CHLOROPLAST

Site of photosynthesis

Suchitra 11msb0028
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INTRODUCTION CHLOROPLAST what does it mean??????? chloro means-green plast means-living Performs photosynthetic activity
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HISTORICAL
Term chloroplasts were first described by Nehemiah Grew & Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek . The term PLASTID was used by Shimper in 1885.

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EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN
Chloropla sts are one of the many different types of organelles in the plant cell.

Originate d from cyanobacte ria through endosymbi osis. Powerpoint Templates Page 4

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Proteins-35-55% Lipids-20-30% Carbohydrates-3-7% Chlorophyll-9%(dry weight),chlorophyll a-75% & chlorophyll b-25% Carotenoids-4.5% Nucleic acid-3-4%
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STRUCTURE
Looks like flat dics. Diameter-2 -10 micrometers,thickness- 1 micrometer.

Powerpoint Templates Parenchyma cell contains about 10-100 chloroplasts

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Inner structure of chloroplast

Contains

Stroma Thylakoids Granum Powerpoint Templates lumen

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ENVELOPE

The entire chloroplast is bounded by an ENVELOPE,whi ch is made of double unit membrane.

contain only 1-2 % of the total protein of chloroplast.

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STROMA
 The matrix or stoma fills most of the volume of the chloroplast.

 It contains about 50% of the proteins of the chloroplast.  Contains RIBOSOMES & DNA molecules.  It is the place where co2 occurs.  Gel-fluid like substance surrounding the Powerpoint Templates thylakoids.

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THYLAKOIDS
 consist of flattend and closed vesicles arranged as a membranous network.

 It may be stacked like a neat pile of coins forming GRANA.

 There may be 40-80 grana in the matrix of a chloroplast.

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Molecular organization of thylakoid :5 major superamolecular complexes:1. Photosystem I : Contains reactive centre composed of P700. 2. Photosystem II : Comprises two intrinsic proteins that bind to the reaction centre of chlorophyll P 680. 3. Cytochrome b/f : Contains one cytochrome f,two cytochromes of b 563,one FeS centre & a polypeptide. 4. ATP synthetase. 5.Light harvesting complex.
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Function of chloroplast:Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis: The process by which organisms convert solar energy to chemical energy.

6H20 + 6CO2

C6H12O6 + 6O2

This is an energy requiring reaction - the energy source is sunlight

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The photosynthesis reactions can be broken down into two components:

LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION

It is light dependent reaction. Occurs in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES.

It is light-independent reaction. Occurs in the STROMA.

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LIGHT REACTION
The photosynthetic light reaction is completed by passing through the following processes:
I. Light absorption by photosynthetic pigment:  Photosynthetic unit  Dual pigment system: photosystem I & photosystem II
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Photosystem I
 Each PS I unit consist of about 200 molecules of chlorophyll a &50 carotene molecules.  Reaction centre (chlorophyll a molecule) called-P 700.  Occurs in thylakoid membrane.
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Photosystem II
It also occurs in thylakoid membranes. Each PS II consists 200 molecules of chlorophyll a,200 molecules of carotenols,chlorophyll b,c or d. Reaction centre is called-P 690(shorterwavelength trap).
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2.Electron transport system & oxidation of water

 light drives the conversion of water to oxygen.  NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes.  Formation of ATP molecules takes place.
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DARK REACTION
The dark reaction is completed by passing through three main phases:  Phase 1: carboxylation:- 3 molecules of carbon dioxide are attached to 3 molecules of ribulose 1,5,biphosphate to produce short-lived six carbon intermediates,this process is called carboxylation.  Catalyzed by the enzymes:RuBP carboxylase,carbooxydismutase.
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2.Phase II:glycolytic reversal: Six molecules of PGA(3-phosphoglyceric acid) are transformed into six molecules of 1,3,diphosphoglyceric acid. These in turn get converted into six molecules of glyceraldehyde-3phosphate, 3phopsphoglyceraldehyde(PGAL).
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3.Phase III:regeneration of RuBP: 3 molecules of RuBP are regenerated by a complex series of reaction which utilize 3 ATP molecules & 5 molecules of 3phosphoglyceric acid.

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THANKS

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