MAJOR PROJECT

BINARY TO GRAY CODE CONVERTER

(THE CIRCUIT CONVERTS BINARY I/P INTO GRAY CODE O/P)

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INTRODUCTION

y The BINARY to GRAY CODE CONVERTER is a digital circuit that is used to convert the binary input into the corresponding equivalent gray code at its output. y The circuit is a simple digital circuit which employs the use of Ex-OR gate IC for its operation. y The output of the circuit i.e. the Gray Code; finds various practical applications. y The Gray code was originally designed to prevent spurious output from electromechanical switches. Today, Gray codes are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.

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GRAY CODE
The Gray code, by Frank Gray, is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit. The gray code is sometimes referred to as reflected binary, because the first eight values compare with those of the last 8 values, but in reverse order.

Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Gray 0000 0001 0011 0010 0110 0111 0101 0100 1100 1101 1111 1110 1010 1011 1001 1000

The table above shows the Binary code and its corresponding Gray code

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CONVERTING BINARY TO GRAY

A. Write down the number in binary code. B. the most significant bit of the gray number is the most significant bit of the binary code. C. add (using modulo 2, this is binary addition with the carry ignored.) the next significant bit of the binary number to the next significant bit of the binary number to obtain the next gray coded bit. D. repeat step C till all bits of the binary coded number have been added modulo 2; the resultant number is the gray coded equivalent of the binary number.

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LIST OF COMPONENTS

SR. no. 1

NAME EX-0R GATE IC7486

SYMBOL

RESISTOR (R1=R2=R3=R4=270)

LED

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PIN DIAGRAM OF 7486

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PCB LAYOUT

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APPLICATIONS OF GRAY CODE

y Genetic algorithms Due to the Hamming distance properties of Gray codes, they are sometimes used in Genetic Algorithms. They are very useful in this field, since mutations in the code allow for mostly incremental changes, but occasionally a single bitchange can cause a big leap and lead to new properties. y Karnaugh maps Gray codes are also used in labeling the axes of Karnaugh maps. y Error correction In modern digital communications, Gray codes play an important role in error correction. For example, in a digital modulation scheme such as QAM where data is typically transmitted in symbols of 4 bits or more, the signal's constellation diagram is arranged so that the bit patterns conveyed by adjacent constellation points differ by only one bit. By combining this with forward error correction capable of correcting single-bit errors, it is possible for a receiver to correct any transmission errors that cause a constellation point to deviate into the area of an adjacent point. This makes the transmission system less susceptible to noise. y Communication between clock domains Digital logic designers use Gray codes extensively for passing multi-bit count information between synchronous logic that operates at different clock frequencies. The logic is considered operating in different "clock domains". It is fundamental to the design of large chips that operate with many different clocking frequencies.

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ADVANTAGES
y y y y Simple circuit Easy to design Compact circuit Wide applications.

DISADVANTAGES
The circuit doesnt have any disadvantages.

CONCLUSION
The circuit is very compact and handy and has wide applications. It finds its application mostly in the communication field. The simple design and low manufacturing cost are the added advantages.

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