Strength of Materials

Handout No.12

Combined Stresses
Asst. Prof. Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen Technical College- Baghdad Dies and Tools Eng. Dept.
E-mail:haniazizameen@yahoo.com www.mediafire.com/haniazizameen

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

12-1 Introduction
As should have become apparent from the preceding chapters , a description of the state of stress at a point of a stressed member can be found by using the convential formulas and may involve normal and shearing stresses. In this chapter , the method of redescribing the state of stress in iterms of the combined stressed will be applied to some particular cases of stressed members The curved members , such as crane hooks and machine frames, are often subjected to axial loads and bending moments . Therefore the theory of curved beam will be also discussed in this chapter .

12-2

Stresses due to Combinations of Axial Loads and Bending Moments

The simple stress formula for the member subjected to axial load P is ............( 12- 1) A as shown in Fig(12-1a)

Fig(12-1a) And for a member subjected to lateral load (bending) the stress is My 12- 2) I as shown in Fig(12-1 b ) .

Fig(12-1b) The stresses produced by axial loads and bending moments are such that stresses are normal to the cross-section of a member . Thus the resulting stresses at any point on the cross-section of the member are added algebraically .

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

The stresses given in Eq(12-1) & Eq(12-2) are both normal to the cross section of the member , therefore the resultant stress acting on the section , due to the simultaneous action of the axial load P and the pure bending moment M , is the algebraic sum of the direct stress and the flexural stress. The equation of resultant stress is generally written in the form ; P My ...................... (12-3) A I The plus and minus signs indicated in Eq(12-3) are assigned

It can be seen that the resultant stress distribution due to the combined action of P & M is obtained by superposing the stress distribution due to P & M . So , in this section it has been assumed that the eccentric load is applied to the member on one of its principal axes, either on the x-axis or on the y axis , thus the two cases are shown in Fig.(12-2).

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

-aFig(12-2) P A where : Myy=P.a Iyy about y-axis tia Ixx M yy. x I yy

-bP A M xx .y I xx

Mxx=P.b about x-axis

12-2-1 Axis

Stresses due to Loads not Applied to Principal

Fig(12-3)

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

In order to position the load P (shown in Fig(12-3)) along the centroidal axis C of the member, we have to move either directly from the point of application of the load to point C or we have to move through the distance ( a ) towards the Y axis and then through the distance (b) towards the X- axis . In order to obtain the equation of stress ( ) let us move the load through a distance ( a ) and then through a distance ( b ). In moving through a distance (a) , we shall induce a bending movement Myy = P.a . plus the condition shown in Fig(12-2b ) .Thus , the stress acting at any point on the number of Fig.(12-3) is the algebraic sum of the M yy .x P M xx y as indicated below and the I yy A I xx P M xx y M yy .x A I xx I yy X & Y represent the coordinates of the point at which the stress in the member of Fig(12-3) is required .

12-3 Direct Shear Combined with Torsion

The shearing stress due to applied torque acting at any point on a shaft having a circular cross section is computed as T .r J and the shearing stress , due to a direct shearing force acting at any point on a beam of any section is V Ay Ib The resultant shearing stress at the point is given by the algebraic sum as: T.r V A y .......... .......... ..... (12-4) J Ib the plus and minus signs in Eq.(12-4) are assigned to shearing stresses that act along the same line of action and have respectively the same and opposite directions .

12.4 Combined Stresses due to Bending & Torsion

A common application of combined stresses is that of a shaft subjected to bending & twisting and it is often convenient to express the resulting direct and shear stresses directly in terms of the applied moment &torque. If the bending moment is M and the torque T Fig(12-4 a) , then the stresses acting on an element on the upper surface are as shown in the

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

plane view Fig(12- 4 b) ( those on the lower surface are the same , except that x compressive).

-aFig(12-4) My I T.r J M(d 2) 64 T d4 , M 32 d3

-b-

d 16 Assuming solid shaft, the max . principal stress , 1 2 4 2 max x x 2

2 max 2

max

. is given by

1 2

M d3 32
max

M d3 32 1 M 2 M2 T2

T 4 d3 16 T2

i.e.

32

d3

Me = 32

1 M 2
max

M2 Me Me Ze

- - - - equivalent bending moment

d3

max

Me d 32 1 2 1 2
3

and also
2 Max x

4
2

2 2

max

M d3 32

T 4 d3 16

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

16

d3

Max

M2
T2

T2 .. equivalent torque

Te = 16 d3

M2
Max

Te Te.r J

Te
Max 16

d3

12.5 Combined Torsion &

Axial Load

If the axial load P and torque T are applied to the rod as shown in Fig(12-5)

Fig(12-5) Then
tens

P A T.r J
2

P
d2 4

4P d2

for axial load

and

16T d3
2

for torque ,
4p max 2 d2 2 16 T d3 2

max

max

16 d3

Pd 2 8

T2

12.6 Combined Axial Load , Bending & Torsion

If the axial load F, bending moment M and Torsion T are applied to the rod as shown in Fig(12-6 ) . Then 32M 4 F bending direct d3 d2 T.r 16T and and also, J d3 Fig(12-6)
2 2 max

32M
max

4F d2

16T d2

d3

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

12- 7 Examples
The following examples explain the different concepts of the combined stresses problems . Example(12-1) Fig.(12-7) shows a steel chimney is 30m high , 1 m external diameter and 10 mm thick . It is rigidly fixed at the base . It is acted upon by a horizontal wind pressure which is taken to be of a uniform intensity of 1kN/m2 of projected area for the lower 15m and to vary unifor mly from 1 kN/m2 to 2 kN/m2 over the upper 15m. Find the maximum stress in the plates at the base , steel has a density of 7.8 Mg/m3 .

Fig(12-7) Solution The pressure distribution diagram is shown in Fig(12-7). The total wind force can be divided into P1, the force due to a uniform of 1kN/m2 over the whole height and P2 , the force due to the additional pressure over the upper 15 m. P1=1*103*30 = 30 kN
3 P2 = 1 * 10 * 1 * 15 7.5 kN 2 .: moment about base =30*15+7.5*25=637.5 kN.m

I of cross- section =

64

14

0.984

0 .003815 m4

M 637.5 * 103 .: maximum bending stress = *y = * 0.5 83.6 MN/m 2 I 00.03815

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Direct stress at base = specific weight * height = 7.8 *103 * 9.81 * 30 = 2.3 MN/m2 .: total stress at base = 83.6 +2.3 =85.9 MN/m2 Example(12-2) Fig (12-8) shows a short column of I-section 200mm x160mm . A vertical load W acts through the centroid of the section together with a parallel load W/4 acting through a point on the center line of the web , distance 60 mm from the centroid measured towards the longer flange . Find the greatest allowable value of W if the maximum compressive stress is not to exceed 80 MN/m2. What is the minimum stress in the section?

Fig(12-8) Solution Taking moments about the top edge 160*10*5+180*10*100+120*10*195 =4600 y1 .: y1=91.74mm and y2=108.26mm 160 * 103 10 * 1803 160 * 10 * 86.742 10 * 180 * 8.262 Ixx= 12 12 120 * 103 + 120 * 10 * 103.262 = 29.85*106 mm4 12 Transferring the load ( W/4) to the axis XX, there is then a total direct load of ( 5 W/4 ) ,together with a bending moment about XX of magnitude ( We / 4 ) where ( e ) is the eccentricity of the load From XX. 5W W * 0.06 0.10826 80 * 106 N/ m 2 * max 6 4 * 0.0046 4 29.85 * 10 from which W=245 kN

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Minimum stress 5 * 245 * 103 245 * 103 * 0.06 0.08674 = * 55.92 MN/m 2 6 4 * 0.0046 4 29.85 * 10 Example(12-3) Fig. (12-9 ) shows a pillar 1.5 m high is of rectangular section 50 mm think and tapers longitudinally from a width of 150 mm at the base to 50mm at the top . A compressive load of 100 kN acts through the centroid at the top end and parallel to the vertical edge. Find the magnitude of the maximum compressive stress and the crosssection at which it will occur.

-aFig(12-9)

-b-

Solution Fig(12-9 b) shows the section of the pillar at a distance x m below the x x * 0.1 0.05 m so that the top, the width of the section is 0.05+ 1.5 15 x m with respect to centroid of the section. load has an eccentricity of 30 100 * 103 30 Direct stress , d MN/m2 x 0.05{0.05 15 } 0.75 x 30 90 22.5 120x .. (i) 2 0.75 x (0.75 x ) (0.75 x ) 2 d 0 x 0.375m For to be a maximum dx Substituting in Eq.(i) yields 67.5 53.33MN / m 2 2 1.125 Bending stress,

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (12- 4) A steel bar of circular section , 100 mm diameter , carries a longitudinal pull whose line of action is parallel to the axis of the bar . At a certain transverse section the longitudinal stresses are measured at the surface of the bar at three points A , B & C . These points being equally spaced round the section the tensile stresses at these points are A , 90 MN/m2; B , 75MN/m2 ; C , 30MN/m2. Find :a) The magnitude & location of the greatest & least stresses at the section b) The magnitude & eccentricity of the applied pull . Make a diagram showing the stresses & their positions relative to the points A, B, & C . Solution It will be evident that the line of action of P lies with in the sector AOB, At A . as in Fig(12-10) . P 4 d
2

P * e * cos
3

P
2

P * e * cos 32 (i) 0.1

3

400P

1 80 * e * cos

0.1 d 4 32 =90 MN/m2 ............... Similarly , at B. 400P 1 80 * e * cos 120 =75 MN/m2 At C , =

400P

1 80 * e *

1 cos 2

3 sin 2

.............. 400P

( ii ) ) 3 sin 2 30MN / m 2 ... (iii)

1 80 * e * cos(120 1 cos 2

400p

1 80 * e * (

These equations simplify to 1 80 * e * cos 1 40 * e * ( cos 9 40P 3 sin ) .................. (iv) 7.5 40P ......... (v)

1 40 * e * ( cos From Eq(v) and Eq(vi)

3 sin )

3 ............... (vi) 40P

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2 80 e * cos

10.5 ..................... (vii) 40P

From Eq(iv) and Eq(vi) 19.5 P= = 0.51 MN 120 From Eq(v) and Eq(vi) 80 3e * sin And from Eq(iv) 80 e * cos tan 0.693 =1.035 0.386 3 46 9 1 0.386 ........... (ix) 40P 4.5 = 0.693 ........ (viii) 40P

From Eq(viii) or Eq(ix) , e 0.00695m 400P (1 80e) when 0 max =

min

400 * 0.51

(1 80 * 0.00695) 101 MN/m2 when

400P =

(1 80e)

180

400 * 0.51

(1 80 * 0.00695) 28.9 MN/m2

Fig( 12-10)

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(12-5) A steel bar of rectangular section 80mm x 40mm is used as a simply supported beam on a span of 1.4m and loaded at mid-span . If the yield stress is 300 MN/m2 and the long edges of the section are vertical, find the load when yielding first occurs . Solution

-aFig(12-11) Mmax =

-b-

wL (see Fig(12-11a) 4 M max wL 6 = * max = Ze 4 bh 2 w * 1.4 * 6 300*106= w = 36.57 kN 4 * 0.04 * 0.082 After yielding resisting moment =2 F1 * 0.035 F2 * 0.02 ( see Fig(12-11b) ) i.e w * 1.4 = 4 2 * (300 * 106 * 0.01 * 0.04) * 0.035 (150 * 106 * 0.03 * 0.04) * 0.02 w= 44.6 kN If yielding ceases at x m from the center 44.6 * 103 0.04 * 0.082 ( 0.7 x ) = 300*106 * x = 0.126m M= 2 6 Length over which yielding occurs 2x = 0.252 m

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(12-6) Fig (12-12 )shows the section of a beam which is subject to a bending moment of such magnitude that yielding occurs at the lower part of the web over a depth of 50mm. The stress of 300MN/m 2 may be assumed constant over the yield area , while over the remainder of the section the stress is proportional to the distance from the N.A Find : a) The position of the N.A . b) The stress at the top of the section . c) The moment of resistance of the section

-a-

-b Fig(12-12)

Solution The stress distribution diagram is shown in Fig(12-12 b) . If the N.A after yielding is at a depth h mm below the top , then 300 300h MN / m 2 ..................... (i) h 150 h 150 h h 20 Stress at underside of flange = h Therefore equating forces above and below the N.A, gives
h 20 h

2 2 * (h

*120 * 20

h 20 * h 300 * (150 h ) * 20 2

20) * 20 300 * 50 * 20

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

From which :

300( 250h h2 200h

h2) 2000

h = 65.8 mm and 234.5MN / m2 65.8 20 Stress at underside of flange = * 234.5 163.3MPa 65.8 Assuming that the force on the flange acts its geometric center moment about N.A. ( 234.5 163.3) * 106 * 0.12 * 0.02 * (0.0658 0.01) 26650N.m = 2 Moment about N.A of force on web above N.A. From Eq(i) and Eq(ii) 163.3 * 106 * (0.0658 0.02) * 0.02 * 2 (0.0658 0.02) 2285N.m = 3 2 Moment about N.A of force on web below N.A. 300 * 106 * (0.15 0.0658) * 0.02 * 2 (0.15 0.0658) 14170N.m 3 2 Moment about N.A of force on plastic part of web =300*106*0.05*0.02*(0.175 0.0685) = 31950 N.m Total moment of resistance =75055 N.m = Example(12-6) Fig(12-13) shows a steel bar of rectangular section (38 mm)wide by 101.6 mm deep is subjected to compressive force of 53.37 kN acting as shown in Fig. Find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses normal to the cross-section of the bar and sketch stress distribution over the cross section of the bar .

Fig(12-13) Solution The forces can be represented as

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

The compressive stress

P 53.37 = 12.79 MPa A 38 * 101.6 * 10 6 My 53.37 * 103 (0.0508 12.7 * 10 3 ) y bendng I I 3 3 bh 38 * (101.4) 3.33 * 106 mm 4 I= 12 12 3 10 * 53.37 * (0.0508 12.7 *10 3 ) * 0.0508 31.027MPa bending 3.33 *10 6
c

P My A I 12.74 31.07 = 43.817 Mpa (comp.) ( top fiber) (bottem fiber) 12.47 31.07 18.23MPa (tension ) Example(12-7) Fig(12-14) shows a steel beam with an overhang is simply supported at A & B . If the beam is rectangular in section 50.8mm wide by 152.4mm deep . Find the largest stress acting normal to the cross-section of the beam neglect the weight of the beam .

Fig(12.14)

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Solution Resolving the inclined force of 53.37 kN

Fx = Fy = Fx H Ax Fy

3 * 53.37 * 103 50.707kN 10 1 * 53.37 * 103 16.902kN 2 2 1 3 o Fx o 50.707kN RA RB 40 *103 16.902 *103 0
3

MB

0.2032 * R A

40 *103 *152.4 *10

16.902 *103 * 0.0508 0

RA=25.798 kN RB= 31.136 kN

P A

50.707 * 103 50.8 * 10

3

* 152.4 * 10 )

6.55MPa

Bending stress (

bending

0 x1 50.8 Mx1=25.798x1 At x1 = 0 Mx1=0 At x1=50.8 mm Mx1=25.798*103*50.8*10 3=15.725 kN.m

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

0 x 2 152.4 Mx2=25.798*(0.0508+x2) 40 * x2 At x1=0 Mx2=15.725 kN.m At x2=152.4 Mx2=25.798*0.203 40*0.1524 = 10.302 kN.m 0 x3<50.8 Mx3=25.798* (0.203+x3) 40*(0.1524+x 3) +31.136 x3 AT x3=0 Mx3=25.798*0.203 40*0.1524= 10.302 kN.m At x3= 50.8 Mx3= 25.798 *0.254 40 * 0.203 + 31.136 *0.0508 = 0 Mmax = 15.725 kN.m bh 3 50.8 *152.43 IN.A. = 12 12

14.98 mm 4

My 15.725 * 103 * 76.2 * 10 I 14.98 * 10 6 the largest stress 6.55 79.98 86.53MPa

79.98 MPa

Example(12-8) Fig(12-15) shows the cast iron clamp having the dimensioned cross-section shown . Find the max load P that can be applied . The allowable stresses are 20.68 MPa in tension and 62.05 MPa in compression .

Fig(12-15)

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Solution y Ai yi Ai
63.5 9.525 9.525) 2 y 17.907mm

9.525 * 50.8 * 4.76 6.35 * (63.5 9.525) * ( (9.525* 50.8 6.35 * (635 9.525) y

50.8 * (17.907) 3 I N .A 3 0.288 * 106 mm 4

(50.8 6.35)(17.907 9.525) 3

6.35(63.5 17.907) 3 / 3

The force acting on the clamp of Fig(12-16) is equivalent to a force P acting along the centroidal axis of the section and to a bending moment of the magnitude M=P(0.1143+ y ) P(0.1143 0.017907) 0.1322 * P as shown in Fig(12-16)

Fig(12-16)

P A

direct stress where A 9.525 * 50.8 6.35 * (63.5 9.525) 825.8mm 2

P My 1210.9 P and bending stress is 6 I 825.8 * 10 The flexure stress at each of the point A & B of Fig(12-16) 0.1322 * P * 17.907 * 10 3 8.219 * 103 P tension A 6 0.288 * 10 0.1322 * (63.5 * 10 3 19.05 * 10 3 ) 20.4 * 103 P comp B 6 0.288 * 10 P My Allowable tensile stress at point A A I 6 20.68*10 = 1210.9 * P 20400 *P P 2.192kN P My Allowable compressive stress at point B A I 62.05*106 = 1210.9 P 20400* P P = 3.144 kN Max. safe load is = 2.192 kN

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(12-9) Fig(12-16) shows a concrete dam has the dimensioned cross section shown, if concrete weighs 23.55 kN/m3 and water weighs 9.796 kN/m3 . Find the max. height (h) of the water that can be maintained behind the dam without causing tension on the foundation of the dam .

Fig(12-16) Solution Firstly to find the centroid of the section to the back of the dam : A i yi y Ai thus , 1.8288*13.716*1.8288+0.5(4.572 1.8288)*13.716* [(4.572 1.8288) /3+1.8288] = [1.8288*13.716+0.5*(4.572 1.8288)*13.716] * y y 1.697m The weight of concrete acting at the foundation is W=volume*23550 =0.5(1.8288+4.572)*13.716*0.3048*23550 =315.25 kN This load acts through the centroid of the dam as shown in Fig(12-17).

Fig(12-17)

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Force due to average pressure is 1 1 Wh 2 F = average pressure *Area = 0 W h * h * 1 2 2 This force acts through the centroid of the pressure distribution at a distance of ( h/3 ) from the foundation of the dam. The force acting on Fig(12-17) is equivalent to that shown in Fig(12-18)

Fig(12-18) From this figure the direct compressive stress due to the weight of W concrete is , where A is the area of foundation A

Fig(12-19) 315.25 * 10 1.3898

3

226.831kN / m 2

Now applying the flexure formula

My I

M=M2 M1 M! ..... bending moment due to weight W of concrete M2 ..... .due to pressures force F Taken about the of area of Fig(12- 19) (the foundation)

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

M1=Wa =W 4.572 y

315.25 * 103 * ( 2.286 1.697) 185.45kN.m

Fh 1 2 h wh 3 9796 * h 3 M2 = wh . 1632 * h 3 3 2 3 6 6 3 M=1632 h 185.45 The moment of inertia around the N.A of Fig(12-19) bh 3 0.3048 * 4.5723 185.45 m 4 IN.A= 12 12 3 (1632 * h 185.45) * 2.286 2.427

Therefore the resultant stress at point B must be zero hence (1632 * h 3 185.45) * 2.286 0 B 2.427 h=9.509 m 226.185kN / m 2 (comp) (dired )
flexual )

226.185kN / m 2 ten .at B , comp. at A

226.185 226.185 213.021kN / m 2 (comp) &

Example(12-10) Fig(12-20 ) shows a short member having a rectangular section 8 x10 is subjected to a compressive force of P = 180 kN . Find the stresses normal to the cross- section A , B , C and D locate the neutral axis of the cross-section ABCD .

Strength of materials- Handout No.12- Combined Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig(12-20) Solution P 180 * 103 3.5MPa comp .at point A, B, C, D A 0.203 * 0.254 Bending moment about the X-axis is Mxx=P*0.025=180*0.025= 4.572 kN.m this Bending moment cause tension at A & B and comp at C&D 254 * 203.23 177.6 * 106 mm 4 & y 101.6mm I XX 12 My 4.572 * 103 2.586MPa I 177.6 * 10 6 tensile at A & B and comp. at C & D Moment of inertia of the entire section about the y-axis is Iyy=(203.2*103)/12 = 277.48*106 mm4 & X=127 mm M yy .X 6778.2 * 0.127 3.102MPa I yy 277.48 * 10 6 tensile at B & C compression at A& D P A
A=

M xx I xx

M yy I yy

3.5+2.586 3.102 = 4.65 Mpa (comp) B = 3.5+2.586+3.102 = 2.24 Mpa (ten.) C = 3.5 2.586+3.102 = 2.93 Mpa(comp) D = 3.5 2.586 3.102 = 9.13 Mpa (comp) The stress distribution is as shown in Fig(12-21).

Fig(12-21)

Strength of materials- Handout No. 12- Combined Stresses- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(12-11) Fig(12- 22) shows a short column of T - section 25cm x 20cm has a cross-sectional area 52 cm2 and max radius of gyration 10.7cm a vertical load W kN acts through the centroid of the section together with a parallel load of ( W/4 ) kN acting through a point on the center line of the web distant 6 cm from the centroid . Find ( a ) the greatest allowable value of W if the max stress is not to exceed 65 MN/m2 (b) what is then the min stress? Solution (a) I = A K2 = 52 (10.7)=5953.48 cm4 (W W ) 4 * 10 0.24W MPa ( dinect ) 52 * 104 M ( W / 4) * 0.06 * 10 3 ( bending ) Ze Ze
( bed )

0.015W * 10 Ze

0.015W * 10 ( I / y)

0.25 0.125m 2 0.015 W * 10 ( bend ) (5953.48* 10- 8 / 0.125) 0.031 W MPa ( bend )
d b

65 0.0315 W 65 Fig(12-22)

0.24 W

65 239.4 kN W= 0.24 0.0315 (b) min d b =W * (0.24 0.0315) = 234.4(0.24 0.015)*10 = 49.9 MPa

Strength of materials- Handout No. 12- Combined Stresses- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (12-12) Fig(12-12 ) shows a rectangular plate with a hole drilled in it .Find the greatest and least intensities of stress at the critical cross-section of the plate when subjected to an axial pull of 90 kN.

Fig(12-23) Solution Axial load =90 kN 20 * 20 * 10 80 * 20 * 160 130mm 20 * 20 80 20 y1=200-130=70 mm The moment of inertia about the XX axis. 20 * 803 20 * 203 2 Ixx = 20 * 80 * 70 40 20 * 20 * 130 10 2 12 12 6 4 Ixx = 8.066*10 m Eccentricity, e = 100 y1= 100 70 = 30 mm or e = y2 100= 130 100 = 30 mm P 90 * 10 3 45 MPa (tens) d 3 A 2 * 10 My P*e *y b I I P * e * y2 90 * 30 * 10 3 * 0.13 * 10 3 45 45 max .atuu 6 I xx 8.066 * 10 2 2 = 88.5 kN/m = 88.5 kN/m (tens) P * e * y1 90 * 30 * 10 3 * 0.07 45 45 * 10 3 min at vv 6 I xx 8.066 * 10 = 21.57 MPa. =21.57 MPa (tens.) The location of centroid y2 =

Strength of materials- Handout No. 12- Combined Stresses- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(12-13) Fig.(12-24 ) shows a short hollow cast iron column having an external diameter of 600 mm and diameter 400 mm was cast in a factory. On inspection it was found that the bore is eccentric as shown in the figure. If the column carries a load of 1600 kN along the axis of the bore, find the extreme intensities of stress induced in the section.

Fig(12-24) Solution External diameter = 600 mm = 0.6 m Internal diameter = 400 mm = 0.4 m Net area = 4 Load , W =1600 kN To find out the c.g. of the section * 0.6 2 * OG1 4 * 0.4 2 * OG 2 4 OG = x * 0.6 2 4 * 0.4 2 4 0.6 2 0.4 2 0.157m 2

where OG1=0.3 m , OG2=0.34 m x 268mm So GG1 = 0.3 0.268 = 0.032 m GG2 = 0.34 0.268 = 0.072 m Eccentricity = OG2 x =0.34 0.268 = 0.072 m =72 mm Moment M = 1600*0.072 =115.2 kN.m. Iyy = Iyy = 4 64 0.64 4 0 .6 4 4 0.4 4 * 0.6 2 * GG1 4
2

64

* 0.4 4

* 0.4 2

GG 2

0.6 2 * 0.0322

0.4 2 * 0.0722

4.743 * 10 3 m 4

Strength of materials- Handout No. 12- Combined Stresses- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Bending stress (tensile)

bt

MX1 I yy

115.2 * 0.268 * 10 9.743 * 10 3

bt

Bending stress (comp.) bc W 1600 10 3 10.19 MPa .(comp.) direct A 0.157 Max. comp. Stress = d bc 10.19 8.06 18.25 MPa Min. comp. Stress = d bt 10.19 6.51 3.66 MPa Example(12-14) Fig(12-25) shows a steel rod 40 mm diameter passes through a copper tube of 60 mm internal diameter and 80 mm external diameter . Rigid cover plates are provided at each end of the tube and steel rod passes through these cover plates also. Nuts are screwed on the projecting ends of the rod so that the cover plates put pressure on the ends of the tube. If the center of the rod is 10 mm out of the center of the tube, find the max. stress in the copper tube when one of the nuts is tightened to produce a linear strain of 0.002 in the rod. Take Esteel= 210 GN/m2 and Ecopper = 105 GN/m2

6.51 MPa. 8.06 MPa.

Fig(12-25) Solution Diameter of steel rod , ds=40 mm External diameter of the copper tube , Dc=80 mm Internal diameter of the copper tube , dc= 60 mm Area of the cross section of the rod , As = * 402 1256.6mm 2 4 Area of the cross section of the rod , As = * 802 4 Strain in the steel rod , s 0.002 602 2199.1mm 2