SCIENTIFIC PAPER

LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION

Name : Rahayu Rosgiyanti Syahgi Npm : 06.11.106.101301.0424 Grade : 6th Semester Lecture : Translation II by Jepri Nainggolan, SS

The University Of Balikpapan Faculty Of Letters English Literature Department 2011

FOREWORD Deep gratitude researcher conveys to the presence of God the merciful because of this paper can finish. In this paper researcher discuss about language and translation. I am happy to introduce this paper, intended for all those who were involved preparing research a paper and can be enable to translate English into a correct sentence. Preparing a paper is something of an adventure, usually involving a few unforeseen challenges. This paper was made in order to deepen understanding to the problems and the roles of translation that will be easier to getting some information. In the process of deepening this paper, under the teaching supervision of course researcher get the guidance, direction, correction and advice, the researcher wants to convey thanks to my supervisors Jepri Nainggolan, SS as a lecturer Translation II and to all of my friends who has provided input and give the support to this paper. Balikpapan, 10 Juni 2011 Authors, Rahayu Rosgiyanti Syahgi Npm. 06.11.106.101301.0424

TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Page Title Foreword CHAPTER .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................... Language .................................................................................... .................................................................. I. 1 2 3 4 5

Table of Contents

CHAPTER II.

Types of Translation
A.

Hierarchy.............................................................. 5 Transformation Translation. . . 6

B.

CHAPTER III. The Problems of Translation

A.

...................................................... Semantics Problem............................. 8

B.

Stylistics Problem.................................... 8 Pragmatics Problem........................... 9

C.

CHAPTER VI. The Roles of Translation In Communication CHAPTER V. REFERENCES Conclusion

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CHAPTER I LANGUAGE Generally, using language can be divide into four different skill namely listening, speaking, reading and writing. However, in real life it is difficult to determine which skill competence. Offer another one skill and then go another depending on the need and situation, it is also difficult for anyone skill at the moment. It usually manipulates more that on skill at the same time. For instance, may listen and speak, listen and write, speak and translation, write and translation, etc. Even, it may use combination of the skill to achieve effective communication. Since language is used to express idea, thought, feelings. There must be a particular subject of theme to build a content for communication. This, a context with a particular subject or theme will enable people to use language to communication with each other.

CHAPTER II TYPES OF TRANSLATION A. HIERARCHY Within languages which use set (or fairly set in this usage meaning rigid) word order to define the role of various items within the utterance, the older systems of declensions and case have been replaced or at least heavily augmented by a system which utilizes relative position to convey meaning and role within the utterance. Now, there is more than enough information widely available describing the various word orders and implications and usage of each. English has four basic word orders and a few variations on these. The normal role of these word orders is in determining which components of an utterance are nominative (subjects), predicative (verbs), accusative (direct objects and objects of prepositions), dative (indirect objects) or genitive (possessives). This is the general treatment of word order when discussing language. There is however another layer of word order which carries meaning in most languages and which has its own set rules. That layer deals with the relative position of one component of an utterance to other components, especially the ones directly adjacent. To put it simply this word order is what determines what one words role is in regard to the next or previous word in an utterance (word x modifies word y but word y does not modify word x, etc). This layer of information is called syntactic hierarchy. English has a left-toright syntactic hierarchy. This means that within a given functional group (say a phrase or clause or even the utterance as a whole), items to the right will always modify items to the left. So, The big red dog has a hierarchy in which the modifies big red dog while big only modifies red dog and is itself modified by the; big can never modify the and if big is passed by the then the information of which red dog? is lost. This left-to-right syntactic hierarchy is especially important to be aware of when analyzing for things like mood in which one modal may modify another and another and another. The syntactic hierarchy (from smaller to larger units) is as follows:
a. Morpheme (combination of phonemes and syllables, each with meaning) b. Phoneme (single unit of sound) c. Grapheme (the smallest written representation of one sound) d. Syllable (combination of phonemes, with or without meaning)

e. Word f. Phrase g. Clause h. Paragraph i. Sentence / text

1.

Phonological Translation In a phonological translation, while grammar and lexis do not change. The source

language phonology of a text is replaced by the equivalent target language phonology. This kind of translation that seeks to preserve the same sounds and rhythm as the original, usually regardless of syntax or meaning; used in some translations of poetry. 2. Morphological Translation It reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring into term and the terms where these do not exist in the original. Morphological markers to word formation. 3. Word to word Translation The methods word to word translation, this is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with The TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word to word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process. 4. Phrase level Translation Syntactic translation technique is involving a change at the level of the phrase, such as changes in number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, and person, tense, metaphrase and imitation, not too close and not too free; more generally, a translation that can be described as loose, free, sometimes even undertranslated and mood in the verb phrase. 5. Sentence level Translation It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. 6.

Text level Translation Definition 1 : non-translated texts in the target language that are maximally similar in subject matter, text-type, function and genre to the target text; used as stylistic models by translators who wish to make their translations sound as natural as possible; and used by scholars studying differences between translations and nontranslated text ;

Definition 2 : translations themselves, seen as being parallel to their source texts

or this translation of a single source text into several target languages, usually simultaneously. B. TRANSFORMATION TRANSLATION This translation used for translate a clause or a sentence, transformation can be looked as a must or as a choice. The translation is a must if without this translation the meaning of BSU cant be understand. And, translation is a chosen if it took a reason of grammatical language. It means that, without transformation the meaning of BSU could be understood by

the reader of BSA. The most frequently performed because of translation for second reason. With this translation, translator change the natural structure of BSU and BSA sentence to take correctly meaning. It will be taken if there are differentiate between BSU structure and BSA. It can change plural form into singular form, adjective position, and all of the structure in sentence. Changing be singular, thats all is a must for translator. Example : BSU : Musical instrument can be divide into two basic groups BSA : Alat musik bisa dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dasar. Based on the example, adjective position in two noun phrase musical instrument and two basic groups changed position. In English, the adjective that have a function to menerangkan (explain) must are in front of diterangkan (explained). In Indonesia, it mentioned by D_M (Diterangkan_Menerangkan). So, the adjective position Should be changed.
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Musical Instrument : Alat music. Two basic group : Dua kelompok dasar For more example, transformation is taken because there arent structure of BSU in

BSA sentence . kinds of this transformation are in sentence, not in a phrase. BSU : I find it more difficult to translate a poem than article BSA : Bagi saya, menerjemahkan puisi lebih sulit daripada artikel. Transformation is taken also, based on considering of grammar or statistic. This kinds contain of one smashing BSU sentence be two BSA sentence, or more than it. In English, a sentence contains of several clause with clearly meaning. In Indonesia, a sentence be incorrect if contains of more than two clause. Example : BSU : Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale, which can exceed 30 m in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are important differences in its external structure : its tail consist of a pair of broad, flat, horizontal paddles (the tail of fish is vertical) and it has a single nostril on the top of its large, broad head ; BSA : Beberapa spesies sangatlah besar. Ikatan Paus biru, yang bisa mencapai panjang lebih dari 30 m, adalah binatang terbesar yang pernah idup di bumi. Sepintas ikan pausi tampak mirip ikan biasa, namun bila dicermati terdapat perbedaan pokok pada struktur luarnya. Ekornya terdiri dari sepasang sirip lbar, pipih, dan mendatar (sementara kor ikan biasa tegak). Ikan Paus mempunyai satu lubang hidung di atas kepalanya yang besar dan lebar.

CHAPTER III THE PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION A. SEMANTICS PROBLEM Semantic problem is a translation strategy conducted with consideration of meaning. This strategy is operated at the level of words, phrases or clauses or sentences. And then, semantic translation is personal and individual, follows the thought processes of the author, tends to over-translate, pursues nuances of meaning, yet aims at concision in order to reproduce pragmatic impact. In semantic problem translation, the first problem is that for serious imaginative literature, there are individual readers rather than a readership. Secondly, whilst the reader is not entirely neglected, the Translator is essentially trying to render the effect the SL text has on himself. If no feel with, to empathize with the author, not on any putative readership. Certainly, the more 'universal' the text ''consider 'To be or not to be', the more a broad equivalent effect is possible, since the ideals of the original go beyond any cultural frontiers. The metalingual sound-effects which the translator is trying to reproduce are in fact unlikely to affect the TL reader, with his different sound-system, similarly, but there may be compensation. In any event, the reaction is individual rather than cultural or universal. B. STYLISTICS PROBLEM Unidiomatic Speech Or Expression This sign indicates that what you have written, although probably not grammatically incorrect, nevertheless does not read like something that a native speaker of English would write. The best way to correct the problem is to read the sentence to a literate friend and ask for advice on how to fix it. Mixed Metaphors Do Not Mix Incongruous Ideas In A Metaphor. Wrong Example : Throughout the ages men have awakened from the toboggan ride of power politics only to find themselves in the desert of solitude. (If you think this example, taken from a student, too obvious, observe how the vice infects even sophisticated writers, as in this sentence from S.N. Behrman: "In the dissolving planes of social and economic revolution, would not these racial atavisms be dissipated in the astringent ozone of a New Order, filtered through panaceas?") Primer Style Sometimes to avoid the difficulties of correct subordination, students take to writing an excessive number of simple sentences, a style often monotonous in construction, always reminiscent of a child's reader. Wrong Example : Oedipus is a proud man. Oedipus slew his father in a dispute about a right of way. He thinks he can solve all problems. Oedipus is contemptuous of Teiresias.

C. PRAGMATICS PROBLEM

Arise from the differences between the extraling. situations and can be identified by checking on the extratextual factors (sender, receiver, medium, time, place, motive, text function) ;

Present in every translation task can be generalized regardless of the languages and cultures involved or the direction of the translation process ; The most important problems to deal with in the initial phases of translator training ; As described by Nord, they refer to the fact that there may be differences between the situations in the source culture and the target culture. These differences include time, place, etc. The receivers lack of orientation may give birth to this kind of problems, as well as text function. These are always present in the translation task, no matter the direction of the translation process or the languages involved ;

In order to identify potential pragmatic problems, we need to check the extratextual factors, for each text (the profile and intention of the text producer, the target reader, the medium of communication, places and time of production and reception of the text) ;

CHAPTER IV THE ROLES OF TRANSLATION IN COMMUNICATION The role of translation in communication should contain information about when the situation (including the communicators and their communicative aims) determines the verbal and nonverbal features of the text-situational factors as follows :
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The difference in place, time, motive and purpose of the communication, Difference with regard to the culture bound knowledge, Experience or susceptibility of the respective audiences. People tend to have a certain natural tolerance of people who do not speak their language

perfectly. They would not expect a foreigner to act according to unwritten conventions or social norms all the time ; They are willing to explain their culture to foreigners or to overlook occasional mistakes. Someone who speaks the language perfectly, however, is often expected to be familiar with the conventional forms of nonverbal behavior as well. In this case, a slight breaking of convention (perhaps arriving at eight o'clock although the invitation to 'come at eight' really meant 'come at half past eight') might have negative consequences for the social reputation of the person, who even may be considered impolite, arrogant or unreliable. Such a mistake could well be more serious than an error in language use.

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION At the last of my scientific paper then the conclusion. In a fact the use of more general words helps to strengthen the pragmatic effect, since, being common and frequently used, they have more connotations and are more emotive than specific. But there are many strategies that prepare a wider range of translation solutions than many other text-types, particularly on the grammatical level and, provided it appears to fulfill its aims, its choice of language need not be strictly assessed.

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REFERENCES 1. http://www.comunicatedepresa.ro/Uninominal_contra_uninominal~MzE3NDA 2. http://www.sanus.com/pdf/manualEN/6901-100044.pdf 3. http://www.evz.ro/article.php?artid=327569 4. http://www.neamt.ro/cmj/Creanga/Povestea_lenesului.html 5. http://www.dictionarenglezroman.ro/ 6. http://www.en.wikipedia.com/

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