AnalyticalSolutionsofSimplifiedformofNavier

Stokesequation.

VaibhavSingh
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur
Mentor Dr.SanjayMittal,IITK

Contents
Introduction
IntegralorLargeScaleAnalysis
ReynoldsTransferTheorem
DifferentialorSmallScaleAnalysis
ContinuityEquation
NavierStokesEquation
SimplificationofNavierStokesEquation
AnalyticalSolutionsinSimpleCases
PlaneCouetteFlow
CircularCouetteFlow
FilmFlowdownaninclinedplane
PipeFlow
ChannelFlow
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

Introduction
ContinuumApproachinFluidMechanics
Fluidpropertieshavecontinuousfunctionsinspace.
eg. = (x,y,z,t)
v=v (x,y,z,t)
Howisdensitydefinedforafluid?

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokesEquation

Introduction

Typesoffluidflows
ViscousFlow(0)

Laminar

Turbulent

Internal

External

InviscidFlow(=0)

Compressible
(forMach
Number>
0.3)

Incompressibl
e(forMach
Number<0.3
)

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

Introduction
Analysisofarbitraryfluidflowproblemsisdoneinthefollowing
threeways:
IntegralControlVolumeorlargeScaleanalysis.
Differentialorsmallscaleanalysis.
ExperimentalAnalysis.

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

Integralorlargescaleanalysis.

Forsteadyflow
1st termiszero
thereforeequationreducestoCS V.dA =0

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

IntegralorLargeScaleAnalysis

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

DifferentialAnalysisoffluidmotion.
TaylorsSeriesExpansion
(u)x+dx/2 =(u)+( (u)/x)(dx/2)+(2 (u)/ x 2)(dx/2) 2 (1/2!)
u+( u/x)(dx/2)
mx /t=[u {(u)/x}dx/2]yz
mx+ /t=[u+{(u)/x}dx/2]yz
my /t=[v {(v)/y}dy/2]xz
my+/t=[v+{(v)/y}dy/2]xz
mz /t=[w {(w)/z}dz/2]yx
mz+ /t=[w+{(w)/z}dz/2]yx
Whereu:velocityinxdirection
v:velocityinydirection
z:velocityinzdirection
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

DifferentialAnalysisoffluidmotion
Netmassflowrate
=[(u)/x+(v)/y+(w)/z]xy z=(rateofchangeofmassinsideCV)
= ( /t)xy z
Hence(u)/x+(v)/y+(w)/z+ /t=0
Thisequationisknownasthecontinuityequation.
Incylindricalcoordinates(1/r){(rVr)/r+(V)/+r(Vz)/z}+ /t
=0
SinceVp =V(x,y,z,t)
ap=dVp /dt
=( V/x)dxp/dt+( V/y)dyp/dt+( V/z)dzp/dt+( V/t)
=u( V/x)+v( V/y)+w( V/z)+( V/t)
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

NavierStokesEquation
Xdirection
gx P/x+(2u/x2 +2u/y2 +2u/z2 )=(u/t+uu/x+vu/y+wu/z)
Ydirection
gy P/y+(2v/x2 +2v/y2 +2v/z2 )=(v/t+uv/x+vv/y+wv/z)
Zdirection
gz P/z+(2w/z2 +2w/y2+2w/z2 )=(w/t+uw/x+vw/y+ww/z)
g P+

V=DV/dt

AboveobtainedequationsareknownastheNavierStokesequations.
These3equationsalongwiththecontinuityequationareusedto solvetheunknownsu,v,w,P.

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

SimplificationofNavierStokesequation
Inviscidflowapproximations
=0
g P+ 2V=DV/dt(onlyoneboundaryconditionneeded)
EquationknownasEulersEquation
Steady2D,viscousandIncompressibleflow(independentoftimeandone
coordinate(sayz))
/dt=0
/z=0
isconstant
0
DV/dt=u( V/x)+v( V/y)+w( V/z)+ ( V/t)

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

SimplificationofNavierStokesequation
Continuityequation:
(u)/x+(v)/y+(w)/z+ /t=0
Xdirectionmomentumequation:
gx P/x+(2u/x2 +2u/y2 +2u/z2 )=(u/t+uu/x+vu/y+wu/z)
Ydirectionmomentumequation:
gy P/y+(2v/x2 +2v/y2 +2v/z2 )=(v/t+uv/x+vv/y+wv/z)
Zdirectionmomentumequation:
gz P/z+(2w/z2 +2w/y2+2w/z2 )= (w/t+uw/x+vw/y+ww/z)
Thustheequationshavebeenreducedto2D(x,y)
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

SimplificationofNavierStokesequation
Fullydevelopedflow
Viscouseffectshavespreadthroughthefluid.
Velocitydoesnotfurtherchangeintheflowdirection.
Thereforeu/x=0
u=u(y)
Bycontinuityequation
u/x+v/y =0
v=v(x)
Thusthevelocitiesdependonlyon1coordinate.

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

AnalyticalSolutionsinSimpleCases
PlaneCouetteFlow

referstothelaminarflowofaviscousfluidinthespacebetween
twoparallelplates,oneofwhichismovingrelativetotheanother.
Thereisnopressuregradientinthedirectionofflow.Fluid is
drivenbythedragforces.
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

PlaneCouetteFlow
Assumptions:
Steady,Incompressible,Fullydevelopedflow
Continuityequation:
(u)/x+(v)/y+(w)/z=0
u/x+0+0=0
u=u(y)
Xdirectionmomentumequation:
gx P/x+(2u/x2 +2u/y2 +2u/z2 )=(u/t+uu/x+vu/y+wu/z)
0 P/x+(0+2u/y2 +0)=(0+0+0+0)
2u/y2 =P/x=constant
Ydirectionmomentumequation:
gy P/y+(2v/x2 +2v/y2 +2v/z2 )=(v/t+uv/x+vv/y+wv/z)
g g+(0+0+0)=(0+0+0+0)
0=0
Zdirectionmomentumequation:
gz P/z+(2w/z2 +2w/y2+2w/z2 )=(w/t+uw/x+vw/y+ww/z)
0=0

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

PlaneCouetteFlow
2u/y2 =P/x=constant
u=(P/x)y2/2 +C1y+C2
BoundaryConditions:
u=Vaty=h
u=0aty=h
Solvinggives:
C1 =V/2h
C2=V/2 (P/x)h2/2
Thus
u=(P/x)(y2 h2 )/2 +(V/2h)y+V/2
IfP/x=0
u=(V/2h)y+V/2

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

AnalyticalSolutionsinSimpleCases
CircularCouetteFlow

Vz =/z=0
InnerCylinderrotateswithangularvelocity.
Velocitydoesnotdependon duetocircularsymmetry.
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

CircularCouetteFlow
Incylindricalcoordinatesystem
Continuityequation:
(1/r){(rVr)/r}+(1/r){(V )/ }+Vz/z=0
Radialdirectionmomentumequation
{Vr (Vr/r)+Vz (Vr/z)+(V /r) (V r / ) V 2/r}= P/r+
{(1/r){(/r)(rV r / r)}+2V r / z2 +(1/r2) (2V r / 2) V r /r2 (2/r2)
(V / )}+g r
directionmomentumequation
{Vr (V /r)+Vz (V /z)+(V /r) (V / )+V Vr /r}= (1/r)P/
2
2
2
2
2
2
+{(1/r) (/r)(rV / r)+ V / z +(1/r ) ( V / ) V /r
+ (2/r2) (Vr / )}+g
Zdirectionmomentumequation
{Vr (Vz/r)+Vz (Vz/z)+(V /r) (V z / )}= P/z+{(1/r) (/r)
(rV z / r)+2V z / z2 +(1/r2) (2V z / 2)}+g z
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

CircularCouetteFlow
Continuity
(1/r){(rVr)/r}+(1/r){(V )/ }+Vz/z=0
rVr =constant=0(sincezeroatinnerandouterboundaries)
Radialdirection
(Vr (Vr/r)+Vz (Vr/z)+(V /r) (V r / ) V 2/r)= P/r+
{(1/r) (/r)(rV r / r)+2V r / z2 +(1/r2) (2V r / 2) V r /r2
(2/r2) (V / )}+g r
direction
(Vr (V /r)+Vz (V /z)+(V /r) (V / )+V Vr /r)= (1/r)P/

+{(1/r) (/r)(rV / r)+2V / z2 +(1/r2) (2V / 2) V

/r2 + (2/r2) (Vr / )}+ g
Zdirection
(Vr (Vz/r)+Vz (Vz/z)+(V /r) (V z / )= P/z+{(1/r) (/
2
2
2
2
2
r)(rV z / r)+ V z / z +(1/r ) ( V z / )}+g z
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

CircularCouetteFlow
(1/r) (/r)(rV / r)=V /r2
V =C1r+C2 /r
BoundaryConditions
atr=roV =0
atr=ri V =ri
Substitutingthevalues
V =(ri)(ro/r r/ro)/(ro/ri ri/ro)

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

AnalyticalSolutionsinSimpleCases
Laminarfilmflowdownaninclinedplane
y
u0,v=w=0
x
angleofinclination

Thicknesshofthefilmisassumedtobeconstant.
Liquidfreesurfaceisexposedtoatmosphericpressure.SoP/x=0
Flowisgravitydriven.
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

Laminarfilmflowdownaninclinedplane
Assumptions:
Steady,Incompressible,Fullydevelopedflow
Continuityequation:
(u)/x+(v)/y+(w)/z=0
u/x+0+0=0
u=u(y)
Xdirectionmomentumequation:
gx P/x+(2u/x2 +2u/y2 +2u/z2 )=(u/t+uu/x+vu/y+wu/z)
gsin 0+(0+2u/y2 +0)=(0+0+0+0)
2u/y2 = gsin
Ydirectionmomentumequation:
gy P/y+(2v/x2 +2v/y2 +2v/z2 )=(v/t+uv/x+vv/y+wv/z)
gcos ( gcos )+(0+0+0)=(0+0+0+0)
0=0
Zdirectionmomentumequation:
gz P/z+(2w/z2 +2w/y2+2w/z2 )=(w/t+uw/x+vw/y+ww/z)
0=0

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

Laminarfilmflowdownaninclinedplane
2u/y2 = gsin
u=( gsin )y2/2 +C1y+C2
BoundaryConditions:
u/ y=0aty=h(neglectingairresistance)
u=0aty=0
Solvinggives:
C1 =gsin h/
C2=0
Thus
u=(gsin h2/ ){y/h (y/h) 2}
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

AnalyticalSolutionsinSimpleCases
FlowinaPipe

u/x=0(fullydevelopedflow)
u=u(r, )=u(r)(circularsymmetry)
V =0=/
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

FlowinaPipe
Continuityequation:
(1/r){(rVr)/r}+(1/r){(V )/ }+ Vx/x=0
rVr =constant=0
Radialdirectionmomentumequation
(Vr (Vr/r)+Vx (Vr/x)+(V /r) (V r / ) V 2/r)= P/r+
{(1/r){(/r)(rV r / r)}+2V r / x2 +(1/r2) (2V r / 2) V r /r2 (2/r2)
(V / )}+g r
directionmomentumequation
(Vr (V /r)+Vx (V /x)+(V /r) (V / )+V Vr /r)= (1/r)P/
+{(1/r) (/r)(rV / r)+2V / x2 +(1/r2) (2V / 2) V /r2
+ (2/r2) (Vr / )}+g
Xdirectionmomentumequation
(Vr (Vx/r)+Vx (Vx/x)+(V /r) (V x / ))= P/x+{(1/r) (/r)
(rV x / r)+2V x / x2 +(1/r2) (2V x / 2)}+g x
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

FlowinaPipe
P/x={(1/r) (/r)(rV x / r)}=constant
u=V x=(P/x)(r2/4 )+C1lnr+C2
BoundaryConditions
atr=Ru=0
atr=0u/r=0
Solvinggives:
C1 =0
2
C2=(P/x)(R /4 )
Hence
u=(P/x)((R2r2)/4 )

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

AnalyticalSolutionsinSimpleCases
ChannelFlow

u/x0(x<entrancelength)
Heretheflowisinthedevelopingstageandisnotparalleltothechannel.(v0)
u/x=0(x>entrancelength)
Forfullydevelopedflowparalleltothechannel.(v=0)
AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

ChannelFlow
Assumptions:
Steady,Incompressible,Fullydevelopedflow
Continuityequation:
(u)/x+(v)/y+(w)/z=0
u/x+0+0=0
u=u(y)
Xdirectionmomentumequation:
gx P/x+(2u/x2 +2u/y2 +2u/z2 )=(u/t+uu/x+vu/y+wu/z)
0 P/x+(0+2u/y2 +0)=(0+0+0+0)
2u/y2 =P/x=constant
Ydirectionmomentumequation:
gy P/y+(2v/x2 +2v/y2 +2v/z2 )= (v/t+uv/x+vv/y+wv/z)
g g+(0+0+0)=(0+0+0+0)
0=0
Zdirectionmomentumequation:
gz P/z+(2w/z2 +2w/y2+2w/z2 )=(w/t+uw/x+vw/y+ww/z)
0=0

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

 2u/y2 =P/x=constant
u=(P/x)y2/2 +C1y+C2
BoundaryConditions:
u=0aty=a
u=0aty=0
Solvinggives:
C1 =(P/x)a /2
C2=0
Thus
u=(P/x)(y2 ay)/2

AnalyticalSolutionofSimplifiedformsofNavierStokes Equation

ConclusionandFinalRemarks
AnalyticalsolutionsofNavierStokesequationexistonlyforsimple
casesdiscussedinthelecture.
NumericalMethodsareusedtosolveNavierStokesEquationfor
complicatedproblems.
ThoughdiscussedforNewtonianfluids,momentumequationsexist
forNonNewtonianfluidsaswell.

References

IntroductiontoFluidMechanicsbyFox,Donald
FluidMechanicsbyFrankM.White