durability of the joint despite frequent variations of the thickness of the board, the slot is executed 2 mm less than the thickness of the board and a 2 mm groove is cut as a prolongation of the slot. An exact slotting together of the joint is thus made possible.
Example of application l Simplizissimus-Table
to the data files
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name of file:
St_002
Slotting Girder Joint For the Slotting Girder Joint, the horizontal construction element, e.g. a shelf, is placed onto the tenon of the girder and pushed back in the slot that has been provided. Thus the board can not tip over and a durable joint is created that can be detached again at any time. Should the shelf be flush with the back of the girder, the self will be provided with an additional slot at its back edge. The Slotting Girder Joint is used for example for shelves. An advantage of the joint is a quick assembly and dismantling of the shelf without tools and small connectors.
Example of application l Meander-Shelf
to the data files
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name of file:
St_003
Double Lapped Slotting Joint As opposed to the Simple Slotting Joint, the Double Lapped Slotting Joint is particularly suited for wider construction elements. A slot is cut in the wide construction element from above and from below and the narrow parts are inserted into it. Depending on the lay-out of the two slots, aligned or offset, the narrow parts either butt-joint in the middle or overlap each other. When they overlap each other, like in the case presented here, the thus created shoulder can be used as a rest base for further parts.
to the data files
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name of file:
St_004
Hooked Slotting Joint For the Hooked Slotting Joint, the cross bar is pushed through a slot in the girding side or headboard and thus hooked. It is secured through its own weight, and can be detached at any time. The groove cut in prolongation of the slot not only permits to even out variations in the thickness of the material, but also guides the cross bar along its width and thus secures it against torsion. The Hooked Slotting Joint is suitable for bed construction or for cross bars of tables.
to the data files
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name of file:
St_005
Double Lapped Slotting Joint with Key The Double Lapped Slotting Joint with Key is useful wherever the joint needs to be secured against unintentional loosening. The two lapped construction elements are locked with a turnable key and the enclosed part is thus fixed. Around the key, the construction elements that are to be secured are flattened in a circular area and a slot is cut in it. The key, that should be made of multiplex plywood as it has to withstand great strain, is inserted in the slot created when assembling both parts and then turned. The geometry of the slot is such that the key stops after a quarter of a turn.
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digital wood joints

Slotting Joints
Name of the joint:
Simple Slotting Joint
St_001
l MicroSt 95 l Minicad 7.0 l MicroSt 95 l Minicad 7.0 l MicroSt 95 l Minicad 7.0 l MicroSt 95 l Minicad 7.0 l MicroSt 95 l Minicad 7.0
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD l MBA_CAD l MBA_CAD l MBA_CAD Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 l MBA_SIM l MBA_SIM l MBA_SIM l MBA_SIM Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
Slotting Girder Joint
St_002
l Iges 5
Double Lapped Slotting Joint Hooked Slotting Joint
St_003
l Iges 5
St_004
l Iges 5
Double Lapped Slotting Joint with Key
St_005
l Iges 5
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Dateiname: F_010
Finger Tenons In furniture construction, the Finger Tenons are suitable for the fitting of shelves, cross bars and footrails. These items are mortised into the side parts being either executed as an open or as a blind version. The Finger Tenons, like the jutted out finger tenon corner joint, differ from their traditional models in the more deeply cut rebate on the inner corner of the tenon base. The width of the Finger Tenons should be at least three times the diameter of the router bit. The H-shaped mortises are, as well as the shape of the tenons, a typical characteristic of CNC-compatible manufacturing. Examples of application l Simplizissimus-Table l Chest of Drawers l Clip-Shelf
to the data files
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name of file:
F_008
Fingertip Tenons with Lateral Positioning Tenons The Fingertip Tenons for T-shaped joints were developed parallel to the Fingertip Tenon Corner Joint. It is characterised by its slender tenons and can be executed either open or blind. Ideally the width of the tenons equals the width of the router bit. It is recommended, however, to chose a one to two tenths of a millimetre larger width of the tenons, so that the router can work the tenons without problem in one go. The outer tenons have been designed as positioning tenons in order to avoid a lateral shift of the tenons. Furthermore they prevent a distortion of the mortised parts.
to the data files
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name of file:
F_009
Fingertip Tenons with Central Positioning Tenon The Fingertip Tenons can not only be executed with lateral positioning tenons, but also with one central positioning tenon. The latter version is mainly used when there is no great need to secure the mortised parts, e.g. cross bars and foot-rails, against torsion. If the mortised parts are broad, it is recommended to place more positioning tenons in the row of tenons. The Fingertip Tenons can be executed in solid wood as well as board materials. When solid wood is used, one needs to pay attention to the main direction of shrinkage in the mortised parts.
Example of application l C...Stool
to the data files
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name of file:
C_001
Clip Tenons The use of modern derived wood products and the transfer of jointing techniques from other fields necessarily leeds to new and innovative solutions. Clip Tenons make a detachable joint which consistently uses the springiness of multiplex plywood. The model for this joint is found in the field of synthetic materials. The Clip Tenons are made in such a way that both clip hooks flip back to their original position after being pushed through the mortises in the side part und thus secure the joint. The joint can be detached manually again and again by pressing together both clip hooks.
Example of application l Clip-Shelf
to the data files
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name of file:
C_002
Catch Tenon The Catch Tenon Joint is a detachable corner joint. However, unlike traditional solutions in the form of connectors made out of metal or synthetic materials, the joining elements are part of the individual pieces of furniture. The Catch Tenon Joint can therefore be put together and detached without tools, which makes it particularly suitable for packaged furniture. When assembling, the catch is pushed through the matching latch and as soon as it is in the right position it flips back. The joint is secured against tension by the catch, while the tenons take on the arising forces.
to the data files
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digital wood joints

T-shaped Joints
Name of the joint:
Finger Tenons
F_010
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2
Fingertip Tenons with Lateral Positioning Tenons Fingertip Tenons with Central Positioning Tenon Clip Tenons
F_008
l Iges 5
F_009
l Iges 5
C_001
l Iges 5
Catch Tenon
C_002
l Iges 5
100% C...NC
The project 100% C...NC - prototypes for the immediate production of customized furniture took place in the summer term 1996 in co-operation with the Technology Centre for the Woodprocessing Industry, Lemgo. The project groups goal was to develop virtual furniture which could be manufactured in a decentralised way on CNC-standard machines of the kind that are already increasingly used in the cabinet-makers and joiners workshops. Ideally at 100%! In addition, the virtual furniture should not only use the potentials of CNCmanufacturing, but also express the latter in their design. Prototypes of the furniture developed within the framework of this project were presented at the professional conference Creativity & Technology in Hamm in November 1996.
Kitchen table with tenon relief Design: Thilo Schwer C...Stool - a tribute to the Ulm Stool by Max Bill Design: Jochen Gros
C...Lab - design research for the digital age
The C...Lab was founded by the product design department at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung Offenbach (Offenbach Design School) in 1994 and analyses changes in product design, which are a result of the current transfer from industrial to computerintegrated or virtual manufacturing. The task of the C...Lab is to continually focus teaching, research and experimental design on cultural or aesthetic aspects of the product, as well as on conditions and objectives of the new production technology. Particular attention is paid to defining foundations of CNC-compatible design, and to the experimental development of so-called virtual products with emphasis on the furniture industry.
Of fenbach Design School
Special Show Digital Furniture 100% C...NC
On the occasion of the Cologne Interzum Fair 1997, the Technology Centre for the Woodprocessing Industry, Lemgo and the C...Lab presented the special show Digital Furniture - 100% C..NC. In order to give as clear an idea as possible of the elements of l Vision of a virtual furniture construction, which was developed at the C...Lab, the de-
Simulation of the product publisher on the Internet
signers at the C...Lab developed a small collection of virtual furniture especially for the Interzum. Together with the companies l CAD+T, EDP-Consulting Stange and the Italian machine manufacturer l Morbidelli, the customization of the virtual furniture, e.g. of the l Simplizissimus table by the customer on the computer screen, as well as its immediate production on a CNC-machining center could be demonstrated.
Stand at the special show Digital Furniture - 100% C..NC at the Interzum 1997
Research and transfer of technology
At the C..Lab professors and students of the product design department work together on projects. These research projects are partly internal projects and partly projects with external partners. The C...Lab is also in charge of organizing conferences, seminars and workshops, of editing publications and advising companies and institutions on technology transfer. The C...Lab has acess to the technical equipment of the Product Design Department:
Training at the CNC-wood machining center
Computerpool - Macintosh, PC and Silicon Gra phics / CAD/CAM, DTP, Graphics and Multimedia 3D Laser scanner CNC-model-making router CNC-wood machining center
2
Jigsaw Mitre Joint
Japanese wood joints... digital
The experimental study project Japanese wood joints ... digital formed part of the activities carried out by the C...Lab in the winter term 1995/96. The project aimed at reviving the technical and aesthetic qualities of traditional wood joints by making use of computer-controlled manufacturing. Japanese wood joints, which epitomize skills that have been perfected over centuries, were chosen
Halved Dovetail Corner
Gehrungspuzzle-Eckblatt
as models for the CNC-compatible wood joints which were yet to be developed. The project Japanese wood joints ... digital laid the foundations for the CNC-compatible wood joints presented on the CD-ROM Digital Wood Joints. To get more information about the project Japanese wood joints ... digital look up the article l ITS NOT A TRICK - Digital Wood Joints.
Plain Scarf with Dovetail Keys
Taubenschwanz-Eckblatt
Blattsto mit Taubenschwanzriegeln
Contact
C...Labor an der HfG Offenbach Fachbereich Produktgestaltung Schlostrae 31 D - 63065 Offenbach/Main Tel. +49 69 80059-63 Fax +49 69 80059-66 eMail: l C-Labor@em.uni-frankfurt.de
Jochen Gros
professor for design theory eMail: l Gros@em.uni-frankfurt.de
Friedrich Sulzer
qualified designer, master cabinet-maker and associate lecturer for C...technologies eMail: l Sulzer@em.uni-frankfurt.de
HKH-professional conference Creativity & Technology
The North Rhine-Westphalia Wood and Synthetic Materials Professional Association (HKH), in cooperation with the C...Lab, organized the professional conference Creativity & Technology in Hamm on the 8th and 9th November 1998. Its theme was: Electronic media also open new perspectives to the cabinet-makers craft. Topics of
Panel discussion
the conference were: Interrelation between design and C-technology, digital production - a users view, CNC-technology in the cabinet-makers workshop, CAD in contest and training. Further information could be gathered at an accompanying exhibition, where CAD-suppliers, manufacturers of mountings and fittings as well as computer visualization specialists showed their newest products, while the C...Lab presented the projects l Japanese wood joints ... digital and l 100% C..NC - prototypes for the immediate production of customized furniture.
Exhibition 100% C..NC in the machine hall of a former coal mine
C C
About this CD
0
Welcome at the
l Design research for the digital age l Research and technology transfer l Projects l Conferences and trade fair participation l Topics l Contatct
l Help
NEWCRAFT is a project, a co-operation of:

Die Werksttten Mbel
North Rhine-Westphalia Wood and Synthetic Materials Professional Association Technology Centre for the Woodprocessing Industry, Lemgo C...Lab at the Offenbach Design School
NEWCRAFT trade fair stand at the Cologne Crafts Fair 1998
The tradition of the cabinet-makers craft and new

Tenon shelf Unit R1 Design: Jochen Gros
technologies find a new expression in the workshop furniture. They are the cabinet-makers answer to the increasing individualisation of mass production. 11 cabinet-makers from North Rhine-Westphalia have been developing and marketing the Werksttten-Mbel under the brand name NEWCRAFT since summer 1998. The furniture is manufactured in the NEWCRAFT workshops: decentralised, environmentally friendly, without long-distance transport, within the tradition of the cabinet-makers craft as well as on the most modern computer-controlled production machines.
The project online. produkt was developed during
online.produkt
a theory seminar under the tutelage of Prof. Jochen Gros in the summer term 1995. The goal of the seminar was to work out scenarios, which project the effects of the new technology on the production style and therefore also on product design in the future. The scenarios were based on the l model for virtual production, which had been developed at the C...Lab. online. produkt is a virtual product publisher. Its foundation was simulated by 15 students on the occasion of the C...Lab conference lFrom the Good to the Virtual Form - Product Design in the Digital Age in July 1995. To get more information about the project online. produkt look up the articles lWith online. produkt in the Internet and l Virtual company?!
C C
C...Labor
0
Projects
l online.produkt l Japanese wood joints... digital l 100% C...NC-furniture for the immediate prol duction of costumized furniture l NEWCRAFT - Die Werksttten-Mbel l (the workshop furniture)
l Help
C C
C...Labor
0
Conferences and trade fair participation
l From the good to the virtual form - product l design in the digital age, a professional l conference of the C...Lab, Offenbach 1995 l HKH-conference Creativity & Technology, l Hamm 1996 l Digital furniture - 100% C...NC, a special l show at the Cologne Interzum Fair 1997
l Help
Topics
Special emphasis for future research and development by the C...Lab will be on: customized production instead of mass production the electronic craft trade digital arts and crafts ornament in art and design the customer as co-designer digital sample libraries for design elements design systems for customized products development of online products
Professional conference from the good to the virtual form

Prof. Jochen Gros during his lecture on product language criteria of the virtual form
On the 13th and 14th of July 1995 many experts gathered at the professional conference from the good to the virtual form - product design in the digital age in order to discuss the effects of the new technology on furniture design from the most varied perspectives. Next to specific aspects of the computer technology, like virtual reality, virtual modelling or CNC-wood machining, the lectures also dealt with philosophical aspects of an aesthetic of the new technology. In addition to the lectures, there were reports from the practical side of design, craft trade and industry, as well as various exhibitions. To get more information about the professional conference from the good to the virtual form look up the article lC...Lab - professional conference in Offenbach.
Announcement of the conference on the shop-windows of a former furniture store in Of fenbach
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CAD/CAM Producers
PC-basierte CAD/CAM-Systeme PC- based CAD/CAM-Systems
Internationaler Vertrieb International Distribution
AutoCad und 3D-Studio Autodesk , Incorporated 111 McInnis Parkway San Rafael, California 94903, USA Tel.: +1 415 507 5000 Fax: +1 415 507 5100 Internet: l http://www.autodesk.com Europa / Europe Autodesk SA, Europe Headquarters 20 Route de Pre-Bois Case Postale 766 CH - 1215 Geneva 15 Tel.: +41 61 8210204 Fax: +41 61 821010 Internet: http://www.autodesk.de
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CAD/CAM Producers
Autodesk
# Deutschland / Germany AutoDesk GmbH Deutschland Hansastrae 28 D - 80686 Mnchen Tel.: +49 89 54769-0 Fax: +49 89 54769-400 Internet: http://www.autodesk.de sterreich / Austria Autodesk Ges. m.b.H Traungasse 16 A - 4600 Wels Tel.: +43 7242 68465 Fax: +43 7242 67994 Internet: http://www.autodesk.de
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CAD/CAM Producers
Autodesk
# Frankreich / France Autodesk S.A.R.L. Btiment Les Ellipses 3/5, Avenue du Chemin de Presles F - 94150 Saint-Maurice Tel.: +33 1 45115000 Fax: +33 1 45115001 Internet: http://www.autodesk.co.fr Grobritannien / Great Britain Autodesk LTD. England Cross Lanes GB - Guildford, Surrey GU1 1UJ Tel.: +44 1483 303322 Fax: +44 1483 304556
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CAD/CAM Producers
Autodesk
# Italien / Italy Autodesk S.p.A., Italy Milanofiori Strada 4 Palazzo A5 I - 20090 Assago (Milano) Tel.: +39 2 57510050 Fax: +39 2 57510205 Internet:http://www.autodesk.it Niederlande / Netherlands Autodesk Benelux B.V. Rivium Quadrant 81 NL - 2909 LC Capelle a/d IJssel Tel.: +31 10 2885024 Fax: +31 10 2022155
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CAD/CAM Producers
Autodesk
# Japan Autodesk, Ltd.; Japan Yebisu Garden Place Tower, 24F 4-20-3, Ebisu Shibuya-Ku Tokyo, 150, Japan Tel.: +81 33 4739511 Fax: +81 33 4736755 Internet: http://www.autodesk.com/japan/ Singapur / Singapore - Regional Headoffice for ASEAN Autodesk Asia Pte Ltd. 391B Orchard Road #12-06 Ngee Ann City, Tower B Singapore 238874 Tel.: +65 7355388 Fax: +65 7355188
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CAD/CAM Producers
CADKEY Baystate Technologies 33 Boston Road Marlborough, MA 01752-1829, USA Tel.: +1 508 229 -2020 E-Mail USA: sales@baystate.com E-Mail International: mgraveli@baystate.com Internet: l http://www.cadkey.com Deutschland / Germany Advanced Grafics Software GmbH Mollenbachstrae 37 D - 71229 Leonberg Tel.: +49 7152 42081 Fax: +49 7152 74166
DeskArtes DeskArtes Oy Apollonkatu 3 C 17 Fin - 00100 Helsinki, Finland Tel.: +358 0 444335 Fax: +358 0 444 601 E-Mail: DA@deskartes.fi Internet: l http://www.deskartes.fi Deutschland / Germany Macrotron Systems Wamslerstrae 9 D - 81804 Mnchen Tel.: +49 89 45111-0 Fax: +49 89 45111-102 E-Mail:RGS@mcsystems.macrotron.de
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CAD/CAM Producers
f m
Form Z autodessys Incorporation 2011 Riverside Drive Columbus, Ohio 43221, USA Tel.: +1 614 488-8838 Fax: +1 614 488-0848 Internet: l http://www.formZ.com
Mastercam CNC Software, Inc. 344 Merrow Road Tolland, Conneticut 06084, USA Tel.: +1 860 875 5006 Fax: +1 860 872 1565 E-Mail: mcinfo@mastercam.com Internet: l http://mastercam.com Deutschland / Germany Intercam Lagesche Strae 12 D - 33102 Paderborn Tel.: +49 5251 14905 Fax: +49 5251 14906 E-Mail: info@mastercam.de Internet: http://www.mastercam.de
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CAD/CAM Producers
Mastercam
# Schweiz / Switzerland Intercam SA Case Postale 249 CH - 1110 Morges Tel.: +41 21 8022790 Fax: +41 21 8022878
MicroStation Bentley Systems, Incorporated 690 Pennsylvania Drive Exton, PA 19341, USA Tel.: +1 610 458-5000 Tollfree: 800-Bentley Fax: +1 610 458-1060 E-Mail: family@bentley.com Internet: l http://www.bentley.com Europa /Europe Bentley Systems Europe Wegalaan 2 NL - 2132 JC Hoofddorp Tel.: +31 23 5560560 Fax: +31 23 5560565
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CAD/CAM Producers
Bentley Systems
# Deutschland / Germany Bentley Systems Germany GmbH Carl-Zeiss-Ring 3 D - 85737 Ismaning Tel.: +49 89 962432-0 Fax: +49 89 962432-20 Asien-Pazifik / Asia - Pacific Bentley Systems Pty.Ltd. Suite 8, 51 City Road South Melbourne VIC 3205, AUSTRALIA Tel.: +61 3 9699 8699 Fax: +61 3 9699 8677
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CAD/CAM Producers
MiniCad Diehl Graphsoft, Inc. 10270 Old Columbia Road Columbia, MA 21046, USA Tel.: +1 410 290 5114 Fax: +1 410 290 8050 E-Mail: marketing@diehlgraphsoft.com Internet: l http://www.diehlgraphsoft.com Belgien / Belgium Design Express Kon Astridlaan 56 B - 2800 Mechelen Tel.: +32 15 202828 Fax: +32 15 202868 E-Mail: info@designexpress,be Internet: http://www.designexpress.be Deutschland / Germany ComputerWorks GmbH Schwarzwaldstrae 67 D - 79539 Lrrach Tel.: 07621 4018-0 Fax: 07621 4018-18
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CAD/CAM Producers
MiniCad
# Frankreich / France CESYAM 62, Rue Jeanne dArc F - 75013 Paris Tel.: +33 1 44065251 Fax: +33 1 44065355 E-Mail: info@cesyam.com Grobritannien / Great Britain Gomark 10 Hurlingham Business Park Sulivan Road GB - London SW6 3DU Tel.: +44 171 7317930 Fax: +44 171 7361215 Internet: http://www.gomark.com
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CAD/CAM Producers
MiniCad
# Italien / Italy VideoCom Via Lamarmora 7 I - 27058 Voghera (PV) Tel.: +39 383 3666712 Fax: +39 383 43899 E-Mail: info@videocom.it Internet: http://videocom.it sterreich / Austria Net Consult Krblergasse 5 A - 8010 Graz Tel.: +43 316 348540-0 Fax: +43 316 348540-30
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CAD/CAM Producers
MiniCad
# Japan A & A Co., Ltd. Takadanobada Building Nishi-Waseda 2-20-15 Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo Tel.: +81 3 52852351 Fax: +81 3 52822350 E-Mail: info@aanda.co.jp Internet: http://www.aanda.co.jp Kanada / Canada PaXar 3443 Fulton Road CDN - Victoria BC, V9C 3N2 Tel.: +1 250 474 8975 Fax: +1 250 474 8976 E-Mail: sales@trimount.com
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CAD/CAM Producers
MiniCad
# Niederlande / The Netherlands Design Express NL - 3311 AD Dordrecht Tel.: +31 78 6139439 Fax: +31 78 6136429 E-Mail: info@designexpress,be Internet: http://www.designexpress.be Schweiz / Switzerland ComputerWorks Langgartenweg 27 CH - 4123 Allschwill Tel.: + 41 486 4343 Fax: +41 486 4342 E-Mail: info@computerworks.ch Internet: http://www.computerworks.de
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CAD/CAM Producers
Pytha TWS Flassig GmbH Inselstrae 3 D - 63741 Aschaffenburg Tel.: +49 6021 37060 Fax: +49 6021 48455 E-Mail: pytha@compuserve.com Internet: l http://www.pytha.de sterreich / Austria Herwig Peer EDV-Berater Joisingweg 2A A - 3264 Gresten Tel.: +43 7487 2656 Fax: +43 7487 26564 E-Mail: peer@via.at USA Parallel Performance Group Inc. 450 Jordan Road, Suite E Sedona, Arizona, 86 336 - 4100 USA Tel.: +1 520 282-6300
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CAD/CAM Producers
SolidWorks SolidWorks Corporation 150 Baker Avenue Ext Concord, MA 01742, USA Tel.: +1 508 371-2910 Tollfree: 800 693-9000 Fax: +1 508 371-7303 E-Mail: info@solidworks.com Internet: l http://www.solidworks.com Deutschland / Germany SolidWorks Germany Rotwandweg 5a D - 82024 Taufkirchen Tel.: +49 89 612956-0 Fax: +49 89 612956-16 Europa / Europe SolidWorks Europe Parc du Relais - Bat. D 201, Route de la Seds F - 13127 Vitrolles, France Tel.: +33 442 150385 Fax: +33 442 753194
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CAD/CAM Producers
SolidWorks
# Grobritannien / Great Britain SolidWorks UK 4 Home Farm GB - Luton Hoo, Bedfordshire LU1 3TD Tel.: +44 1582 431166 Fax: +44 1582 431188 E-Mail: info@solidworksuk.co.uk Asien-Pazifik / Asia-Pacific SolidWorks Asia Pacific 27 Jalan Jintan #12-29 Singapore 229017, SINGAPORE Tel.: +65 8353952 Fax: +65 8353714 E-Mail: Cmartel@SolidWorksAP.com.sg
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CAD/CAM Producers
Vellum CAD Ashlar Inc. 2001 Gateway Place, Suite 300 West San Jose, CA 95110, USA Tel.: +1 408 487 9800 Fax: +1 408 487 9815 E-Mail: info@ashlar.com Internet: l http://www.ashlar.com Deutschland / Germany Vellum Software GmbH Burgweg 79 D - 63897 Miltenberg Tel.: +49 9371 65397 Fax: +49 9371 69241 E-Mail: Info@vellum.de Internet: http://www.vellum.de Frankreich / France Vellum France S.A. 50, avenue de la Rpublique F - 92120 Montrouge Tel.: +33 1 40848801 Fax: +33 1 40849702 E-mail: lbergeron@cadware.fr Internet: http://cadware.fr
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CAD/CAM Producers
Ashlar
# Grobritannien / Great Britain Vellum Software Ltd. Bishop Bateman Court GB - CB5 8AQ Cambridge Tel.: +44 1 223 300943 Fax: +44 1 223 363812 E-Mail: info@vellum.uk Internet: http://vellum.com Italien / Italy Mikron Research Computer Viale Zileri 8/23 I - 36050 Monteviale Tel.: +39 444 961243 Fax: +39 444 960521 E-Mail: mikron@mikron.it
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CAD/CAM Producers
Virtual Gibbs Gibbs and Associates 5400 Tech Circle Moorpark, CA 93021, USA Tel.: +1 805 523 0004 Tollfree Us only: 800 654 9399 Fax: +1 805 523 0006 E-Mail: sales@gibbsnc.com Internet: l http//:www.gibbsnc.com Schweiz + Frankreich / Switzerland + France Productec SA Les Grands-Champs 85 CH - 2842 Rossemaison Tel.: +41 32 4214433 Fax: +41 32 4214438 E-Mail: productec@access.ch Internet: http//:www.access.ch/productec Deutschland / Germany Wingenbach & Pickhardt GmbH Potshauser Strae 12 D- 42 651 Tel.: +49 212 2541610 Fax: +49 212 2541611 E-Mail: info@datho.de Internet: http//:www.datho.de
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CAD/CAM-Systeme fr Holzverarbeitung PC- based CAD/CAM-Systems for the wood worker
AlphaCAM Licom Systems Ltd. Davenport Road GB - Coventry, CV5 6PY Tel.: +44 1203 713439 Fax: +44 1203 714449 Licom Systems Inc. 125 Turnpike Road Westborough, MA 01518, USA Tel.: +1 508 870 1941 Fax: +1 508 870 5793 E-Mail: 100522.123@compuserve.com Internet: l http://www.licom.com Niederlande / The Netherlands Licom Systems bv Kloosterstraat 3 NL - 5408 BA Volkel Tel.: +31 413 272092 Fax: +31 413 274360 Deutschland / Germany Licom Systems GmbH Kaiserstrae 100 D - 52134 Herzogenrath Tel.: +49 2407 91867-0 Fax: +49 2407 91867-5
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CAD/CAM Producers
AlphaCAM
# Schweiz + Frankreich / Switzerland + France MW Programmation CNC Rue Ch. Schaublin 2 CH - 2735 Malleray Tel.: +41 32 4916530 Fax: +41 32 4916535
AutoCabinet 15200 Babcock Avenue Rosemount, MN 55068, USA Tel.: +1 612 423-9285 Toolfree US only 800 242-6903 Fax: +1 612 423-9285 e-mail: sales@autocabinet.com Internet: l http://www.autocabinet.com
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CAD/CAM Producers
BormCAD Borm- Informatik GmbH Kanalstrae 1/2 D - 72669 Unterensingen Tel.: +49 7022 67592 ? Fax: +49 7022 67594
Cad Tischler Cad+T GmbH Gewerbepark 16 A - 4052 Ansfelden Tel.: +43 729 83100-0 Fax: +43 729 83100-60 E-Mail: office@cadt.co.at Internet: l http://www.cadt.co.at Deutschland / Germany Cad+T Consulting GmbH Vattmannstrae 1 D - 33100 Paderborn Tel.: +49 5251 150-240 Fax: +49 5251 150-249 E-Mail: cadt-pb@t-online.de
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CAD/CAM Producers
CAMtasik Direkt CNC-Systeme GmbH Brhlweg 26 D - 73553 Alfdorf Tel.: +49 7172 93770-0 Fax: +49 7172 93770-8
DaVinci Pinncalc - EDV Beratungs- und Vertiebs- GmbH Norderstrae 8 D - 24340 Eckernfrde Tel.: +49 4351 7505-40 Fax: +49 4351 7505-70
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CAD/CAM Producers
Hoku CAD Osterloh, G. Schuler & Partner Software GmbH Fritz-Mller-Strae 100 D - 73730 Esslingen Tel.: +49 711 93940-0 Fax: +49 711 93940-40 sterreich /Austria Unternehmensberatung G. Schuler & Partner GmbH Schillerstrae 12 A - 8940 Liezen Tel.: +43 3612 26978 Fax: +43 3612 26978 Italien-Tirol / Italy-Tyrol CS-Computer Service GmbH Unterdrittelgasse 16 I - 39042 Brixen (Bo) Tel.: +39 472 831122 Fax: +39 472 831125
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CAD/CAM Producers
I-CAD Vellum VSA Software GmbH Alter Spitalweg 1 D - 77723 Gengenbach Tel.: +49 7803 980952 Fax: +49 7803 980953 E-Mail: raepple@vsa-cad.de Internet: l http://www.vsa-cad.de
IMOS - CAD/CAM Dr. F. Prekwinkel GmbH Lehmkuhlenweg 9 D - 32052 Herford Tel.: +49 5221 97005 Fax: +49 5221 97009
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CAD/CAM Producers
k l
Korpus Vlecad BVBA Nijverheidslaan 1557 B - 3660 Opglabbeek (Limburg), Belgium Tel.: +32 89 853133 Fax: +32 89 853135 E-Mail: Vlecad@tornado.be
LignoCAD DCD GmbH Erpenbeckerstrae 68 D - 49525 Lengerich Tel.: +49 5481 2462 Fax: +49 5481 3973 Magic CAD/CAM ECO GmbH Robert-Bosch-Str. 81 D - 73431 Aalen Tel.: +49 7361 9272 - 0 Fax: +49 7361 9272 - 1 0 E-Mail: info@eco-cadcam.de Internet: l http://www.eco-cadcam.de
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CAD/CAM Producers
m o
MegaCAD Hokoplan EDV-CAD Planungsbro Linkeweg 12A D - 84032 Landshut Tel.: +49 871 693-00 Fax: +49 871 693-47
OSD-Spirit OS Datensysteme GmbH Am Erlengraben 5 D - 76275 Ettlingen Tel.: +49 7243 509-0 Fax: +49 7243 509-200
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CAD/CAM Producers
ProHandwerk theta group - Gesellschaft fr EDV-Systeme Waldstrae 49 D - 76133 Karlsruhe Tel.: +49 721 91324-0 Fax +49 721 91324-44 E-Mail: haerdle@thetagroup.de Internet: l http://www.thetagroup.com sterreich / Austria Net Consult Krblergasse 5 A-8010 Graz Tel.: +43 316 348540-0 Fax: +43 316 348540-30 E-Mail: netconsult.graz@digitalis.co.at Internet: l http://www.digitalis.co.at/NCGraz
Pytha CAD/CAM Holz Frank Ruschmeier Benzstrae 33 D - 71083 Herrenberg Tel.: +49 7032 9269-00 Fax: +49 7032 9269-31 E-Mail: info@ruschmeier.de
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CAD/CAM Producers
ROBOCAD Holz Robocom Deutschland Dipl.-Ing. M. Pook Jahnstrae 5 D - 74336 Brackenheim Tel.: +49 7135 4016 Fax: +49 7135 12715
RouterCIM CIM-Tech 1020 Carolina Drive West Chicago, IL 60185. USA Tel. +1 708 876-7600 Fax: +1 708 876-9836 E-Mail: sales@cimtech-cnc.com Internet: l http://cimtech-cnc.com
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CAD/CAM Producers
Scanvec The Graphics Specialist Atidim Industrial Park, POB 58158 IL-61581 Tel Aviv Tel.: +972 3 6474477 Fax: +972 3 6490778 e-mail: intisales@scanvec.com Internet: l http://www.scanvec.com Deutschland / Germany Scanvec Deutschland Dr. Georg Heim Strae 15 D - 97688 Bad Kissingen Tel.: +49 971 72600 Fax: +49 971 726060 USA Scanvec USA 115 West Street Willmington, MA 01887, USA Tel.: +1 800-866-6227 / 508-694-9488 Fax: +1 508-694-9482 e-mail: usasales@scanvec.com
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CAD/CAM Producers
WoodCAM Gesellschaft fr Technische Rechneranwendungen mbH Felix-Wankel-Strae 10 D - 73431 Aalen Tel. + Fax : +49 73661 94110
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dds-aktiv offers real added value for the committed cabinet-maker and joiner. The dds belly-shop offers know-how for the cabinet-maker in the shape of selected technical literature, software, videos, professional seminars, exclusive study trips, as well as all sorts of things from the joiners shop. The dds-software, technical literature and special products can be ordered with ldds media service, where you can also obtain the exclusive book and software catalogue.
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Impressions from the dds trip for readers to Verona Prof. Axel Mller-Schll has been in charge of the dds trips for readers for years. His graphic and vivid lectures are very helpful for the visualisation of the cabinet-makers and joiners ideas and design projects. dds trips for readers distinguish themselves not only through interesting visits to workshops, sightseeing and lectures, but also through their exclusive side-program. Information on workshops and dds readers trips can be obtained from the current edition of dds, from dds-online or from the l dds-Leserservice.
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offers constructive and design-oriented solutions dds-im Detail (in detail) for complex interior fittings and complicated oneoff furniture pieces to prospective master craftsmen, technicians and designers. It also offers specific help to the craftsman in the workshop in the form of blueprints. Next to an extensive look at the design quality of each piece of work, there is a presentation of the respective designers, who, through their blueprints, permit an interesting glimpse behind the scenes. The concrete examples are presented in co-operation with the Hochschule fr Kunst und Design (Academy for Art and Design) Burg Giebichenstein in Halle and are published in every dds edition. We not only aim at attractive and ambitious reports, but also at giving pragmatic help which will support designers and craftsmen in their everyday work.
Gespachtelte Flchen in Trfllungen
Entwurf: Studio Paretaia Stuttgart
... IM DETAIL
Ausfhrende Betriebe: Schreinerei Wesle,
Ehemaliges Pfarrhaus Wiechs am Randen
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Studio Paretaia Das Studio Paretaia wurde 1984 als Arbeitsgemeinschaft fr Innenarchitektur und Designplanung in Stuttgart gegrndet. Neben Umbauten und Erweiterungen bestehender Gebude und der Entwicklung von Ausstellungs- und Messe-Environments setzt sich das Studio Paretaia in auftragsungebundenen Arbeiten mit der Schnittstelle von Handwerk, industrieller Fertigung und deren Auswirkungen auf die Wohnumwelt auseinander.
dds-im Detail
Die gestaltete Oberche als Kodierung

Bei Schrankeinbauten setzt das Studio Paretaia hug Kassetten als gestalterische Kodierung ein, entweder, um in einer langen Zeile ein besonderes Element hervorzuheben (zum Beispiel, um in einem Gstezimmer denjenigen Schrank zu markieren, den der
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Gast fr seine Kleidung benutzen soll). Hug verwenden sie aber die Kassettierung als Kontrast, um so Wirkung und Wertigkeit des Holzes zu steigern. Bei einem Schlafzimmerschrank aus Birnbaum und Ahorn zum Beispiel wurden die Fllungen in blauem Linoleum ausgefhrt, um so die Birnbaumschrankche in ihrem Ausdruck zu steigern. Bei einem
4 1 2 3 4 5 Esszimmer mit gespachtelten Fllungstren Detail der Esszimmerschranktren Ankleide mit Linoleumkassetten Schrankoberchen im Bad mit Linoleumkassetten Schlafzimmer mit Linoleumkassetten
dds ...IM DETAIL
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Vorderansicht M 1:20
dds-im Detail
Typ A
Typ B
M 1:20
1m
dds ...IM DETAIL
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dds - Editorial Staff dds-Contact PO box 106012 D - 70049 Stuttgart Ulrich Mller, editor-in-chief, in charge of marketing and design Thomas Hausberg, deputy editor-in-chief, in charge of new media and training Hans-Jrg Graff, in charge of technology, machines and material Elke Hambrecht, in charge of current-affairs Manuela Fischer, secretariat Tel.: +49 711 2631-245 Fax: +49 711 2631-108 e-mail: dds@dva.de l Internet: http://www.dds-online.de
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Verlegerdienst Mnchen (publishers service) Subscribers Service, Trial Copies, Single Copy Sale Monika Schmid PO box 1280 D - 82197 Gilching Tel.: +49 8105 388-201 Fax: +49 8105 388-180 Purchase of dds-videos, dds software, technical literature, special products, etc. l dds media service (specialist media)
Information on Workshops and Journeys for readers
dds-Leserservice Petra Frank PO box 106012 D - 70049 Stuttgart Tel.: +49 711 2631-384 Fax: +49 711 2631-110 e-mail: petra.frank@dva.de
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E 6154 E
3 / MRZ 1998
das magazin fr mbel und ausbau
dds-the magazine for furniture and interior fitting

l http://www.dds-online.de
is a technical journal of Der Deutschen Schreiner Verlag GmbH, a subsidiary of the renowned Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart. dds is an active and innovative technical journal for cabinet-makers and joiners. dds is read in small and medium-sized craft companies as well as in vocational and technical colleges, polytechnics, academies and universities in the fields of architecture, interior design and furniture design. The machine manufacturers and suppliers of semi-finished products for woodworking also value the comprehensive information of this technical journal. As regards content, the main emphasis of dds is design and construction, machine and tool technology, business management, and specialized EDP for cabinet-makers and joiners, CAD and CAM.
GESTALTUNG
MBEL MIT NEUEN IDEEN

MASCHINEN
HOHER STANDARD
BESCHLGE
ZUM SCHIEBEN UND FALTEN

BAUELEMENTE
WIN DOOR
Fenster Tren Bauelemente
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dds appears monthly with an average circulation of 26.000 copies and is sold via subscriptions only. One years subscription in Germany costs DM 199,20 and can be obtained via the l Verlegerdienst Mnchen. dds not only stands for the printed product. dds is the only technical journal for cabinet-makers and joiners that offers information in moving pictures with l dds-Video, specialist TV for cabinet-makers and joiners. The technical journal offers a wide range of help and know-how for the everyday work in l dds-aktiv. For window and door construction dds offers a quarterly specialist insert l WINDOOR with interesting information for this field. For apprentices to cabinet-makers and joiners dds edits the insert l view, Aussichten im Beruf (professional prospects) six times a year. And this is how you l contact dds dds supports the training of future master craftsmen and technicians with the specialist insert l ddsim Detail (in detail), that is part of every edition. dds also offers the latest information for cabinetmakers and joiners via the Internet. Under lwww.dds-online.de, apart from information, the Internet user will find the springboard to the world of woodworking.
17
dds Media service

professional knowledge for cabinet-makers and joiners
formerly Krebs Fachmedien
One of the biggest German language suppliers of professional knowledge for cabinet-makers and joiners, with more than 1.500 books, practical guides, CD-ROMs and Videos.
24 hour ordering service: Tel +49 711 2631-381 +49 711 2631-382 Fax Internet Mail +49 711 2631-112 l http://www.dva.de/krebs dds-Medienservice PO box 10 28 63 D - 70024 Stuttgart Ask for our free comprehensive catalogue!
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dds-online informs about the content of the curdds-online rent dds magazine and offers up-to-date as well as continuous information in its many columns and fora. Via the webside Links, Internet users can jump directly into the online-world of woodworking, e.g. onto the homepage of the American cabinet-makers magazine Fine Woodworking, or the
Association of the Swiss master cabinet-makers and furniture manufacturers or simply onto the websites of cabinet-makers workshops in the Internet.
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dds-online
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SICHERHEIT
dds-video, technical TV for cabinet-makers and joiners complements the technical journal with moving pictures. The video-magazine is published twice a year and offers 30 exciting minutes on a selected topic, which will be analysed and presented in four to five individual reports from different angles. Processes thus become easy to understand and to comprehend. Experts are directly addressed. The spectator experiences life how tasks and problems are solved. So far ldds-Videos with the following topics have been published.
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dds-Videos published: C-Technology - dds-video 3/93 Masterpiece - dds-video 4/93 Windows - dds-video 1/94 Construction Elements - dds-video 2/94 Interior Fitting - dds-video 3/94 Environment - dds-video 4/94 Fitting and Transport - dds-video 1/95
Machine Technology - dds-video 3/95 Renovating and Refurbishment - dds-video 4/95 Windows and Doors - dds-video 1/96 Masterly Furniture - dds-video 2/96 Winning Customers - dds-video 1/97 Security for Windows and Doors - dds-video 2/97 Renovating Kitchens - dds-video 1/98
each video has a running time of about 35 minutes. Dry Construction - 2/95 Price: DM 68,90 The dds-videos can be ordered from l dds media service.
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Supporting vocational and further training is of
[vju:]
die Lehrlingsbeilage von dds
[vju:]
particular importance to dds. dds is the only technical journal for cabinet-makers and joiners that offers a separate brochure to the young people of the trade. In 6 editions each year view, Aussichten im Beruf (professional prospects) presents and describes a particular apprentices diploma piece. Problems and their solutions are shown. In expert tip peculiarities and suggestions for improvement are shown by competent design experts.
view.
Aussichten im Beruf
Nr.1 Februar/Mrz 98
Vorschlag frs
Gesellenstck
berblick
Themen aus dds
Durchblick
Barschrank Mit X-pertentip
dds
das magazin fr mbel und ausbau
Einblick
Fineline-Furnier
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Entwurf
[vju:]
[vju:]
Durchblick.
1 2
x pertentip
In der Antike, vor allem aber in der Renaissance, bedienten sich Baumeister und Handwerker insbesondere dreier Proportionsparameter, die aus den 30 Krpermaen des Menschen und Erkentnissen der Geometrie hergeleitet wurden. Zum einen das Quadrat (a) und mit ihm der Kreis, der das Quadrat 60 50
MAE 0,5 MAE 0, 5 X
15
umschreibt.
1
Zum
anderen
die
Flche,
deren
Diagonalen zwei sich gegenberliegende, gleichseitige Dreiecke (b) beschreiben und schlielich den
MDF 16
MDF 16
AH 0,5 X
Goldenen Schnitt (c). Diese Mabeziehungen verkr-
AH 0,5 X
MAE 0,5
60
perten Gttlichkeit, Schnheit und Harmonie. In Flchen lassen sich diese Mabeziehungen ber die
1315 430
1
Diagonale nachweisen. Am besten nimmt man sich

3
hierfr ein Transparentblatt und zeichnet sich die Winkel 420 10 385 45 (Quadrat),
60 (gleichseitiges Dreieck) und 32 (= Goldener

2
Schnitt) auf. Auch in zeigenssischen Mbeln findet man diese klassischen Proportionen z.B. bei dem Regal Carlton von Ettore Sottsass. Als ich ihn einmal dar-
MDF 16
975
270
270
Rollenband gerade
815
auf ansprach und ihn fragte, wie er dabei beim Entwerfen vorgeht, war er erstaunt. In seinem Bro,
3
Handschriftliche Anmerkungen: Prof. Axel Mller-Schll
dds
dds
WINDOOR - windows, doors and construction ele-
WIN DOOR
WIN DOOR
ments are the topics of this specialist dds insert. WINDOOR always supplements dds in March, June, September and December. Design, construction, use of semi-finished products and ready-made construction elements as well as machine technology and construction physics are typical themes of WINDOOR. With an additional circulation to 6,000 specialised companies, dds offers information to window and facade constructors, door manufacturers, glaziers workshops and fitters.
JUGENDSTIL-VILLA KASTENFENSTER HAUSTREN TRSCHLIESSER SICHERHEIT BESCHLGE JALOUSIESYSTEME PRODUKTE
FENSTER TREN BAUELEMENTE

Vom 26.3. bis zum 29.3.1998 ffnet die Fensterbau 98 in Nrnberg ihre Pforten. Daten und Fakten zum Fenstermarkt, neue Produkte,Verfahren und Techniken ein kaum berschaubares Informationsangebot. dds-WINDOOR wird fr Sie dabei sein und berichtet schon vorab ber Neuheiten im Sektor Bauelemente. (Bild: Slzer
C C
About this CD
Welcome to
dds
l dds, the magazine for furniture and interior l WINDOOR fitting l view, the insert for apprentices l dds-contact l dds-video, Specialist- l dds-in detail TV for cabinet-makers l dds-online and joiners l dds-activ
l Help
l dds media service
C C
The Data formats
....cad
Data format of the FBZ CAD/CAM 2D software of the l MBA GmbH, formerly Robert Bosch GmbH. The FBZ CAD/CAM 2D software is mainly used in vocational schools for training purposes, together with the CNC-training machine FBZ. The FBZ CAD/CAM 2D software contains all functions that are necessary to create simple geometries and to prepare their machining. The machining process can be simulated on the screen for controlling purposes.
The digital wood joints are available in the CADformat - version 1.2 / update 98 - as 2D router contours, and include the selection of necessary tools, the dimensions of the stock part, as well as the work plan. These data can be passed on directly to the corresponding CNC-training machine FBZ 40/30 via the postprocessor, and then be machined.
The Data formats ....dgn Short for design-file. Design files of the CAD program MicroStation of l Bentley Systems Incorporated are filed in IGDS data formats. This format has been tried and tested for many years. It allows the user to read and work on data from former Micro Station versions without having to convert them first. In addition, this data format is binary-compatible for all operating systems; i.e. data can be processed on a Windows PC or Macintosh today, and processed further on a Unix system tomorrow, and vice versa. This ensures a maximum of flexibility in processing and a high investment protection for existing data. The following MicroStation demo-version is available on this CD-ROM: MicroStation SE incl. Modeller for Windows. The digital wood joints are available in the DGNformat as solids. The parametric volumes can be opened with the MicroStation Modeller. Should the DGN-files be opened without the Modeller, the solids will be converted into wire frames. They can be processed as wire frames, but they can not be converted back to a parametric solids.
The Data formats ....dxf Short for drawing exchange format. DXF has been developed by the software company l Autodesk. It is a neutral data exchange format for exchanging design-files. Most CAD/CAM-systems support importing and exporting of design-files in the DXFformat. Due to its restrictive number of describable geometric elements, DXF is mainly suited for the transfer of simple geometrical models. The efficiency of the DXF-format is directly linked to the development of AutoCad. The digital wood joints are available as 2D-contours in the DXF-format version 10 and as 3D wire frames in the DXF version 12.
The Data formats ....iges Short for initial graphics exchange specification, an interface for the transfer of product definition data, that is independent of the software producer, and normed by ANSI, the American National Standardisation Institute. IGES allows the transfer of all currently available wire frames and surface models, as well as technical drawings. IGES transfers apart from geometric elements - e.g. point, line, circular arch, plane or free form areas - and symbolic elements - e.g. text, dimensioning or hatching - also structural elements like allocations and attributes. It is, however, only of limited use for the transfer of complex surfaces and solid models. The digital wood joints are available as surface models in the IGES-format version 5.
The Data formats ....mcd Short for MiniCad file. MiniCad is a wire frame and surface Modeller of lDiehl Graphsoft, Incorporated. The digital wood joints are available as wire-frames in the MiniCad-format version 7. There is a demo-version of MiniCad 7 Interior Fittings for Windows and for MAC-OS on this CDROM.
on this CD-Rom
Tutorial
The digital wood joints are available on this CD-ROM in various data formats: 2 data exchange formats, 3 native CAD formats and 2 CAM formats. Please take note of your CAD or CAM software producers instructions when importing data via the exchange formats DXF and IGES.
l ....dgn l ....mcd l ....vlm
l ....dxf l ....iges l ....cad l ....sim
l Help
H H
Data formats D
H
The Data formats ....sim Short for simulations file. The SIM-file contains the NC data file of a workpiece according to DIN 66025 in the ASCII-format. The digital wood joints are available as data files in SIM-format. They have been prepared on the FBZ CAD/CAM 2D software by the MBA GmbH, and generated with the postprocessor for their use on the MBA CNC-training center FBZ 40/30. In the header of the SIM-file are given the dimensions of the stock part- U=length; V=width; W=height - with the position of the workpiece origin X, Y, Z as well as the reference point as starting point for the tools - E=cutter diameter; L=cutter length; H=total cutter length. SIM-files can be opened with text editors, like Wordpad or Simpletext.
The Data formats ....vlm Short for Vellum-file. Vellum is a wire frame, surface or solid Modeller of l Ashlar, Incorporated. The digital wood joints are available in the Vellumformats version 2.7 as 3D wire frames and in version 4.0 as surface models. There is a demo-version of Vellum 3D Pro 4.0 for Windows and for MAC-OS on this CD-ROM.
7 j
Start
J wood joints
the digital
l Frame Joints
l Tutorial l Infothek
l Board Joints l Carcass Joints
l Examples
l About this CD
l Help
7 j
Board Joints
T-shaped joints
l Finger Tenons l Fingertip Tenons with Lateral
wood joints
The digital J
Wood Joints
Corner Joints
l Finger Tenons l Lapped Finger Tenons l Secret Finger Tenons l Fingertip Tenons l Lapped Fingertip Tenons l Secret Fingertip Tenons l Fingertip Tenons with Key l Hammer Tenons l Lapped Hammer Tenons
Positioning Tenons
l Fingertip Tenons with Central Positioning Tenon l Clip Tenons l Catch Tenon
Lengthenings
l Lapped Dovetail l Double Lapped Dovetail l Board Lengthening with Asymmetrical
Slotting Joints
l Simple Slotting Joint l Slotting Girder Joint l Double Lapped Slotting Joint l Hooked Slotting Joint l Double Lapped Slotting Joint with Key
Dovetail Keys
l Board Lengthening with Jigsaw Keys l Board Lengthening with Meander Key l Detachable Lengthening with Key l Help
7 j
Carcass Joints
l Tenon Joint with Star-Shaped Mortise l Shouldered Tenon l Locked Leg Framing l 3-Dimensional Finger Tenon Joint
wood joints
The digital J
Wood Joints
l Help
7 j
Frame Joints
Frame Corner Joints
l Halved Dovetail Corner l Dovetail Key Corner l Mitre Joint with Dovetail Key l Jigsaw Mitre Joint l Halving with Elliptical Tenon l Double Jigsaw-Hook Corner
wood joints
The digital J
Wood Joints
Lengthenings
l Shouldered Dovetail l Shouldered Triple Dovetail l Double Dovetail l Triple Dovetail l Symmetrical Double Dovetail l Double Jigsaw l Plain Scarf with Dovetail Keys l Gooseneck Mortise and Tenon Joint with Stub
Cross Joints
l Oval Shouldered Halving l Dovetailed Cross Halving l Jigsaw Cross Halving l Cross Mitre Joint with Jigsaw Key
Tenons
l Ginkgo Scarf with Stub Tenons
Stop Laps
l Shouldered Dovetail Halving l Stop Lap with Jigsaw Key l Hooked Jigsaw Halving
l Help
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7
#
name of file:
Z_003
Tenon Joint with Star-Shaped Mortise Tenon joints count among the oldest wood joints. It is impossible to imagine furniture and carcass construction without them. They have been replaced more and more by dowel joints due to industrial furniture production. They are, nevertheless, still superior in terms of durability. For the Tenon Joint with Star-Shaped Mortise, the tenon of the cross bar, that has beeen shouldered up to half the thickness of the wood, is placed into the vertical framing in such a way, that it is flush at the front. The Star-Shaped Mortise is a result of machining the joint on a CNC-router. The extended corners of the mortise ensure an accurate support of the rectangular tenon.
to the data files
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7
#
name of file:
Z_002
Shouldered Tenon The Shouldered Tenon combines the idea of the housed butt joint with the idea of the tenon joint. The flattened part of the vertical frame prevents the horizontal shift of the cross bar, while its side forces are transmitted by the tenon. The Shouldered Tenon Joint can be executed as a blind or open version. For the blind version, the tenon should be shorter than the depth of the mortise in order to avoid the tenon forcing on the mortise ground in case the wood shrinks. The Tenon Joint can also be secured against tension with the help of wood pins.
to the data files
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7
#
name of file:
KN_001
Locked Leg Framing The Locked Leg Framing is a removable carcass joint, which is used wherever legs are joint with framing rails, as for example for tables and beds. The front and back rails have tenons, the side rails have mortises. Both rails are flattened on the outside around the tenons as well as around the mortises. When assembling the joint, the rails will be slotted together and the leg will be introduced from below in the flattened area. The rails thus resist tensile forces and, at the same time, ensure a high stability of the angle joint.
to the data files
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7
#
name of file:
KN_002
3-Dimensional Finger Tenon Joint The 3-Dimensional Finger Tenon is a joint used for three-dimensional space structures in furniture construction as well as trade fair construction. The joint, illustrated here as a corner solution, consists of two basic elements: the outer and the inner framing timber which run parallel to each other. These two almost identical elements enable the problem-free assembly of complex structures. Because of their geometry and the stress under which element is put, the 3-Dimensional Finger Tenon Joint should be made, if at all possible, of multiplex plywood.
to the data files
7
#
digital wood joints
Survey J Carcass Joints

Name of the joint:
Tenon Joint with Star-Shaped Mortise Shouldered Tenon
Z_003
l MicroSt 95 l Minicad 7.0 l MicroSt 95 l Minicad 7.0 l MicroSt 95 l Minicad 7.0 l MicroSt 95 l Minicad 7.0
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 3 l MBA_SIM Part 3 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2
Z_002
l Iges 5
Locked Leg Framing
KN_001 l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D KN_002 l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D
l Iges 5
3-Dimensional Finger Tenon Joint
l Iges 5
8 Help I
the
Start
l Tutorial
The chapter HELP provides you with access to the Acrobat Reader Manual, as well as an assistance with selected topics. Should it not be possible to solve your problem with the assistance provided, then please describe the problem you encountered in the forum DIGITAL WOOD JOINTS on the dds Website l www.dds-online.de. We will do our best to find an answer to your problem as soon as possible.
l Infothek
l Examples
l About this CD
l Acrobat Reader Manual l Opening files directly l out of Acrobat Reader l Screen visualization l Importing the data files l Printing l CAD-demo versions l Webjump
l Wood Joints
8
#
Help The graphical adaptation of the overview and text Screen visualization pages of the CD-ROM Digital Wood Joints was optimized for the visualization on a 17 inch monitor with a resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels and 32,000 colors. For the visualization of Acrobat documents on your the page layout and other options, like the mode for displaying large images in the General Preferences menue in Preferences. These set ups will from then on be applied to all PDF-documents, which you open in the standard view.
1024 pixels 768 pixels 32.000 colors
17
screen, you can define the default magnification,
8
#
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Help The demo versions of the CAD-programs MicroStaCAD-demo versions tion, MiniCad and Vellum were provided by the distributors named below. Installation instructions or system requirements and possible limitations of functions can be found in the corresponding READ ME-files. In case problems occur when installing and testing the demo versions, please contact the distributors directly.
8
#
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Help Micro Station Doerr CAE Systeme GmbH Hauptstrae 41 D-64380 Rodorf Tel.: +49 6071 979220 Fax: +49 6071 979229 Internet: l www.doerr-systeme.de MiniCad theta group Gesellschaft fr EDV-Systeme bR Waldstrae 49 D-76133 Karlsruhe Tel.: +49 721 91324-0 Fax: +49 721 91324-44 Internet: l www.thetagroup.de Vellum VSA Software GmbH Alter Spitalweg 1 D-77723 Gengenbach Tel.: +49 7803 980952 Fax: +49 7803 980953 Internet: l www.vsa-cad.de
8
#
Help
The graphical adaptation of the overview and text Printing pages of the CD-ROM Digital Wood Joints was optimized for screen visualization. Unfortunately, this lessens in some cases the printing quality. Line graphics sometimes appear muddy. Texts placed on colored backgrounds do not appear when printing on a simple laser printer. These problems are known and were accepted in view of an optimal screen visualization.
When printing, you also need to take into account that the page format does not correspond to the paper sizes normally loaded in your printer, as it was also optimized for the visualization on the screen. In order to adapt the page format to the paper size, you need to activate the function Shrink to fit in the Printer Set Up.
8
#
Help The data files of the digital wood joints provided on this CD-ROM in the various data formats have Importing the data files of the digital wood joints been carefully tested. Especially the dxf and IGESdata files were tested in different CAD and CAMprograms. The 3D-data files in the dxf-format version 12 pose problems when being imported in some CAD/CAM-programs. They are either not opened at all, only party opened or displayed in a distorted way. This is not surprising, as the documentation of the dxf-format is still full of gaps, even though nearly all CAD/CAM-programs are provided with a dxf-converter. Losses when exchanging data between various CAD/CAM-programs are generally caused by the use of different entities and differently defined dxf-converters. The dxf-files of the digital wood joints were opened faultlessly, among others, in AutoCad version 14. Please consult the manual of the manufacturer when importing data files into your CAD-program. The digital wood joints provided on this CD-ROM are represented in a 1:1 scale in all the data files. The data files only contain the geometric models of the digital wood joints, which are placed completely on level 1. They do not contain dimensions, texts, hatching or special types of lines.
8
#
Help Every digital wood joint can be opened directly out Opening files directly out of the Acrobat Reader of the Acrobat Reader from the overview pages, on which they are listed in all data formats provided on this CD-ROM. Condition is, that you have installed the application needed to open the chosen file on your computer. While the native CAD-data formats can only be opened in the corresponding CAD-programs, the dxf-files and IGES-files can be opened in several different CAD/CAM-programs. As the data exchange formats dxf and IGES can not be allocated to a specific application, you need to select one of the applications installed on your computer in the upcoming dialog box in order to open the file. In order to open a file, please make sure the software version of the corresponding application installed on your computer is the same to or newer than the one of the file. It is normally not possible to open a file if the software version of the program is older than the one of the file. All files of digital wood joints, which are provided on this CD-ROM, have been carefully tested in the corresponding applications.
8
#
Help Webjumps to Internet addresses have been careWebjump fully investigated and tested. However, it happens time and again that URLs change or get taken out of the Net. If a Webjump does not launch the desired Website, then please check whether you can get there directly by means of your Web Browser. Should this be possible, we must have made a programming mistake, for which we beg your pardon. We would be grateful if you pointed the mistake out to us. Please set up the Weblink Preferences, ie. the choice of the Web Browser application, in the Preferences menue.
e
Start
9
the
Infothek
l Further Reading
l Tutorial
l The Model of Virtual Production
l Wood Joints
l Examples
l About this CD
l The Vision of Virtual Furniture Construction l List of CAD/CAMProducers l Publications of the C...Lab l List of CNC- Machine Manufacturers
l Help
3
#
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Digital furniture construction
New technologies: Forerunners of a new Aesthetics Bernard E. Brdek on the use of computer-aided production in design and the craft trades The digital future has started and the new technologies have already been tested in a research project at the Stuttgart Institut fr Innenarchitektur und Mbeldesign (Institute for Interior Design and Furniture Design). Results show that the dictate of the circular saw - always straight - is broken.
from: form 149
Robot insects? Digital design! Spider shelf (above) and Cactus table (right) from the series Nature sampling by Mike Meire Operator: Joe Kinze
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from: form 149
The sometimes all too simple strategies of the selfview of the area of design dedicated to develop-
At the moment we are experiencing a rapid change which manifests itself not only in re-engineering, lean production or Kaizen-strategies, but also in design, which shall be discussed throughout this article. New design and new technologies stay irreconcilable. Even Jochen Gros attempt at mediation has not changed much. His idea of connecting the term avant-garde with high-tech production has been without consequences. Therefore furniture design in particular turned into a playground for disguised geniuses, whose concoctions receive attention only for a short while. Once the varnish was dried, the prototype already stood in a gallery or even in a museum. Design turned into fashion.
appointed design managers slowly obstruct the ment: research. Experiments that point the way ahead - as opposed to many management recipes - get little attention. Certainly, not every design experiment lives up to its name. All too often the term experiment like the term avant-garde is being misused. The quickly formed or better tinkered prototype replaces intensive reflections on changing processes in society, and especially in the fast technological development of the present.
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from: form 149
Research out of the Public Eye
Since the beginning of the eighties, the Institute
The project was competently led by Friedrich Sulzer, a qualified cabinet maker with a master craftsmans certificate and design diploma and since spring 1994, visiting professor at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung in Offenbach (Offenbach Design School). What is it about? Again and again it is being said that the computer is not just a simple tool, but a tool that requires rethinking. If this is the case, then its use changes the design process. Up to now this has become most obvious in graphic design where the use of desktop publishing and the related software tools make completely new forms of visualization possible. Examples are rare in industrial design. The modelling workshop still seems to be the central place for the design process.
for Interior and Furniture Design in Stuttgart researched, developed and designed, keeping calmly apart from all trends. Under the overall control of Arno Votteler an ambitious research project was started in May 1993: New Technologies in Furniture Construction. Prof. Votteler, who is among the pioneers of post-war design in Germany continually followed his own path through decades. The results are now available in a new documentation. The research project in Stuttgart wanted to show the actual state of the art of this technology on one hand, and opened up new perspectives to the practice of small and medium-sized wood working firms on the other hand, bringing forth know-how or technology transfer in the best sense.
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New Media - New Aesthetics However, the contributions outlined in the Stuttgart research project fortunately are not limited to a technological debate. At last the focus is again on the content of design, for example on a new aesthetics. The means of presentation of toadys computers make the creation of new realities possible. Every now and then designs are created which resemble robot insects. The dogma of the right angle (costeffective with the circular saw) is broken, and the ornamental character is a topic again. The new tools therefore change our perception, they widen our aesthetic horizon. The fact that this is being discussed again, is in my opinion the progress instigated by this research project. Its attempt to put the idea into practice is also exemplary.
from: form 149
But this is slowly changing. Martin Burckhardt describes in his impressive History of Perception
how computer technologies constitute a new workshop: We dont deal any more with a material workshop at a specific location, but with one that exists only as a programming language in the head. The dimension of possibilities (the technology) therefore means: a workshop in the head. Can this now be applied for the design of furniture? Whenever we talk of a transfer of hardware to software, design dematerializes, which also concerns objects we live with.
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Examples from the Practice For a few years now the product line Architektur for the office by Holger Dannenberg (Werkhaus GmbH in Suhlendorf, Germany) has been using CNC-technology for the production of the slot together systems which have been awarded many prizes since then. Thomas Geyer already dealt with similar question in his degree dissertation at the Offenbach Design School in 1992. Today he cooperates with an interior fitting company (Marco Bosso) in Griesheim near Darmstadt. The clients are private customers who want ione-off pieces of furniture, companies in need of furnishings for their commercial projects such as shops, restaurants etc. along with light construction furniture in the corporate design of the same company, used during trade shows.
from: form 149
During the 11th Weissenhof Seminar (at which participated, among others, Jochen Gros from the Of-
fenbach Design School and Michele de Lucchi from Milan) first examples of designs were sketched, transferred to the computer and then to some extent produced. Consequently they aimed to create interest in new technologies, with representatives of craft firms as well as industry participating at the seminar. A design project at the Stuttgart academy resulted in furniture in C, which was shown at the furniture fair in Cologne in January 1994.
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from: form 149
The products of Xenoform are being designed on
the computer (for example with Freehand or Corel Draw), followed by a three-dimensional visualization on a CAD-system or a technical plan drawn with Auto-Sketch. The numerical translation is done with Auto-Cad, and it is transferred
Ulrich Thierling, a participant of the Weissenhof Seminar, even plans his own edition of his company Lumcon in Filderstadt near Stuttgart. Equipped with a 5-axis CNC-machine center (workspace 360 x 360 cm), it already aims to leap into the new technology on a big scale.
as a data file on-line to the CNC-router in the workshop. Quotations, itemization and invoices are more or less automatically part of the system. Thomas Geyer states that the on-demand production today is not more expensive any more than serial production. The table Contorno is made out of one board, the legs result out of the cutting. The individualization is done by the client through a choice from a range of surfaces, intarsia, etc.
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from: form 149
Progress in Details
The table Spiralo by Friedrich Sulzer unites essential aspects of digital manufacturing: new forms and new ornaments. The evenly increasing spiral could not be produced manually. It is the result of the CNC-compatible manufacturing process. Photo: Kai Loges.
Since the summer term 1994, the product design department at the Offenbach Design School has been leading a rather intensive and design-related debate concerning the new CNC-technologies, especially product semantics. What can be made out of a board was the topic of an introductory event by Jochen Gros and Friedrich Sulzer. The designs developed subsequently should put the findings into practice. It seems important to me that a question is being asked again, which has already played a role at the beginning of this century. What does compatibility along with production mean, and what influence do technical aspects have on the form? In furniture construction for example the CNC-router is used mostly 2 1/2-dimensional, as opposed to the vehicle design, where free form surfaces naturally need to be produced by five-axis-machines. The use of board material logically follows.
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The computer-aided technology now offers a new scope. Tenon joints can easily be changed or individualized. Traditional ways of manufacturing become economical again and can be applied efficiently. This high precision in wood working could not be achieved in this way before. So far it is undisputed that the economic viability can be increased by the use of CNC-machines. Craft firms report a yearly increase of 5% and more. Even though design examples are still modest, the reflections already contain a new factor. Beyond the meta-design debates popular with new design and media theorists, new answers emerge to old questions. If computer technologies change our lives and awareness, they subsequently change the daily routine of designing. To reflect upon this, and therefore to research, seems to me the primary quality of these works.
from: form 149
The jointing technologies, i.e. tenon joints, clearly ard were worked upon in a vertical position with the circular saw or router. Now the board is put in horizontally and worked upon by the router. New kinds of corner ljoints are a result of this. De-
show what this means. Up to now planks and bo-
tailed research means using technology in a way that, for example, joints are created to hold even without glue. The technical skills required for tenon joints allowed a cabinet maker to use them exclusively for the production of an one-off piece of furniture. The extensive use of serial production eliminated this element.
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from: form 149
Interface-Design in a New Light This project also makes the currently so fashionable interface-design appear in a new light. In the course of the rapidly changing electronics in nearly all parts of life, we have lost the insight into the essence of things long ago. Users manuals need to cover up the poor interface-quality of products; they already become instructions for survival. Typical for this is the take-away furniture which, neatly taken to pieces, is supposed to be picked up and put together by the customer. Who has not experienced the helplessness that overcomes oneself at home after having opened IKEAs little bag and spread out its contents. The accompanying tools are pathetic, the assembly instructions made in.... And if one or two screws are missing then, everything collapses.
Holger Dannenberg has been using CNC-technology for
several years for his product line architecture for the of fice (Werkhaus GmbH in Suhlendorf ) to produce the meanwhile many times prizewinning slot together systems.
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Presenting a wide Variety One remaining problem is how to convey to the potential customer the great variety made possible through new technologies. Of course, in every ordinary furniture store there are also only a few selected examples and thick catalogs completing the range. Bundles of paper resulting from sample books of the craftsmen make choices more difficult for the customer. Can he imagine, or else draw a picture of how things would look like in his home? What would be the alternative? The market for new electronic storage media has been booming for two to three years now. About 600 MB of data can be stored on a CD-ROM: texts and numbers, still or moving pictures (digitized video sequences or films) and, of course, music. This media therefore suggests itself for the objectives that have been described here in order to be able to draw oneself a picture.
from: form 149
Simple fittings without screws or hinges is how furniture can work as well. You get the construction plans on-line from a central place and the material from a local building material supplier. How the pieces are fitted together is also a que-
stion of design. The natural mappings, according to Donald A. Norman, become noticeable again. The unpleasant side of electronics can be turned into the opposite through its meaningful use. Things become clear again, an effect strongly recommended to be used in furniture construction.
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from: form 149
The sample books become digital. Through inter-
The planned CD-ROM version will still go further. Proposed are construction plans, CNC-router programs for production or Quick-Time video clips(digitized video sequences) to explain the machines that were used for a particular process. The often questioned added value of an electronic book as opposed to a printed book becomes obvious. Leafing through a book will give way to a journey through virtual spaces, whose destination can only be reached through intensive personal experiences. Japanese automobile companies have already put up interactive terminals in their show-rooms where the customer can put together the car he desires, choosing from a multitude of components. The terminals are connected on-line with the factory and the delivery is due only a few days later.
active media, an up to now unknown multitude of be presented to the interested customer. The disk version of the book Digitaler Mbelbau (digital
possible combinations (so-called hyper-links) can
furniture construction), which has now been published in a Windows version, already has several advantages compared to the printed book. The linear nature of the book is broken, explanations, complementing picture material, names and terms - all this can be activated by a mouse click. This certainly has advantages, even though the user surface of this version leaves a great deal to be desired. The enormous amount of text (directly taken from the book version) has not yet been visually adapted and reading from the monitor is quite exhausting.
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Virtual Worlds
Not all of it is only for the future. A good example is the university library in Frankfurt/Main. In 1994 an info-net was put into operation which permits direct access to a CD-ROM server. On the server there are a multitude of silver discs which can be connected to from anywhere at any time. 450 reader desks are furnished with PCs which can be used for investigations even in libraries world-wide via a network and the World Wide Web (an information service of the Internet).
from: form 149
Plans for interactive TV in the USA even go one your sofa and order via back channel. Your credit
step further. You can chose products sitting on
The table Contorno from the program of the company Xenoform is made out of one board; the form of the legs results out of the cut. Individual cutting is possible: various surfaces, intarsia, etc. can be produced without problems.
card will be debited and all that is left to do is to fill up the peanut bowl and get beer from the refrigerator. However, these are exceptions. Experts agree, the new media-variety will look differently.
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New Alliances
Consequently the virtual companies will undoubtedly form an alliance with virtual media. So far only the outlines of the consequences of these new forms of technology become apparent. At the moment production and reception change at a high speed. As far as design is concerned, the much talked about data super highway is not only technological, but foremost containing information. If our ways change through and with the new media, then things simply call for new forms. Design, whose business is visualization and communication, needs to face this challenge today. The potential of new fields of activity is in the nonmaterial, the software or the virtual and no longer in designing small chairs and tables plus their packaging.
from: form 149
With the increasing extension of ISDN-services, it
will soon be possible for the individual to click into the net from anywhere, the home office for example. Not only investigation, but also lending will be
organized differently soon. The library of congress in Washington, for example, is already open 7 days a week 24 hours a day for everybody. Via modem and the Internet it is possible to rummage or search for a specific subject. And when there are no copyrights restrictions, the desired documents can be transferred to anybodys PC. Keeping these visions in mind, the present CDROM boom is certainly only a transitional technology. Authors, publishers and distributors practice with these silver discs for the next generation of publications, which will be part of a global network and available any time and at any place.
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from: form 149
The media artist and theoretician Peter Weibel summed up current tendencies in art: The indiviis in the foreground. What is most exciting about digital furniture construction is the whole context: customer, designer and producer come closer together - virtually of course. Then the networks make sense, whereas the 500 planned TV channels are senseless. Paul Virilio, one of the promoters of the new media and acceleration theories, predicts: The metadesign of customs and social behavior in the post industrial era will take over from the design of forms and objects in the industrial age. dual work of art fades, the coherence of the work
Bernhard E. Brdek is designer, publicist and professor for design. He teaches at the Offenbach Design School and runs the office Vision & Form in Oberhausen.
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from: form 149
Angular and round table by Jahn Design in Stuttgart. Here as well the furniture is cut out of flat board, as is compatible with production, put together and glued.
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from: form 149
Clamping of the mold and press fit are well-known construction principles. New to woodwork is the combination of these two principles . The Ulm Stool - a homage to Max Bill by Jochen Gros - where the tenons press into each other and hold even without glue. Suddenly this design classic appears in a new light.
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from: form 149
What can be made out of a board: The side-table by Dirk Schfer is being stabilized by a simple tenon and mortise joint. The design of the top shows: ornaments are possible again.
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from: form 149
A gentle click when it engages gives the user the appropriate feedback - it fits and is stable. When designed in this way the instruction becomes superfluous as things are brought back to life again, an ef fect which could be used very well particularly in furniture construction.
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0nline.produkt
user interface called Product-Finder and an illustrated hyper-text glossary where all these new terms are being explained. Finally you can down load a dxf-file onto your own computer: Geometrical data of the famous Ulm stool, created with a CAD-program and modified for CNC-production. The use of these data for the average net surfer seems questionable on first glance - who, after all, has a CNC-router in his basement? It logically follows that the sense of this virtual offer can rather be found in theoretical discussion. Working through the web-page it becomes clear: online.produkt is the planning game of a group of students at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung in Offenbach (Offenbach Design School). 14 prospective product designers worked in the summer term 95 under Professor Jo-
from: Form 151
With online.produkt in the Internet. are being tested.
the possibilities of the virtual production
Rummaging the Internet for design, you can come across a web-site of a company called online.produkt. This company self-confidently describes itself as a virtual company, as the first Product-Publisher. You will also find the model of an interactive
chen Gros on the task of correlating existing models and thesis on design in the age of the data networks with practical experiences.
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0nline.produkt
from: Form 151
Factory. Traditional factories become mainly suppliers of semifinished products and black box-like functional groups; the retail trade mutates into Product-Galleries which exhibit samples and materials. A number of advantages are evident: Transportation shifts from the real motorway to the data highway. The customers wish for individual products could be fulfilled at low costs. The concept of the production-compatible form comes into play again: However, this argument from the times of the Werkbund now demands products which can be produced preferably in one go by CNC-machines, out of flat board for example. Its effect is a restriction on the freedom of design which needs to be counterbalanced by advantages. Turning this complex model real, in practice, seemed difficult Jochen Gros therefore suggested to his students to found a Product-Publisher.
The hypothesis of future virtual production, formulated by Jochen Gros (1), is a condensate of his own works on the effects of information technology on design (2) and the book The Virtual Corporation by the American economists William H. Davidow and Michael S. Malone (3).
It is based upon the following idea: Interlaced information systems turn product development into an interactive process between customer and producer. The customer becomes co-producer or prosumer, the manufacturer or designer becomes a Product-Publisher. This process is supported by multi-media programmes, Product-Finders which offer orientation in a new multitude of possibilities. At the same time an interlaced CAD/CAM system enables you to develop a virtual product which only exists as a data product on the screen and which can be materialised at any place with the corresponding CAM-equipment, a so-called Techno-
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0nline.produkt
A team of 14 students worked on putting a theoretical concept into action. The task of defining the context and filling terms with meaning established itself of being of equal importance to the actual work on the company concept. The following method of working proved itself. The students invented a story of origin for every term in order to build a bridge from the future scenario back to a familiar situation in the present. Thus several possible origins of the technofactory emerged: a craft company which added a CNC-machine to its machinery, CNC-production departments of the industry which became independent profit centres, or even subcultural neighbourhood workshops. The outcome was the presentation of online.produkt with text and illustrations at an exhibition. They now aimed at being able to demonstrate as many elements as possible in a working state for the time of the conference. Therefore the first virtual product of the company program was the beforementioned Ulm Stool. In order to make individualize it, online.produkt offered the conference
from: Form 151
In order to offer a platform for this experiment, the
C -Lab for computer technology at the Offenbach 18 July 1995: From the good to the virtual form.
Design College organised a conference on 17 and
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0nline.produkt
Design School in the field of CNC wood working, put itself at their disposal figuring as a decentral production unit with roots in the craft trade. The Stuttgart furnishings store Magazin cleared some space for online.produkt which was turned into a Product-Gallery equipped with stool, internet-terminal and notice boards. To speculate on the possibilities of the Internet is one thing - to use it another. Some illusions of speed and interactive multi-media
from: Form 151
guests to change size and proportion of the design - it thus became a multifunctional piece of furniture, from plant pillar to garden bench. The Wissner company - a manufacturer of CNC-routers who gave live demonstrations of its machines at the conference - took on the role of the Techno-Factory.
sketches by (c) Stefan Leowald
The interior fitting company Harich from Albstadt in Swabia, an experienced partner of the Offenbach
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0nline.produkt
from: Form 151
Technically, the virtual production can already work - the experiences made with online.produkt confirm this statement by Jochen Gros. However, the need for explanation of the model and the lack of evidence show: There is not only a lack of products which are compatible with the model, but there are also other open questions: Where, for example, are the markets for virtual products? What exactly are the advantages for the customer and what price will he be prepared to pay for them? What exactly means individualisation and how will product identities be created in the future? The students of the coming terms at the Offenbach Design Schoolwill not run out of seminar themes for quite some time.
possibilities have been dispersed by collapsing te-
Literature:
lephone lines and crashing www-servers. However, ted even at the college a new basis for interdisciplinary co-operation as can be demonstrated with the illustrations by Stefan Leowald, student of vi-
1. Jochen Gros; Virtuelle Alternativen? in: Dagmar Steffen (Hg.); Welche Dinge braucht der Mensch? Giessen: Anabas-Verlag 1995
one thing crystallised: The electronic media crea-
sual communication at the Offenbach Design School, which he created on the graphics tablet.
2. Jochen Gros; High-Tech-Avantgarde (1), (2), (3) in: form 117-I-1987, 118-II1987, 119-III-1987
3. The Virtual Corporation William H. Davidow und Micheal S. Malone Harper Collins, New York 1992
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Companiesvirtual?!
from: dds 9/95
Product design in the digital age
The project group online.produkt at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung in Offenbach (Offenbach Design School) proved that again and again universities give vital impulses for future developments, also in the craft trade.
Flexible computer data as the basis for furniture design according to the customers wishes - the future of the cabinet makers craft?
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Companiesvirtual?!
They presented completely new types of technical and logistical possibilities, which will be available in the future to companies and customers via CNCtechnology and data networks. The designers asked themselves how the outlook on the new computer-integrated or so-called virtual production might look in detail. How will it change the design process? Who will produce the design projects? And what influence will all of it have on the form? In the course of the seminar various possibilities of future developments were sketched using theoretical models and scenarios.
from: dds 9/95
In the course of a seminar during the summer term 95, 15 designer and design students initiated the project Virtual Company at the Offenbach Design School. The group which calls itself online.produkt - Product-Publisher for digital Furniture, introduced itself to the public in the halls of the university during the conference C..-Lab on 13 and 14 July 1995.
Their central point was a simulated founding of a virtual company, a company that only existed in the data network, without geographical reference. The virtual company publishes and sells digital furniture and communicates exclusively on-line, that means via data networks. The transfer of products and services takes place in the form of data.
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Companiesvirtual?!
from: dds 9/95
The project group which called itself online.profunctions in a virtual company, the so-called Product-Publisher. The Product-Publisher, which could be a design studio, offers basic furniture types to its customers. A software, the Product-Finder, not only helps select from the products of the publis-
dukt elaborated the way everything flows and
her, but also gives access to sample libraries and provides tools which allow to customize the basic
Buying furniture via data highway and screen - the project by the Of fenbach students might perhaps be compared to the first flight to the moon.
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Companiesvirtual?!
from: dds 9/95
furniture types to ones needs and vary them according to ones taste. This customer input can be used to optimize products and can even be deve-
loped into a participation in the design process the customer becomes co-designer. The product range can be called upon by any household connected to the network - this group chose the Internet for its project. Consequently sales can be worldwide. The Product-Publisher offers technical advice on various levels: advice on the user interface, via online dialogue and personal sales consulting in a Product-Gallery.
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Companiesvirtual?!
from: dds 9/95
Prof. Jochen Gros, Offenbach Design School and initiator of the project group. Foto: Erika Sulzer-Kleinemeier, Gleisweiler
Virtual company, what does it mean for the designer? There will be design studios which will develop into virtual companies, that means they will offer products which are virtual, i.e. they could become real. The production program for the products is already developed in the design studios, and there will be studios which will only deal with and sell information and programs. Is this already reality today? The infrastructure has not been expanded sufficiently for this development. That is to say there are not enough producers with the corresponding machines. The second problem is that there are not enough furniture designs which can be produced according to the developed flow chart. The idea of the project was therefore mainly to develop furniture types suitable for this kind of production.
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Companiesvirtual?!
A Techno-Factory could also be a specialized department of an industrial enterprise or a craftsmans workshop that added CNC-machines to its machinery. Over a longer period of time a technofactory-standard will develop. This standard includes norms for quality, software as well as hardware. Techno-Factories which fulfill this standard will be added to a database which will help the customer to find the right partner for the materialization of the design which he has bought.
from: dds 9/95
According to the members of online.produkt a
Product-Gallery is a place, a furniture store for ex-
ample, where selected furniture variants are exhibited and where staff is available for personal sales consultation on the computer. Only after the design is sold, which could be on-line or via a disc, the production process starts: The customer chooses a local Techno-Factory, a company which is able to produce one-off furniture with CNC-technology. There his individually customized design is materialized. The Techno-Factory is the link between the virtual the real world. The data transfer to the Techno-Factory also happens on-line or via disc. Therefore long and expensive travel of stock can be avoided.
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Companiesvirtual?!
from: dds 9/95
Virtual company - a horror vision for the cabinet maker?
No. Motivation, as it will be rather advantageous for the joiner in the future when he receives ready-made data by architects and designers and will
Klaus Rebholz, master cabinet maker, mbel + design, Rust, Germany
thus be able to concentrate on what he has learnt, which is construction and realization of ideas. The cabinet maker needs to be open to new ideas, to new developments and techniques, to be prepared for the future as there is no need to fear the death of the joiners craft despite new technologies.
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Companiesvirtual?!
from: dds 9/95
FROM VISION TO REALITY In order to avoid talking theoretically about all these visions and ideas, the project group presented an introductory action in which all visitors could participate on the occasion of the exhibition C...Lab. The Offenbach Design School and the furniture store Magazin in Stuttgart featured as Product-Galleries. At both venues interested people could get an insight into the variation of designs on a monitor, demonstrated by students who took part in the project. The participants of the seminar had chosen the Ulm Stool, which had been modified, as a basic design. The Ulm Stool is a design classic which was produced with traditional jointing techniques.
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Companiesvirtual?!
from: dds 9/95
Those customers who wanted their customized Ulm Stool materialized, could adapt the basic design on screen to their wishes and then send the data on-line to the Techno-Factories Wissner in Of-
Where the development will go from here, the students in Offenbach can not tell either. Maybe in the future we will buy furniture designs on-line from product publishers or go to product galleries to inspect the newest design variations, and the cabinet makers workshop with the well-equipped machinery will only be called Techno-Factory. It is imaginable.
fenbach or from Stuttgart to Harich company in Albstadt. The stool can be manufactured in one operation from board material with a CNC-router; the individual pieces are put together and the stool is ready.
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C... Lab
Conference in Offenbach from: dds 9/95
From the good to the virtual form - product design in the digital age was the theme of an
event at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung in OffenThe announcement of the conference displayed on the shop-windows of the venue, a former furniture store in Of fenbach.
bach (Offenbach Design School), which set new directions. The virtual form was at the center of the debate for two days. In order to avoid that the conference might lose itself in theoretical debates on a hypothetical digital future, the initiator, the C-Lab at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung Offenbach, had the CForum taking place in a former furniture store in the center of Offenbach. About 15 companies presented different kinds of computer-technologies in the C-Workshop. Here the visitor could get detailed and problem-related information on laser cutting, CNC-routers, CAD and visualization systems, data exchange in computer networks and various scanning methods. On the next floor the impact of the exhibited technologies on design was shown in an impressive exhibition, the MbelDigitale (Digital Furniture), of CNC-compatibly designed furniture and several presentations of student projects at the Offenbach Design School.
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C... Labor
from: dds 9/95
A prerequisite for the virtual form is the computer technology, respectively the information or communication technology. At the beginning it was mainly used to rationalize existing processes. Today the linking-up of computer systems of different
About 15 companies presented dif ferent kinds of computer-technologies in the C-Workshop.
fields of work in a company or company computer networks with the outside via data highway, opens up new potentials for future products. Certain aspects of these so-called virtual products and their corresponding design in a virtual form are of great All participants agreed that the use of new technologies with the computer in a key role would bring along radical changes in future product generations. Numerous lectures by speakers from the most varied disciplines gave an insight or outlook on possible product strategies, their technological context in the areas of development, production and distribution as well as their design. importance: i.e. participation of the future product user in the design process and immediate and decentralized production. Even though these products are manufactured to suit a specific client, as opposed to those in industrial production, this does not mean that every product has its individual design. On the contrary, the variety produced is based on the generation of innumerable variations.
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C... Labor
from: dds 9/95
Friedrich Sulzer, visiting professor for computer technologies at the Of fenbach Design School, gave the introductory lecture.
However, this idea seems to be problematical at the moment, as various contributions to the discussion have shown. Prof. Jochen Gros from the Offenbach Design School presented his ideas on how
The MbelDigitale, an exhibition of CNC-compatible furniture, showed the influence of exhibited technologies on design.
virtual products might look in the future. With the help of his own furniture designs, which were also exhibited as prototypes in the Mbel Digitale, he showed possible design characteristics of the virtual form.
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C... Labor
from: dds 9/95
With the redesign of the legendary Ulm Stool designed by Max Bill he demonstrated how CNC-compatible wood joints entail their own independent aesthetics. The varied program of the conference was well balanced by a successful mixture of lectures on individual aspects of computer technology, like Virtual Reality, virtual modeling, possibilities of CNC wood
Animated discussions on
what had been seen and heard took place in the C-Caf.
Photos: Erika Sulzer-Kleinemeier, Gleisweiler dds was also represented with a stand in Of fenbach.
working, and reports from the practice of design, craft trade and industry. It was a program that offered exciting and interesting information for all participants.
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Its not a trick

from: dds 9/96
Traditional wood joints radiate magical fascination. Especially when they come from the Far East, from Japan. They are not only an expression of skillful craftsmanship that has been perfected over the course of centuries, but also inherent form-giving elements of traditional furniture and wooden buildings. However, efficient methods of production as well as increasing use of wood materials and semi-finished products during the last centuries have diminished the importance of traditional wood joints in the craft. Not nostalgia, but a look to the future should give its stamp to the student project Japanese wood joints ... digital. Prof. Jochen Gros, who was in charge of the project together with Friedrich Sulzer, has described this future as electronic craft. A
It`s not a trick
digital wood joints
Gooseneck Mortise and Tenon Loint with Stub Tenons.
Its model is the Japanese Mechigi-Koshikake-Kama-Tsugi.
craft that is characterised by the use of new technologies in the shape of CAD and CNC-routers.
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from: dds 9/96
was to revive the technical and esthetic qualities of traditional wood joints in computer-aided manufacturing. And, quite incidentally, the use of CAD and the colleges own CNC-router should be learnt by way of a concrete project. But first came the analysis of traditional Japanese wood joints: the material used, the technical specifications, the manufacturing process - Harald Welzel, a master joiner on the Japanese path, was invited to give a demonstration - as well as their uses in furniture and wood construction. Japanese wood joints were also contrasted to comparative European counterparts. Special attention was given to the way traditional tools were used and the esthetic qualities thus achieved. Over centuries perfected abilities and tradition in the craft find their expression in esthetic harmony and perfection. According to Volker Klag of the project team, the arising ornamental character of the wood joint is no end in itself, but fun-
The instructed target of this experimental study tivities of the C...Lab at the Offenbach Design School,
project, which was carried out as part of the acModel for the CNC-compatible Dovetailed Cross Halving is the Shi-Ho-Ari-Kuni-Te, the Japanese common halving with offset dovetails. The transfer from traditional craft to CNC-compatible Dovetailed Cross Halving expresses itself in the change from dovetail to CNC dovetail with its rounded corners.
CNC-compatible Dovetailed Cross Halving.
ctionally justified creation of adornment.
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from: dds 9/96
Symetrical Double Dovetail
Plain scarf with dovetail keys.
Joint. Its model is the Ni-MaiAri-Tsugi, the double dovetail plain scarf
Double dovetails, also called the butterfly joint is used to join boards.
Double Jigsaw Joint. Further development of the Symetrical Dovetail Joint. The contour of the jigsaw tenon is a line drawn on the graphics tablet which is directly and accurately cut into the wood.
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from: dds 9/96
Open and Hidden Cross
Tenon. The cross tenon follo-
ws up the idea of creating an interlocking joint that can be used for lengthenings as well as for corner joints. The hidden variant follows the Japanese tradition with its obvious understatement. Only the expert can guess the skill and dexterity of the craftsman hidden in the interior of the joint. Harald Welzel, master joiner on the Japanese path during his demonstration at the Of fenbach Design School
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Its not a trick

from: dds 9/96
One-sided CNC Dovetail
As a second step, the team needed to become familiar with the digital tools: Marking-gauge, saw and chisel were replaced by CAD as well as the CNC-router; the scribing of the wooden pieces moved to the computer screen and the joiners bench was swapped for the router table. Once acquainted with CAD and the CNC-router, the project team consisting of five students could start programming the wood joints. According to Ren Mller, it was not about inventing the wood joints
Tenon. Due to its form and
power transmission the wedged dovetail tenon is characterized by a very high stability. The joint is easily taken apart by removing the wedge.
Model for the One-sided CNC Dovetail Tenon was the Japanese Shitage-kama.
anew, but giving the existing a different form of expression.
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Its not a trick

from: dds 9/96
For the first digital trial runs on screen and at the CNC-router we followed closely our traditional models. Still, the results were not simply a direct transformation of the wood joints into the new production technology: Esthetic changes were apparent. These changes were acknowledged by adapting the original names of the wood joints.
Fingertip Tenon Joint. The sleek tenons demand for broader corner tenons at the ends which stop the joint from slipping through and thus guarantee a perfect fit. Thus the Fingertip Tenon Joint is born.
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Its not a trick

from: dds 9/96
The Double Dovetail Scarf, the Japanese Ryo-menari-tsugi for example, developed into the Double CNC-Dovetail Scarf with its rounded corners which are so typical for the CNC-router and in a further step into the Double Jigsaw Joint, a double plain scarf which rather reminds of a jigsaw piece and which can not be produced with traditional tools. The Double Jigsaw Joint as well as the other digital wood joints created in the course of the project do not simply represent the new production technology and the esthetic changes coming along with it. New wood joints which are an expression of their time were created. A time which is able to combine the high tech future visions with qualities and traditions in the craft which have developed over the course of centuries. Friedrich Sulzer
All illustrations: C....Lab at the HfG Offenbach
Fingertip Tenon Joint with
Key. Once the tenons are
intertwined, they are secured by a keyso that they will not come apart. The inspiration for the Fingertip Tenon Joint with Key was a Japanese decorative joint.
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Illustrations of the Japanese models of the digital wood
The German importer of
Japanese tools, Rudolf Dick has published a video on
joints are shown in Wolfram Graubners Holzverbindungen - Gegenberstellung japanischer und europischer Lsungen(wood joints - a comparison of Japanese and European solutions) published by DVA.
Japanese Wood Joints with 4 interesting work situations.
The video can be ordered at: Dick GmbH, PO Box 1127, D - 94523 Metten
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Towards a new, digital era!

from: BM 12/96
Today one particular development can already be seen clearly. More and more craft as well as industrial companies use the same computer-aided production technology, not only in the furniture industry. Added to this new production technology are computer-aided systems in other areas of the enterprise, for example construction, order handling,
The interplay of design and computertechnology
According to economic experts, change is in the air. Going further than the question of choice of locaDigital design permits the graphic visualization of ideas without necessarily including production technology; Spider Shelf from the Nature Sampling series, computer visualization; Design: Mike Meir; Computer visualization: Bruno A.; Photo: Meir & Meir
tion, which at the moment is under heated discussion in the industrial sector, and also increasingly in the crafts, there are various approaches following up on the idea of decentralized production concepts. Based on linking computer and communication technology, these new concepts are as different to 20th century industrial businesses as the latter were to medieval craft workshops.
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accounting, marketing as well as internal and external communication. ILinking up the individual systems with each other, this new approach to production, also called virtual production, reconciles the advantages of flexible, customized production of the craft with industrys technological advantages. The following examples show how virtual production starts to change the product range of the furniture industry. A common feature is that in times of stagnating markets, furniture is increasingly produced once it has already been sold. The advantage is that furniture is not being produced on stock. Just like craft companies work, furniture can be made according to the customers requests. This virtual production is being made possible by the use of computer-aided systems for planning and production, as well as modern communication technology.
The table Spiralo with an
evenly increasing spiral could not be produced manually. The table was made in the course of the project Furniture in C; Design: Friedrich Sulzer; Manufacturer: Harich Individueller Innenausbau GmbH; Photo: Kai Loges Fotodesign
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Digital Catalogue ProDecor Programm; Hettich Beschlge GmbH & Co.
Desk range Invent your Of fice; Waiko Brombel-Vertriebs GmbH; Photo: Waiko
its big future potential. The core idea of the concept are desktops, whose outlines can be freely designed by the customer. They can be produced with various materials and finishes, and may be combined with supports and accessories already Invent your office, a concept by office furniture producer Waiko At the 1996 Orgatec fair in Cologne the office furniture producer Waiko presented for the first time their concept Invent your office. Opening a new dimension to the organization of the office environment, it targets at the home office market with used in other programs. The only restriction to the outline of the desktops is two standard formats of the basic material. The price of those customized desktops is 25% higher than for standard tops. A processing fee is added for each desktop. Once the customized outline of the desktop is programmed, it can be produced in any number at one of
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the CNC machining centers. Afterwards the data will be filed and the customer can place an additional order at any time. Delivery time of the customized desks ranges from 4 to 6 weeks. Sales advise is offered with every specific trade, which is furnished with traditional sales material as well as design aids.
Op Top - Customized Furniture: at once! Producing customized furniture and installing it at the customers premises within 72 hours is the program of the Italian furniture maker Op Top. To achieve this ambitious goal, computer-aided design tools are used right from the start, - as opposed to Waiko - together with local showrooms connected directly to high-tech production centers. At the core of the computer-aided system is a data bank. It features the outlines of various box furniture, which can be specified. Apart from geometrical data of the furniture, all information relevant for construction, calculation as well as production can be stored in the data bank.Models of the digital furniture can be assembled and changed in dimension and function (i.e. an open shelf or a revolving door), on the computer screen by the customer together with the sales consultant. The production program offers five different standard
Customized furniture of the brand Op Top, e.g. kitchen; Photo: Op Top
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the immediate manufacture of customized furniture is made possible. Italy alone has planned 50 to 100 Op Top centers for the next five years. And all this at a price which is 20 to 30 percent below the price of comparable furniture out of industrial production. What effects have concepts like customized industrial production on the craft? By replacing serial with individual furniture production, the furniture industry invades a terrain which has been the domain of the craft, due to the industrys inflexible production structure. The job distribution between industry and craft seemed clear-cut for a long time. Industry delivered serial furniture which was only available in certain dimensions and materials at an affordable price. The strength of the craft was furniture made to measure.
materials, which also can be used as a material mix. With the help of the computer-aided design system the customized furniture can be visualized on the computer screen at any moment and its price be calculated. If the client decides on his furniture, it is sufficient to start the computer-controlled production by pressing a single button on the keyboard. Even though at first sight the customized furniture of the Op Top brand hardly distinguishes itself from those of the competition, it was developed from scratch in order to meet the marketing scheme, which is to produce customized furniture within 72 hours. This also enables to optimize the computer-controlled production process. According to Op Top, the estimated technology content is 80%. Due to this high technology content combined with the concept of decentralized production,
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Side Table Stand By by Dirk Schfer gets stability from simple slot together joints; The table Stand By was developed in the course of the project Furniture out of a board by the C...Lab at the Offenbach Design Academy
The days seem to be numbered, that a customer would come to the furniture maker with a catalog in hand, ordering the illustrated furniture in a different size or material or finish. The industry has also seen signals of the time and the market. Introducing concepts of customized production, particularly in the lucrative market segment of refined furniture. This change of strategy is being supported by the progress made in computer and communication technology.
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Even if computer-aided tools for planning and production are being introduced to the craft, and the same tools as in the industry are being used, its chances in this new economic constellation are not the same to begin with. This is mainly due to a lack of financial resources and lack of cooperation within small and medium-sized craft firms. In the craft today computer-aided tools are mainly used to rationalize existing work processes. Only in few cases buying decisions are made with a view of setting a strategic course for the future, with a vision going past the every day routine. The Internet, the prototype of future information and communication systems, as well as online services, meaning data banks of suppliers, i.e. producers of fittings, are almost unknown. CNC wood machining centers are usually operated by workshop oriented variation programming, without making use of the potential of CAD systems.
Slot together system table
for two table variants; Design: Holger Jahn, Stuttgart; Photo: Jahn Design
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Since training courses were not necessary for previous generations of machines, most furniture makers think they can also get away without training the computer-aided tools. The result is, only a fraction of the new tools potential is being used. Most owners of small craft firms are rather busy with daily matters and therefore have no time to look into the future. Concepts like the virtual company, which show how the interconnection of
Small furniture out of the Puzzle series; Design: David Kawecki; Manufacturer: 3DInterieurs, San Francisco, USA; Photo: 3D-Interieurs
computer and communication technology can effect the way companies are run, are mostly unknown. However, these concepts also present opportunities and possibilities for the craft industry, on the condition that it jumps on the technological bandwagon and consequently uses the technology for its strategy and aims.
The precise slot joints are cut with a laser; Photo: Jahn Design
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Digital furniture design research The research project New Technologies in Furniture Making, which was initiated by Prof. Arno Votteler at the Stuttgart Institute for Interior Design and Furniture Design in 1993, marks the beginning of digital furniture design research. Under the guidance of the designer Friedrich Sulzer the project pursued two main goals: to show the current state of computer-aided technology in furniture making and to analyze the design potentials of the new technology. In the course of a one year research project the team presented Furniture in C at the International Furniture Fair 1994 in Cologne.
techno-factory, the project online.produkt was lanced at the C...Lab at the Of fenbach Design Academy; Illustrations: C...Lab Product finder The illustrations show the visions of the retail trade, sales consultancy, and production in a virtual company. Above the furniture publisher
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It also carried out the 11th Weissenhof Seminar
The team was influenced by statements on the company of the 21st century made in economic literature, for example in Davidow and Malones book The virtual corporation which appeared in 1992. They concentrate on the virtual product as the center piece of the foreseen economic revolution and on the benefits gained by the customer. The virtual products most important characteristic is its availability - any time, any place, any size or shape. Since 1994 the C...Lab has tried to find out how these theoretical approaches can be practically applied. Taking furniture making as an example, it carried out various projects. Projects developing scenarios around virtual companies take turns with projects going into the design of virtual furniture or basic research on CNC-compatible wood joints.
which was geared towards designers as well as participants from small and medium sized firms in the furniture industry. The aim of the seminar was to open new horizons to the participants concerning the practical use of the new technologies and to discuss connected problems and possibilities using practical examples. In 1994 Friedrich Sulzer changed to the Hochschu-
le fr Gestaltung Offenbach (Offenbach Design School) and with the foundation of the C...Lab the center of research activities moved to Offenbach. Based on the experience gained in Stuttgart and on Prof. Jochen Gros work on electronic craft, the research of the C...Lab focuses on finding out the fundamentals of CNC-compatible design and the experimental development of virtual products.
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Online product
Scenarios within the Virtual Company
With increasing virtual production as well as sales of products via the data highway, the project online. product discussed changes for producer, trade and customer. The team worked out completely new technical and logistical possibilities of organization which will open to companies as well as customers in the near future by means of computer-aided design tools, computer-integrated production and worldwide communication through data networks. Central to the project was the simulation of a virtual company, a product publisher for furniture. As opposed to traditional furniture companies the product publisher does not produce any furniture, but digital data files.
This digital furniture can be sold via the Internet and thus ordered anywhere in the world. A special software called product finder helps the customer not only to select a desired furniture from an immense offer by a product publisher, but also to vary or modify it according to his needs and wishes. Once the customer has made up his furniture as a co-designer, the data file of the furniture will be transmitted to the nearest techno-factory where it will be immediately produced on CNC machines. Those techno-factories might develop from existing craft firms with CNC production machines and an access to the data highway.
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Furniture for the Virtual production While the project online.produkt mainly discussed models of new organizational forms - the scenarios were exemplary demonstrated with the help of Prof. Jochen Gros CNC-compatible Ulm Stool - other projects developped so-called virtual furniture. Pursuing thoughts that the concept of furniture to be sold world wide in form of digital data files can be produced everywhere using CNC machines, has consequences on the choice of material as well as the design of the furniture. The projects Furniture out of flat boards and 100% C...NC aimed at developing furniture that can be produced entirely from flat boards customary in
The Ulm Stool - a homage to Max Bill by Jochen Gros - where the tenons press into each other and hold without glue; Design: Prof. Jochen Gros; Photo: C...Labor
trade and on a CNC-machining center, completely without fittings or connectors. As a result from the projects came interesting furniture designs, like the side table Stand By by Dirk Schaefer, and of course also many questions concerning the technology as well as the design.
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Virtual furniture requires CNC-compatible joints
One question, for example, concerns CNC-compatible wood joints. In traditional furniture making vi-
The project Japanese wood joints...digital shows how CNC-compatible, i.e. digital wood joints can look. Departing from the traditional Japanese models we tried in various steps to design CNC-compatible joints. This led to new types of wood joints under a functional as well as an esthetic aspect. The continual development or invention of wood joints at the C...Lab is done with the idea of having a computer-aided construction tool for CNC-compatible wood joints at the disposition of carpenters, furniture makers or architects in the not so far off future.
sible joints had a functional but also a design aspect. They were sacrificed during the dictatorship of board material, circular saw and dowelling machine in industrial furniture production. Today with the introduction of CAD and CNC-machines it is again possible to produce joints economically. However, the traditional joints cannot simply be transferred to the CNC-router, the way they used to be made manually with saw and firmer chisel.
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Design Research for Practice Means Dialogue!
The Jigsaw Cross Halving was created in the course of the project Japanese wood joints ... digital at the C...Lab at the Of fenbach Design School. It is derived from the Dovetail Cross Halving. Common model of the joints is the Japanese common halving, the Shi-hoari-kuni-te; Computer visualisation: Friedrich Sulzer; Photo: C...Lab
Working on publications as well as carrying out conferences and exhibitions are important activities of the C...Lab on top of the project work. Apart from presenting the projects to the public, the purpose of these activities is to create a platform for inter-disciplinary exchange. The scenarios, furniture and wood joints we worked on in projects are not supposed to be patent remedies or products ready to be put on the market, but rather an inspiration for thought on the digital future.
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With the conference From the good to the virtual form - product design in the digital age in 1995, the C...Lab continued the discussion of the theme which started with the Weissenhof Seminar in Stuttgart. Parallel to numerous lectures and forums in which experts of the most varied disciplines discussed the effects of the new technology on design, the exhibition Digital furniture took place in an
The Gooseneck Mortise and Tenon Joint with Stub Tenons is modelled after the Japanese sickle tenon scarf with rabbet
empty furniture store. A selection of furniture was shown that was chosen for its CNC-compatible design, i.e. a design that consequently uses the potentials of computer technology.
CNC-compatible Double Jigsaw - based on the Japanese double dovetail Photos: C...Labor
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The Open Cross Tenon Joint can be used as corner joint or as lengthening joint
Computer visualisation of the El Toro Chair by Lumcom GmbH, Sielmingen
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from: BM 12/96
The El-Toro Chair by Thomas Starczewski, Ulm, was especially designed for CNC-production
The The El-Toro chair consists out of few individual parts and distinguishes itself through clever details. Manufacturer: Biesterfeld + Weiss GmbH; Photos: B + W
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In November 1996 the series of events was continued with a conference on Creativity & Technology which was organized by the North Rhine/Westphalia Wood and Syntetic Materials Professional Association in cooperation with the C...Lab. The ef-
The Contorno table is made out of a single board. The form of the legs results directly from the contour of the tabletop. Design: Thom Geyer; Manufacturer: Marco Basso Innenausbau GmbH; Computer visulisation: Thom Geyer; The idee to the table was developed during the 11th Weienhof-Seminar in Stuttgart
fects of technology on the furniture craft was chosen as its special theme.
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Side Board by Claudio Mllinger; The side board was developed in the course of the project Furniture out of a Board by the C...Lab at the Of fenbach Design School; Photo: C...Lab
Detail of the hinge; Photo: C...Labor
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Strategic Alliances for the Future
If the craft trade wants to keep its market position in furniture making in times of technological change, it needs to find answers to the new flexibility of industrial furniture production. However, due to the structure of most craft firms and to their notorious lack of resources, this is only possible through strategic alliances with partners from other fields, i.e. design, distribution, technology and innovation management, or from other trades. The model of the virtual company presents itself. It consists of a flexible network in which each of the partners can contribute his core competencies. To the customer the virtual organization appears to be a unity, but it does not need institutionalized functions like a central administration. Every partner who works towards a common business goal keeps his organizational independence.
At the center of the virtual organization are efficient information and communication systems which are responsible for the distribution and coordination of the tasks to be performed in a decentralized way. Models like the product publisher or the techno factory can only give a taste of how such virtual organizations in the craft might look like. However, to implement such models it needs not only the commitment of specialist associations, publishers and research institutes, but most of all the initiative of individual firms. Friedrich Sulzer
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CNC Manufacturers
Hersteller von CNC-Holzbearbeitungszentren Producers of CNC-Routers
Werksvertretungen und Hndler Subsidiaries, dealers and agents
Accu-Router Incorporated 634 Mountain View Industrial Drive Morrison, Tennessee 37357, USA Tel.: +1 615 668 7127 Tollfree US only: 800 239 5778 Fax: +1 615 668 9187
Alberti Vittorio SpA. Via Cavour, 75 I - 20063 Cernusco sul Naviglio (Mi) Tel.: +39 92 9244445 Fax: +39 92 9232105
Deutschland / Germany: Alberti Vittorio SpA. Weidengrund 8a D - 32584 Lhne Tel.: +49 5732 3064 Fax: +49 5731 16310
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CNC Manufacturers
Anderson Industrial Corp. 7th Floor, No. 72, Sung Chiang Road Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel.: +886 2 5237866 Fax: +886 2 5236686
Europa / Europe: Anderson Industrial Vertriebsgesell. fr Europa mbH Harteckstrae 35 D - 72250 Freudenstadt-Dietersweiler Tel.: +49 7441 9121-0 Fax: +49 7441 9121-55 Amerika / America Anderson America 9800 A Southern Pine Boulevard Charlotte, North Carolina 28273, USA Tel.: +1 704 5221823 Fax: +1 704 5220871 Singapur / Singapore Anderson Singapore 30 East Coast #02-30 Paramount Shopping Centre Singapore 1542, SINGAPORE Tel.: +65 3468660 Fax: +65 3468439
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CNC Manufacturers
Anderson
# China Anderson China Room 304, No. 5, Lane 927 Hu Qing Ping Road, Shanghai, CHINA Tel.: +86 21 64592219 Fax: +86 21 64592179
Balestrini Renzo SpA Via Don Struzo, 3 I - 20030 Seveso Tel.: +39 362 524740 Fax: +39 362 551190
Deutschland Nord / Germany North: Niemann GmbH D - 32549 Bad Oeynhausen Tel.: +49 5731 40091 Fax: +49 5731 40093 Deutschland Sd / Germany South: EKM Spezialmaschinen Manfred Engel D - 96279 Weidhausen Tel.: +49 9562 8603 Fax: +49 9562 7323
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CNC Manufacturers
Bermaq S.A. Ctra. Mol del Castell, s/n E - 08610 Avia (Barcelona) Tel.: +34 3 8231060 Fax: +34 3 8231067 E-Mail: bermaq@cambrabcn.es
Biesse SpA Via Toscana, 75 I - 61100 Pesaro Tel.: +39 721 4391 Fax: +39 721 453248 E-Mail: marketing@biesse.it Internet: l http://www.biesse.it
Deutschland / Germany: Gerhard Koch Maschinenfabrik GmbH & Co. KG Industriestrae 18-22 D - 33818 Leopoldshhe Tel.: +49 5202 990-0 Fax: +49 5052 990-101
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CNC Manufacturers
B.RE.MA. Spa. Via Manzoni I - 22040 Mirovano di Alzate Brianza (Co) Tel.: +39 31 630773 Fax: +39 31 632298
Schweiz und Deutschland / Switzerland and Germany: Hans Heid AG Heid Tech Hauptstrasse 26 CH - 4456 Tenniken / Basel Tel.: +44 61 97713485 Fax: +44 61 99713480
Bulleri Brevetti Srl. Viale Etruria, 16 I - 56021 Cascina (Pi) Tel.: +39 50 700150 Fax: +39 50 700618
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CNC Manufacturers
Busellato SpA Via Thiene 118 I - 36013 Piovene Rocchette Tel: +39 445 650700 Fax: +39 445 652400 E-Mail: bussellato@gpnet.it Internet: l http://busellato.it
CMS SpA Via Antonio Locatelli, 49 I - 24019 Zogno (Bergamo) Tel.: +39 345 64 111 Fax: +39 345 64 280 E-Mail: cms@cyberg.it Internet: l http://www.cyberg.it/cms
Deutschland / Germany: CMS Deutschland GmbH Pufferholzweg 16 D - 94051 Hauzenberg Tel.: +49 8586 2033 oder 2053 Fax: +49 8586 5802
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CNC Manufacturers
CMS
# sterreich / Austria: CMS GmbH Industriezentrum N - Sd / Strasse 14 - M 24 A - 2351 Wiener Neudorf Tel.: +43 2236 61642 Fax: +43 2236 61642305 Nordamerika / North America: CMS North America, Inc. 4515 Broardmoor Avenue S.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan 49508, USA Tel.: +1 616 698 0171 Fax: +1 616 698 9263
EiMa Maschinenbau GmbH Gutenbergstrae 11 D - 72636 Frickenhausen Tel.: +49 7022 9462-0 Fax: +49 7022 9462-20 E-Mail: infoholz@vdma.org
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CNC Manufacturers
Emco Maier GmbH & Co Sudetenstrae 10 D - 83313 Siegsdorf Tel.: +49 8662 6660 Fax: +49 8662 12168
Ekstrom, Carlson & Company P.O. Box 1611 Rockford, Illinois 61110, USA Tel.: +1 815 968 0961 Fax: +1 815 968 5559
Esseteam Srl. Delle Meccanica, 3 I - 36016 Thiene (VI) Tel.: +39 445 381299 Fax: +39 445 369636
Deutschland / Germany: K+K Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen GmbH Daimlerstrae 4 D - 71546 Aspach Tel.: +49 7191 200-93/94 Fax: +49 7191 200-95
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CNC Manufacturers
Essetre SpA. Via del Lavoro I - 36016 Thiene (VI) Tel.: +39 445 365999 Fax: +39 445 679018
Eumacop e.G. Johann-Friedrich-Bttger-Strae 21 D - 63322 Rdermark Tel.: +49 6074 89170 Fax: +49 6074 891717
Festo Tooltechnik KG Ulmer Strae 48 D - 73728 Esslingen Tel.: +49 711 3107-1 Fax: +49 711 3107-608 Internet: l http://www.festo.de
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CNC Manufacturers
Heian International Co.Ltd. 1418, Mishima-Cho 430 Hamamatsu, JAPAN Tel.: +81 53 441-3311 Fax: +81 53 442-1856
Zentraleuropa / Central Europe: Stenberg Maschinen AG Alte Steinhausgasse 5 CH - 6330 Cham Tel.: +41 741 6622 Fax: +41 741 5076
Holz-Her Reich Spezialmaschinen GmbH Plochinger Strae 65 D - 72622 Nrtingen Tel.: +49 7022 702-0 Fax: +49 7022 702-101 E-mail: marketing@holzher.de Internet: l http://www.holzher.de
USA Holz-Her US, Inc. 5120 Westinghouse Charlotte, North Carolina 28273, USA Tel.: +1 704 587 3400 Fax: +1 704 587 3412 E-mail: information@holzher.com Internet: l http://www.holzher.com
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CNC Manufacturers
Homag Maschinenbau AG Homagstrae 3-5 D - 72296 Schopfloch Tel.: +49 7443 13-0 Fax: +49 7443 13-300 E-mail: homms@dehomag.e-mail.com Internet: l http://www.wood.vdma.org/homag
USA Holzma US Inc./ Division of Stiles Maschinery Inc. Tullp Drive 1200 Gastonia, N.C. 28052, USA Tel.: +1 704 861 8239 Fax: +1 704 867 4140 Asien / Asia Homag Asia Pte. Ltd. 2 Pandan Valley #01-205, Acacia Court Singapore 597626, SINGAPORE Tel.: +65 4697681 Fax: +65 4672130 sterreich / Austria Homag Austria Vertriebs- und Service GmbH Mayrwiesenstrae 25 A - 5300 Hallwang bei Salzburg Tel.: +43 662 663284 Fax: +43 662 66328422
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CNC Manufacturers
Homag
# Kanada / Canada Homag Canada Inc. 5580, Mac Adam Road CDN - Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1P1 Tel.: +1 905 8905055 Fax: +1 905 895266 Homag France S.A. 11, Alle des Foulons - BP 135 Strasbourg Lingolsheim F - 67833 Tanneries Cedex Tel.: +33 388 771973 Fax: +33 388 771356 Italien / Italy Homag Italia S.p.A. Viale Elvezia, 35 I - 20052 Monza Tel.: +39 39 23621 Fax: +39 39 5049
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CNC Manufacturers
Homag
# Ruland / Russia Hornberger Industrieanlagen GmbH Malye Kamenschikl 16 109172 Moskau, RUSSLAND Tel.: +7 95 9113402 oder/or +7 95 9113413 Fax: +7 95 9127462
Homatec Maschinenbau GmbH Beim Brckentor 1 D - 70839 Gerlingen Tel.: +49 7156 22073 Fax: +49 7156 26216
Hllhorst GmbH & Co. Oberbecksener Strae 36 D - 32547 Bad Oeynhausen Tel.: +49 5731 1790-0 Fax: +49 5731 1790-19
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CNC Manufacturers
IMA Maschinenfabriken Kleesmann GmbH Industriestrae 3 D - 32292 Lbbecke Tel.: +49 5741 3310 Fax: +49 5741 4210 Internet: l http://www.wood.ima.de
USA IMA European Woodworking Machinery Co. Highway 56 East Franklinton NC 27525-0550 - USA Tel.: +1 919 494-5197 Fax: +1 919 494-7788 E-Mail: ima@worldnet.att.net Frankreich / France: IMA France / Zone Artisanale des Nations 10, Rue de Suede F - 67230 Benfeld / Alsace Tel.: +33 338 587380 Fax: +33 338 587381 Schweiz / Switzerland: IMA Wehrmann AG Eichwied 5 CH - 6203 Sempach Station Tel.: +41 41 983044 Fax: +41 41 983048
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CNC Manufacturers
IMA
# Italien / Italy: IMA Italia srl Via Caduti di R. Emilia, 2 I - 40033 Casalecchio di Reno (BO) Tel.: +39 51 754854 Fax: +39 51 755776
Komo Machine, Inc. 11 Industrial Boulevard Sauk Rapids, Minnesota 56379, USA Tel.: +1 612 252 9887, Tollfree US only: 800 643 5089 Fax: +1 612 656 2471 Internet: l http:// www.komo.com
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CNC Manufacturers
Kval Inc. 825 Petaluma Blvd. Petaluma, California 94952, USA Tel.: +1 707 762 7367 Tollfree US only: 800 553 5825 Fax: +1 707 762 0621
Machine Automation Technologies, Inc. 1201 Minters Chapel, Bldg. # 301 Grapevine, Texas 76051, USA Tel.: +1 817 481 8289 Fax: +1 817 481 5934
Deutschland / Germany: Vogel Systemtechnik GmbH Hertzstrae 6 D - 97076 Wrzburg Tel.: +49 931 2877816 Fax: +49 931 21074
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CNC Manufacturers
MaKa Max Mayer Maschinenbau GmbH Flurstrae 34 D - 89233 Neu-Ulm Tel.: +49 7308 813-275 Fax: +49 7308 813-170 E-Mail: makamayer@aol.com Internet: l http://www.maka.de
Masterwood SpA. Via Romania 18/20 I - 47037 Rimini (Forli) Tel.: +39 541 740348 Fax: +39 541 742192
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CNC Manufacturers
MBA Gesellschaft fr Informationssysteme mbH Brotackerweg 1 D - 72169 Horb-Betra Tel.: +49 7482 91138 Fax: +49 7482 7049 E-Mail: asschfer@aol.com
MMB Mller Maschinenbau GmbH Schelde-Lahn-Strae 208 D - 35719 Angelburg Tel.: +49 6464 370 Fax: +49 6464 5499
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CNC Manufacturers
Morbidelli SCM Group Autec Division SpA. - Morbidelli Via Fermo, 33 I - 61100 Pesaro Tel.: +39 721 4451 Fax: +39 721 22868 E-Mail: morbidelli@woodwork.it Internet: l http://www.woodwork.it
Internationale Vertretungen siehe SCM-Group For international distribution see SCM-Group
Okoma Hemag Okoma GmbH Deutschland Viersenerstrae 3 D - 47929 Grefrath Tel.: +49 2151 912633 Fax: +49 2151 912634
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CNC Manufacturers
Hemag NV Belgie Hogeschuurstraat 2 B - 8850 Ardooie Tel.: +32 51 746251 Fax: +32 51 744571
C. R. Onsrud Inc. Highway 21 South P.O.Box 419 Troutman, North Carolina 28166-0419, USA Tel.: +1 704 528 0419 Fax: +1 704 528 6170 E-Mail: cronsrud@aol.com Internet: l http://www.cronsrud.com
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CNC Manufacturers
Pade sas di de Moliner Vinicio & C. Via Bologna 1/3 I - 22060 Cabiate (Como) Tel.: +39 31 766080 Fax: +39 31 768268
Niederlande + Deutschland Nord / The Netherlands + Northern Germany: Gerd Janssen Linksfortweg 54 NL - 5944 Be Arcen Tel.: +31 7747 31728 Fax: +31 7747 31993 Deutschland Sd + sterreich / Southern Germany + Austria: SMA GmbH Haupstrae 1E D - 77815 Bhl Tel.: +49 7223 9395-0 Fax: +49 7223 9395-15
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CNC Manufacturers
Protec Srl. V. della Meccanica S.N. I - 61100 Pesaro Tel.: +39 721 486651 Fax: +39 721 486650
Reichenbacher GmbH Maschinenfabrik Rosenauer Strae 32 D - 96487 Drfles-Esbach Tel.: +49 9561 599-0 Fax: +49 9561 599-99 E-Mail: info@reichenbacher.de Internet: l http://www.reichenbacher.de
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CNC Manufacturers
Routec SCM Group SpA Via Emilia, 77 I - 47037 Rimini Tel.: +39 541 700111 Fax: +39 541 700283 E-Mail: routec@wookwork.it Internet: l http://www.woodwork.it
Internationale Vertretungen siehe SCM-Group For international distribution see SCM-Group
Rye Machinery Ltd. Lincoln Road GB - High Wycombe Bucks, HP12 3TR Tel.: +44 1494 441211 Fax: +44 1494 440345
Deutschland / Germany: Firma Willy Kammer Stppacherstrae 15 D - 96253 Untersiemau-Scherneck Tel.: +49 9565 6390 Fax: +49 9565 7721
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CNC Manufacturers
SAOM Srl. Via V. Emanuele II, 137 I - 35020 Legnaro (Padova) Tel.: +39 49 640458 Fax: +39 49 644750
C.F. Scheer & Cie. GmbH + Co. Ludwigsburger Strae 13 D - 70435 Stuttgart Tel.: +49 711 8781-0 Fax: +49 711 8781-282
SCM Group SpA. Via Emilia, 71 I - 47037 Rimini Tel.: +39 541 700111 Fax: +39 541 700283 E-Mail: scm group@woodwork.it Internet: l http://woodwork.it
Deutschland Sd / Southern Germany: SCM Deutschland In der Au 14 D - 72622 Nrtingen Tel.: +49 7022 34027 Fax: +49 7022 33657
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CNC Manufacturers
SCM
# Novorex GmbH Sattlerstrae 7 D - 72622 Nrtingen Tel.: +49 7022 921515 Fax: +49 7022 921525 Deutschland Nord / Northern Germany: SCM Deutschland Lange Strae 44 D - 31848 Bad Mnder Tel.: +49 5042 60600 Fax: +49 5042 60680 Novorex GmbH Bro Nord Alter Rehmer Weg 21 D - 32547 Bad Oeynhausen Tel.: +49 5731 213611 Fax: +49 5731 213619
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CNC Manufacturers
SCM
# Frankreich / France: SCM France 2/4/6 Rue Marius Chardon B.P. 61 F - 69310 Pierre Benite - Lyon Tel.: +33 472 662323 Fax: +33 472 502590 Grobritannien / Great Britain SCM Great Britain Dabell Avenue Blenheim Industrial Estate Bulwell GB - NG6 8WA Nottingham Tel.: +44 1159 770044 Fax: +44 1159 770946
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CNC Manufacturers
SCM
# Benelux SCM Benelux Antillenstraat 1 NL - 1521 AT Wormerveer Tel.: +31 75 6282854 Fax: +31 75 6289001 Hong Kong SCM Hong Kong A 10001 Seaview Estate 2 Watson Road North Point - Hong Kong Tel.: +852 25102328 Fax: +852 25667439 Japan: SCM Marunaka Japan Inc. 5171-1 Marikoshinden J - 412-01 Shizuoka City Tel.: +81 54 2544561 Fax: +81 54 2513078
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CNC Manufacturers
SCM
# Singapur /Singapore Autec Asia PTE Ltd. 9 Int. Business Park - ERMS Building Singapore 2260 Tel.: +65 5666455 Fax: +65 5621356 Spanien /Spain SCM Iberica Avenida Raguell 78-80 E - 08190 Sant Cugat Del Valles, Barcelona Tel.: +34 3 6755612 Fax: +34 3 6755660
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CNC Manufacturers
SCM
# USA SCMI 2475 Satellite Blvd. Suite B Duluth GA 30136 - USA Tel.: +1 770-813 8818 Toll-Free (US only): 800 2921850 Fax: +1 770-813 8819 E-Mail: Autec@nav.com Internet: l http://www.scmi-usa.com
Sei SpA. Via R. Ruffilli, 1 I - 24035 Curno (Bergamo) Tel.: +39 35 4376016 Fax: +39 35 463943 E-Mail: sei-spa@sei-spa.it Internet: l http://www.sei-spa.it
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CNC Manufacturers
Shoda Iron Works Co. Ltd. 116-6 Ohkaba-Cho Hamamatsu 435, Japan Tel.: +81 53 464-1211 Fax: +81 53 464-1210
Sicar S.p.A. Via Lama, 30 I - 41012 Carpi (Modena) Tel.: +39 59 643355 Fax: +39 59 690520
Standard Router, Inc. 4012 West Illinois Avenue Dallas, Texas 75211, USA Tel.: +1 214 337 8600 Fax: +1 214 330 5932
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CNC Manufacturers
Tekteam s.r.l. Via Campazzi, 24 I - 36016 Thiene (VI) Tel.: +39 445 380972 Fax: +39 445 381942
Deutschland / Germany: K+K Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen GmbH Daimlerstrasse 4 D - 71546 Aspach Tel.: +49 7191 20093 Fax: +49 7191 20095
Thermwood Corporation P.O.Box 436 Dale, Indiana 47523-0436, USA Tel.: +1 812 937 4476 Tollfree US only: 800 533 6901 Fax: +1 812 937 2956 E-Mail: dhildenb@psci.net Internet: l http://www.thermwood.com
Europa / Europe: Thermwood Europe Ltd. Unit 10a Belmont Industrial Estate, Post Box 8 Durham DH1 1TN, Graet Britain Tel.: +44 191 383-2883 Fax: +44 191 383-2884 E-Mail: lock@hhf.oclacon.co.uk
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CNC Manufacturers
Thermwood
# Deutschland, sterreich, Schweiz / Germany, Austria, Schwitzerland Thermwood Niederlassung Wien Mariahilferstrasse 123/3 A - 1060 Wien Tel.: +43 1 59999-250 Fax: +43 1 59999-249
TriMa - Triebeser Maschinenbau GmbH Zeulenrodaer Strae 48 D - 07950 Triebes / Thringen Tel.: +49 36622 292-5 Fax: +49 36622 485
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CNC Manufacturers
v w
Vinyl Technologies Inc. 2 Omega Way Littelton, Massachusetts 01460, USA Tel.: +1 508 952 6430 Toolfree US only: 800 836 8983 Fax: +1 508 952 6036
Gustav Weeke Maschinenbau GmbH Brocker Strae 30-32 D - 33442 Herzebrock- Clarholz Tel.: +49 5245 445 - 0 Fax: +49 5245 445 - 39 E-Mail: homms@dehomag.e-mail.com Internet: l http://www.wood.vdma.org/homag
Internationale Vertretungen siehe Homag-AG For international distribution see Homag-AG
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CNC Manufacturers
Wisconsin Automated Machinery Corp. 123 Jackson Street P.O.Box 3008 (54903 3008) Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54903, USA Tel.: +1 414 231 4100 Fax: +1 414 231 8166
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The Model of Virtual Production
The rapid development of data processing at the end of this century has changed our society at a
The key element of virtual production is a new kind of product: the virtual product. In their book The virtual corporation - the customer as co-producer which was published in 1993, the American economists William H. Davidow and Michael S. Malone describe the virtual product as a product that can be made available anywhere, at any time and in any shape or size. To be consistent with this definition, the product is developed according to the wishes and ideas of the customer and only once it is sold, it will be produced.
breathtaking speed. Just like the steam engine became the symbol for the first industrial revolution, the microprocessor is the driving force behind the dynamic changes of our days. Computers with ever increasing power put their stamp on todays life. These radical changes also have consequences on corporations and the way they function. The model of virtual production, as various economists propagate it, is a vision of how corporations will develop in the 21st century.
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Further examples are, among others, the customized jeans for women Personal Pair offered by Levis Co. in the USA, customized shoes by Custom Foot Inc., as well as music CDs, books or magazines which are put together according to the customers wishes. All these products have in common that their designs already exist as digital data files, which can be transferred via computer networks or the Internet, adapted anywhere and at any time according to the wishes of the customer and then immediately produced on CNC-machines. The virtual production is more in line with the work pattern of the craft trade than with industrial production, even though it uses elements of computer-controlled manufacturing that originate in the industry. It could therefore be defined as neo-craft as well as post-industrial.
A certain numbre of products, which are already marketed, show that this is no utopia. The Japanese optician Paris Miki offers to customers in their worldwide branches the possibility of making glasses according to their wishes and ideas. The optician is supported by a computer system when advising the customer. Based on a portrait of the customer that is taken with a digital camera, the glasses are created on the screen, following a dialog between optician and customer. This expert system aims at making suggestions about the shape of the glasses, which are solely based on the details given by the customer. As this unique pair of glasses does not yet exist, the customer can get an
idea on the screen as to whether this virtual pair of glasses suits him or not.
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At the l C... Lab at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung, Offenbach, to begin with, an attempt was made at transferring the general model of virtual production to the special conditions of furniture construction - first as a vision, and then also as a guideline for basic studies, design experiments and pilot projects like l NEWCRAFT. l Recommended literature on topics around the virtual corporation.
Even though the above mentioned examples are
mainly employed by large corporations in order to
broaden their product range, the virtual production opens up opportunities to the craft trade by making their production of consumer goods competitive again, by promoting independent firms and the ecological idea of decentralised production. The virtual production can thus also be understood as electronic craft trade. One problem of this new form of production, however, is the fact that the various economic fields do not progress at the same speed. Some fields, according to the expert Horst Grber, have not even begun to make use of the potentials of the new technology. This is certainly the case where furniture construction is concerned.
Publications of the e
Infothek
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C...Lab
l C... Lab - Conference in Offenbach l Digital furniture construction - New technologies:
Forerunners of a new Aesthetics Bernhard E. Brdek, form - The Quaterly Design Magazine 149, 1-1995
l With online.produkt in the Internet.
dds - der deutsche schreiner und tischler 9/95

l It`s not a trick - digital wood joints
Friedrich Sulzer, dds - das magazin fr mbel und ausbau 9/96

l Towards a new, digital era!
The possibilities of the virtual production are being tested. Martin Krauter, form - The Quaterly Design Magazine 151, 3-1995
l Companies-virtual?!
The interplay of design and computertechnology Friedrich Sulzer, BM 12/96

l CD-ROM as a sample book
Product design in the digital age dds - der deutsche schreiner und tischler 9/95
New tools could bring the craft trade out of the defensive Jochen Gros, Politische kologie, Sonderheft 9, Jan. / Feb. 97
l Help
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Producers
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l CAD/CAM-Systems for wood processing
l PC-based CAD/CAM-Systems
l Help
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reading
l Virtual companies l Practical examples
further
l Wood joints l CAD/CAM for wood processing
Articles on this CD-ROM do not appear on the reading list.
l Help
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CD-ROM as a sample book
from: POe Sonderheft 9/97
The role of the craft trade defines itself today above all by contrasting itself to the industry. At the same time the local production of customized consumer goods has been pushed back extensively. It is true that there had always been resistant movements in the craftsmans or neo-craftsmans trade, but none could stand up against industrial productivity. Over one hundred years ago William Morris led the probably most well-known battle of retreat for the classical craftsmans production. In the course of the Arts & Crafts Movement, which aesthetically favored a shift from pomp to unpretentious forms, he phrased many good arguments: Beauty of the Products, Joy at ones Work, Harmony with Nature and so on. Only the economic reality stood against it. The decline of the craft trade was not to be stopped in this way.
New tools could bring the craft trade out of the defensive by Jochen Gros
The decentralized one-off or small-series production is one of the essential goals of ecological politics. The craft trade then usually gets into the field of vision of the ecologists. How can one develop this way of production more effectively than it has been done? How can one go beyond the mere attempt of reanimating the classical craft trade? Modern computer-technology and CNC-machines present new directions.
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In the 70s the alternative craft trade nevertheless brought two new components into play, ecology and middle technology. But the ecological cons-
cience as well proved a buying motive only for some time in a limited setting and the middle technology concept was formulated in theory. Nevertheless, its realization got stuck at the very beginning. The goal was a new trade that comes to an arrangement with parts of the industrial production, using industrially created materials and semi-finished products, and copying up to certain degree an industrial recipe for success: the construction of jigs and fixtures. Jigs and fixtures and special product templates were used in order to make at least small series payable again. However, with the end of the alternative movement, the middle technology concept was given up. The so-called new design of the 80s developed in the direction of art, and was therefore forced to accept a manual production. The designs were so shrill, skew and individual, that mass production was hardly worthwhile. Furniture, to give an example, was welded together out of steel tubes just like at the locksmiths and sold without any coat of lacquer. It was supposed to look more cool and bring the prices down. In spite of that, the artistically inspired furniture craft still proved too expensive and in the end did not even correspond with the Zeitgeist any more.
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New Tools
This kind of experience causes skepticism. Therefore, new formulas are needed upon which to base new hopes for the craft trade. Political standards are conceivable, but so are new tools. If we consider only the second possibility, then the question is: What opportunities do new technologies open up for the craft trade or for a renewed decentralization of our production and life style? Will the computer-aided technology be the first step towards a more lasting way of production?
The new digital or computer-aided production certainly starts to move the old balance or rather the current imbalance of craft trade and industry. In the interplay of forces between various forms of production the cards are being shuffled again. And it looks like the craft trade gets a special joker, qualitatively new tools. However, to play this card it is essential to have a closer look at the characteristics of those new production tools. Where actually lies the central difference between the craftsmans, the industrial and the computer-controlled production?
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For years now a company called Dick has increased its turnover with the tools of Japanese joiners and carpenters. Today those tools look almost the way they did 1000 years ago. Other tools like the circular saw and the planer have been electrified and optimized, but those are only gradual improvements. When we talk of the production technology in the craft now as well as before, we mean the decentralized one-off production with a universal tool. The productive advantages of the industry at any rate are on another level. They are not based upon superior tools, but on the construction with jigs and fixtures. For every product a special utensil is built, i.e. contour templates, raises, bending devices and so on. Assembly lines constitute only the logical sequence of the various devices. Since Henry Ford they are the embodiment of industrial special tools and naturally make sense only with big series.
The main characteristic of computer controlled tools, is to combine in a completely new way the basic principles of craft trade and industry. While the hardware (for example CNC-router, water torch and raise) consists of universal devices again - and can therefore be considered as typical for the craft - the software offers the same advantage as industrial templates and devices. Surely they are not mechanically built and added to form assembly lines, but transformed into software. When we put in a disc with special product data - in a way an electronic device or digital template - the hardware and software jointly work like an industrial special device, only to a high degree independent of lot size.
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Equal Opportunities for Craft Trade and Industry Let us look at the development taking wood working as an example. At first the new computer-controlled tools are only used within the old structures and nearly only to rationalize existing products. By now the furniture industry produces 60-70% of its products with the new technology, and about 15% of the joiners and cabinet makers workshops in Germany have one computer controlled router (installation cost of at least DM 130.000, it costs considerably more to newly furnish a joiners workshop with sawing machines and wide belt sanders) at their disposal. One needs to consciously remind oneself, that in a joiners and cabinet makers workshop there are now exactly the same computer-controlled machine tools as in a factory.
No particular term has yet been named for this new production pattern. Still it is already conside-
red definitely to be post-industrial and neocraft (1). It almost looks like overcoming industrial production in the fastest possible way, an appeal already made by the ecologist Herbert Gruhl in 1975, and it comes up to us stealthily today in the form of a technological revolution.
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As a matter of fact, the new production technology constitutes only a necessary but insufficient condition for the development and reformation of the
Double Jigsaw Joint
craftsmans production. It is only the basis for a possible structural change. Therefore, the new styThe new craft trade gains equal opportunities at least concerning the production technology, something the classical craft trade never had compared with the industry. To be precise, structural changes announce themselves, changes which will lead to a convergence of craft trade and industry. Corresponding cues are for example electronic craft trade or techno-factory. (2) le of production surely also requires a new product style and finally a lifestyle that responds to both.
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The interaction between production style and product style are clear to the designer to start with.
This central design problem is maybe best shown in a review of the history of design. Let us simply take the example of the Thonet chairs. At the beginning of the industrialization companies tried to mass-produce Biedermeier tables, rustic cupboards and flowery ornaments with special devices.
But, as it is well known, the industrialization of the furniture industry only started to really get going after Michael Thonet had developed a chair which broke off radically from the craftsmans techniques and made deliberate use of the industrial construction of jigs and fixtures. Since then this chair design is not only regarded as the prototype for production-compatible industrial design, but also as a precedent that shows that new forms of pro-
Shouldered Dovetail Halving
duction demand new product forms and vice versa.
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From the view-point of production-compatible decraftsmans products nor the classics of industrial
sign it becomes obvious why neither the classical design are suitable for the computer controlled
Gooseneck Mortise and Tenon Joint with Stub Tenons
technology. Thonet chairs for example could never be and still can not be produced with decentralized one-off production. The project of local customized furniture production would have to fail, if we only tried to take our current product mix over to computer-controlled production. In the same way that industrial production could only develop with production-compatible industrial design, the computer-controlled production also needs its production-compatible products.
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The C...Lab at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung in Offenbach (Offenbach Design School) was founded in 1994 and currently tries to develop programs for the practical use of CNC-technology. The goal is a CD-ROM which allows for example to input board measurements whereupon it automatically calculates the corresponding routing program. (3) However, the products must be exclusively produced with CNC-technology. Only then can the advantages of the new tool be fully used. If a furniture still contains industrial parts, i.e. a serially produced injection mold piece, then changes in the measurements become difficult, if not impossible. The decentralized production does not make sense. Embracing 100% CNC-production is decisive for the structural change. We can not tell yet though which products can actually be designed under these conditions and whether the customer gets used to their form.
What is CNC-technology capable of?
The classic Japanese wood joints are for several reasons a suitable touchstone for the thesis that the computer-controlled machines are a new tool. These highly developed joining elements have been manufactured in nearly the same form and with the same tools for a thousand years. The entire industrial progress could not produce a better tool. Until today these joints cannot be industrially produced. Therefore, if we succeed to produce such complex wood joints in payable one-off production with CNC-technology, there should be basically no problem with most other joints.
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A joint project of the C...Lab, the Technology Center for the Wood Manufacturing Industry in Lemgo and the North Rhine/Westphalia Wood and Synthetic Materials Professional Association has been started to explore this possibility. To start with ten prototypes of tables, stools, shelves and beds are supposed to be developed.
Virtual products out of the computer:
The Italian furniture brand Op Top has already gone further. This company has developed a franchising model for the decentralized furniture production based on its own design catalogue. It consists of a showroom in the city center and a production site on the outskirts equipped with CNC-controlled machines. The customer who orders a customized piece of furniture in the showroom will get it within 72 hours - allegedly 20% cheaper than comparable industrial furniture. This seems credible even when the higher costs of customized one-off production are taken into account.
Tenon-Shelf System. The construction is based on tenons joints that penetrate each other. The shelf is stable even without a back due to an inclined track of holes in the floor shelves.
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The retail price of industrial furniture, caused by
storage costs, not salable end-of-line items, advertising, transport and trade margins, is generally about four times as much as the production costs. The customized craft trade can therefore produce more expensively and sell more cheaply and still have lower retail prices. Now that the Op Top
And why a special showroom when there are enough furniture stores next door who will soon get into the same difficulties travel agents and book shops are in. What is left is the biggest advantage of Op Top: Their own design collection. No individual joiner can afford this, not even when he cooperates with a furniture store.
The Rib-Bed. Trying to develop a straight slot together system was in the foreground.
model has proved itself in Milan, it is supposed to be realized in 50 Italian cities and the exported all across Europe. If you want, an industrial mass production of decentralized craftsmans workshops and furniture stores. But the example Op Top also raises questions: Why are new production centers for the decentralized furniture production necessary, if they are only equipped with the same tools as the joinery around the corner?
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New Prospects
While the new tools open up a realistic chance to the craft trade of reviving the local customized furniture production, the furniture industry will also try to conquer this market. The difference will then probably only be comparable to McDonalds and a restaurant. After the first concrete steps, other scenarios appear: The more clearly the computer-controlled universal tools are present, the more the structure of the crafts according to material will lose its foundation. As wood, metal and stone can be worked in a similar fashion with the CNC-technology, there will probably develop material-overlapping techno-factories due to the new technologies.
For design studios, however, highly interesting possibilities are developing. Supposing there are already a sufficient number of specialists who can develop CNC-compatible products and offer corresponding production programs in the Internet or on sample-CDs. Could not then any alliance of jcabinet maker and furniture store put together their own design collection from an electronic sample
book? Would not the craft trade even have an advantage due to its historically grown and flexible structure?
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Sooner or later the awareness will develop, that
the new tools not only make the one-off payable, but are also perfectly capable of producing individual engravings, intarsia, reliefs and so on. This
prospect is called new arts and crafts. Then it would not be accidental, that a key term will become fashionable again during the transition from
Greek Key Pattern Shelf: Both shelf sides are cut in one go.
the craftsmans form to industrial design in the context of the new tools, the ornament. While industrially produced parts would look like alien elements in the computer-controlled production, classic arts and crafts could be combined with it without problems. But only partly handcrafted due to costs.
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The only comfort then is that those traditional qualities are already very rare today in the existing craft trade and that, after all, the prospect of new qualities, even when mourning for the old ones, is not to be despised.
In the same way that the furniture production turns individual and decentralized, it will be possible in the end to produce iron balcony gratings or garden gates with a computer-controlled laser
beam, inlay work in stone with the water torch, parts of the facade with the CNC-router and so forth. Beyond the furniture trade the view onto a new construction trade opens up. Finally those prospects cannot and must not hide a basic ambivalence. There is satisfaction, as the supporters of the craftsmans production style and its ecological advantages can not be put down so easily with by pointing out their obsolete technology and lack of competitiveness.But at the same time there is the nostalgic feeling, that many of its traditional qualities will get lost in the perspective of a new craft trade.
Notes 1 William H. Davidow and Michael S. Mallone: The Virtual Corporation-Structuring and Revitalization the Corporation for the 21st Century, Harper Collins, New York 1992 2 Jochen Gros: Virtuelle Alternativkultur (Virtual alternative culture), in: Welche Dinge braucht der Mensch (What things does man need), editor Dagmar Steffen, Anabas-Verlag, Gieen 1995 3 Friedrich Sulzer: Its not a trick - Digitale Holz verbindungen (digital wood joints) in, dds - der deutsche schreiner und tischler, 9/96
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The Vision of Virtual Furniture Construction
The vision of virtual furniture construction was de-
veloped at the C...Lab at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung in Offenbach on the basis of the l model tual production has been transferred to the field of
of virtual production. The economic model of virfurniture construction and adapted to its particularities in seminars and projects by professors and students. The vision of virtual furniture construction rests upon four pillars: l Virtual Design l Product Publisher
Virtual Design
Product Publisher
Techno-factory
Product Gallery
l Techno-Factory
l Product Gallery
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Virtual Design Industrial design impedes the post-industrial production. This is logical: Products
that are designed for industrial manufacturing (or for manufacturing in workshops of the traditional craft trade) can either not be produced with the use of CNC-technology, or they do not make full use of its potential. Even if a design can be partly produced with the help of the new technology, it is still not suitable for the model of virtual production, as manufacturing data can not be transferred via the Internet in their entirety, nor can variants be created by the simple use of parameter-controlled software, etc. We therefore need a design that is adapted to the new production technology from the very start. The virtual design needs not only to optimize the CNCcompatible manufacturing of the products, but also reflect a CNC-friendly aesthetic. The virtual design results in virtual products, in form of data files. These data files contain the product idea with its technical and aesthetic definition, as well as the program for the manufacturing process. While blueprints and models are the embodiment of the industrial design process, the model making of a virtual design is already identical with its production.
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Product Publisher Theoretically, every designer could market his designs via his personal homepage. However, this entails considerable problems: How to find the product in the cyber space, and what happens when a design does not work, which means that the manufacturer simply wastes his material. There are many advantages to a collective body with quality control: the product publisher. While industrial design needs a manufacturer, the virtual design turns to a product publisher. Virtual products will thus be published, like printed or other media. This has not been customary for design - unless we care to remember the role of the sample books for the production of the craft trade of the 18th century.
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Techno-Factory It is easy to imagine firms that materialise the virtual product, that transform, for example, virtual furniture into real pieces of furniture with the help of computer-controlled technology. Techno-factories are medium-sized companies that use the latest technology, but have a work pattern that is similar to the traditional craft trade.
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These techno-factories can develop from existing
The prospects for techno-factories are even much broader. In the future, mastery of CAD/CAM-technology will be in the foreground, rather then working a certain material. The processing of various materials will again multiply the possibilities open to virtual design - in the end, the electronic craft trade could thus store more products on their hard disk than IKEA in their shelves.
business structures. As those firms mostly work one type of material, the virtual design needs to approach by concentrating on, e.g. furniture made out of wood, to start with. The circumstances in this field are particularly favorable as many cabinet-makers and joiners workshops are already equipped with CNC-machining centres, and thus already form part of the electronic craft trade. In principle, these cabinet-makers and joiners workshops could download virtual designs from the Internet and manufacture a customized product to order - at the price of comparable industrial products.
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The product gallery will meet these requirements. It looks more like a showroom than a furniture store. It could be situated in the city center and recommend suitable techno-factories to the customers. The product gallery could also be part of a techno-factory, and thus offer all the benefits that make buying directly from the manufacturer attractive. It is not impossible, that various forms of the electronic trade will get together in the end, just like craftsmen did in the past, settling in one street or in one part of town.
Product Gallery Strictly speaking, there is no need for the intermediate trade in the model for virtual production. This is also the case for virtual furniture construction, but only partly so, as the customer wants to touch and try out chairs, tables and cupboards before purchasing them. However, as the system of virtual production stipulates that products are only made to order, the exhibittion consist of product samples, material samples, color charts, etc. Purchasing decisions are not based on the exhibited products, but on information about the designs that still need to be produced.
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Holzverbindungen Woodjoints
Further reading
Mechanical Connections in Wood Structures American Society Of Civil Engineers, 1995 ISBN 07-8440-1101
Fgen und Verbinden / joint and connection Werner Blaser Einfhrung von / Introduction by Charles von Bren Mit Essays von / Essays by Wolfgang Bessenich und / and Lucius Burckhardt bersetzung / Translation into English by D. Q. Stephenson Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, Boston, Berlin, 1992 ISBN 3-7643-2647-6 (Basel) ISBN 0-8176-2647-6 (Boston)
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Further reading
Joining Wood Techniques for Better Woodworking Nick Engler Rodale Press, Incorporated, 1992 ISBN 0-8759-6121-5
Fine Woodworking on Joinery Fine Woodworking Magazine The Taunton Press, Inc., Newtown 1985 ISBN 0-918804-25-6 in Germany to be ordered from Dick GmbH, D - 94523 Metten
Encyclopedia of Wood Joints Wolfgang Graubner The Taunton Press, Inc., Newtown 1992 ISBN 156158004X
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Further reading
Holzverbindungen Gegenberstellungen japanischer und europischer Lsungen Wolfgang Graubner Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt GmbH, Stuttgart 1986 ISBN 3-421-02850-8
Wood Joints Stepbystep Techniques Anthony Hontoir Trafalgar Square Publishers, 1992 ISBN 1852234423
Good Wood Joints Albert Jackson, David Day F & W Publishing Inc., 1995 ISBN 1558704086
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Further reading
Handbuch der Konstruktion: Mbel und Einbauschrnke Wolfgang Nutsch Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt GmbH, Stuttgart 1971 14. Auflage 1994 ISBN 3-421-02275-5 in Germany to be ordered from Dick GmbH, D - 94523 Metten
Das Holz und seine Verbindungen Traditionelle Bautechniken in Europa und Japan Klaus Zwerger Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, Berlin, Boston, 1997 ISBN 3-7643-5482-8
oder / or Wood and Wood Joints Building Traditions of Europe and Japan Klaus Zwerger Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, Berlin, Boston 1997 ISBN 0-8176-5483-6
The Art of Japanese Joinery Kiyosi Seike Weatherhill, New York 1977 ISBN 0-8348-1516-8
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p1
CAD - CAM in der Holzverarbeitung CAD - CAM in the woodworking industry
Further reading
Software-Parade Hg. dds - das magazin fr mbel und ausbau Sonderdruck 1996/97 dds, Stuttgart 1997 to be ordered from l dds media service
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p2
Further reading
Industrielle Mbelfertigung Innovation, Management, Fertigung DGfH Fachtagung 17. und 18. Juni 1996, Dresden Hg. Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Holzforschung e.V. Eigenverlag, Mnchen 1996
Digitaler Mbelbau Chancen und Probleme moderner Technologien in der Holzverarbeitung Hg. Institut fr Innnenarchitektur und Mbeldesign Stuttgart Mit Beitrgen von H. E. Dehlinger, J. Gros, M. de Lucchi, F. Sulzer und A. Votteler Edition dds/ Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt GmbH, Stuttgart 1994 to be ordered from l dds media service
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p3
Further reading
Leitfaden CNC-Bearbeitungszentren im holz- und kunststoffverarbeitenden Handwerk Reiner Janz Hg. Technologie-Zentrum Holzwirtschaft GmbH, Eigenverlag,Lemgo 1995 zu beziehen ber den Fachverband Holz + Kunststoff NRW, Dortmund
Neue Technologien fr die Mbelindustrie Ein europisches Verbundprojekt Hg. R. Marutzky, M.H. Kessel Wilhelm - Klauditz- Institut, Fraunhofer-Arbeitsgruppe fr Holzforschung Braunschweig Eigenverlag, WKI-Bericht Nr. 25 Braunschweig 1991
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p4
Further reading
artigiani, modelli, numeri / craftsmen, models, numbers Felice Ragazzo stileindustria no. 6, 06/97 EditorialeDomus, Milano
bottega virtuale / virtual workshop Felice Ragazzo stileindustria no. 7, 09/97 EditorialeDomus, Milano
Flexibel , umweltbewut und produktiv Neue Produktionskonzepte fr die Holzindustrie heute und morgen 8. Holztechnisches Kolloquium Braunschweig, 1991 Hg. E. Westkmper Schriftenreihe des Instituts fr Werkzeugmaschinen, TU Braunschweig Vulkan Verlag, Essen 1991 ISBN 3-8027-8604-1
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p5
Further reading
CNC-Frsen: Holz Fachtagung der NC-Gesellschaft 12. und 13. Oktober 1995, Gtersloh Hg. NC - Gesellschaft e.V., Ulm Mit Beitrgen von F. Sulzer, H. Kempkensteffen, H. Windmann, G. Hoppe, F. Saueressig, U. Kleemann, F. Mller und J. Bumann Eigenverlag, Ulm 1995
CNC- Holztechnik - Innovation - Wirtschaftlichkeit Fachtagung der NC- Gesellschaft e.V. 8. und 9.Mai 1992, Paderborn Hg. NC- Gesellschaft e.V., Ulm Mit Beitrgen von A. Laika, M. Kreidel, R. Gehr, T. Grner, W. Hahn, K. Richter, B. Wiethase und W. Visser Eigenverlag, Ulm 1992
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Praxisbeispiele Casestudies
Further reading
Transfer virtuosi / Virtuoso transfers Clino T. Castelli Interni - La Rivista DellArredamento, N 471, 07/97, Seite / page 134 Schuster bleib bei deinen Leisten Ein neues technisches Verfahren soll das Schuhmacherhandwerk wieder beleben Christine Ax in Sonderheft 9 - Werkstatt fr Nachhaltigkeit - Handwerk als Schlssel fr eine zukunftsfhige Wirtschaft Politische kologie, Januar/ Februar 1997, 15. Jahrgang, Seite / page 29
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Further reading
Sakko in Echtzeit Berliner Techniker haben einen elektronischen Maschneider entwickelt Der Spiegel, 19.8.1996, Seite / page 142
Lebenista informatico / Computerized woodworking Daniela Falsitta Interni - La Rivista DellArredamento, N 471, 07/97, Seite / page 130
Mit neuer Technik machen Arbeitnehmer Druck in der Textilbranche Gegen den Abwanderungstrend grnden entlassene Fachkrfte eigene Firma in Mnchengladbach Computer schafft Jobs Christine Kostrzewa Frankfurter Rundschau, 19.9.1996
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Further reading
Mageschneiderte Mbel - Sofort! Das OpTop-Projekt oder die Realisierung einer faszinierenden Idee Manfred Maier BM - Bau und Mbelschreiner 8/97, Seite / page 22
Nur auf Bestellung In den USA revolutioniert eine neue, datengesttzte Produktionsmethode die Fabriken Isidor F. Stein Wirtschaftswoche Nr. 13, 23.3.1995 Seite / page 124 /125
Nach Mass? - Sofort! Die Revolution im Mbelbau aus Turin Friedrich Sulzer dds - das magazin fr mbel und ausbau 1/97, Seite / page 69
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Further reading
Massgeschneidert Ein Schreibtisch in nur 7 Minuten Friedrich Sulzer dds - das magazin fr mbel und ausbau 9/97, Seite / page 40 ff
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Virtuelles Unternehmen / Virtuelle Produkte virtual corporation / virtual products
Further reading
Virtuelle Unternehmen: Begriffsbildung und -diskussion O. Arnold, M. Hrtling Hg. Prof. Dr. Dieter Ehrensberg Institut fr WirtschaftsinformatikUniversitt Leipzig Eigenverlag, Arbeitsbericht Nr. 9 Leipzig 1995
oder / or online im Internet / online on the web: http://www.uni-leipzig.de/wifa/oki/VU-Abs.html
Losgre eins und virtuelle Produkte Computertechnik und neue Fertigungsweisen verndern Anforderungen und Mglichkeiten des Designs Bernhard E. Brdek in Blick durch die Wirtschaft der FAZ1.8.1996, Jahrgang 38 / Nr. 146
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Further reading
Neue Organisationsformen im Unternehmen Ein Handbuch fr das moderne Management Hans-Jrg Bullinger, Hans Jrgen Warnecke (Hg.) Springer Verlag GmbH & Co KG Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1996 ISBN 3-540-60263-1
Agile Product Development for Mass Customization M. David, P.E. Anderson, B. Joseph Pine Irwin Professional Publishing, 1996 ISBN 07-8631-1754
The Virtual Corporation Structuring and Revitalization the Corporation for the 21st Century William H. Davidow und Michael S. Malone Harper Collins, New York 1992 Reprint Edition, Harperbusiness, 1993 ISBN 08-8730-6578
oder / or Das virtuelle Unternehmen Der Kunde als Co-Produzent William H. Davidow und Michael S. Malone aus dem Englischen von Hasso Rost Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / Main, New York 1993 ISBN 3-593-34947-7
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Further reading
Anders arbeiten, anders leben - andere Gesellschaft? Edgar Einemann in Verlagsbeilage CeBIT97 der Frankfurter Rundschau, 13.3.1997
Virtuelle Alternativen? Jochen Gros in: Welche Dinge braucht der Mensch? Hintergrnde, Folgen und Perspektiven der heutigen Alltagskultur Hg. Dagmar Steffen Anabas-Verlag Gnter Kmpf KG, Gieen 1995 ISBN 3-87038-275-9
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Further reading
Virtuelle Organisation Informations- und kommunikationstechnische Infrastrukturen ermglichen neue Formen der Zusammenarbeit Stefan Klein Institut fr Wirtschaftsinformatik, Hochschule St. Gallen, 1996 Online im Internet / online on the web: http://www-iwi.unisg.ch/iwipub/internet.htlm
Wer sich ndert, gewinnt Verhngnisvolles Schielen auf den Erfolg von gestern Ulrich Klotz Teil 1 der Serie: Lehren aus der Computerindustrie in Blick durch die Wirtschaft der FAZ, 24.1.1995
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Further reading
Abschied vom Dienstweg Die Arbeit in der Informationsgesellschaft Ulrich Klotz Teil 2 der Serie: Lehren aus der Computerindustrie in Blick durch die Wirtschaft der FAZ, 25.1.1995
Vom Massenmarkt zum virtuellen Produkt Ulrich Klotz Teil I der Serie ZukunftsArbeit in Computer 1/96, Bund Verlag, Kln 1996
Vom Flieband zur Firma Morgana Ulrich Klotz Teil II der Serie ZukunftsArbeit in Computer 2/96, Bund Verlag, Kln 1996
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Further reading
Kooperationsmodelle fr vernetzte KMU-Strukturen C. Kocian, F. Milius, M. Nttgens, J. Sander, A.-W. Scheer Institut fr Wirtschaftsinformatik, Universitt Saarbrcken Eigenverlag, Heft 120, Saarbrcken 1995
Being Digital The Road Map for the Survival on the Information Highway Nicholas Negroponte Hodder & Stoughton, London 1995 ISBN 0 340 64525 3
oder / or Total Digital Die Welt zwischen 0 und 1 oder Die Zukunft der Kommunikation Nicholas Negroponte Aus dem Amerikanischen von Franca Fritz und Heinrich Koop C. Bertelsmann Verlag GmbH, Mnchen 1995 ISBN 3-570-12201-8
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Further reading
Mass Customization The New Frontiers in Business Competition B. Joseph Pine Harvard Business School Press, Boston 1993 ISBN 08-7584-3727
oder / or Massgeschneiderte Massenfertigung Neue Dimensionen im Wettbewerb B. Joseph Pine aus dem Amerikanischen von Hannelore Fischer Wirschaftsverlag Carl Ueberreuther, Wien 1994 ISBN 3-901260-66-8
Digital Economy Promise and Peril in the age of networked intelligence Don Tapscott McGraw Hill, New York 1996 ISBN 0-07-062200-0
oder / or Die digitale Revolution Verheiung einer vernetzten Welt die Folgen fr Wirtschaft, Management und Gesellschaft Don Tapscott Betriebswirtschaftlicher Verlag Dr. Th. Gabler, Wiesbaden 1996 ISBN 3-409-18929-7
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Further reading
Revolution der Unternehmenskultur Das Fraktale Unternehmen Hans Jrgen Warnecke Springer Verlag GmbH & Co KG Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1993, 2. Auflage ISBN 3-540-57196-5
Mass Customization: Japans New Frontier R. Westbrook, P. Williamson in: European Management Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1 pp. 38-45, 1993
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name of file:
T_004
Shouldered Dovetail Traditionally, lengthenings with dovetail tenons were used wherever frame woods need to be secured against longitudinal extension. In contrast to the through dovetail tenon, which is a joint solely designed to resist tension, the Shouldered Dovetail Joint also keeps the frame wood onto which the dovetail tenons are worked on from slipping through. The shoulder is generated by a parallel shift of the contour of the tenon. The maximum distance between the two contours is defined by the ratio of the tenon to the width of the frame.
to the data files
p2
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name of file:
T_002
Shouldered Triple Dovetail While the Shouldered Dovetail is particularly suited for the lengthening of narrow framing timbers, the here presented Shouldered Triple Dovetail with the lateral dovetail tenons has been primarily developed for broarder frames. The two lateral tenons and the opposing tenon prevent the framing timbers from twisting and improve at the same time the absorption of the lateral forces. The interplay between single and double tenons and top and undersides also adds interest to the joint from a design viewpoint.
to the data files
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name of file:
T_001
Double Dovetail The Double Dovetail Joint combines the advantages of the dovetail tenon with those of scarf joints. They resist longitudinal tensile forces, resist shearing stress due to the size of the fitting lateral surfaces, and are secured against perpendicular shift by the scarf. There are various versions of the Double Dovetail Joint possible. Unlike the Symmetrical Double Dovetail, the Double Dovetail with both dovetails pointing in the same direction is very little used in traditional furniture and wood construction. The reasons for this lie in the costly manual making and are thus no longer valid for the production on a CNC-router.
to the data files
p4
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name of file:
T_003
Triple Dovetail The Triple Dovetail is a variant of the Double Dovetail Joint and is particularly suited for the lengthening of wide framing timbers. On the top side of the closed joint only one big dovetail tenon is visible, on the underside there are two smaller ones. They prevent the framing timbers from twisting and strengthen the joint as they shorten the length of the flattened surface. Dovetail scarfs fit in with the group of the scarf joints as well as with the group of the table joints, which can occasionally lead to misunderstandings.
to the data files
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name of file:
T_005
Symmetrical Double Dovetail Model for the Symmetrical Double Dovetail is the Japanese Ryo-men-ari-tsugi. Its widespread use in Japanese wood construction is due to its simple and efficient making. For symmetrical joints, both parts are scribed and worked upon together. In the age of the CNC-router this advantage, which meant that a lot of time could be saved when joints were traditionally scribed, is not decisive any more. Joints that were formerly a lot more costly to make can now be manufactured just as efficiently as symmetrical joints.
to the data files
p6
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name of file:
P_003
Double Jigsaw The Double Jigsaw is a further development of the Symmetrical Double Dovetail Joint, taking into account the possibilities that come along with CNCproduction. For example, the ability of the CNCrouter to cut so-called free shape contours. The contours can be designed on a graphics tablet and revised in a CAD-system. The condition being, that the contour can be processed with the chosen tool. The Double Jigsaw is a very decorative joint, which being employed as a constructive detail becomes a design characteristic of the furniture piece.
to the data files
p7
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name of file:
T_006
Plain Scarf with Dovetail Keys Loose connectors, like dovetail keys, are used wherever joints need to be opened occasionally, or where it is not possible to loose length due to just dimensions. The loose connectors can take a multitude of shapes and be made out of different materials. Depending on the choice of material for framing timbers and connectors, the joint will show more or less. If the connectors are made out of wood, they should be made out of well dired hardwood. As the loose connentor is only inlaid, the scarf needs to be supported in order to prevent it from slipping through.
to the data files
p8
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name of file:
G_001
Gooseneck Mortise and Tenon Joint with Stub Tenons The gooseneck or hammer-head tenon is widely used in Japan for the executionof lengthenings with tensile resistance. The joint is characterised by the long tenon with a head at the end that is shaped like a reversed dovetail. The Japanese Mechigai-koshikake-kama-tsugi is the model for the Gooseneck Mortise and Tenon Joint with Stub Tenons. From a production point of view, it is a very costly and difficult joint. While the simple hammer-head tenon is very susceptible to torsion, the here presented gooseneck is very stable in this respect due to the two rabbets and the stub tenon.
to the data files
p9
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name of file:
G_003
Ginkgo Scarf with Stub Tenons The Ginkgo Scarf with Stub Tenons is a consistent further development of the Gooseneck Mortis and Tenon Joint with Stub Tenons, taking into account the possibilities opened up through CNC-production. Without changing the technical qualities, a new and very decorative lengthening joint was created. The tenon in the shape of a Gingko leaf can not be produced with traditional tools. The here presented joint exemplarily shows, that through the use of CNC-routers, it is possible to give wood joints a new, individual and so far unimagined shape while keeping their function.
to the data files
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p1
digital wood joints
Survey FrameJ Joints

Lengthenings
Name of the joint:
Shouldered Dovetail
T_004
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1
Shouldered Triple Dovetail Double Dovetail
T_002
l Iges 5
T_001
l Iges 5
Triple Dovetail
T_003
l Iges 5
Symmetrical Double Dovetail
T_005
l Iges 5
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p2
digital wood joints

Lengthenings
Double Jigsaw Plain Scarf with Dovetail Keys Gooseneck Mortise and Tenon Joint with Stub Tenons Ginkgo Scarf with Stub Tenons
P_003 T_006
l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D
l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0
l Iges 5 l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2
G_001
l Iges 5
G_003
l Iges 5
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name of file:
T_009
Halved Dovetail Corner Scarf joints are next to tenon joints among the most frequently used joints in wood and furniture construction. While traditional scarf joints are considered to be not very durable, the technical qualities of CNC-compatible joinnts have been decidedly improved. The halved dovetail corner is a corner joint that resists tensile forces. The geometry of the asymmetrical dovetail is decisive for the tensile strength. However, it is exactly this asymmetry of the dovetail that frequently seems to render the use of this joint problematic from a design viewpoint.
Example of application l Upright furniture
to the data files
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name of file:
T_007
Dovetail Key Corner For the Dovetail Key Corner, the framing timbers are joint with a shaped part, the dovetail key. The dovetails of the dovetail key take on the tensile stress and the mortised tenon on the underside of the key guarantees the exactness of the angle. The joint does not have to be right-angled, this type of corner joint can be used for any angle. The thickness of the key should be at most half the thickness of the framing timbers. Suitable materials for the corner key are multiplex plywood, acrylic glass or aluminium. Depending on the choice of material, the corner key will show more or less.
Example of application l C...Frame and Panel
to the data files
p3
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name of file:
T_011
Mitre Joint with Dovetail Key Today, frame corners are mostly joined with tongues, tenons or dowels that are suitable for machine processing. The dovetail keys have been completely forgotten, even though they have been used extensively in Europe as well in Japan as the Chi-giri-iri-o-dome-tsugi. Like the traditional models, the Mitre Joint with Dovetail Key is held together by the dovetail key. The framing timbers are tightly wedged together. The dovetail key can be specially emphasised by the use of different woods or materials.
Example of application l Side-Table
to the data files
p4
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name of file:
P_001
Jigsaw Mitre Joint Corner joints with mitred framing timbers are considered to be particularly harmonious from a design viewpoint. From a technical viewpoint, however, the traditional mitred frame joints count among the weak wood joints. Like the dovetail corner scarf, the Jigsaw Mitre Joint distinguishes itself through its good technical qualities. The geometry of the two opposing shaped tenons, whose lines run parallel either to the frame or to the mitre, guarantees tensile strength and at the same time the harmony of the joint.
Example of application l Frame-Shelf
to the data files
p5
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name of file:
X_003
Halving with Elliptical Tenon. A shaped tenon, here in the shape of an ellipse, can be added to a common halving to improve its tensile strength. To avoid shearing of the tenon, its geometry needs to be chosen so that it uses the maximum fibre length possible. An open or a blind version can be chosen for the tenon. Like with all frame joints, the correct choice of the framing timber is of vital importance for the quality of the joint. To avoid an opening of the joint, the main direction of shrinkage of the wood must not correspond with the width of the framing timber.
Example of application l C...Frame and Panel
to the data files
p6
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name of file:
P_005
Double Jigsaw-Hook Corner The Double Jigsaw-Hook Corner is a decorative corner joint with tensile strength. The hook that is fitted to the cross bar needs to be equipped with sufficient projecting wood to enable it to withstand the tensile stress. The hook at the cross bar also secures the joint against shifting sideways. The jigsaw tenon can take on a multitude of shapes, geometric, organic, or floral depending on to where it is applied. Like for all frame joints, it is important that the width of the framing timbers does not surpass 10 cm.
to the data files
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p1
digital wood joints

Frame Corner Joints
Name of the joint:
Halved Dovetail Corner
T_009
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 3 l MBA_SIM Part 3 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 3 l MBA_SIM Part 3 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2
Dovetail Key Corner
T_007
l Iges 5
Mitre Joint with Dovetail Key
T_011
l Iges 5
Jigsaw Mitre Joint
P_001
l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D
l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0
l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0
l Iges 5
7
#
p2
digital wood joints

Frame Corner Joints
Halving with Elliptical Tenon Double Jigsaw-Hook Corner
X_003
l Iges 5
P_005
l Iges 5
p1
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name of file:
K_003
Oval Shouldered Halving Common halvings are used wherever two timbers are supposed to cross in one plane. They are let into each other so that the top and undersides are on one level. The Oval Shouldered Halving is not only a decorative joint, but also one that is very stable and with an exact fit when compared with the common halving. The increased fitting surface prevents a torsion of the two timbers. The oval shouldered surfaces, that can not be produced with traditional tools, are also a sign for a CNC-compatible joint.
to the data files
p2
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name of file:
K_001
Dovetailed Cross Halving Cross halvings are traditionally produced in a multitude of variants. For example the mitred cross halving, the tabled cross halving, or the cross halving with shouldered dovetails, the Japanese Shiho-ari-kumi-te. It was the model for the Dovetailed Cross Halving. The shouldered dovetails give the joint a decorative effect, as well as adding to its stability. As opposed to the traditional execution of the joint, which is very costly, the dovetailed cross halving can be produced on the CNC-router without any problems.
to the data files
p3
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name of file:
K_002
Jigsaw Cross Halving The Jigsaw Cross Halving has been developed from the Dovetailed Cross Halving. It exemplarily shows that, while keeping the construction principle, a multitude of variants can be developed which have each in its own right an individual design expression. The jigsaw tenon of the cross halving points without any doubt to a manufacturing of the joint with a CNC-router, as it can not be made with traditional tools. Depending on the shape, size and arrangement of the jigsaw tenon, a joint with good or not so good technical qualities is created.
to the data files
p4
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name of file:
K_004
Cross Mitre Joint with Jigsaw Key While connectors like tongues and dowels are normally hidden in the joint, the jigsaw key of the here presented joint becomes a decorative element. It joins the individual framing timbers and gives the joint a good resistance to tensile forces. As there is a lot of strain on the key, it should be made out of an appropriate material, like, for example, multiplex plywood. Jigsaw keys can not only be used for cross halvings, but also for lengthenings, T-shaped joints, and wherever a certain numbre of framing woods need to be joined in one point.
to the data files
7
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digital wood joints

Cross Joints
Name of the joint:
Oval Shouldered Halving Dovetailed Cross Halving
K_003
l Iges 5
K_001
l Iges 5
Jigsaw Cross Halving
K_002
l Iges 5
Cross Mitre Joint with Jigsaw Key
K_004
l Iges 5
p1
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name of file:
T_008
Shouldered Dovetail Halving Halved joints are used wherever cross bars are joined to framing timbers forming a T-shape, and where a whole scarf would weaken them too much. The length of the scarf should not surpass half the width of the framing timber. The Japanese Ari-kake is the model for the Shouldered Dovetail Halving. It is a joint that resists strain in all directions. This is above all achieved by the shoulder which prevents the cross bar from twisting and relieves the load from the dovetail.
to the data files
p2
7
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name of file:
P_004
Stop Lap with Jigsaw Key Keys are generally used where special demands are placed upon the connector, demands which the framing woods themselves cannot fulfil, or where there is not enough wood to execute a joint. For the Stop Lap with Jigsaw Key, the two framing woods are joined with a jigsaw-shaped key. The key can be made out of multiplex plywood, acrylic glass or various hardwoods. An appropriate choice of material and colour enhances the decorative quality of the joint. To prevent the cross bar from slipping through, the joint can also be made with a shoulder.
to the data files
p3
7
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name of file:
P_006
Hooked Jigsaw Halving Table cross joints make it possible to secure connected scarf joints against tension. A precondition is, however, a sufficient length of the surpassing wood of the table. The Hooked Jigsaw Halving is a very decorative stop lap. The circular table secures the joint not only against tension, but also against torsion and shearing of the cross bar. The jigsaw table that juts out beyond the outer contour of the framing timber is responsible for the aesthetic quality of the joint, but, at the same time, it restricts its use.
to the data files
7
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digital wood joints

Stop Labs
Name of the joint:
Shouldered Dovetail Halving Stop Lap with Jigsaw Key Hooked Jigsaw Halving
T_008
l Iges 5
l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2 l MBA_CAD Part 3 l MBA_SIM Part 3 l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2
P_004
l Iges 5
P_006
l Iges 5
Start
l Wood Joints
l Infothek
l About this CD
l Help
HH
l Examples
H H
lFrom the CAD data file to the router
l Data formats on this CD-ROM
H H
D H
H
D H
D
the
Tutorial H H
C C
Start
0
About this
CD-ROM
C
C C
l Tutorial
l Set-up of this CD-ROM l List of Authors l Informations about the C ...Lab l Informations about dds l Imprint
l Infothek
l Examples
l Help
C C
l Wood Joints
p1
0
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Set-up of this
CD-ROM The CD-ROM Digital Wood Joints was created with Adobe Acrobat 3.0, one of the leading electronic publishing systems. With the Acrobat Reader the user can view, browse and print documents in the PDF format (Portable Document Format). The Acrobat Reader Software runs on various operating systems and can be passed on free of charge by the producers of electronic documents or downloaded by the user from the Adobe Homepage l www.adobe.com. A specific navigational layer, which in some cases also uses tools provided by the Acrobat Reader, has been created for the CD-ROM Digital Wood Joints. In addition to the functions and tools provided by the Acrobat Reader - they will be briefly described on the following pages - Acrobat enable the producer of electronic documents to create their own navigational layer with so-called links, i.e. definable hyperlinks.
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1. Hand Tool 2. Zoom Tool 3. back to beginning 4. back one page 5. forward one page 6. forward to end 7. back to previous view 8. next link forward
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CD-ROM The hand is probably the most important tool for browsing in an electronic document. When the hand is passed over a link, it changes to an index finger or an arrow, enabling the user to launch another page, a file or a Website.
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Set-up of this The navigational principles of the CD-ROM Digital Wood Joints The content of the CD-ROM Digital Wood Joints is organised in chapters and sub-chapters. The user reaches a desired chapter via a series of linked overview pages. From each chapter he can go back to an overview page or launch another chapter via a link in the text. Links to other chapters, or to Websites which give access to up-to-date information from the Internet are marked with a preceding arrow. When the user passes the hand over a link, it turns into an index finger. One mouse click is sufficient to activate the link.
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Set-up of this Within a chapter pages can be flipped forwards

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CD-ROM and backwards with the scroll bar, the cursor keys up/down on the keyboard or with the functions back one page/forward one page in the tool bar. In addition the tool bar also provides the functions back to beginning/forward to end, which permit a jump to the beginning or the end of the chapter. If you reach a page, from which there is no link back to the previous page, you can return to the latter via the function back to previous view in the tool bar. From every single page of a chapter, the user can
Page end symbol
get back to the next overview page any time via a link in the upper left corner. The link on the end symbol of every chapter also gets you back to the next overview page.
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Set-up of this Webjumps The Webjumps integrated in the texts and directories are links, which launch Websites in the Internet. A precondition for executing a Webjump is that you have installed a Web Browser, like Netscape Communicator or Microsoft Internet Explorer on your computer and that you have access to the Internet through a modem or ISDN. In the Weblink PrefeWith a Webjump in a directory the Website of the corresponding supplier is launched
CD-ROM
rences, which you find in the menu Preferences, you can set up the interaction of Acrobat Reader with your Internet Browser.
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Set-up of this Opening of CAD-files out of the Acrobat Reader Apart from Webjumps the Acrobat Reader gives the user the option of opening files directly in other applications. All files, in which the digital wood joints are provided in the l various data formats, can be opened in the corresponding applications from the overview page that is annexed to the description of each wood joint. Again the precondition is that you have installed the corresponding applications on your computer. If a particular file can not be allocated to an application, which is the case of the neutral data exchange formats dxf and IGES, a dialog box will open up and you will be asked to select an application to open the file. You can also open each file of the digital wood joints directly out of your CAD-program. You will find the files of the digital wood joints in the directory/folder 3D-Data.
CD-ROM
Opening a file out of the Acrobat Reader
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CD-ROM Demo-versions of CAD-programs The corresponding software companies put the demo-versions of the CAD-programs MicroStation, MiniCad and Vellum at your disposal. In case you do not dispose of a CAD-program, these demo-versions should enable you to test the various programs and thus get a first idea of the different spectra of performance of each application. dds has published CAD-courses for MiniCad and Vellum for cabinet-makers and joiners. In these courses, experts explain the various aspects of CAD, e.g. CAD/CAM or 3-D CAD, on the basis of the above mentioned CAD-programs. Further information on the two courses can be obtained from l dds-editorial staff, Mr. Thomas Hausberg. They can be ordered from l dds media service.
Bernhard E. Brdek
is professor for design-methodology, product planning and interface-design at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung Offenbach. He also works as a freelance designer and journalist.
Jochen Gros
has been professor for design theory at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung Offenbach since 1974. He studied mechanical engineering, psychology and design and did freelance work for projects of the Siemens Trendforschung (trend research). He was a member of the Des-In group, which developed alternative design and manufacturing concepts in the 70s. He currently focuses his work on product language, ecology and new technologies. In 1994 he was co-founder of the C...Lab at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung Offenbach, which he has since been directing.
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Martin Krauter
graduated as designer from the Hochschule fr Gestaltung Offenbach in 1996. He had already started publishing articles during his studies. Since 1997 he has been working for Erco.
Friedrich Sulzer
is a master cabinet-maker and industrial designer with a diploma from the Ecole Nationale Superieure de Cration / Les Ateliers in Paris. From 1993 until 1994 he was in charge of the research project New Technologies in Wood Processing at the Institute for Interior Design and Furniture Design at the Kunstakademie Stuttgart. In 1994 he was appointed visiting professor at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung Offenbach, where he has been lecturer for C-Technology since 1996. In 1994 he was co-founder of the C...Lab, for which he has been working since. In addition he works as freelance designer and journalist.
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Editor
C...Labor an der Hochschule fr Gestaltung Offenbach Fachbereich Produktgestaltung Schlostrae 31 D - 63065 Offenbach am Main eMail: C-Labor@em.uni-frankfurt.de Edition dds Deutsche Verlagsanstalt Neckarstrae 121 D - 70190 Stuttgart eMail: dds@dva.de l http://www.dva.de
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the Imprint Project idea Jochen Gros, Thomas Hausberg, Martin Kunz and Friedrich Sulzer Project manager CAD-Conversion Design concept Multimedia-Consulting Multimedia-Conversion Texts Translations Furniture selection Photos and illustrations Friedrich Sulzer Friedrich Sulzer l Kai Bergmann Lars Ohlerich Kai Bergmann and Jrg Mhle unless stated otherwise: Friedrich Sulzer Ilga Grschel Jochen Gros and Friedrich Sulzer unless stated otherwise: C...Labor an der HfG Offenbach
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the Imprint Compiling of the data files for the wood joints DXF- and IGES MBA-CAD and -SIM MicroStation Minicad Vellum Editorial Staff Friedrich Sulzer MBA GmbH Friedrich Sulzer theta-group VSA Software GmbH Thomas Hausberg Jochen Gros Martin Kunz Gudrun Steinle-Sauer Friedrich Sulzer Sabina Heimerdinger General co-ordination Production Manufacturing Martin Kunz C ...Labor an der HfG Offenbach B&B Datadesign GmbH, D-57462 Olpe
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the Imprint The digital wood joints presented on this CD-Rom are based on the results of the experimental study Japanese Wood Joints ... digital at the Hochschule fr Gestaltung Offenbach in the winter term 1995/96
Tutors Participants
Jochen Gros and Friedrich Sulzer Alexander Bosnjak, Volker Klag, Ren Mller and Rainer Strauss
1998 C...Labor an der Hochschule fr Gestaltung Offenbach and Edition dds / Deutsche Verlagsanstalt Stuttgart. All rights reserved. Copying, public presentation, hire and rent, swap and/or circumventing transactions only with the permission of the editor. Violations will be prosecuted. Neither the author, nor the editor, nor the publishing house are liable for any possible damage due to mistakes and defects of the wood joints and their data, that are presented on this CD-Rom.
KAI BERGMANN SCHLOSSSTRASSE 63 60486 FRANKFURT/M
T +49 69 70 79 45 - 70
F +49 69 70 79 45 - 74 KAIBERGM@STUD. UNI-FRANKFURT.DE
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CNC-maschines in wood processing
In the course of the last forty years - in 1957 the U.S. Air Force installed the first NC-milling machine in their workshops - a multitude of CNC-machines
BIMA-machining center - 3 NC-axes, tool changer and console table - for a complete processing of workpieces Photo IMA AG
has been developed for the craft trades and industry. The most common CNC-machines in the field of furniture construction and interior fitting are CNC- machining centers, CNC-machines with more then 3 axes and CNC-panel saws. The following text primarily deals with CNC-machining centers.
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CNC-maschines in CNC-machining centers have developed from CNCdrill centers and CNC-routers. They combine drill, saw and router units and allow to completely machine a workpiece on its topside and edges. At least 3 mobile NC-axes are standard today for CNCmachining centers. According to the construction of the machines, we distinguish:
CNC-training machine 3 NC-axes - put to use Photo MBA GmbH
wood processing
moving table machines, where the X and Y-movements are executed by the machine table, and the Z-movements by the tools, fixed table machines, where the X, Y and Z-movements are executed by the tools, while the machine table can be turned and swung due to additional axes, gantry machines with fixed or mobile bridges.
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CNC-maschines in Tool changer and clamping devices are further components of CNC-machining centers. Due to their 3 NC-axes and a limited Z-axis lift, CNC-machining centers are primarily suited for processing flat workpieces. Depending on the use, the range offered by manufacturers starts with simple training machines and CNC-machining centers for craftsmens workshops, and ends with machines that take over routing and drilling operations in
Schematic illustration of a 3 axe gantry CNC-machining center
wood processing
flexible production lines of the furniture industry. The digital wood joints presented on this CD-ROM are developed in such a way, that they can be machined on all common CNC-machining centers without having to change the position of the workpiece. For training purposes on the CNC-trainig machineFBZ 40/30 of the MBA GmbH, the digital wood joints are provided on this CD-ROM in the CAD-format, which can be directly opened in the FBZ CAD/CAM software.
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Data transfer
Once the geometric data of a workpiece are created, they can be used to generate technical drawings with dimensioning, and instructions concerning material and manufacturing. They also form the basis for NC-programming. The transfer of geometric data from a CAD-system to a CAM-program is usually accomplished with neutral data exchange formats, like DXF or IGES. CAD/CAM link-ups do very rarely function straight away. They require purposeful testing of the various adjustment options of the export and import filters in both programs. In order to successfully transfer the geometric data of the workpiece to a CAM-system, various things need to be considered already at the time the workpiece is generated in CAD.
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Data transfer All geometric data need to be geometrically perfect. Even the smallest deviation of transitions, e.g. between a straight line and a circle, means that the straight line is not accepted as a tangent. Geometric parts that exist twice, or geometric leftovers that were not trimmed or deleted, also cause problems generating the NC-contour. Lines used to help with constructing or dimensioning, and hatchings are considered to be geometric elements by the CAM-system, and should therefore not be passed on in the first place. Working consequently with different levels in the CAD-system not only facilitates the data transfer, but also the generation of the NC-process in the CAM-program.
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Structure of a NCprogram according to DIN 66025 / ISO 6983/1 - 1982

Even though modern CAM-systems and workshop orientated programming systems automatically generate NC-programs, so that hardly anybody still programs directly using machine code, it is an advantage to have some basic knowledge of the structure of a NC-program. NC-programs consist of a series of instructions in address format, which the CNC-machine works one by one in order to process a workpiece. The following instructions can be distinguished: geometric instructions, that control the relative movements between workpiece and tool through space coordinates, technological instructions, that define tools, revolutions per minute and feed, motion instructions, that define the type of movement (direction, entry move, etc), switchboard instructions, like spindle on/running direction right, change tools, or clamp workpiece, corrective calls, like compensation of the contour cutter line or the cutter radius, or shifting of the workpiece origin, and calling up subprograms and cycles for work pro cesses that are always repetitive.
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Structure of a NC-program The structure of a NC-program is determined by the syntax - rules of a programming language according to DIN 66025, page 1 - and the semantic meaning of the individual words according to DIN 66025, page 2. The content of the program consists of a multitude of so-called blocks, which are serially numbered, and which each consists of one or several words. Numerical values that determine the position to be reached are entered in decimal notation.
Beginning of the NC-program of the digital wood joint G_003 REFERENZ WERKZEUG H+0045.00 % (START) N0010 F800 (EINSCHALTZUSTAND) N0020 M03 (SPINDEL EIN) N0030 G90 (ABSOLUTE KOORDINATEN) N0040 G00 Z+0004.00 (Z-ACHSE SICHERN) ROHTEIL X+0000.00 Y+0000.00 Z+0000.00 U+0050.00 V-0190.00 W-0032.00 X+0245.72 Y+0099.56 Z+0056.00 T01 E+0008.00 S+0008.00 L+0035.00
according to DIN 66025 /
ISO 6983/1 - 1982
Even though the structure of NC-programs is standardized by DIN 66025, the various NC-programs can not directly be run on CNC-machining centers of different manufacturers. This is due to the fact, that only one part of the available instructions is standardized, while the manufacturer can freely define others.
N0050 (B1 BOHRZYKLUS) N0060 G00 X+0053.00 Y-0169.05 N0070 G01 X+0053.00 Y-0169.05 Z-0032.50 N0080 G00 Z+0004.00 N0090 G00 X+0052.00 Y-0169.05 N0100 G01 X+0052.00 Y-0169.05 Z-0032.50 N0110 G00 Z+0004.00 N0120 G00 X+0051.00 Y-0169.05 N0130 G01 X+0051.00 Y-0169.05 Z-0032.50 N0140 G00 Z+0004.00
Completing the geometrical data with technological data
In order to manufacture a workpiece on a CNC-machine, geometric data are required as well as data concerning the production, like the particular machine that has been selected, the fixing of the workpiece origin, the definition of the machining operations, the choice of tools with rate of feed and spindle revolutions per minute, instructions about tool changes, etc. By means of a postprocessor, which needs to be adapted to each paticular machine, the geometric and technological data are generated into a NC-program, which can then be worked by the corresponding CNC-machine.
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Generating the workpiece model in CAD
Generating the workpiece geometry on a CAD-system is a prerequisite for processing a workpiece on a CNC-machine. The CAD-program assists the designer with creating and modifying the workpiece, as well as with routines like drawing, hatching, dimensioning or inscribing. Appropriate CAD databases can be used to directly access standard parts, like screws or fittings, or self-created repetitive elements.
These repetitive elements, e.g. cupboard sides, can be filed in the database as a program of variants, so that it can be adapted for different uses with the input of parameters that change dimensions and form. The description of the workpiece geometry inside the computer depends on the efficiency of the CAD-system. In principle, we distinguish three different presentation models:
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Generating the workpiece 1. Wire frame. This is the simplest computer presentation, which describes the two or three-dimensional workpiece only by means of its contours, like lines and arcs.
3D wire frame of the wood joint G_001
model in CAD 3. The solid model. Complex objects are presented by combining individual solid parts, like sphere, cuboid, cylinder, or torso. These complex objects are generated by means of Boolean functions. In addition, it is possible to generate volumes with surfaces.
3D solid model of the wood joint G_001
2. The surface model. The workpiece is described by individual surfaces that are not connected with each other.
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Generating the workpiece Todays trend goes towards CAD-systems with a volume-oriented presentation. This enables us to illustrate all generated objects as realistic as possible on the screen. Solid models also offer other advantages, like the problemless penetration and sectioning of geometric objects, the fading out of hidden lines, as well as the automatic generation of sections. The data of the solid model can also be used for further geometric applications, which go beyond generating a drawing. For these applications wire frames and surface models lack important information in the computer presentation of the data.
model in CAD
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The milling on the CNC-training machine FBZ 40-30
1. The digital wood joints are designed so that they can be processed with an 8mm router bit. Due to the cutter line compensation in the FBZ CAD/CAM 2D software, it is necessary to choose a smaller router for some wood joints. Hard-tipped router bits with a positive spiral should be used. They allow for optimal chip ejection and guarantee a good cutting quality as well as little wear and tear. Due to their construction, the following points need to be paid attention to when machining the digital wood joints on a CNC-training machine FBZ 40-30 of the MBA GmbH (formerly Bosch GmbH):
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The milling on the CNC-training
machine FBZ 40-30
2. If the cutting depth is too deep when machining solid wood, the Z-axis of the FBZ 40/30 will be pushed away from the edge of the material. It should therefore be processed with a cutting depth of 1mm per machining cycle. This has already been taken into account in the CAD-files and SIM-files. 3. Depending on the kind of wood, the feed can be fixed between 600 and 800 mm/min.
4. The workpieces that are going to be processed are positioned and held down by means of a wooden template or a clamping device. To avoid a splintering of the material, it should be clamped together with appropriate cauls. 5. Please look up the dimensions of the stock part, as well as the diameter of the router bit, in the SIM-file headder of the corresponding digital wood joint.
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Machining of woodbased materials and solid woods
The surface quality of the processed workpiece depends on the correct choice of tools, as well as on the technological data, e.g. milling direction, rate of feed or spindle revolutions per minute, which are defined by the machine operator or the programmer. The technological data need to be defined in accordance with the material that is machined. When processing solid woods, special attention needs to be paid to the cutting direction, to the
v c = cutting speed in m/s d = tool diameter in mm n = revolutions in l/min
There are guidelines for the cutting speed when machiningdifferent materials. The rate of feed, however, depends on the following factors: chip thickness, engine performance, tools, material to be processed, and grain direction. The cutting speed equals the tip speed of the cutter blade. It depends on the tool diameter and the spindle revolutions per minute, and is calculated according to the formula:
sequence of the machining operations, and to high cutting speeds - between 50 and 90 m/s depending on the kind of materials.
d**n vc = 1000 * 60
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Machining of wood-based As the spindle revolutions can not be increased at will, the optimal cutting speed can often not be achieved, especially with tools that have a small tool diameter. Cutting speed guidelines Material Softwood Hardwood Chipboard Coreboard MDF Cutting speed 60 - 90 m/s 50 - 80 m/s 60 - 80 m/s 60 - 80 m/s 40 - 60 m/s When processing thermoplastic synthetic materials, e.g. acrylic glass the workpiece must not be heated too much during the machining process, as this would lead to a smearing of the cutting edge. A heating of the material can be avoided by reducing the spindle revolutions. Hard-tipped or polycrystalline diamond tipped tools are commonly used today when processing solid woods or wood-based materials. The tool manufacturers offer a multitude of tools for the various types of processing or materials, with a range from straight router bits to profile cutter heads. Polycrystalline diamond tipped tools are used in particular for material that is difficult to chip or heavily abrasive. The lower wear and tear makes up easily for the higher purchase costs.
materials and solid woods
Tutorial
Hthe router to
The machining of the workpiece
l CNC-machines in wood processing l Clamping of the workpiece l Machining of wood based materials and
From the CAD data file H
The CAD data file, starting point for NC-machining

l Generating the workpiece model in CAD l Data transfer
solid woods
l Machining of the digital wood joints on the
From CAD data file to the NC-program

l Completing the geometrical data with
CNC-training machine FBZ 40-30
technological data
l Various ways of NC-programming l Structure of a NC-program according to
DIN 66025 / ISO 6983/1 - 1982

l Postprocessor
l Help
H H
H D
Postprocessor
The postprocessor is the linkbetween the CLDATA / cutting location data that have been generated in the CAM-program, and the CNC-machine on which the workpiece is going to be processed. The CLDATA-file essentially contains the calculated location of the contour cutter line (CLDATA1). The technological data are contained in CLDATA2. Some systems issue them together. The structure of a CLDATA-file is defined in the standards ISO 3592/4343 and DIN 66215.
The CLDATA-file can not be run on a machine, without being translated by a postprocessor into the machine syntax of the particular machine that is going to process the workpiece. Postprocessors are not easily exchangeable, as they take into account specific machine characteristics, like number of NC-axes, maximal movements, kinematics (feed and spindle revolutions per minute), tool changes, as well as the NC-instructions that can be freely defined by the manufacturer. The postprocessor automatically generates the machine-specific NCprogram with all its instructions, feeds, revolutions per minute and compensation data in the correct block sequence.
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The clamping of the workpiece
It is important for processing a workpiece on a CNC-machining center, that the workpiece is held down properly. The demands on a clamping system depend on the workpiece geometry and the type of processing. It can generally be said, however, that the workpiece needs to be positioned in a way that it can not be shifted. This means, that the force of friction between workpiece and clamping device needs to be bigger than the cutting force caused by the machining process.
Common clamping systems in wood processing are either pneumatic or mechanical, or use vacuum. The use of the correct clamping system not only determines the stability of the workpiece rest, its optimal positioning or safety at work, but also the efficient use of CNC-machining centers. The more time is needed to prepare for the processing of a workpiece, the higher the costs per unit. This applies in particular to one-off pieces and small series.

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Console tables with hoseless seals are frequently used to hold down workpieces with a large surface. Consoles and seals can be positioned manually or automatically, depending on how the machine is equiped. Photo: HOMAG AG
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The clamping of the workpiece
Machine manufacturers, as well as suppliers of auxiliary equipement, offer various clamping systems. The range for CNC-machining centers includes smooth machine tables with vacuum seals, grid tables and console tables, where consoles and clamping elements are positioned automatically.
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The clamping of the workpiece The clamping of sizable flat workpieces

Block of four seals with two separate vacuum circuits for smooth machine tables. The modules are sucked against the table on their undersides; the workpiece is held down on their topsides. Photo: INNOSPANN
The clamping of sizable flat workpieces is generally straightforward. Ideally, they can be clamped with vacuum from below. This allows processing the workpiece on its topside as well as on all its edges. Using vacuum seals close to the edges, also allows processing the workpiece from underneath with special tools. This is not possible when clamping the workpiece on a grid table. The use of vacuum templates is recommended for small parts, or parts with free form contours. For this purpose, a groove is cut into a particle board parallel to the workpiece contour and slightly to the inside. A rubber string is then inserted into this groove. Should the frictional force, created by the vacuum, not be sufficient, sticking on sandpaper strips can increase it.
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The clamping of the workpiece The clamping of small workpieces Small workpieces, e.g. carcass parts, can generally not be held down using vacuum. Mechanical and pneumatic power clamps come into use here. As power clamps do not fix the workpiece in a certain position from below, but from one or several sides, or from the top, it takes several machining operations to process the part from all sides. The position of the power clamps needs to be changed after every machining operation, in such a way that the remaining surfaces can be processed. The simplest type of power clamp is the manually operated clamp. This type of power clamp is screwed, together with stops for the workpiece, onto a particle board, which in turn is vacuum-clamped to the machine table. When positioning the power clamp, it is important to make sure that they are as close as possible to where the cutting process is going to take place without impeding the chosen cutter line.
Pneumatic power clamp for carcass parts. Photo: IMA
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The clamping of the workpiece Useful devices for positioning the clamping elements
On screen visulisation of the SCM-auto positioning system AutoSet. Based on the workpiece contour, the clamping elements are automatically placed in a collisionfree position. Photo: SCM
The position of clamping devices depends on the workpiece geometry, the type of processing and the machine equipment. The amount of time needed for positioning depends on the workpiece. Solutions are developed with systems, which project the positions of clamping elements with lasers onto the machine table, or which, directly through the NC-program, automatically placed and fasten the vacuum seals in a collisionfree position. When such systems are not at your disposal, you can, in case of smooth machine tables, draw the workpiece contour on the machine table with chalk by running the NC-program. Within this contour, the seals can now be positioned in a way to avoid collisions.
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Various ways of NC-programming
NC programming, i.e. the generation of controlling information for the machining of a workpiece on CNC-machines, was formerly manually executed in block format according to DIN 66025. Today this is done more and more with graphically supported CAM-programs. The geometric data of a workpiece is imported from a CAD-program, or generated directly in the geometry-creation module of the CAMprogram, and then processed for NC-machining in the machine module. Contours are transformed into cutter lines and the required tools are chosen. In case of complex parts, the sequence of the various machining operations, as well as tool changes are also defined.
The various steps in the program can be simulated in real time on the screen for controlling purposes. The final NC-program is then automatically written by the machines postprocessor. CAM-systems aim at producing workable and to a large extent flawless NC-programs without going through the trial and error process. This does not only avoid longwinded trial runs and program changes; it also increases work safety records in manufacturing. In addition, complex workpiece geometries can not be created without problems by manual programming in DIN-oriented cycles. Only machine programming in CAM-programs allows further use of complex CAD data models.
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Various ways of Next to machine independent CAM-systems, workshop orientated programming systems have evolved the manuasl programming at the CNC-machine. Workshop orientated programming systems are machine-dependent and are usually offered by the manufacturers of CNC-machining centers. They are generally based on the same programming structure, but distinguish themselves through their degree of user-friendliness and in details. Their graphic user surface and various Macros, i.e. subprograms for certain router operations, obtain data needed by the machine in a dialogue with the user. This facilitates and shortens programming, especially when parts, that need to be produced frequently, are available as a program for variants.
NC-programming

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Examples for application

l Meander-Shelf l Clip-Shelf l C...Frame and Panel l Chest of drawers l Upright furniture

Used wood joints l C_001 Clip Tenons l F_010 Finger Tenons

Used wood joint l St_002 Slotting Girder Joint

Used wood joint l P_001 Jigsaw Mitre Joint

Used wood joint l T_009 Halved Dovetail Corner

Example of application l Side-Table

to the data files

to the data files

to the data files

to the data files

to the data files

to the data files

digital wood joints

Survey BoardJ Joints

Name of the joint:

l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D

l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0

l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0

l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0

digital wood joints

Survey BoardJ Joints

Board Lengthening with Meander Key Detachable Lengthening with Key

l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D

l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0 l MicroStation l Minicad 7.0

l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0 l Velum 2.7 l Velum 4.0

Example of application l Zoom-Table

to the data files

Examples of application l Zoom-Table l Chest of drawers

to the data files

Example of application l Chest of drawers

to the data files

Example of application l C...Stool

to the data files

to the data files

to the data files

to the data files

to the data files

to the data files

digital wood joints

Survey BoardJ Joints

Name of the joint:

l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1

Lapped Finger Tenons

Secret Finger Tenons

l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1

Lapped Fingertip Tenons

l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1 l MBA_CAD Part 2 l MBA_SIM Part 2

digital wood joints

Survey BoardJ Joints

Secret Fingertip Tenons Fingertip Tenons with Key Hammer Tenons

l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D l DXF.10 2D l DXF.12 3D

l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1

l MBA_CAD Part 1 l MBA_SIM Part 1

Lapped Hammer Tenons

Example of application l Simplizissimus-Table

to the data files

Example of application l Meander-Shelf

to the data files

to the data files

to the data files

to the data files