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gvQ kxZj iwewk, RjR gi`x cvYx| Rvov ev eRvov cvLbvi mvnvh muuvZvi KvU Ges dzjKvi gvag kvmKvh Pvjvq|
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cyKzi, cvwb, cwiek, cvbv Ges cuywR i mwVK eevcbvB g~j KjvK kj
Pjgv b
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Pjgv b
Pjgv b
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cvwbZ fvmgvb Aevq KPzixcvbv, zw`cvbv BZvw`
Pjgv b
wewfb eqm I AvKvii Ges wewfb cRvwZi gvQ I wPswo cvIqv hvq| cyKzii Zjvi Kv`vi Dci Ges Kv`vi wfZiI wewfb cKvi QvU QvU cvKv I KKxU, kvgyK BZvw` emevm Ki G`iK ejv nq eb_vm| ei Mvq wewfb cvYx I Dw` Rbvq, G`iK ejv nq cwidvBUb (AdDBP)| gZ Dw`, KxU cZ I cvKv BZvw` Ges gvQi gj cyKzii Zj`k Rgv nq| G mg gZ ev cPbkxj e Ges Re c`v_K ejv nq WwUUvm|
cyKyii cwZek we vb
Pjgv b
m~hi Avjvi DcwwZZ cyKzii cvwbZ we`gvb LwbR c`v_ (hgbbvBUvRb, dmdivm) eenvi Ki cyKzii cvwbZ DcwZ dvBUvcvUb Ges eo Re c`v_ eenvi Ki Dw`mg~n Zv`i `n RycvUb, cvKv-gvKo MVb KxU-cZ Zv`i `n Ges Ki KxU-cZ Ges Zv`i Kmg~n AwZ z` Dw`K Lvq, MVb Ki Ze Zv`i Pq Ac vKZ QvU KxU-cZI Lvq wewfb cRvwZi gvQ cvwbZ Rbvbv wewfb aibi cvKwZK Lvevi Lq _vK
cyKzi Lv` P
gRy`c~e eevcbv
cyKzi ms vi RjR AvMvQv wbq Y ivzm I AevwZ gvQ `~ixKiY Pzb cqvM cvwbi welvZv cixv cvKwZK Lv` cixv mvi cqvM
gRy`c~e eevcbv
cyKzi msvi
cvo givgZi iZ
evwnii iv zm I APvlKZ gvQ cyKzi XyKe hjv PvlhvM gvQi wZ Kie evwnii `~wlZ cvwb I ey XzK cyKzii cvwb b Kie cyKzii cvo Bu`yii MZ _vKj cvo mnRB f hve Bu`yii MZ KvuKov, evO, mvc BZvw` Avkq wbe Ges gvQi wZ Kie
gRy`c~e eevcbv
cvo givgZi mgq
Pjgv b
cvo givgZ I Svc-Rj cwi KvRwU kxZKvj ev vii kxZi ci ciB (dvyb-P gvm) Kiv fvj| KviY GB mgq cyKzi cvwb Kg _vK Ges cvo Kbv _vK, gvwU KU cvo fvjfve givgZ Kiv hvq| cyKzii cvo bxPz nj cqvRb gvwdK DuPz Ki wbZ ne|
gRy`c~e eevcbv
Zjv msvi
Pjgv b
cyivZb cyKzi nj Kvjv Kv`v AcmviY Kivi Rb cvwb wb vkY Ki Zjv wKq Kv`vj w`q GK Kv`vj cwigvY gvwU (6cwigvY) mgfve cyKzii Zjv _K mwiq djZ ne| GQvovI cvwb Kwgq GKcvk AvUwKq Abcvk wKq Kv`vj w`q KU cyKzii Zjv ms vi Kiv hvq|
gRy`c~e eevcbv
Pjgv b
RjR AvMvQv `gbi cqvRbxqZv: cyKzi AvMvQv _vKj gvQ Pvl KvwLZ djb cvIqv hvq bv| ZvB cyKzii RjR AvMvQv `gb Kiv Acwinvh| cyKzi AvMvQv wb ic wZ Ki _vK RjR AvMvQv cyKzii cvwbi cyw Dcv`vb Mnb Ki dj gvQi Drcv`b Kg hvq cyKzii cvwbZ m~hi Avjv cek evav mw Ki dj mvjvKmsklb nqbv I cvKwZK Lv` Zix nqbv m~hi Avjv cek evav cvq dj cvwbi Zvcgvv Kg _vK wZKi/ wkKvix cvYxi Avkqj wnmve KvR Ki gvQ wVKgZ Pjvdiv KiZ cvi bv AvMvQv cP cyKzii cvwb b I wewfb ivM-evjvB mw Ki
gRy`c~e eevcbv
RjR AvMvQv `gbi cwZ
Pjgv b
KvwqK kg cwZ: cyKzii hveZxq AvMvQv `v-KvuwP w`q KU evBi dj `Iqv wkKomn Zzj djv fvmgvb AvMvQv `wo w`q Ub cyKzii GK cvk Rov evBi dj `Iqv RweK cwZ: Mvm Kvc I micywU Dw`fvRx gvQ vivI wKQz wKQz AvMvQv `gb me|
gRy`c~e eevcbv
iv zm I AevwZ gvQ
Pjgv b
iv zm gvQ: h mKj gvQ Ab gvQ/PvlKZ gvQK mivmwi Lq dj G`iK iv zm gvQ ej| hgbkvj, UvwK, MRvi, evqvj, KvwKjv, ej, dwj, wPZj BZvw`| Gjv cyKzi _vKj PvlKZ cvbv/gvQ Lq dj|
gRy`c~e eevcbv
Pjgv b
AevwZ gvQ: h mKj gvQ cyKzi Pvli Rb c~e wbavwiZ/KvwLZ gvQK mivmwi bv LjI Lv`, evmvb, AwRb BZvw` wbq PvlKZ gvQi mv_ cwZhvwMZv Ki G`iK AevwZ gvQ ej| Kvb GKwU cRvwZi gvQ GK cyyKzii Rb KvwLZ njI Ab cyyKzii Rb AevwZ nZ cvi|
gRy`c~e eevcbv
Pjgv b
cyKzi wKq Nb-duvmi Rvj Ub eowk eenvi Ki ivUbb cqvM ei ivUbbi cwigvYKi Kivi cwZ:
cyKzii h Ask cvwb AvQ, Zvi
(`N c MfxiZv) dzU = ivUbbi cwigvY cqvM gvv (Mvg) (Mvg) 435.6 A A cvwb wgwkq c_g KvB ev AvUvi iywU ZwiigZ Lvwg evbvZ ne wZb fvM Ki GK fvM QvU QvU ej evwbq mg cyKzii cwbi DcwifvM mgvbfve wQwUq w`Z ne| evwK `yB fvM cvwbZ j ej Qovbvi 15-20 wgwbU ci mg cyKzi wQwUq w`Z ne| fm DVv/giv gvQ Rvj w`q `Z mwiq djZ ne|
Pzb cqv M
gRy`c~e eevcbv
Pjgv b
Rxevbymgyn gviv hvq y Pzb cqvMi dj cvwbi NvjvZ `~i nq y ciRxwe, evKUwiqv I ivMRxevby a sm Ki y mvii KvhKvixZv ew Ki (wc GBP-i gvv ewi gvag) y mvjvKmsklbi Rb KvebWvBAvBWi mieivn evovq y ZivMi cwZivaK wnmve KvR Ki
gvQ Pvl wcGBPi cfve
gRy`c~e eevcbv
Pzb cqvMi mgq y wel cqvMi 7-10 w`b ci y mvi cqvMi 7 w`b c~e Pzbi cKvi I gvv y Kov iv` Pyb cqvM Kij fvj dj cvIqv hvq
Pjgv b
Pzbi ivmvqwbK bvg MVb cv_yi CaCO3 Pyb cvov CaO Pzb Kwj Ca(OH)2 Pzb Wjvgv CaMg(CO )
cqvMgvv (cwZ kZvsk) 3-4 KwR 1-2 KwR 2-3 KwR 3-4 KwR
Pjgv b
Pzb cqvM cwZ y Kbv cyKzi: cqvRbxq cwigvY Pzb ov Ki Zjv, Xvj I cvo mn cyKzii h ch cvwb IV m ch mgvbfve wQwUq w`Z ne| y cvwb fwZ cyKzi: wji evjwZ ev gvwUi cv cvwb wbq Pzb fvjfve wjq cyKzii me gM ev evwU w`q mgvbfve wQwUq w`Z ne| mZKZv/weeP welq y cvwKi evjwZZ Pzb jvbv hvebv y Pzb jvbv I wQUvbi mgq bvK-gyL MvgQv w`q eua wbZ ne y evZvmi AbyKzj wQUvZ ne y cvwb fwZ cyKzi Mig Pzb wQUvbv hve bv y cv cvwb w`q cvwbi ga Pzb w`Z ne y gNjv A_ev ewi w`b Pzb eenvi Kiv hve bv y PvL Pzb jvMj cwi vi cvwb w`q evi evi ayq djZ
mvi cqvM cwZ cqvMi 24 N Uv cye wUGmwc mvi wfwRq ivLZ ne cqvMi c~e I ARe mvi GK A_ev Avjv`v Re Avjv`v cvwbZ j cyKzii meB mgvbfve wQUvZ ne Re Kbv cyKzii mvi cyKzii mg Ask Qwoq w`Z ne mvi cqvMi mgq cyKzi Pzb cqvMi Kgc 7 w`b ci cvbv Qvovi Kgc 7 w`b c~e mvi w`Z ne mZKZv/weeP welq gNjv AvKvk Ges ewi mgq mvi `qv DwPZ bv cvwbi is AwZwi meyR _vKj mvi `qv e ivLZ ne
Pjgv b
Pjgv b
cvKwZK Lv` che Y cwZ cvwbi is wVK AvQ wKbv Zv c_g wbRi PvL cheY KiZ ne| cvKwZK Lv` cwigvci cwZmg~nmwK wW cixv: eenvii mgq: m~h DVvi ci|
100-120 m.wg 10 m.wg 20 m.wg
Pjgv b
Mvm cixv: mvi cqvMi 5-7 w`b ci Nb MvgQvi mvnvh cvwb msMn Ki cwi vi KuvPi Mvm wbZ ne| m~hi AvjvZ hw` Mvmi ga meyR KYv, z` cvYxKYv (Mvm cwZ 5-10wU) `Lv hvq, Ze eySZ ne cvKwZK Lv` AvQ| iwb, Qvcgviv, A^Q Mvm A_ev Nvjv cvwbZ djvdj eySv hvebv| nvZ w`q cixv: mgq: m~h DVvi ci mZKZv: Nvjv cvwbZ I gNjv w`b eenvi Kiv hvebv
Pjgv b
cvsKUb bU (RycvsKUb) :
cvwbi eYi Dci wfw Ki cvKwZK Lv`i cwigvY I gvQ Pvli DchvMxZv wbYq: gvQ Pvl Dchvw MZv DchvMx bq DchvMx wZKi Dg
cvKwZK Lv`i cwigvY I cKwZ Dw`-c-vsKUb bvB cwigvYgZ Dw`-c-vsKUb AvQ AwZwi Dw`-c-vsKUb AvQ cwigvY gZ Dw` I cvYx c-vsKUb AvQ|
Pjgv b
`yB: h cyKzi cvbv gRy` Kiv ne mB cyKzii GK evjwZ cvwb (10-12 wjUvi) wbq cvwbi welvZv cix v Kiv hvq| GB `yBwU evjwZ wbZ ne, hvi GKwUZ cyKzii cvwb AbwUZ wUDeIqji cvwb _vKe| cZK evjwZZ mgvb msLK cvbv w`Z ne Ges 3-4 N Uv cheYi ci hw` `Lv hvq Dfq evjwZi cvbvi AvPiY I euP _vKvi nvi GKB iKg, Ze eySZ ne cvwbZ welvZv bB| civgk: hw` cix vKvjxb mgq cvbv gviv hvq m AviI KqKw`b Ac v KiZ ne Ges c~Yivq welvZv cix v Ki cvbv QvoZ ne|
Pjgv b
gRy` NbZ wbaviY cyKzi cvbvi gRy` NbZ wbfi Ki cyKzii AvKvi gvwUi aib KvwLZ Drcv`b AvKvi I evRvi Pvwn`v cvbvi AvKvi MfxiZv cyKzii aib (evrmwiK/g mygx) Pvl cwZ eevcbvi aib
Pjgv b
weeP welq bZzb cyKzi Dcii ii gvQ I cyivZb cyKzi nj Zj`ki Lv` Lvq Ggb gvQ ewk w`Z ne g mygx cyKzi `yZ eabkxj _vB micuywU, wMdU Zjvwcqv, wmjfvi Kvc, KvwcI gvQ ewk w`Z ne ej gvwUi cyKzi _vB micuywU I wmjfvi Kvci fvj Drcv`b cvIqv hvq AvniYKZ gvQi KvwLZ AvKvii DciI gRy` NbZ wbfi Ki GKB AvKvii njI Kg NbZ gRy`KZ cvbv, ekx NbZ gRy`KZ cvbvi Zzjbvq Kg mgq ew cvq GKB NbZ wfb wfb AvKvii cvbv gRy` KijI wbw` mgq ci AvniYKZ gvQi AvKvi wfb
Pjgv b
cvbvi Drm I cvw wbwZ KiY cvbv gRy`i c~eB cvbvi Drm, cvw I cwienb eev wbwZ KiZ ne, hvZ Ki cyKzi cZi ci ciB cvbv gRy` Kiv hvq|
mycvwikKZ cRvwZ I Zv`i gRy` NbZ: Kvc RvZxq gv gRy` DchvMx AvKvi (Bw) 5-6 4-5 5-6 5-6 2-3 7-8 2-2.5
cvi|
cRvwZ
gWj-1
gWj-2
wmjfvi Kvc 10 - 15 12 iB 4-6 8 KvZjv 3-5 4 gMj 3-4 KgbKvc 3-4 MvmKvc 3-4 4 micyvU 10 - 12 Ze cyKzii eevcbv fvj nj wekl Ki cvwb mieivn I wks 100 wbvkbi eev _vKj gRy` msLv evovbv hZ gvU 36 - 50 128
wgkPvl kZvsk cwZ gRy` NbZ: g mywg cyKzi bgybv bgyb bgyb bgyb bgyb bgyb cRvwZ -1 v-2 v-3 v-4 v-5 v-6 16 wmjfvi 20 8 15 20 5 Kvc iB 2 micuywU 8 20 5 20 Zjvwcqv 40 8 MvmKv 2 2 3-4 c 8 Kgb 5 5 3-4 Kvc Mj`v 30 30 wPswo
wewfb
cvKwZK m~iK/mylg Lv`i Lv`i cqvRbxqZ cqvRbxqZv (%) v (%) evcK cwZ 100 0 Db Z evcK 70 30 cwZ Avav wbweo 50 50 cwZ wbweo cwZ 0 100
gRy`Kvjxb eevcbv
fvj cvbv mbvKiY cvbv cwienb cvbv gRy` cvbv kvab
gRy`Kvjxb eevcbv
fvj I Lvivc cvbv Pbvi Dcvq fvj cvbv
y `ni is Dj SKSK _vK y AvuBk wcwQj _vK y `n Ges dzjKvq Kvb `vM _vK bv y jR wUc aij `Z gv_v bvovq y me mgq Pj _vK I `Z mvZvi KvU y cv mvZ mw Kij cvbv mvZi wecixZ Pj y kixii MVb ^vfvweK _vK
Pjgv b
Lvivc cvbv
y `ni is dvKvk weeY nq y AvuBk LmLm _vK y `n, cvLbv I dzjKvq jvj `vM _vK y jR wUc aij Av Av gv_v bvovq y me mgq wi _vK y cv mvZ mw Kij cvbv mvZi mv_B Nyi y kixii MVb ^vfvweK _vK bv
gRy`Kvjxb eevcbv
Pjgv b
cvbv cwienb cwZ mbvZb cwZZ Wvg ev Gjywgwbqvgi nvwoZ cvbv cwienb: cwienbi 10-12 N Uv c~e Lv` cqvM e KiZ ne cwienb cvi `yB ZZxqvsk wUDeIqji cvwb I GK ZZxqvsk cyKzii cvwb gkvZ ne cvbv fwZ cvi gyL Nb duvmi Rvj viv XK w`Z ne cwienbKvj 2-3 N Uv A i A i cvi `yB/wZb fvM cvwb cwieZb KiZ ne cwienbKvj cvi cvwb nvZ w`q Av `vwjZ KiZ ne, hvZ evZvm _K cvwbZ AwRb wgkZ cvi
gRy`Kvjxb eevcbv
AvaywbK cwZZ cvbv cwienb
Pjgv b
KiZ ne| | cwjw_b evM wQ` AvQ wK bv Zv fvjfve cix v KiZ ne| GKwU evMi fZi AviKwU evM XywKq Kvbvjv kfve euvaZ ne hb m me vb Kvb gB cvbv AvUK bv hvq| AZtci evMi 1/ Ask cvwb c~Y KiZ ne| 3 gvQi cvbv evMi wfZi wbq 2/3Ask AwRb viv c~Y KiZ ne Ges cwjw_b evMi gyL k Ki euvab w`Z ne| GKmv_ AbK evM cwienb Kiv nj evMjv Zvc
gRy`Kvjxb eevcbv
Kvci cvbvi cwienb NbZ cwienb cwZ AwRb evM AvKvi (mwg) 3 4 5 6 7 3-5 7 - 10 NbZ/wjUvi cvwb 33-35 wU 20 wU 13 wU 5 wU 4 wU 15 wU 5- 6 wU
Pjgv b
cwienb `~iZ (NUv) 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 3-4 3-4
nvwo
gRy`Kvjxb eevcbv
Pjgv b
mZKZv cwienb cv fRv Kvco ev PU w`q XK ivLZ ne cwienb Kvj cvwZj Qvqvhy vb ivLZ ne Kvco ev PU w`q XK ivLZ ne cwienbKvj cvi cvwbi Av `vjb wbwZ KiZ ne AvaywbK cwZZ cvbv cwienb cv AwRbi mieivn wbwZ KiZ ne
gRy`Kvjxb eevcbv
cvbv kvab
Pjgv b
cyKzi cvbv gRy`i AvM cvbvjvK Rxevbygy Kiv cqvRb evjwZZ 10 wjUvi cvwb wbq ZvZ 1 Pv PvgP cwigvY cUvwkqvg cvigvvbU ev 200 Mvg jeY gkvZ ne| wbw` msLK cvbv gkvixRvj wbq GB wgkY 1-1.5 wgwbU Mvmj KivZ ne| cwZevi 300-350 wU Ki cvbvK Mvmj Kivbv hve GKB `eb 4-5 evi eenvi Kiv hvq
gRy`Kvjxb eevcbv
AfKiY I gRy` Kb
bZzb cwieki mv_ Af Ki bqvi Rb
Pjgv b
mgZv Avbqbi Rb cwieki Zvcgvv I AwRbi ZviZgi KviY gZy nvi iva Kivi Rb
KLb
cvbv Qvovi c~e g~Z
gRy`Kvjxb eevcbv
AfKiY I gRy`
Kxfve - avivevwnK KvRjv
Pjgv b
A`j e`j Ki `yB cvwbi Zvcgvv mgZvq AvbZ ne nvZ w`q gvS gvS cwienb cv Ges cyKzii cvwbi Zvcgvvi eeavb cix v KiZ ne `yB cvwbi Zvcgvvi eeavb 1-20 m Gi ekx bv nq Dfq cvwbi Zvcgvv mgvb nj cvi gyL KvZ Ki ai evBi _K fZii w`K mvZi ee v KiZ ne G Ae vq my , mej cvbv mvZi wecixZ axi axi evBi Pj hve A_ev cvbvjv nvjKvfve nvcvi ga Qo AbeiZ 20-30 wgwbU cvwbi SvcUv w`Z ne AZci wekvgi ci cyKzi QvoZ ne
gRy`Kvjxb eevcbv
cvbv Qovi mgq
Pjgv b
mKvj A_ev weKvj `ycyii iv`, gNjv w`b ev fvcmv AvenvIqvq cvbv
Qvov DwPZ bq
m~iK Lv` cqvM cyKzi gRy` cieZx mvi cqvM bgybvqb I niiv Uvbv evRviRvZ KiY AvniY I cybtgRy`
Pjgv b
myiK Lv` Kx gvQ I wPswoi cvbvi `Z ewi Rb cvKwZK Lvevii cvkvcvwk evBi _K h me evowZ Lvevi `qv nq mjvK m~iK Lvevi ej| Kvc RvZxq c-vUbfvRx gvQ h_v- iB, KvZjv, gMj, KgbKvc Ges wPswo, G Qvov I ZYfvRx Mvm Kvc cfwZ gvQ m~iK Lv` MnY Ki _vK| myiK Lv`i cKvif` Drm Abyhvqx G me Dcv`vbK `ywU kYxZ fvM Kiv hvq| hgb Dw`RvZ: Pvji Kzov, Mgi fywl, Pvji Ly`, AvUv, wPUvo, mwilvi wZji zw`cvbv, KzwU cvbv, big Lj, Lj, Nvm, kxZKvjxb kvK-mewR, Kjvi cvZv, cuc cvZv, Avjyi cvZv, mRb cvZv, bwcqvi Nvm BZvw`|
Pjgv b
m~lg m~iK Lv`i Lv` Dcv`vb wewfb gvQi cRvwZ, AvKvi, RxebP i wewfb `kv, FZz cfwZ weePbv Ki m~iK Lv`i wewfb cyw Dcv`vbi gvv wVK KiZ nq| gvQi `n MVb, kw Drcv`b Ges wewfb kvixiewq mv`bi Rb Avwgl (Protein), Pwe (Lipids/Fat),kKiv,(Carbohydrates),wfUvwgb gvQi cyw Pvwn`v: jeY (Minerals) AZxe cqvRbxq| (Vitamins) Ges LwbR my mejfve euP _vKv I `Z `wnK ewi Rb gvQi Lv`I mylg Lvevii mejv Dcv`vb Acwinvh| wK G me Dcv`vbi ga Avwgl mePq ekx c qvRb| m KviY gvQi cyw Pvwn`v ejZ mvaviYfve Avwgli Pvwn`vK eySvq| gvQi cyw Pvwn`v G`i eqm I c RvwZi Dci wbfi Ki| cvKwZK Lv` _K gvQ gvU Pvwn`vi 5-15% Avwgl cq _vK| mB weePbvq Zix Lv` 25-30% Avwgl _vKjB Lv`K mylg wnme M nb Kiv hZ cvi|
Pjgv b
cyKzi PvlhvM gvQi Lv` Avwgli Pvwn`v wb cRvwZ Avwgli cwigvY cRvwZ Avwgli cwigvY ic:
28-35 28-35 35-40 gvwmK ewi nvi `wbK ewi nvi (Mvg) (Mvg) 2-5 60-150 1-3 30-90 1-2 30-60 1-2 30-60 2-4 60-120 2-5 60-150 0.5-1.5 15-45
Pjgv b
Avwgl 15.1 15.9 32-35 27.20 50-55 45-60 50-55 12.8 4.45 7.7 52.5
Pwe 18.9 5.4 13.44 13.18 12.22 7.87 12.36 3.0 2.80 3.2
Pjgv b
bxq Dcv`v Lv` cqvRbxq Dcv`vbi bi cwig Dcv`vbi Lv` Dcv`v Lv` cwigvY/ g~j/ g~j/KwR Dcv`vb vY KwR KwR b (%) (%) Lv` (UvKv) Lv` (UvKv) (Mvg) wdmwgj 10 55 5.50 100 40 4.00 mwilvi 25 32 8.00 250 25 6.25 Lj mqvweb 10 52.5 5.25 100 26 2.60 Lj Dcv`vbi evRvi g~j Dci wfw Ki ZixKZ Lvevii `vg KgZe Pvji nZ cvi ekx 50 15.4 7.70 500 18 9.00 Kzov AvUv 5 12.8 0.64 50 20 1.00
myiK Lv` cqvMi iZ AwaK NbZ gvQ Pvl Kiv hvq gvQ `Z ew cvq A mgq gvQ wew i DchvMx nq gvQi gZy nvi AbKvsk Kg hvq gvQi ivM cwZiva gZv ew cvq A AvqZbi Rjvkq nZ AwaK Drcv`b cvIqv hvq gRy` NbZ hZB evoZ _vKe Kwg/m~iK Lv`i cqvRbxqZv ZZB evoZ _vKe| Lv` wbevPb weeP welq Lv` cvwi mnRjfZv Lv`i g~j I cywY DP Lv` cwieZb nvi Pvlxi Avw_K msMwZ
Pjgv b
Pjgv b
wewfb aibi DcKiY eenvi Ki Lye mnRB gvQ I Mj`v wPswoi Lv` Zwi Kiv hvq| c qvRbxq Lj Kgc 12-24 N Uv c~e wY cvwbZ wfwRq iL Dci _K fvmgvb Zjhy cvwb dj w`Z ne| Pvji Kyov,f~wm I wdkwgj fvjfve Pvjywb Ki wbZ ne Pvji Ly` eenvi Kiv nj m Ki wbZ ne mg DcKiYjv GKwU cv wbq fvjfve gkvZ ne AvUv cwigvY gZ cvwbZ dzwUq AvVvjv c`v_ Zwi KiZ ne DcKiYjv AvVvjv c`v_ viv gL KvuB Zwi Ki QvU QvU ej evbvZ ne|
Pjgv b
m~iK Lv` cqvM mvaviYZ gvQ w`bi ejvq Lv` MnY Ki w`bi cqvRbxq Lvevi mgvb `yfvM Ki GKfvM mKvj 1011Uvq Ges Aci fvM weKj 3-4 Uvq cqvM Kiv nq| KvcRvZxq gvQK cvwbi Dcwi Zj nZ 30 m.wg. wbP cvvk gvQK Lv` `qvi mgq cvwbZ gai Lv``vbx vcb Kiv DwPZ| Kvb KviY Lv``vbx eenvi Kiv me bv nj cwZw`b cyKzii Zjvq KqKwU wbw` RvqMvq Lvevi cqvM KiZ ne Kvc-wPswo/wks wgkPvli cyKzi cwZw`bi cqvRbxq Lvevi `yfvM fvM Ki GKfvM mKvj 6Uvi AvM Ges AviKevi mv 6Uvi ci cqvM KiZ nq|
Pjgv b
GdwmAvi-Lv` i cv i nvi (FCR Food Conversion Ratio) Lv` i cv i nvi njv Lv` cqvM Ges Lv` MnYi dj Rxei `wnK ewi AbycvZ| A_vr 1 KwR gvQ cZ hZ KwR Lvevi LvIqvZ nq, ZvnvB Lv` i cv i AbycvZ| Gd.wm.Avi = c `vbKZ Lv`/ `wnK ew `wnK ew = (AvniYKvjxb gvU IRb) - (gRy`Kvjxb gvU IRb) Lv`i cwigvY wbaviY t Kvc RvZxq gvQi `wnK IRbi `wbK Lv`i mv_Mo IRb (Mvg) Lv` cqvMi mK cwigvY (%) 1-5 10 5-10 5 10-50 50-500 3
Pjgv b
fvj djb cZ nj cyKzi wbqwgZ mvi w`Z ne| cyKzi cvKwZK Lv`i DcwwZi Dci wfw Ki mvi cqvM KiZ ne| mvii aib `wbK gvv/kZvsk Mvei 200 - 250 Mvg A_ev 300 - 400 Mvg Kv 100 - 125 Mvg Re mvi nuvmgyiMxi wev ivmvqwbK/ BDwiqv 3 - 4 Mvg hw`ARe mvi wUGmwc c qvM Kiv Mvg bv nq Zvnj `wbK wKwZ mvi 4 - 6 me `wbK gvvK 7 viv Y Ki mvvwnK ev 15 viv Y Ki cvwK gvv ei Ki c qvM KiZ ne|
Pjgv b
bgybvqb I niiv Uvbv: Kb, KLb Ges Kxfve bgybvqb: bgybvKiY nQ Ggb GKwU cwZ hvi gvag gvS gvS Rvji mvnvh gvQ ai cyKzii gvUvgywU mKj gvQi gvU IRb I ^v (ivM) m^ mgK aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| bgybvqb Kivi cqvRbxqZv cyKzii gvU gvQi IRb Rvbv| gvQi ew nvi Rvbv Ges cqvMKZ Lv`gvb m^ mgK aviYv bqv| gvQK wK nvi Lvevi `qv `iKvi Zvnv wbi cY Kiv| gvQi ^v cix v Kiv| ivMv v gvQi ivM wbYq Ges cqvRbxq eev bqv|
Pjgv b
bgybvqbi mgq wKQz weeP welq bgybvqbi mvweK Z_ cZ nj cwZwU cRvwZi gvU msLvi 5-10% gvQ aiZ ne| bgybvqbi QvU-eo me mvBRi gvQ wbq bgybvKiY Kij fvj dj cvIqv hvq| bgybvqbi eo Rvj eenvi Kiv fvj| Ze eo Rvji Afve QvU cyKzii SvuwK Rvj eenvi Kiv hve, Ze m cyKzii wewfb RvqMv _K gvQ ai bgybvKiY KiZ ne| cZK bgybvqb eo Rvj `yB evii ewk Kvb fveB Uvbv wVK bq| gvQ gRy`i GK _K `yB gvm ci bgybvKiY i KiZ ne Ges cZK gvm GKevi Ki bgybvqb KiZ ne|
Pjgv b
niiv Uvbv: cyKzii `yB cv nZ Ub hvi gvag Zjvi Kv`v DjU-cvjU Kiv hvq ZvKB niiv ej| `woZ BU ev h Kvb IRb eua niiv Kiv hvq| niiv Zix Zwii Rb gvSLvb wQ`hy cvovgvwUi Zwi wekl aibi wU evRvi wKbZ cvIqv hvq| cyKzii Gcvo GKRb Icvo GKRb `vuwoq cyKzii GK cvk _K Ab cvk niiv Ub hZ ne| GB fve cici `yevi Uvbj fvj nq| niiv Uvbvi dj cyKzii Zjvi wZKi Mvm mg~n `~ixfyZ nq| mvaviYZ: gvm 2 evi A_vr 15 w`b ci ci niiv UvbZ nq| G QvovI cqvRb AviI ekx evi niiv Uvbv hZ cvi|
Pjgv b
AvniY I evRviRvZKiY: jvfRbKfve gvQ Pvli Rb mwVK mgq I mwVK cwZZ AvniY Acwinvh| cyKzi nZ `yfve gvQ AvniY Kiv hvq: AvswkK AvniY m~Y AvniY gvQ AvniYi mvaviY weeP welqjv nPQK) gvQi AvKvi I IRb L) evRvi g~j M) SuywK gvQi AvKvi I IRb: A_bwZKfve ekx jvfi Rb AcvKZ eo gvQ jvK AvniY Ki QvU jvK eo nIqvi myhvM Ki `Iqv DwPZ| wb DjwLZ nvi gvQi IRb njB AvniY Kiv DwPZ KvZjv: 500 Mvg, wmjfvi Kvc I cvmKvc: 750 Mvg ev Zvi ekx iB: 400- 500 Mvg ev Zvi ekx
Pjgv b
evRvi g~j: gvQ AvniY Kivi c~e AekB evRvi Pvwn`v Ges evRvi `vg hvPvB Ki bIqv DwPZ| SuywK: wewfb cKvi SuzwKi KviY gvQ Pvl wZM nIqvi mvebv _vK| ebv, Liv , Pzwi BZvw` weePbv Ki gvQ AvniY Kiv DwPZ| Avevi kxZi iZ eo gvQ aiZ Mj AvNvZ cv QvU gvQi BbdKkb nq gviv hvIqvi mvebv _vK| ZvB Dciv SuzwK weePbvq iL gvQ aivi wmv Mnb Kiv DwPZ| AvswkK AvniY I cyb:gRy`: cyKzi eo gvQ iL w`j AwaK jvf cvIqv hvqbv| ZvB evRviRvZKiYi DchvMx gvQ ai djZ ne| GZ AcvKZ QvU gvQjv chv RvqMv I Lvevi cvIqvi dj `Z ew cve| A_bwZKfve jvfevb nIqvi Rb AvswkK AvniY Kiv AbK hywhy|
Pjgv b
AvswkK AvniY KiYxq: evRviRvZ DchvMx gvQ ai djZ ne AvniYi ci ciB eo cvbv cybtgRy` KiZ ne AvniYKZ msLvi Pq cwZwU cRvwZi kZKiv 20 wU cvbv ekx gRy` KiZ ne myY AvniY: evRviRvZKiYi DchvMx me gvQ Rvj Ub ev cyKzi wKq m~Y AvniY Kiv hvq| Ze cvwb m~Y Kvbvi c~e Rvj Ub hZ`~i me gvQ ai djZ ne|
Pjgv b
KiYxq: gvQ Qvqvhy vb ivLv Kvb iKg AvNvZ cv/weKZ bv nq mw`K Lqvj ivLv evRviRvZKiYi c~e gyZB gvQ AvniY Kiv
gvQ ai c_g nvcvq ivLv Ges Rxqj Ki RxweZ Aevq evRviRvZKiY
gvQ Wvg
eidi eev _vKj msiY Ki evRviRvZ Kiv evRvii iZB hvZ gvQ evRvi DVvbv hvq, m weePbv Ki mgqgZ gvQ aiv
Pjgv b
Drcv`b: Kvc RvZxq gvQi wgk Pvl 8-10 gvm GKi cwZ 2.5 - 3.0 Ub gvQ Drcv`b Kiv me| civgk: gRy`KZ gvQK wbqwgZ gvb mZ mylg Lvevi mieivn KiZ ne cyKzii cvo DuPz ivLZ ne hvZ AwaK elvq gvQ ei nq hZ bv cvi| wbqwgZ Rvj Ub gvQi ^v cix v KiZ ne cvwbi YvYi cwZ wekl Lqvj ivLZ ne cyKzi c-vsKUb ekx nj cvwb cwieZb KiZ ne ev mvi cqvM e ivLZ ne y
Pjgv b
cwZKvi: Lv` I mvi cqvM mvgwqKfve e ivLZ ne cqvRb nj cvwb cwieZb KiZ ne kZvsk cwZ 1 KwR nvi Pzb cqvM KiZ ne wmjfvi Kvc Qo RweKfve wbq Y Kivi eev Kiv hZ cvi
Pjgv b
cvwbi Dci jvj i AwZwi j n A_ev BDMbv RvZxq kIjvi Rb cvwbi Dci jvj i ci cwZKvi: avbi Lo ev KjvcvZv cuwPq `wo evwbq cvwbi Dci fm _vKv jvj i Ub Zzj djv hvq kZvsk cwZ 100-125 Mvg BDwiqv mvi 2-3 evi wQwUq w`j fvj djvdj cvIqv hvq wdUwKwi 100 Mvg/kZvsk nvi eenvi Kij fvj dj cvIqv hvq
Pjgv b
cvwbi NvjvZ: cyKzi cvwbi NvjvZ gvQ Pvli AbZg cavb mgmv| cyKzi AZwaK fvmgvb c`v_ ev z` gvwUi KYv NvjvZ mw Ki| GQvov ewi avqv cvwbZ cyKzi Nvjv nq hZ cvi| Gi dj m~hi Avjv cek evav cvq Ges cvwbZ Lv` nqbv| GgbwK dzjKv b Zix nq hZ cvi| cwZKvi: kZvsk cwZ 1-2 KwR nvi cvov Pzb ev 1.5-2 KwR nvi wRcmvg cqvM KiZ ne wdUwKwi 250 Mvg/kZvsk nvi w`jI NvjvZ `~i nq kZvsk cwZ 1 KwR Lo AvwU eua cvwbZ Wzweq eenvi Kiv hZ cvi cyKzii cvo fvjfve givgZ KiZ ne, hvZ ewi mgq cvo f cvwb Nvjv bv nq Ges evwni _K ewi cvwb XzKZ bv cvi
Pjgv b
Avijvwmm (gvQi DKzb) t me aibi gvQ G ivM nZ cvi| mvaviYZ gvQi cvLbv I AvuBki dvuK Avijvm bvgK GK cKvi ciRxex viv gvQ Av v nq| Mx I elvKvj Avijvmi Av gb ewk nq _vK| j Y gvQ Aweivg QvUvQzwU KiZ _vK gvQi Mvq G ciRxex jM _vKZ `Lv hvq Lvwj PvLB gvQ k wRwbmi m Mv NlZ _vK `ni wewfb vb jvM Zi mw nq cwZKvi 10 wj. cvwbZ 200 Mvg jeY wgwkq H `eY gvQK Mvmj Kivbv cyKzi 6-12 Mvg/kZvsk/dzU nvi wWcUvi ci ci 3 mvn cqvM A_ev mywgw_qb 2-3 wgwj/kZvsk/dzU nvi ci ci 3 mvn
Pjgv b
jR I cvLbv cPv ivM G ivM mvaviYZ Avivgvbvm I wgv- evKUwiqv viv msNwUZ nq _vK| KvcRvZxq gvQ Av gY ewk njI gvS gvS cvvk gvQI G ivM `Lv hvq| mvaviYZ Mx I elvKvj gvQ G ivM Av v nq _vK| j Y gvQi `n NvjvU eY aviY Ki ZKi wcwQjZv Kg hvq cv_wgK chvq jR I cvLbvq jvj `vM `Lv hvq cvLbvq c`v wQuo hvq Ges Av Av qcv nq| cwZiva cyKzi 1 KwR /kZvsk nvi Pzb cqvM | cwZKvi 2.5 % jeY cvwbZ 2-3 wgwbU Mvmj 2-4 wcwcGg cUvwkqvg cvigvvbU `eY 1 wgwbU
Pjgv b
ZivM: eZgvb ZivM ivM gvQ Pvli GKwU mvaviY mgmv| jY: cv_wgK chvq gvQi Mvq QvU QU jvj `vM `Lv `q gv ^q jvj `vMi j Mfxi Zi mw nq gvQi `n wekl Ki jR, cvLbv I KvbKvZ cPb I Z `Lv hvq gvQ Lv` Mnb Kibv Ges chvq g ecKfve gviv hvq cwZKvi: gRy`i AvM cyKzi Rxevbygy KiZ ne Av v cyKzi kZvsk cwZ 1 KwR nvi Pzb cqvM KiZ ne cwZ KwR Lvevi 1-2 Mvg AwUUvmvBwKb wgwkq 5-7 w`b LvIqvZ ne
gy AvjvPbv
mKjK abev`