Am2910 Microprogram Controller DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS © Twelve its Wide Address up to 4096 words of microcode with ane chip. Al ‘© tetera! Loop Counter Procettable 122it downeounte for repeating istuctions and counting loop itrtios. © Four Adcress Sources Vieroprogram Adoress may be selected rom mleroprogram counter, branch access bus, evel push/pop sack, oF ‘© Sstoen Powerfu Microineractiont Executes 19 sequence contol structions, most of which re conditona’onextenal condition input state of internal {oop eounter, or both, ‘© Ovtout Enable Controls for Three Branch Adres Sources Bulltin decoder unetion to enable extemal devions nto branch ares bs. Ebminate external dcoder © Al Regters Panis Edged Siplites timing problems. Eliinete ong setup tne, ‘© Fast Control from Condition loput Delay from condition code input to adcres output only 2ins typi. (GENERAL DESCRIPTION ‘The Am2010 Mieroprogam contalir i an address sequencer intended for contretng the sequence of execution of miro Inaructions stored in milconogran serbey, Bide Ure ea pabliey of sxqental aces, fe provides conditional branching fo any miroinsinstion within Its 4096-mieroword range. A lartin, firstout stack prowder microsubroutine return linkage and looping capability; hore aro ive levee of resting of mcr ‘bcoutines. Miecinstucton legp eount control proviced ‘wth a court capacity of 4096. During cet micruimtiuction, the Mlcrprogram controller Drovides # 122it address from one of four wgutees: 1) he Imicroprogam address ragiter (UPC), which usually contains an adress one aroater than the previous ade: 2) an ex: ternal (direct) input (0); 3) a ropetrfeountar (R) cetaining ‘da loaded during a previous wicoinstrution; ot 4) «five deep latin, testout stack (F ‘rogram contro unis, refer to "The Mictoprograrming Hand book" en AMD aplication pubiiation. ‘Ama9t0 BLOCK DIAGRAM a He relies = pee =D rear oararama ‘CONTROL PATH “QE Figure eee ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS. For appications information, soe Chapter It of Bt Slee Moro processor Design, Mic & Brick, NeGraw Hil Publications. 6.156Am2910 J ancurrecTune oF THE anaoto ‘The Am2010 js » bipolar mlcroprogram controler intended for use in highspeed microprocessor nolieatons I allows ‘nlcesting of up to 4K words of miroprogram. A black da ‘am i shown in Figure ‘The convollar contains fourinput multipioner sat i used to sein ether the reve coumer, dtect Input, mixoprogram, ‘hunter, or stack a the souroe of the next microinstruction ‘de ‘The rastarloounser conte of 12.6 type, ede riggare Hip fogs, wth a corman clock enable. When ts foae contol, RUD, is LOW, new dats lordad om oposite clock transition. A few instructions inluca load; in most systms, hese ir sxretions it be sufficient, simplifying the microcode. Th ‘output ofthe regsercnumer isaac tothe multiplexer 0 2 soute forthe next mieroingtrction adress. The rect nput furnishes source of data for lacing the rept eounte. Te AirZ010 contsine a microprogrm courts (APC) that componad of 1201 increment followed by 120A rieter ‘The uPC can be used in eithor of two waye: When the carry in wo the incomenter Is HIGH, the mistoptogrem register i loaded om the next clock eyete with the current Y output word pls one (Y +1 uPC)- Sequential micrinstrucions ore ‘hus exeeuted. When the carrysn. it LOM, the increment pastes the Y output word unmodiid fo that LBC le elooded ‘with the same ¥ ord onthe next lock cya (Y > APC). The sme mictonatrction i has executed any suber of tines ‘The third source forthe multiplexer i the dcect(D) input This source is ute for beanehing The fourth source available at the multiplexer inputs a word by 12bit sack ile. The stack Is used to bravide ren [eis linkage when executing microsubroutins or loops ‘The Rack contain 8 buitsn stack pointr [S which ahway® point to the ast file word writtan, This allows stack rafrence ‘Speratons leaping] to be parormad without apap. The stick poimer operatat 24 an upidown counter. During ‘mieroinsvetion 1,4, and 5, the PUSH operation may occu “Tit causes the stack pointer to incoment and the fle to te writen with ‘the rulred return finkage. On the eye following the PUSH, the return deta it at the new location pointed to bythe stack pointer. During five micronstvotions, & POP operation may oocut ‘The Mack pointer dacremente at the nxt ing Cock soe folioning 6 POP, elfectivly removing Olé information from the top of te stack The stack pointer inkape i such that any sequence of pushes, ops, oF stack relerences cen be achieved. At AESET (Insruc- tion 0}, the depth of nesting becomes zero. For each PUSH, ‘the nasing depth Increases by one. foreach POP, the depth tecreaset By one. The dupth en grow to five. After a depth of five i eoachog, FOUL goes LOW, Ary further PUSH arto 2 {ull sac overorite information at the top ofthe sack, but leave the stack pointr unchangod. This operation wil ually netroy useful Information end normally avoided. A POP from an empty stack may place nan-mearingful data onthe ¥ ‘outputs, but i othorwise Sete. The sock pointer remeios a ‘aro whenever» POP Is attempted trom a stack aeeady emery. “Te rgister/eounter i operated during three mcroinstructions (8.0, 15) era 12 down counter, with cele = zea salable 2a iierinsrution branch test riterion. This provides of ‘Sent ieration of miroistructions. The regiterfoounter is Aanged Such that Its preloaded with a aumber N and then ‘ed a 8 1009 termination scunter, te sauce wl be ext tuted exactly N¥T times. During instruction 76,2 three-way branch unde combined control ‘of the loop counter and the ‘condition ode aaa The device provides threnstate ¥ outputs. Thee con be per ‘iculary useful in designs requiring automatic checkout of the Droaeior. The mieroprogram controle outputs ean a frend Ino the highimpedance rate, and prsprogremad sequences (of microinevuctions con be executed via oxtorna! aout tothe terest ines. OPERATION Table {shows the result of ach instruction in conlling he ‘multipleer which ceterminesthe Y ovtouta, and in controling the tives enable signals PL, MAP, and VEGT. The effet on the regitar/eountar ond the stack after the next pone going ‘ok we fy aso horn Th mulipeney erin fe Internal source drives the Y outputs. The value loaded Into PC's either ienea! te yhe ¥ output, oF ete one recta, 2 determined by Cl. Eor sich instruction, ene and only one Of the Brae outputs PL, MAP, ang VECT i LOW. thee ‘urput convel three-state enables for the primary soures of Imicroprogram jumps (asualy part of a pipeline repster, 2 'PROM nbich imave the inetuction to 2 microinstruction Starting loaten, and an optional third soureefotten a vector ‘rom a DMA o interrupt souree, respectively, the treestate sources can drive the D Inputs without further lal ‘Several input, a8 shown in Table", ean masity inetoction txcoution, The combination CC HIGH and CCEN LOW used {3b Got in O of the 16 inswuctions. PLD, when LOW, couse the D input 10 be loaded into the redstericounter Sy HOLD or DEC operation spotted in the In rotmally LOW, may be foroad HIGH to remove Youtouts tom a trapstate bus. “Tee sack, a fvesvord lamin, frstout 1245 memory, has a ointer which oddreses the value preseniy on the top ofthe ack, Explit control of the tack point occurs ding In ructon (RESET, whian mace do ree ompry by rvetng the SP to zero. After @ RESET, ond whenever ue the sack i ‘mpty, the contents of the top of sack is undefined until a PUSH occurs. Any POPS performed while the sack is embry defined. data on the F outputs an Weave the stk pe Poin Any time the sack i ul (five more PUSH than POPS have Cozurrd sine the tac was Tort empty), the FULL warning ‘utput occurs. This signal fist appears onthe mierocyel after {fifty PUSH, No addtional PUSH should be etempted onto {full tack: tried, formation within the wack wl be over: e157Am2910 ‘ORDERING INFORMATION ‘ta ha gar smear accor the bla Delo ban ha dated pacage tempore ang, and erering lve Package Te Operstng Farge Sernaneg Le cownemee "Mn ‘see 2 ‘mony 06 Po ¢ ci ‘eeteD oa & é ‘es0069 oe & orton ‘te e0M oe “ oe ‘Stepoee se rT = ‘meron re fT es iesrorw2 Fa " es a prion pezaroxe 28 ¢ ‘ean sroans ne tos 29108 ~ Fat Pah Meter low eer rinoR oF B58. 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