5.

7 PLASTIC BENDING OF STRAIGHT BEAMS

Recall the stress-strain diagram for mild steel.
5.7.1
FRACTURE
E
1
Strain
Stress
diagram

Obtained from unaxial test

E
1

YP
YP
Back to Class-note contents
Example
M
F P
is the bending moment at which the entire section will become plastic, or the
bending moment associated with yielding that has penetrated the entire depth is called
the fully plastic moment. Note that the M
F P
is the ultimate moment capacity of a
section. If M M
F P
> , then a structure will collapse. When M reaches M
F P
, we
say that a plastic hinge has been formed. If the number of plastic hinges exceeds
certain value, then the structure or a member will collapse.
5.7.2
P
n.a.
yp
STRAIN VARIATIONS
<

=

yp >

yp

yp

yp yp

yp
1 2
3 4

yp

yp
Stress - Variations
Partially
Plastic
Fully
Plastic
Elastic First
Yield
Partially
Plastic
Fully
Plastic
P
P
Real hinge
Real hinge
Plastic Hinge
P
Plastic Hinge
Collapse
Real hinge
Real hinge
L 2 L 2
COMPUTATION OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITIES
Elastic Moment Capacity
Always C T from equilibrium consideration.
Elastic moment capacity

M C d
b d
d
b d
F E y p
y p

|
.

`
,

|
.

`
,

f o r c e
m o m e n t a r m

2
3
1
2 2
2
3 6
2

5.7.3
M
FE
yp C (0.5)
yp
(0.5)
yp
bd
2
T (0.5)

yp
A
T
(0.5)
yp
2
bd
A
C
A
C
A
T
d 2
d 2
2d/3
b
PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY
C T always, from equilibrium consideration.
Plastic moment capacity (fully plastic)
5.7.4
A
T
yp
C
yp
yp

bd
2
T
yp
A
T
2
bd

yp
A
C
A
C d 2
d 2
b
d 2

M C
d b d d
b d
F P y p
y p

|
.

`
,

|
.

`
,

f o r c e
m o m e n t a r m

2 2 2 4
2

U l t i m a t e m o m e n t c a p a c i t y o f t h e
s e c t i o n
Elastic and Plastic Section Modulus
5.7.5
1
2
d
C
C
b
Note that
6
2
bd
M
yP FE

For elastic bending we have
I
My

Here
b d I
C C
S
2
1 2
6

called section modulus

Note that for unsymmetrical section, C C
1 2
, and we may have two different section
moduli, one corresponding to C
1
and the other corresponding to C
2
. For a general case
M S
F E y p

m i n
Plastic Neutral Axis
Note that for a general case, plastic neutral axis will be different from the elastic neutral
axis. For a plastic section, A A
C T
always.
M C y T y
F P C T
+
where C = Total compressive force =

y p C
A
T = Total tensile force =

y p T
A
5.7.6
A
T
T
C
T
Plastic
neutral
axis
M
FP
Centroid of
Centroid of A
T
1
2
A
C
A
C
C
C
y
y
c
Now
M A y A y
F P y p C C y p T T
+
{
M A y A y
F P y p C C T T
+
M Z
F P y p

where Z A y A y
C C T T
+ called plastic section modulus.
Shape factor
The ratio between fully plastic and fully elastic moments is called the shape factor of the
section.
Shape Factor =
M
M
F P
F E
> 1
Problem 5-21
5.7.7
75 mm
25 mm
75 mm
25 mm
210
MPa
Elastic Moment Capacity
Locate neutral axis:
A y A y A y +
1 1 2 2
or, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7 5 2 5 7 5 2 5 7 5 2 5 8 7 5 7 5 2 5 3 7 5 + + y . .
y 6 2 5 . m m
from bottom of the section
Find moment of inertia about neutral axis
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
I I A y +
+
|
.

`
,

'

'

+

+

'

'

m m
4
2
3 2 3
2
5
7 5
2 5
1 2
7 5 2 5 3 7 5
2 5
2
2 5 7 5
1 2
2 5 7 5 6 2 5 3 7 5
3 3 2 6 8 5 1 0
. . .
.
C
1
3 7 5 . m m and C
2
6 2 5 . m m
5.7.8
C
T
Plastic
Neutral
axis
C
yp
n.a. elastic
y
1
2

yp
yp
yp
75 mm
37.5
62.5
25 mm
75 mm
25 mm
y
y
t

S
I
C
1
1
5
3 3 2 6 8 5 1 0
3 7 5
8 8 7 1 5 9 4

.
.
. m m
3
(with respect to top)
S
I
C
2
2
5
3 3 2 6 8 5 1 0
6 2 5
5 3 2 2 9 5 7

.
.
. m m
3
(with respect to bottom)
Minimum section modulus S
2

Elastic moment capacity

M S
F E y p

m i n

( ) ( )
M
F E

2 1 0 1 0 5 3 2 2 9 5 9 1 0 1 1 1 7 8 2 1
6 9
, . , . N - m Ans.
Fully Plastic Moment Capacity
For fully plastic moment: A A
C T

Hence the neutral axis may be located by inspection 75 mm from the bottom of the
section.
Plastic section modulus
Z A y A y
C C T C
+
Here
A A
C T
7 5 2 5 1 8 7 5 m m
2
y
C

2 5
2
1 2 5 . m m , y
T

7 5
2
3 7 5 . m m

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Z + 1 8 7 5 1 2 5 1 8 7 5 3 7 5 9 3 7 5 1 0
4
. . . m m
3
5.7.9
( ) ( )
M Z
F P y p

2 1 0 1 0 9 3 7 5 1 0 1 0 1 9 6 8 7 5
6 4 9
. . N - m

Shape factor

M
M
F P
F E
1 96 8 7 5
1 1 1 7 8 2 1
1 7 6
, .
, .
.
CALCULATION OF PARTIALLY PLASTIC MOMENTS ( ) M
P P
Example: Problem 5-118, pp. 212
5.7.10
C
C
T
T
1
2
1
2
1
2
yp
T
T
1
1
2
(A )
c
(A )
c
(A )
1
(A )
6 in.
1 in.
2 in.
1 in.
4 in.
d d
Because the section is partially plastic, only a portion of the section has experienced
yielding.
M C d C d
P P
+
1 1 2 2
Note that because the section is symmetric
C T
1 1
and C T
2 2

Now, ( ) ( ) C A
y p C y p y p 1
1
4 1 4
C
y p y p 2
1
2
2 4 4
d
1
5 ,
d
2
2
3
4
8
3

by inspection
M
P P y p y p y p y p
+ +
|
.

`
,

4 5 4
8
3
2 0
3 2
3
3 0 6 6 7 .
or, M
P P
3 0 6 6 7 3 0 9 2 0 . K - i n Ans.
EXAMPLE: PARTIALLY PLASTIC MOMENT CALCULATION
Problem 5-19 pp. 213
5.7.11
C
C
T
T
1
2
1
2
yp
(Ac)
(Ac)
(A )
(A )
T
T
1
1
2
2

yp
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
1
100 mm
a
a
d
d
d
d
This problem is very similar to problem 5-18.
Because of symmetry we have: C T
1 1
and C T
2 2

( ) ( ) {
C A a a
y p C y p y p 1
1
5 0
1 0 0
2
5 0 5 0
|
.

`
,

'

'

C a a
y p y p 2
1
2
5 0 2 5
( ) ( )
d
a a a
1
2
1
2
5 0
1
2
5 0 + +
or, ( )
d a
1
5 0 +
d
a
2
2
2
3

d a
2
4
3

Now, M C d C d
P P
+
1 1 2 2
or, ( ) { ( )
( )
2 4 1 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 2 5
4
3
3
+ +
|
.

`
,

y p y p
a a a a
or, ( ) ( )
2 4 1 0 1 0
5 05 0 5 0
1 0 0
3
3 3
2

+ +

y p
a a a
or,
( )
2 4 1 0 1 0
2 1 0 1 0
1 0
5 05 0
1 0 0
3
3 3
6
6
2 2 2

+ a a
or,
5 0 3 3 3 3 5 0 5 0 1 1 4 2 8 5 7 1 4 2
2 2 2
a a . .
or,
1 6 6 7 1 0 7 1 4 2 8 6
2
. . a m m
2

a 2 5 3 5 . m m Ans.
5.7.12
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