WHAT ARE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES?

A wave is a periodic disturbance propagating through a medium EM Waves Convey Undulations in EM Fields: Electric field E wave velocity 0 Magnetic field H Electric energy density null Magnetic z energy density Electric and Magnetic Fields are Useful Fictions: Explain all classical electrical experiments with simple equations 4 Maxwells equations plus the Lorentz force law (quantum effects are separate)
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WHAT ARE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS?

Lorentz Force Law:
E H f q v o Electric field Magnetic field Mechanical force Charge on a particle Particle velocity vector Vacuum permeability

f = q (E + v o H)[Newtons]

[volts/meter; V/m]

[amperes/meter; A/m]
[newtons; N] [coulombs; C] [meters/second; m/sec ]
1.26 106 Henries

Electric and Magnetic Fields are what Produce Force f:

f = qE when v = 0, defining E via an observable f = qv o H when E = 0, defining H via an observable +++ +++ force f +++

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MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
Differential Form: Faraday's Law: E = B t Ampere's Law: H = J + D t E H B D J Integral Form: Electric field Magnetic field Magnetic flux density Electric displacment Electric current density Electric charge density
1Tesla

= Webers/m2 = 104 Gauss

Gauss's Laws D = B = 0

[volts/meter; V/m] [Tesla; T ] 1

[amperes/meter; A/m]
coulombs/m2 ; C/m2 amperes/m2 ; A/m2 coulombs/m3 ; C/m3

c E ds = A (B t ) da

c H ds = A (J + D t ) da
Stokes da Theorem A ds

A D da = V dv A B da = 0
V A
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Gauss da Law

VECTOR OPERATORS , ,
Del () Operator:
A = xA x + yA y + zA z

Gradient of :

= x x + y y + z z = x x + y y + z z

Vector Cross Product: x A B = det A x Bx y Ay By z Az Bz

= x ( A y B z A zB y ) + y ( A zB x A x B z ) + z ( A xB y A yB x )

Vector Dot Product: Divergence of A:

A B = A x B x + A y B y + A zB z A = A x x + A y y + A z z x y z A = det x y z Ax Ay Az ( ) = 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z2
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Curl of A:

Laplacian Operator:

MAXWELLS EQUATIONS: VACUUM SOLUTION

Maxwells Equations:
Faraday's Law: E = B t Ampere's Law: H = J + D t 0 Gauss's Laws D = B = 0 0
B = o H

EM Wave Equation: D = o E Eliminate H : ( E ) = o ( t ) ( H) Use identity: ( A ) = ( A ) 2 A Yields: ( E ) 2 E = o ( t ) ( H) = o o 2 E t 2

0
EM Wave Equation1 2 E o o 2 E t 2 = 0

Since: Second derivative in space = const second derivative in time, Solution is any f(r,t) with identical space and time dependences
1Homogeneous

Vector Helmholz Equation

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WAVE EQUATION SOLUTION

Wave Equation has Many Solutions!
2 E o o 2 E t 2 = 0 Where 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z2 E = yE y ( z,t ) [no x,y dependence, UPW]

Example:
Try:

(2 z2 )Ey oo2Ey

t 2 = 0

E y ( z,t ) = E+ ( t z c ), where E+ (.) is an arbitrary function Test:

( c )2 E+" ( t z c ) = o oE+" ( t z c )
E y ( z,t ) = E+ ( t z c ) + E ( t + z c )

c =1

( o o )

Generally: c 3 108 [m/s] in vacuum more generally The position where arg = 0 moves at velocity c
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z = t = 0, arg = 0

E+(t z/c)

propagation

z = ct

arg = 0 z

UNIFORM PLANE WAVE IN Z-DIRECTION

Electric Fields (Example):
More specifically, let: Ey(z,t) = E+(t - z/c) [V/m] Ey(z,t) = E+ cos (t z/c) = E+ cos (t kz), where k = /c = o o Use Faradays Law: E = B t

Magnetic Fields:

H ( z,t ) = x (1 o ) kE+ sin (t kz ) dt [ A/m]

= xkE+ sin ( t kz )

x y z = det x y z = xE+ cos (t kz ) z 0 0 Ex Ey Ez 0

0

= x (kE+ o ) cos (t kz ) = x (E+ o ) cos ( t kz ) k = 1 = ; = o o o o o c

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UNIFORM PLANE WAVE EM FIELDS

EM Wave in z direction:
E ( z,t ) = yE+( t kz ) , H ( z,t ) = x (E+ o ) cos (t kz ) x E ( z,0 )
H ( z,0 )

y Electric energy density Magnetic energy density z

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ACOUSTIC WAVES
A wave is a periodic disturbance propagating through a medium Acoustic Waves: Velocity Pressure wave velocity 0 Particle velocity Kinetic energy Potential energy z air molecules

z Generally, two types of energy are interchanged

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