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| 13:20 1388

. 1864

4 (1831- 1879) .

(Maxwell) .

: (AMPLITUDE) ( )

: (FREQUENCE)

: (WAVE LENGH)

: (PERIOD)

: (ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE) .

: (Transverse electromagnetic wave) TEM .

: TM

: TE

: (TRANSMITTER)

. : (RECEIVER) .

: (NOISE) .

:(AMPLIFIRE) . :

(AMPLIFIRE) (MEDULATOR) (ANTENNA)

-1 -2 -3

. (TARNSMITTER LINE) : : -1

. (CABLE) . -2

(COAXIAL CABLE)

-3 600

(WAVE GUIDE)

-4

(FIBER OPTIC): . ..

-5

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-6

: (AMPLITUDE MEDULATION) - AM .

-1- 1

DSB-(DOUBLE SIDE BAND) SSB-(SINGLE SIDE BAND) ( ) VSB-(VESTIGIAL SIDE BAND)

:( FREQUENCY MEDULATION) ? FM . . AM

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-3- 1

-2

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FSK - (SREQUENCY SHIFT KEYNIG) -2-2 DPSK ? QPSK (PSK(PHASE SHIFT KEYING

: (CODING)

-1

. -2 -3 HDB3 - 4

: (MULTI PLEXING)

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: :

: (SMALL ELECTRICALLY)

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-2- 7

: (BROADBAND ANTENNAS) .

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: (HELICAL ANTENNA) (HELIX)

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2 .

-2- 8

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: (SPIRAL ANTENNA)

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? 12 .

: . . 3

- 13

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: -1 -2 -3 -4 (MULTI PLEX) -5

(DATA)

(CARRIER)

: (ANALOG) (DIGITAL) . White Apple : -1 -2

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|

"
10:27

"
1388

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+

PSTN : Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN)

(LOCAL)

) (POST)

MDF

MDF

).

(.

MDF

) 117

charging

( 03827223836

(STD)

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PC )

PC

STD

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STD

level

722

722

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| 14:18 1388

frequency shift keying

FSK

PLC FSK

indoor

PLC FSK . . FSK frequncy shift keying

FSK

whatis.com . FSK FSK FSK . . .

FSK FSK

PLC FSK

indoor

PLC FSK . . FSK frequncy shift keying

FSK

whatis.com . FSK FSK FSK . . .

FSK FSK

. 1970 .

45

45

FSK

. . . FSK . Whatis.com definition : http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci213936,00.html

FSK

PLC

PLC

FSK 100

. .

FSK OFDM

: UCL . PSK . 1 0 ASK

FSK FSK PSK ( . ) ASK FSK

FSK is classified as wide-band if the separation between the two carrier frequencies is larger than the bandwidth of the spectrums of f1(t) and f2(t). In this case the spectrum of the modulated signal appears as two separate ASK signals. Narrow-band FSK is the term used to .describe an FSK signal whose carrier frequencies are separated by less than the width of the spectrum than ASK for the same modulation

Digital modulation, ASK, FSK and PSK :

| 15:28 1388

. . . .

( .....

) . .

Backbone . .

Hop

Backbone Backbone

. Hop. . Router . Router . Router Hop

: Dial Up . 56 33.6 28.8 13.3

: ISDN . 64

: DS-0 . 64

: Dual ISDN 128 . 64 .

: ADSL . . 6 512

: Modem Cable 0.1 . 10 .

: T1 . 24 1.544 .

: DS-1 .DS-0 24 1.544 : E1 . 2.048 T1

: DS-2 DS-1 6.31

: Ethernet 10

: wireless 11

: E2 . E1 34.486

: DS-3 . 44.736

: T3 . T3 44.736

: OC-1 Optical Carrier Signal. Backbone 51.84

: STS-1

(Synchronous Transfer Signal).

51.84

: BaseT . 100

: E4 . 139.264

: OC-3 . 155.52

: STM-1 . 155.56

: STS-3 . 155.56

: OC-12 . 622.08

: STM-4 . 622.08

: STS-12 .
| 15:21 1388

622.08
+

ccitt

)cc+nn)country code+national noumber

. (non uniform) . .

National number = Area code + office code + sub No = 8 2 SC . TX 72 PC 8 4 ( . . : = + + 15 (E164 ITU-T (E163 ) SC TX PC + +

National number = Area code + office code + sub Number

: =AZZ 899=648 =BXX 2 (7*10*10)

648:2 =324 324*1400= 453600 4536001000=453600000 1000 9 XX1 (0) 9 : IN (X(090 (X(091 (X(092 (X(092 (X(094 .

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1 2 3 (SC/PC (9292 / SC 4

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) ANI

5 6

7 8 9

. .

PC

PC

SC TX

10 11 12

14:25

1388

BTS=Base Transceiver Station BTS (base transceiver . BTS . )station

. .

BTS

- FEEDER-

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSC

- ALKATEL

-NOKIA

-SIEMENS

-ERICSSON

BTS

Base Transceiver Station (BTS Encodes encrypts, multiplexes,

y y y y

modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna.Frequency hopping Communicates with Mobile station and BSC Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

CELL

GSM .Click this bar to view the full image

BTS

BTS RF MS (downlink and uplink) BSC BTS MS handover MS MS Hopping MS

| 14:23

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 , -6 -7 -8 9- 10
+

MS

handover

MS

BTS

Fullrate and Halfrate

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1388

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) AM

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(SW ) )

( ITU

:( LW )

AM

:( MW)

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. .

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AM AM

(1)

AM

AM .

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AM FM

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1937

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20

108

88 mhz 2/0 .

FM 100

FM AM FM . AM FM . . FM

(2)

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107/9

) KW100

FM 160

500

300

Frequency Modu lation(1

Carrier Wave(2

Amplitude Modulation(3 : ----- ----| 14:21 1388

.......

ISP

. (

: (

ISP ) phone to phone : Origination ISP .

Termination Termination

Origination

Origination . Termination . Originate .

Carrier Carrier Origination

ISP 63 phone to 18 4800) Carrier 4 Terminate. ( . 18 phone :

Switch . Caller ID . 5 4 Caller ID . VOIP ( ) VOIP

. ( )

. .

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... Terminate ( 20 ) 1590 . ( Originate 2)

. . . Carrier Termination

14:17

1388

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1388

. Lc

Data base

CPU .

CPU CD ROM - cpu

... .2 . . .1 : .

. : Dual Standby : Active / standby . .1

Active .

: Active / Hot standby

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: Load sharing . Spare : Spare .

.3

.4

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: . : (Basic signaling) :

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. . . :

(seizur)

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. . .
| 14:13 1388

caller

ID

: caller B DTMF fsk .

ID

(Clip)

DTMF

CARIN

EWSD

fsk . :

: Line : line

ordinary subscriber line coin Box line PABX / PBX / line

Special service line subscriber line ISDN

Trunk : (IC) . (BW) (OG)

. : . ISC .1

PC , SC , TX . : . Lx : :

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. TX LX LTX

TX :

B C .

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ISDN

: CCS.7

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1388

CAMA LAMA

Flat Rate Per Call Rate Time-Zone-Metering

.1 .2 .3

Distance km 50-0 km 100-51 km 200-101 km 400-201 km 700-401 km 1000-701 Over 1000 km

Zone 1 2 3 4 12 13 14
( PC )

Tarif-day sec 20 sec 12 sec 10 sec 7.5 sec 5 sec 3.5 sec 3

Tarif-night sec 20 sec 20 sec 15 sec 15 sec 10 sec 7.5 sec 6

zone zone

. . .

zone zone

Code 0461 0411 0811 021 0311 0711 0511

Zone 1 2 3 4 12 13 14

Subscriber number 2220000

Counter 1

Counter 2

CD . . Bulk

Mod

Tape . Bulk

( AMA ( automatic message accounting . : .

Calling Called number number

Date Duration Zone Pulse zone

Time

. AMA . 10 . Billing center 8 DATA

Local AMA . Common AMA

LAMA
| 14:2 1388

y y y y
(WLL) (PCS)

y y y y
(PABX)

y y y y

Centrex

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( )

. . . .

(GUI)

on-line

y
Pair Gain, STM1-16, . . . BHCA 36 ISDN

o o y
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o o y

15000 . . . MCU MCU HDLC ISUP CCSNO.7

o o y

0/2

0/8 . DC DC/DC - 36 - 72 .

DC/DC

hot standby

. . CPU CPU flash memory

y
: 24/5 31 77/5 215 59 95

o o o o o o

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1388

" . " " .

"

" "charging . ... " " . " . :

"

-1 -2 charging -3 -4

BTS .( )

(wireless) ( )

: ( ) (Home Location Register) HLR . (SIM (Subscriber Identity Module HLR . SIM ( )

-1

-2 HLR . HLR charging . -3

charging

) -4 HLR

). .(
| 13:57

..
1388

... BTS GSM,TDM GSM GSM-900 GSM-1800MHZ MHz MHz890 MHz935 (UPLINK) (DOWNLINK) GSM-900

MHz MHz MHz

MHz

(UPLINK) (DOWNLINK)

GSM-1800

124 . GSM_1800

GSM-900 GSM-1800 GSM-900

DUAL BAND .

GSM

Application

. CEPT . . . 1991 GSM GSM CEPT . CEPT . ( ) CEPT

European Post offices and Telecommunication=CEPT : 3 GSM .1 .2 .3 GSM

: . . . . AUC EIR HLR VLR MSC

GSM BSC MSC BTS BSC MS BTS MAP A A-bis UM

: Mobility end-to-end . ( PSTN )

.1

GSM

EIR

AUC HLR VLR

MSC :

(call setup) . PLMN . PLMN . . MSC HLR visitor MS MS HLR . VLR HLR VLR . HLR MS MS . HLR . HLR . (IMEI) . ( ) Echo Canceller . . ( ISDN PSTN ) MSC PSTN HLR MSC VLR MS MSC HOME HLR

: MSC

: HLR

: VLR

MSC

: AUC

: EIR

IWF

.2 BTS BSC . handover MS . . mobility (IWF=InterWorking Function BTS . BTS GSM . BTS BSC. power control MS handover . GSM link N ( OMC) . ) GSM . (NMC ) HLR . OMC OMC. BSC ( OMC N BSC-BTS handover BSC . BSS . BSS BSS. BSS. . . BSC MS MS

MSC

. . GSM GSM

OMC

BTS

Base Transceiver Station .

TDMA

. . BTS

TDMA

TDMA ( BTS ( . ) ) BTS 8 8 TRX TRX 8 8

TDMA . FDMA

TDMA .

...

....

(TRX)

BTS

BTS .

TRX

BTS

(TDMA TRX + + ( )

) TRX + + .

TRX

(....

) (

TRX )

BSC

. BSC

(BTS)

BSC

( Base Station Controller)

BSC .

BTS

HAND OVER

. . BTS BSC

BSC .

TRX

TRX

BSC

.(

BTS

BSC

BSC

BSC

. . PCM

PCM

BTS ) . . .( BSC

HDSL

... SDH .

2 . . " "

. 64

PCM 32 ( 2048 ) 64 2 .

.(

PCM . 2 2

PCM

31 ... 30

32 (

PCM

PCM

MSC

Center Mobile Switch .

MSC .

MSC

-(

Ram

HLR ) VLR( (Visited Location Register HLR (

VLR

:MSISDN MSISDN 09121620000 :IMSI IMSI

10

IMSI

15

(IR-TCI

) 43211 10

10 . MSIN

MSIN :

(MSISDN) . . (IMSI) :

. . HLR IR-TCI .

) HLR

IR VALIACOM IR-TCI REGISTER

) .( 37

SA ALJAVAL

:TMSI 8 IMSI

TMSI .(

) IMSI TMSI

CI ( ) BTS . . LAC . 1211 LAC VLR . . LAC

| 13:55 1388

LAC

5 CI 4 LAC . BTS 32115 LAC

( CELL ID) CI

LAC :

22115

12115

CI LAC=1211

CI=32115

VOIP

VOIP VOIP . .

VOIP

100 . . . (PSTN)

).

) (.

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-7

10 ( )

10

) . (kbps) 128 kb 64

. ( ) .
2

) . .

VOIP (

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-2

-3 .

VOIP .

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VOIP 10 6/5 . 3/5

10

10 10 3/5

VOIP

ATA ATA

VOIP .

:3ATA -1

VOIP .

:4IP . :5

-2

VOIP

-3

IP 2006 . VOIP

VOIP .

. . VOIP

VOIP

. .

Voice Over Internet Protocol -1

Packet -2

Analog telephone adaptor -3

IP phone -4

Computer- to- computer -5

13:53

1388

WiFi WiFi . . WiFi .

. . WiFi . . . WiFi . WiFi

. WiFi .

. Walkie_Talkie . . Walkie_Talkie . decode

WiFi WiFi hotspot . Walkie_Talkie . Walkie_Talkie

. . . : . Walkie_Talkie Walkie_Talkie . Walkie_Talkie . beep ( ) beep . Walkie_Talkie . Walkie_Talkie . : GHz . . GHz . Walkie_Talkie g . b . a . . MHz WiFi WiFi . . WiFi WiFi . . Walkie_Talkie

orth_ogonal freguency_division Complementary Code : . frequency hopping .

Walkie_Talkie . WiFi g . a . . b . . (multiplexing (OFDM . (Kying(cck WiFi b . hop frequency

WiFi . Walkie_Talkie WiFi . b g . .( . g ab . . b GHz . handle b . GHz GHz . . . WiFi WiFi . WiFi . . g PCMCIA USB PCI USB . . . hotspot . . g laptop WiFi . laptop . WiFi WiFi : a . b b . . . . WiFi . . a g a . . . . : . . . handle . ( ) handle a . ) b .

. laptop

. PCMCIA

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WiFi . WiFi hotspot hotspot

| 13:52 1388

hotspot

.
+

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) ( 44/75 760 536 536

:

17 12 12

21

8 8 21

.
| 13:48 1388

. 100- 90 25-20 ( ) AC .

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. .

. .

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. . 5 msec 40 . msec 60

. .

msec 50

5 10

. .

msec 100=40+60

msec100

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770

1447 -2 -1 :

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repeater

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1 0

: .

-7

32

PCM

-1

RB= 32*64 Kbit/s=2048kbit/s =2/048Mbit/s BW= RB/2=2048/2=1024KHZ = 1/024 MHZ

KHZ = 128 KHZ 4*32

. .
|

-2 CLOCK
13:32

(
1388

-3
+

13:31

1388

. . . .

. .

low noise

v/2

vref .

: . fdm . FDM IC . . IC . tdm -1 -2

. 4 6 bpsk . .. . QAM 64 !!
| 13:23 1388

-3

2
+

1388

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