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2.0 METHOD
The required downforce is calculated using an equation developed by Ellinas and Palmer (Ref 1).
The required downforce is dependant on the axial force which is calculated in the the Thermal
Expansion Calc Sheet.
An imperfection height of 0.2m is introduced to allow for changes of gradient in the trench.
Reference 2: Refer to Wall thickness Report 052893-03-P-3-020 and Calcs 002 to 010
4.0 CALCULATIONS
4.1 Input Data
Max. Operating Pressure P = 9.0 MPa = 90 barg
Nom. Outside Diameter D = 0.6096 m = 24 in
Pipe Material API 5L X65
Specified Min. Yield Strength SMYS = 448 MPa
Wall Thickness wt = 0.011 mm = 11.1 mm
Depth of Cover h = 1 m
Modulus of Elasticity E = 2.06E+11 Pa = 206,000 MPa
Density of Steel ρs = 76,420 N/m 3
= 7790 kg/m3
Density of Soil ρg = 14,862 N/m3 = 1515 kg/m3
Density of Contents ρi = 890 kg/m3
Step 2 zb = (Hi*W/(E*I))^0.5
= 0.001
Note we have not included the insulation in this calculation as it would only improve the
situation making the area of ground at the buckle greater thus increasing the downward
load by having a greater area thus larger soil loads