Pashto Grammer Conversation

Peshto the Language of tire
Afghans
!i i'
,,J-ls
is the Language of the Afghans' and historicaly it belongs' to the Indo - European group of languages'
Pashto
ffeated as In academic writing Pashton and Afghan are synonyms and have no difference' Pashto Afghans or Pashtons themselves call their language and the people of the world know them and their language accordinglY. century The term Pathan known since the seventeenth Pashton' is an Indo -Anglicised version of the ethnonym which is still used in the Indian subcontinent' For further development of Pashto, on September "Saraj-ul akhbare" an official Afghan news paper
PASHTO IANGUAGB
H.G.RAVERTY
J
J'L rl
b-ler,
,** s-.JJ ;1L'

e,i
,S-l
.rif
u,,,;
i,-
...6!t-'*,t
it'-t 'J '!il,-,u-'l yc \L* 'a -...*', as- ,tf f" UtJl JV rp J)-F -r-lt (sslt \ o o6.rt"T\ )
; U \,ct
iULilrLr;+'
ThePashtoorLanguageofAfghansiswritteninthe(Naskh) use character of Arabic, which is of the same general

amongst the Arabs as Roman is in Europe' At present the of the Afghans also use the Arabic letters with the addition
extra Pashto characters.
3
l,March, I 855, H.G.Raverty
l4,Igl4
stated: the becomes necessary to address ourselves on should importance of our national language Pashto' We
" Now
it
t r--l -i*,i. ir:-( I r
uy-*J Ju
I
understand that every nation has a national language which gives it its life. A nation which loses its language of also loses its life. The protection of the basic language life' every country is as important as the protection of its Vy'e are called the Afghan nation and our beloved homeland is called Afghanistan ' We possess specific We call customs, ethics and a national language which Pashto. we must protect this langage and attempt to
develop and imProve it..."
U-Sur l k*';t-il \'* rr rj lli' 'fu 3:'Ju, .u,-b r;)u* ts ,3 ,# lt'UUl -\sP)l J cJt-l 1 ,:t:"..'Jrll Pashto is the language of the people who inhabit Aflhanistan, the Northwest frontier and "a large part of
Baluchistan" of Pakistan. The A'fghans themselves call their
language Pashto...
D.A. Shafeev
Translation 1964Indiana UniversitY( USA)
CJ ti*JLjl
Languages
f rf
Section-1
te
of Afghanistan
l=
The Pashto Alphabet
,wl
J+,
fj
J r? "Ll,
lr-t L'. :Liil .,-c,.j uns
""Liilr
ol-lr
ts l ;'irt,
'c'-*s
r:+"ti tL 4.#-v: ,li
tQ,t :l ,s) S;to'i '
indep
l-l
LJ LJ tt
,l;T
,.rt,
Final
t* t*
e Medial
-l
I
Name
l'
initial
or
(a)aa
-t
I
t
Alif
Be
Pe
,;,- r -ril- l-f J L L.il .i'- ,J ,t! ,r-Lll L; ':Liilr ,Li .r9! c -..-;li Jr) b.':Liif I ;tL ;Gr L tt gF Util $ ,;"- ^) .rsj --: :l o- 63L'u Lrv
Pashto and Dari are both official languages of
Afghanistan. Afghanistan has a population of about
18
'Lt-
b p
r ., dtag
3j 'r*
, v
.
r:
ta-
t
j
Te
tftt
Tte
Se
+
e
Gim
Ce-che
G-
:.
Lt,tu t)L LL
,l-
clch dzlz
csch h
Dze-Ze
Ce-Sche
million of which nearly

According
60Vo are Pashto speaking'
t-
the constitution the Afghan nation is composed of all those individuals who possess the citizenship of the state of Afghanistan in accordance
and
to
x/kh
d d/Dd z
)T
,t
He Xe- khe Dal
with the piovisions of the law. Before the law all Afghans have equal rights
obligations.
)., J.f ) )., 2i gtF t

-dlr* LP ,,f
'L
Dal-Ddal Zal
Re
r flRl
z
zlzh,.
(,
tf
s/sh
t
&
x/sh
s
Re-Rre Ze Ze-Zhe Ge Sin Sin-shin Xe,Xin-shin

Sad
r*
,J^
Zad
j
Phto the Language of the
Afghans
g
Name
Sad
r,j
ri
Pashto thelanguage of
,rti p J*, . )lji tndep Final Medial. initial or L-L_LrTa Jb JL J- .b z
ti
Pashto special letters:

4it'jitgit .,i.ri ey ey ye(e) nn sh
j4, theghans 9 : (.r3rr) t V -*,5

rf rrf ... , ,C
G Rr dd tt (C-sch -ts)Z-dz)
Leij.elehGhayn_Ghayn (-rst-LjfFe
te-,_-rrAyn :.
Za
Pronunciation
J- ;:lrt
hils(e:r)rl,
.
Diphthonge
rJ
&Lj
.JL..JL L
.<-,
,!,r!
J
I
3,3 &.&
|-*r
LFi
g k
I I m n
C"f
Kaf
Gaf Lam Mim
Num
3,3
.}IJ
ri a
,?
ay ey oy ay ou
:(Sanay) man :(Hagey) Egg
aor
:l :l
or Tt or Dd or Rr
:(Zoy) Son :(Zay) Place
t
d
:
:,
:(Touhid)Unity
Z
G C C
,i
d J !
or Zh
Ch Sch or ts
'J -)
i).
:, .c
n/nn Nun-Nnun wlulo V/aw
l-,-{-
({l)
, ,!
\s
(-r
hHe ay Ye Maleyin y,i Ye Maruf e Ye Majhul ey ye Tanis-or,saqila

:ri3sL_
dz
X S
Z
Kh
t 2/
zi
Sh
or
X
G
Note:
The Pashto language uses the Arabic alphabet with addi_ tional Pashto letters. The direction of writing is from right to left.
A
or Sh or Gh or Nn or U/O,
^y e
:9i
:i
:g
it
.(, .u
,.
i
ey
.t 'tsi'ns
:
Pashto
rl-gure, d''t
J, J -c
Final
,gt, Medial
gt.t t t
Initial ,
.rl lr
I
Indep rl;i
!r -, l rtt
.+
tt
!l
s
tJ
l' trl l1 I
rt lt
tAlif
9Be ?Pe
. Te .Tte
Se
t-L tt
J*
Lr t
l-
l,
9- +:S
ol,-.,
,H J;t r- efJ I. il Ju, J l"'-
)v ) tr
t I -
oil )r.rLiJ-t r" li' 6l's 6l'o .tJq,IJll -fuSi
gb .; lj rr
{+
&Ji
Lc
rOj i i :S
fr}
l'a
LAYn
onul
-Ô" Qaf
J- )J')
?rY'
ee"
e4 er'l 99
lJ+l
J.l" J.1;
P.)t1
a;j+) tJ, J
)-t 1
6Gim
ee-
Zj c'J
C- clq C Ct.,
JI JJ
f f)t
*, r;.,
*
JtJ+ J:JL
r)t
J
) r
6Ce, che
Lz"
3*'3. 'K3; J'r ,1;J; i:' t'li .ri JfJl . , ljr gr,
li rl3 . (.+) r.r: ::S 1 JJ)rJ
JfJf )J J'J' isj

: jt l l
it
'/Kaf SGaf
JLam
Mim Num
Nnun Wow
Ce, sche
cHe iXe, Khe

Dal
tHe
YaYe Maruf
Majhul
'cYaYe-Tanis
lI
.rjJ
3J
l.l * criJ c, i J
ol ol
j) jl .:rl3 .li
jls il
Jj- r
lDdal sZal
-, Rre
f ,tJ'
,,1
s",
'
':
Y -uY"
)g )ls ? )r i.S bs
3i
!.f?.r.L, ..rlr,
JrJ !. i t 1tJ ,9s j j
v;lg
c3
cg
J Rre
(sir)g;6-- Jt J"
j'ze
cf
-j
3 Ze,Zh
^3 or- Saqila Lt yaye

MaleYin
as
'rq
'-r.,{
,il:s .tl, ;:ti ;.t - LroV t l:

,9 t-r" l t- L' Jo 3': -
tP. d'l t'L -t
414
JJ
*r*
JP )4P
,:.1,1oLS
ej tbt.s-ba
Sin, shin ..ri *e, Strin
,.
?G"
sin
u,
SAd
JLrrJ-b t1
. I
-t I
Zad
Jo Ta
t. $
li,.
rl )1.b
gP' ,JJ
JZa
\.
\\
. .:i tt.i !:l

:::
-B ..
*:JV
JyA
:: u o; ,*tt u'-*i lss ut
,;
j
ei -'
Phto thelanguage of
Hq
it, is (day dey)
theAfghans 3l
s i. l.r t- it
-U-
jr++
da) We are (Mung yu)

She, it, is ( D You
,*tt
u.i-rs (M)ut,,
i::x
csr
u ul
cjr
,k
"J ,r ,,
t,
are
(Tase yey -
yast)
They are( Duy - di
.-
rE
ir
,S:;
.,S*l g.
To make
sentences Jrr*,rr
,l;,,,
'ttr
Personal ending present tense
Itg r ern zsg e 3 tg t ey (m)s a

yem
,il," ,î You (rhou) are happy ; ,l,l'",, ,.i

am .
happy
1
"t
pl
He is happy
She 'We
'
eY-ast2 pl
is happy
are happy
f.
I
2
i 3 pl
dey khoshala day r ,Jt*. l da khoshala da ,JLe y_r tYastey- yey khoshala
dt.-!3
Verb to be:
d-t{ - Di
u
Yu khoshala Mng
.Jt-.1r.
s-l;.
(rLr,
.l.rg
You are happy
Tase
2, rg u! ye 3. sg .9r Dey (F) ,' Da
pl.
pl
,>-1,-
yu
They are happy
.Jl-.!.r.r
khoshala Duy
3Plgr
f.J.
- ir{ yey_ yast

Di
Im
You are He is
She,
tJ
I am
pl
zah yem)
c..l
You ae (tah ye) Note: sg (singular)
.j
4r-
it, -is
(plurat)
are You are They are
V/e
f t-is
r
Zah yem Tah ye Day dey D da Mung yu

Tase yey - yast
- 1-,-*l
.r,
Duy di
l'.
t'\
PTJr thr,L.*grrgr djltr
'l
he Possessive pronouns
:l l*l ,s ,,.;";prl l ,rttl ,* rsJt t -Vc.s;"J )J 'i - j I s" -o. t;r t-l-a,lU ; ,gLj.u ( l) u rea,-i
..r;L-
r.tiJ,;3,.r
,rr,<tf
(ts _
The posessive pronouns are formed by adding the letter (Z,t) to the first person, the letter (S,r") to the second and the letter (d ) ro the third in oblique form of the,personal pronouns , except (Zah-Ta}l'- day-da). The possessive pronoun khpul (onefs own) changes to khpula in the feminine.
n.lt-r !, q,) _-.a JU
*s !r _
'i*' theAfghans 33 *" self , self etc ( Pa khPula) 'J+ '' For ourself , Self, etc (P .*) ( da khpulo) J' ' Jr J V/ith my self, self - etc ( La khpul) (La khpule) With #y ourself - etc (p c-) '#d
Phto thelanguage of
Z+m,=Zm, Mine-of me S+t=St, yours

D + da = Dada , of him, that, this D + De = Da-de, of her that, this D + Duy = Daduy, of them ours of
Lj=L+j t,"=4 g
.tl=-r+ i-r)= nn * r)
rr = r! + )).= rrr + r : :
[3=L+t c
Z+Mung=r:unf,
us
of him, of that of her, of that of thern
ri
.rirr
:
z.a-ua-f_-r ss
:++ s .ri + r
:::t:l Kitab ( D kitab) vljl' This book .t=f L'.j (TnLkitab) My book (Kafam) fJ' Pen : I' Jr This pen (D kalam) rt; uYour pen. (St kalam) Ink: (Rang) '3i) 3;t; ,'.,, ,' Black ink : Tor Rang :il'l-'l'- l Inkwell (MushwnneY) ,rrlt':'- t'.s Degha MushwnneY .lt (Shide) Milk
Book :
Bread (DdoddeY) (Hagey) (Ghwasha)
-ll I
Fcro "b
Exercise
ar
-*
--
.r, , , * .
Myself - self, etc (M,fj.) Myself - self , etc (Fsr) For myself - self etc (M ) For mysetf - self (F ) By my self self - erc
(Khpul) J ( Khpula),t ' @e khpul) .J.,. (De khpule) ,rr

( pa
^#
Meat Tea Water
+-*
.lt
tl
(Chay) (oba)
khpul).t.,
r
rT
P$to the Language of the Afghans
34
'i
'
t---l--
.-l ll r$t *SJu,

The second group
possessive pronouns.
r P Jti'rh
Exercise rj
your head
(Weak Pronouns) can also be used as
J.,ltu My head (zm sr)... your face (St makh) .b- tnty tu.' (zmmakh) Kho'l
(our) mu
(your) mu
(Their) ye
! e -
(MY) me (Your) De
(his- her) ye
r
.t!
:'t t'; (zma Yow mouth (StaKhola) dt'- My mouth ::"t s-pv) (StaSterga) -,- My eye zmsterga) your eye ./l u' yow hand (st La ,.,"1 b My hand ( anL).
your nose (S paza) ..[i your tooth ( St ehash) t your hair ( St '/eshta)^r-,.,
Your
(S6Sir)
C
"i
r-, vty norr. (zmpaza) 1t'uj t'; ( zrn gh l

fvfy
toottr
Vty
trair
(zm \ilestru)r:;"' -
tr;
lip
(St
shundda),;ll
vrv
rip
(zm shundda) o'unl'e;
Kalam mu wakhist --+b;, Kalam mu wirkhist c--l:,
f f Kalam ye wakhist c--b,rr f
Kalam mewakhist Kalam di wakhist Kalam ye wakhist
--+L u. di
a4l.r ti
c--+b,r'- di
This is mY head This is Your face This is mY mouth

Ttris is Your nose
His eYe is red
'
(D-a zrnasir deY) (D st mokh deY) (D zm khola da) (D st Paza da)

(Da hagha sterga sra da)
gr
.rr.
trjl:
gr ls"lr rl rJrr t';ll rl r k-' ll ; tr.t ;-t ti'ol

Lr'L.J
Black hair Black hairs
(Tor wehta)
(
)i
.ty'
Tor wehtan)
b1u
fo
VL
shto thelanguage of
theghans 36
&i*
T*"tcise
He is my
father.
9r)L'
t';lr
l'b
at
Who is he?
To make sentences Ie is mY father .)t, t-j.rt

Day zrnaPlr deY) ihe is mY . mother rs -,' L Da zm, mor da) ite is mY brother )99 l'j
ls
l
Jt*rJ-7.r
Father (
'pazrnwror
she is mY
deY)
'pa zmkhor da)
sister
r,raP
Lj l:
t
plr) Mother (mor) Brother (wror) Sister ( khor) Boy (halak)

Girl (nejeleY)
,)t,
)-,'
(Da zm-a Plar deY) u She is mY mottrer' 'r (Da zm mor da)
She is mY
t,r
Da schok deY? Who is she?
clilr
sister' r'r 'f trjb

t'j
rrr Da schok de? Who is she?
dllr 'rflr
)t
(Da zm khor da)
)P
dl
He is mY brother Ltt )) Hagha zma wror deY
"'
t'r
Da schok da? Who is that?
Your Your
son. daughter '
'dl
,# Name (nom) i
Family (KoraneYt'
Zma
am
ToryallaY. ' Jt-'rr''j

oLijlr:l
(ZtToryallaY Yem)
Yes,I am Afghan' '

@o zfnrghan Yem)
Hagha schok daY
r,Jttt
she is my daughte J L. rr.
(zma) Daughter (Lor)

Son (zoY)
Man (narena) Woman (shaza)
t
-)
,si
r_.U
Are You Afghans'? (Tase Afghanan Yastey, YeY?) Yes, we are Afghans?
(Ho Mung Afghanan Yasto) Yes we are Pashtons'
fgr 'rJi dr . *L-',r'r- ULiil r-U'
-L- '- U!'il iY

-L-,,r-
@a zm lur da) He is my son .r C

(Da zm zoy deY He is a man
,,r r:r!i 6r
t...
,.
l.,'ilt I
(Ho mung Pashtanal'Yasto' Yo) Mirwais is a Pashton'
)
t!
ir+, V"'tJf
J:dJ,
(Mirwais Pashton daY) (F) TorPekeY is a Pashton

(TorPekeY Pashtana da)
'./
CJt
(day narena deY)

She
is
a women.
,s LL t
Aschak is a Pashton'
(Aschak Pashton deY) Zatghona is a Pashton(F)
.rs J'':-- 'J$l
t
rY
:4,3Lsi
(llagha a Shaza da)
(Zarghona Pashtana da)
T1
t
Exercise
This man is an Afghan. p Sanar Afghan dey) This woman is an Afghan.
Afghans. (Duy Afghanan Pashto is the la @ashto rr They speak pashto.
g 'l
r
,*_
tjJ+
theghans jg
-{
uJ*,
arl
t',"b
fr.y'*r
@ shaza Afghana
da)
Arghans' u
oLjll
Ul*il3'r
Gender
& i taorU
di)
'r
Lr,-z dJ..." ,Sl vt rr{ u3 *,^r, ) .ct' ,I: 4) Lr4
;rrr'fjffi;Jff
wayi)
r'j;tjrijr'r
n'l
.;*
There are two genders in Pashto language, masculine and feminine.
@uY Pashto This boy is my friend. (Dagha Hal"/"-a malgeray That gril is my frilnd. f"n negeley zm malgere $.u-gu With this (Daghe shaze
16ut
Masculine
gender
u g ,\i-a
,".. r:.U : \
-l
J*f .r+ ',, s l
t:.r
,St.J
trr;
With this girl..
woman. Sara) sara)
inr" d; '
dey)
er,rll. L; cIJe ..r

r.r.e,(L
t:t .*{ -\
_y
u:np ri,
,
All nouns and adjectives ending with the letters below

are considered masculine:
tr sQ r's
rhJ
1- lJ (u;) '"oL
(daghi negele With these boys
tr*.*'t
rr-;L(brr
r. ta i'a
3't
1- (ay ,, ) : Saray (man), waray (Lamb) etc fr _ c./..Jr 4lJ (c;) 2-(i ,s ) : Sarri (men) Dobi (washerman) etc
rjr,,
fl ,rtt (r) lJ -f
sara) women. @agho shazo sara)

halokang _(dagho With those
3- (W,U,O
4- (AW 3 )
That man goes (Ilagha sarray
zi)
,l u. *
,
That woman goes. (rlagha For that woman.
rrt*ui"'
ta)
l'^
4^
\i - r*" rlJ (r) ,r -o (H(a) , ) : Pesa (Sheep), Zna (Heart) etc 5u,.Y , lb J ,Sti ,>.1-o t : -1 6- Consonant letters: Halek (Boy) , Las (hand)
/
f
-.l.l,Jr, lJ () irL : Palaw ( achador) , Kandaw,(agap in wall)
):
Chaqu ( Knife) Dduko ( thief
) etc
-L
(flaghi
straze
t&"
rl
'+
40
jr.i,
4l Pashto thelanguage of theAfghans

The
!i*
Feminine Gender ,t4 a. _l ,s f -*:-:- $J,JjY ,, crtsl :r.r; t;,t
Prepositions
uiL'>
e-ti
6J',Y
.,s,*
after the noun or pronoun' R preposition is always placed and pronouns come in In compound prepositions the nouns
the
,t+f , ,9
Li|''-'r'r
'J
L'3
'Jvl ^" '+'

rul
:J
All nouns and adjectives ending with the letters below are
considered Feminine.
middle of
- (Ta)
a sentence'
Without - (Be)
,S,t1- (a-)
-:
2-(ah=,) kholah (mouth) charrah (bigknife)
) as: Shaza ( woman) Mazaka(Earth) etc ott ,rJ-i. ,S,J (e ) -u, f
,r (o) ul" _\
"y';
to
z JiJ
To (wata)
-y
_t,
On-uPon(Per)
From-(schkha-cekha)
(Pah)
:- rt
' ilrt :
Jr
3-
(a=l
L , t
Sh (back), ghwa (cow)
il) djt
4- (i=rr) v/rori (brotherhoo1,
nos-fl#;ffi
el ''-
-L
To, Until ( ter) From ( La)
zi
:J
5-(e=.) Nawe ( Bride) , Malgare (girl

6- (ey=
-l , c$L^<l t,rl
,)
',,-* r<J (.J).Jtr t- dij spey (Bitch) ka:rkey (window)
o{f
friend) t
eJ4r _
With ( Sara)
: ,
-1
After-Later(Pas)
Later ( Wrusta (ke) In (Ke)
rf,
et)) .rf t- ke: .;af
a
7-(W,U,O= ) zango ( Cradle), Bizo (monky)

8- letters
*.,-*ljl,J (:) Ja, -V

(O)
,.",,-,'e.2
(7-'Onand
) as: Gominz ( combi tvtacfrin: Hand mill )
rl L!,
_A
For the sake of ... Da"' DaPara About... Da.... Pa barake
'L... t
,J ,t\rJ ...r
: tj
ti.
consonants:
't,'ti :l
Faithless (be wafa) On the chair ( PerchowkeY)

In home ( Pa kor) Unti! the Bazat (Terbazara)
r{
?lt, t-f 'u,

nrljt
From home ( La Kora)

L.
n.t-f
t\
r#,....r ( Of... infront) before (da... pa makhke) .t- t ... r

( Of ... (Of...
bande) ( Until... under) (Ter... lande) (Of... back) (da...Tersha) (Of.., after) ( da... pase)
( per...
with) ( on ... upon )

(Of...
ui3*1
( da...
ru*
theAfghans 43 D (dal)= 5 tr .. \''
i*'
.rL ...+
uy...- by. ...,
and The Particle (dal r) Sometime expresses commond
He should go. ( Haghade Larr
shi) He may come. ( Hagha de Rshi)
Permission
,tt"S"lllf i rlr 'pt'
Y j
t"'l'r
:In(Pake)
At home. (Pakor
ke )
e\
./
before
( da...
from) (dalla...sch kha (schkha) ...rJ/s (Of... from ( dal La... na) u ...rJ / , dapara) ( Sta da para) From me (zma Schkha) From you ( Sta schkha)
For
damakha)
r,.
..
t",
:Like(Pa-shan)
L, ,
Like you ( St Pa shan)

:For (da Para)
[.l., b
r,b a
rU,l
me For you
(Zma
,t,. L;
c-U,r
For me (zm, daPara)

: Near,
L;
bNear me ( m Pore)
be ( Pore
LSJB -rl,
)1,
rSs4V
e;.t U;
;f."
L,:
.t.,!K.,
.,J,
He laughs at me ( Hagha ma pore khandi) He laughs at you ( Day ta pore khandi)

Pah=
L ril
,JJU'tJU, b 9r
Note:
b- -l y-rj .t LtJ rs- u;;f /1,.

t{
:
The verb ( to understand) Takes Pah: I understand Pashto. ( Zah pah pashto pohegam)
proposition: (Pah The verb ( to sell) (always takes this
I
*a 4't"')
''
bande) Jjt{
The.preposition (da r.) signifies : - Ownership: da wrorkitab ( brother,s
book)
1,
- Starting point : da kora watel ( going from home) :ejr[
l
I'
lt h
I'
I
t" I.
I
gt;l-lJ : rlJ.r, c.fJL :r r j .,jbll ,-f t ,J ,;uj.lr,, J+l ,rs

LI
t-.
I
I sell my horse to him ( zah khpul as pah hagha bande r-?Jij! d t"rl '! 'j kharztawom), t: From - of :(nah) i ..l-tl J From Kabul ( m rabul nah)
(Kabul nah) From me (Lamanah)
LT
.j,',[K
IJ
i.
ljLd
:
Phto ,the Language of the
ghans
44
tjfr
--
Pashto
mth"g"tge
otthenight"s
45
Dialogue
To express should, must: It is necessery for you to work (T t; paka dey che kar Wakne.
To me ( m ta) To you ( T ta) To us ( mung ta) To
,St
,sl
tr zem
,s*
t,s*
rfu f)lrSl'
tV \ gf K L Ltrrtf r, r;
;L
Khabere - Atere
b
Salam cherta ze Salam . zah showenza'
u ,t*,j
Durs pail showaY deY Ho. Yawa Hafta kegi Zarghona ham
g-* ,,,,r..rr
.rrl uil g
,_
him
( da ta)
'v
i
r.J
showenzitazi
n ''
Toher (deta)
To them (duy ta) To him (hagha ta)
Na. hagha kandahar
zma kor ta scha wakht
tlale.da) bala hafta ba rashi }.ii ^t{ ,rr ,rlb r; -b'uf
,rn f p:)
i
''ji
u3
,:"sl
_-
raze
,lr
.-*l
t---
r;,
t- s
rL
f
.
cst
4J'ri
: c-b
Remote
Os wakht na larem biya ba sara wo wino + l+ ,
To hrn( haghota ) To them ( haghoy ta)
Der ha
Da khday Paman
Pa makha mu sha
trlr,,jll
After her ( haghe pase) Lf,,

After him
(hagha pase)
4' After (Pase) Afterme ( mpase) ,P'U After you ( t pase) c;.t, b
L#,
4tt;-\
LI
1-_.:____:
-_---:-___
L
t4
rA
Phto the Language of the Afghans 46
' lt
il r -\J \ \ \''2
\-- ^rL^ elanBuage of fteA f-Lnno 1 ltJP,

i"
i-.)'lPashto
l\\\-
Vocabulary
True ( reshtya)
,Falsehood wrong @rogh) Bluffs ( batte) Deserve (warr)
L'
I -. @t
' .J
i:tt -t
LtJ
P t*,,n vocabulary t .'', "A J-''. ,*"**", )., i,i -- "3" t (hastogna)
\\rrr ;;;;t ntu., ; ")i (yadgar) '. j ' \l ll-i",*ce ''l*
:t/
r .r ..t -,^ (nondarton) z-^-^*^-\ Exhibition
'
t{
tfru'
After, back ( pasay)

Thanks ( tashakor)
)t d'
.f'ful,Y
l.q '\..;;..iu,rc (non'al >

:\ l:-x l\r t\
'
r'lr:';
-f.llj
Bluff,
iir
t,
District
(sema)
7
)
( lapa)
Pupil / Student (shagird) Student at univ ( mohasil) Center (markaz)
ti J--t
a
l^,
L.
l
t t
I
t"I'
Ir.
Once (Yow zel) Once, one time ( Yuw war)
School (showonzay) University ohonton)
t?JJ*
Family (koraneY
Father (Plar) Mother (mor)
Childran (z-amen)
,rf
s+
U)DJ
,\
)Y
Ministry (wezarat)
Chairman ship (reyasat)
,:-U,
,JfuK
tait I. UH J+i,t
t
I
vlj
asi
V/ish ( kashkay)
I
I
Liar (droghjan)
To catch ( newel) To dance (naschalel) Dancng ( nascha) Building ( wadaney)
Darkness (tyara)
t
r
l
I
Son (zoY) Daugther (1or) Sister (khor) Brother ( wror)

Mirwais is a man. (Mirwais Yaw sarraY
Zarghonais
J-r
)J
Lt,
.l-r .r
deY) a woman.
rt- fJf ,. i- ti L:'*)i
Cold (walgay) Path, road ( watt) Aspire, wish l treta

\
,tt
,l+
lt !
(Zarghona Yawa schaza da) They have a son and a (DuY Yaw zoy aw Yawa
daugther' 's)i tvl 61jv' 6t lor lari)

V
I
I
Pashto the Language of the
Afghans 48
. uJ .id
ri r 93rr
I
I
,'
I
I
The name of their son is
sherjan. r irt" # fi
Malaley rlrrDt'
.l,
I
I
Vocabulary
Lesson (Dars) Garden (Beh) Tree (Wana) Floor (Purr) Tea (ChaY) Coffee (qahwa) Meat (ghwasha) Bread (DodeY) Food (Taam) Kitchen (PakhlanzaY) Light (Rann) Darkness (TiYareh) EarlY /akht Laziness (Sus Daylight (Rarrn wraz)
uJ
u"J5
-Lt'
(Da dfiy dazoy nome sherjan dey) The name of their daugther is
Jr,r-rss
(Da duy da lor nom malalay da)
ti5
Vocabulary
One ( yaw) One (yawa) V/ise ( Poh) Country'(watan) Life (zwand) Job (wazifa) Work ( kar) (shide) ufter ( kuch) Cheese (panir) Fish (mahay) Egg (hagey) Difficult (gran) Easy (aasan) Satl (malga) To know (pezandal) TaIk (khabara)
]t,
,SV
tJ'.,
,LiJ
t
JJ-
+-f
^'ul
ll,r.b
I t
a.t
t
J)
t
I,
J*V*"
.r c'rt'9
t-
t
I
Vi*
^JJ
)ll
,5e:
rJJJ
e-S
*.i
cP
i-ttvt
.
n-.,|'.
t
t
4L t
rt- Li
Dark night (fiYareh shPa) Late (N wakhta) To wake uP (Wishkawel)

Bidekawel) To sleeP (Wida kawal or
-'U
J- ,;'.t
Jrl
'a*u-
Jl
lJt
To
f.
Y::
lod;e (
wruk kawel)
J-l dtt
''t'
Jt
LA
(
To gaih victory (BuY mondel) To defeat ( shekast kirwarrel)
Js-r'a
To dream ( khob lidel) To forget (Herawel)

1'
J,>-S;' J.rJ ".
J:-n
'Pashto thelaneuase of
theghans 50
r'ir+'
Vocabulary \
To belive (Bawar kawal) to trernble (Larrzidel) To increase ( Ziyatidl)
_J--
ti'
J-r\
JJ Jrt-;
JrJ
The Past ParticiPle

Are
the feminine lener (ay .s )for both genders arrd ( r* ) for the
Jr-, fl
nr- t'at i .) orH Jbt j' l (ay
the formed by adding
l ( e t9) ''l
To decrease (Lagidel) To pray for (Dua kawal) To forgive ( nashet)
i*"I;'
G.se)
:)-:j :U' ' u rv '* infinitives' 't' '

'
'sv''+
tt
Jrft'r
J+.,
Tosee (Lidel) Seen (M'sg) LidelaY 'eLcLr
The noun of
agencY
the (L.J)
J-u
.r.;T3l
Is formed by dropping
,llJ.J letter of the infinitive and (Unay) :..i rl:t+ u$jts ' JL adding the (Unkay) or ,. for masculine and (Unke) or .+r .lrr l t: L ,rr (Une) for the feminine singular. t-* ,Jt{a ^,,,'i'i rf33 'lJ
.tttl-t
To
,lt t
..eu'' f, u r rJr ,gr's-,.-, 'i
f J
l
ji !i::: jwt at , or some '5- 'f,'i#il'*" rregularly: * 't;"s'*.r 'ilJ

Lide]e
verbs are formed
JJ r,r-..+J.J ut+ t'
:(aY
;)
,o O.ro-,
Gidel) (M.sg) SawaY

GL)
tt-P
L-r
Sawe Become (F'sg)
To carry
Wrral
sawi
Ui,
t
Lt)
write Likel
LikunkaY
Jll
.: + cL-J
,./J + ..4J ,t: +
WrraY
Writer
Wrre
Wrri
j-a
M.Se Liku naY F.sg

(ay
Likunke Likune
,rj: +
the (Wol Also by replacing the infinitive to
For the plural only change the final
) of the Singular in to (i . ) Writers (Likunki)

(PL) Likuni
0.
Jr ,t(J
kidel) of auxiliary verbi' To break (matawel) Broken (mat karry)
and J 'yt' +'f.lt* 'r,r a 'r't \ i/*,l 'lJt'l t1,"fr f

|
Jt,
,tf oV
o\
Pashto the Lansuase of the
Afehans 52
Excercise
First ( awal) First ( Rrombay) Lattr (Wrustay) Safe, peace (Salamat) Safgty ( Safamati) Traveller ( Musafer) Escort @adraga) To wash for.prayer, (audas kawel) To pray ( Munz kawel)
dPJ
Jrl .-fJ uPsss
Excersise ;
Will you drink tea?(chai Scheshe)
,
.,li
ua
ti
No/
C-i,)l-
jtt
5_lJ
JrS
q. gI *-t..t
*yl
d
Cloths (Jame)
Turban ( Pagrrey) Dirty ( Khiran) \/et ( Lund) Dry (Wach) Dead body (Marray) Grave (Qabar) Graveyard ( Adira)
4rJ*''
br.-g
(Na) I drink water (Zahobah schashem) Come here (dalta ra sha) Hurry uP ( Zher rasha) Wait a little ( Leg sabr wokrra) ose) Where do You live ( tah cherta I live here ( Zah dalta osem) In a village ( Pa Yau keli ke) In a citY (Pa You shar ke) PeoPle live ( Khalq osegi)
People saY (Khalq waYee) It is hot todaY (Non garmi da)
rl t
r.!1. uJs . l tt) ))
'-5: u-sl s-*rl ' (rl uJ tj
-*)
,F "-* ,J V u'
6*sl,!t '
f)
t/' 'b'rfB
r/t
.,
',
JJ
er
ttl
..J
Diminutive:
To express sweetness,
adjectives: Urchin (HalekeY)
t rY ';''a:
dislike'
ul
Excercise
May you not get tired.(Starray mashe) How are you? ( Schanga ye) Are you good well? (Sha ye)
{l
rj5t's*L': "'* r' :iii:"l,liil';liii*.

t
t:
L:
"::,|;lff;fr"
Boy (Halek) House (kor)
Man (Saray) Mother (Mor)
Sister (KorkeY) Red (sor)
c rs*
,r'-
fli:.g
.rlJ
t(
Yes, f am fine, well (Ho sha yem) Are you happy (tah khoshala ye) Yes I am happy ( Ho zah khoshala yem)
oy
utc,;L t - lJta,-l g g
+ f'' +j
LJ-
l1
It
Small house (KorgaY) Small man (SarrakaY)
,t, ,J
t
Lt-,-
,Jr'
oT.
I
t,
Little mother (MorkeY)
t"'
t, \
Little sister (KhorkeY) Little red (SorkaY)
,Jtrr,J
,Jtn, ,-
tY''j
: )y
i'
r
t.
ghans
54
i ,
Phto thelanguage of theAfFhans
55
liai
i
I l
i
I I
#
The Kabul city (da kabul shar) The Kabul roa,way (da kabul lar) The city of Kandahar
(da kandahar shar)
I
L
i
I
Sgctions:3The Verb
L:...r Ltr'J .,-r LtlJ'L'
ij.a'o'r*)J
Fial)
'rr
J
\
,t.}tf,
Y rl,tfl
i I
I
Jl
!'
Jr-;t
I I
I
I
.,[; b.r5l , r:l3.rol
i
t
I
Hindokush mountain ( da hindokush ghar)

Salang Pass ( da salang kotal)
n Jut
t
t t
I
.Jt*il r::1,,*ll, JLt;l .rytl ,Jv ' ,bJ 'l J JL.iI 'bt ' rq Jt^t 2! (Prefixed) ,-&tlu'{L- .llJtl S J .rlt rJ :
fu '
u3
-x''"
if .l:ll-r
rLJt I
Side by side mountains (schang pa

schang ghrona)
High mountains (Jeg ghrona)
t I
r.
1 a!'9 L\i fu L>\it

,JJ- rK+
t
r
into two groups' SimIn Pashto all verbs are divided ple Verbs and derivadve-verbs' go 1- SimPle like: Tlel $; to
Lwustel J:"rl to read Khwarrel
I
I
t
I.
Jtt
to eat
etc
'
I
u tr
li
I
E
I
li
ti
E E
compound' denominative 2- Derivative : all other verbs group' and prefixed belong to this Compound as : JJ "i To be wounded (Zhobel kidel)
I
I
b
fi
T
,h
'
T
ti r
1r.".
!)
J, (Wnal) refixed like: To take away Jrl, To bring ( rawnal) Denominative: and (kidel) JoJ to the By adding auxiliary ( kawel) J.,f stem of nouns or adjectives' To kill (men kawel) Jf
.l
To die
(merrKidel) JrJ*
0
OL
I I
l
!
i
t
r
I
l
k
:giJ alst .tt
,3U., t ;, J*
i
i
i:---ozt -JU
According to the time clause verbs have three
tenses
General
Present
Rules
the
1- sg (em) 2- sg (e)
r'l,*
I
Lt
,r,
i
i
Personal endings of
: rH ,svj Jb :ti
i
I
b
f,
Present tense - Past tense - Future tense
I
t
I
:gl
rJ3
(h (T)
gU
er
,r:..t
I
f
tense: : 1- P (u) 2- pl(ey- yast) -U--'.rLt 3- Pl (

Personal endings of
Past tense:
3- sg (ey)
(a)
"jT.
s;.rrrr
(Ac t t',,
(Pos)
(Neg)
(Pass) Jran ;
c^.'l J,r
the
l-sg
'or .,t..;
c*t
I
v,
, tI
Ii It,
,-tt- ,
According to the meaning, there are kinds of verb :

-Transitive Verbs -Intransitive Verbs
sii
ti
different
rt 1- Pl 2- pl(ey-wast) d l -'a (wu) t)

(wu)
3-P (F.P) , e
i,
(om) | 2-sg (e) 3-sg(o) r (F.s)a, r

Ls
tt
ta
r ,
$,,
t.
-Positive Verbs
-Negative Verbs
ui
$ ,..
-Passive Verbs
i'
Active Verbs
ol
oV
F.
I I
Pashto
rhelanguage of
theAfghans
59
!ir:l'
Word Order:
In pashto in a simple sentence the subject comes first, the object second, and the verb at the last part. Example:
t
t
Formation
of the Present tense: J'i JtJ*i
l
I
the stem of the The present tense is formed from verb by addition of the personal endings:
ry
j'n ,"t j' tY ,*t i .t 'i
^"
;t';
Jt-r
.1921 Lal-5 u$'i
z''elf
I read a book - Zahkatab lwalem
vt:f ,;
I
I
infinitive Stem Personal endings
Verb To Be: (I am) zahyem

Thou(You afe) tah ye (FIe is) Day dey (She is) D da (We are) mung yu (You are) Tase, yey- yast (They are) Duy di
Liket Lik + m (I write) JfJ S.J +t 'ffJ

Formation of the Past
* Oi t'ut *
J
)
f
tense: , ,tzu
i
t I
r
t-iy
c.-U-- d.
!-V
.t
Past
Q was) Za worn Thou (you were) Ta we (FIe was) Day wo (She was) Da wa (We were) Mung wo
(You were) Tasi \r/ast- Tasi wey
r sJ
uw
s ti
t
lr
The simple past'tense (imperfective) is formed its stem by either from the infinitive or from adding the Past Personal endings' rib- 't"at '- -r!'4r:l 'I'3 cV' ryL) uai,.],t ty, sitrJ .Ls# l^bl , ,-h ,Ps-t l$ .sUt
Ltt
,rf
I
&
Infinitive
)r'a)
o;
J+ To see,look (Lidel) He saw me (zah Ye lidelam) d+'.
l'. y
(They were) (M.pL) Duy wo (They were) (F.pL) Duy we
c- - s uJ;
Jt (;Jt
s Ctt
.lr
',
4 Infinitivel.o, Stem To get uP (Paschedel) Jt' rt' You were gfting op (Tah paschede)
o1'
'ru'
^r
.o
i
!
1
tr:
I i
Formation
The simple past tense of fprrf By adding theprefix (waw ). to the imperfective form . I read (ma ut L I saw (ma , u -The'inegula inransitive: To go .[b Wenr Jy, To come Jlrb Came b - In Compound verbs by putting the auxiliry verbs in the perfective. The work finished . (Kar khlas shu) - ,yY K
Pashto the Laneuase of the
fehans
tgr;-l1
61
t'i
;,
wulust) Wulid)
(TIel) (Wanel) (Ratlel) (Raghlel)
c ,sP May you not get tired (Stanay ma she) May you not get tired (Tah staray ma she) u'L tsn:'' t: May you not become poor. ( Khwar ma she) , l-* g;r Ju ,,; How are you ( Scha hal deY) 9,1 C'roi It's all right (Khairyet dey)
You are always welcome (Har kala ra she) May you live all time (Har kala ose) You are welcome (Pakhair raghle) May you live happily ( Pa khair owe) 'May God be with you (Khdai da mal ha)
,,
Common Expressions:
'b u-:l
,l
tJStt
*+
a:l -*\
J l ..gl,ri
The future tense is formed from the Orrr"n, t"irc Uy adding the particare (Ba r+ ) after the subject both in perfective andimpecrfetive. ,gf Ll ycrtrl r. I r.r- rlri Jt r rLJ.J.rqs..lra,-l
of the fufure tense: &,
J,Jr._
Dialogue
(Khabere Atere)
at
*
u.tsl '3
I will be writing a lefter (Zah bakhat likem).

AIso by adding the prefix (waw . ) to the
I'/-
.dd JrU
tq ^qrJ
I wash forprayer (Zah awdas kawom) I do my prayer (Zah.monzkawom)

Is your cloths clean? (Sta Jame pake
form.
.rS
,-o*j#r
*u
di) Is your shirt clean? (Sta kamis pak dey) No (nah) It is dirty ( Nah khiran dey)
Which one is yourturban?
tt
-*') Jt,.r't" t"ltJ,
l;r
"!SlL"
), t ,V.9.L,_
.l t- u.U
I wiu
wnttetter (za ba*r, r.
.J,l.j, .-t &Arrr.Si,;.rf.r. ,itL 6,s5
t JrP (Sta pagney koma da) lrs r"f .r,t"l
*"iil3rf-
This
is
(Da
da) da)
I
Is your turban clean? (Sta pagrrey paka
fU
'.tl'.,,b-
tlJ' -bi e' 6
1\
"==,:;;-===-.+--_-_
^,j.,
Afghans
63
'i ir-
r
T
No (nah)
VocabularY
Relations (Khpulwn) Grievances (Khapgn) To be hurt (Khugkidel) Unlucky (Kambakht) Well (Kohi or schah) To advise ( Nasihat kawal) To divide (weshat) Equal (Braber) Against ( Barkhelaf To fear ( weredel)
Custom (Rewj) Rest comfertable ( Aram) Loser (Perr)
u-r
l#
JuS3-
It is also dirry. ( hagha ham khirana da) For prayer clothes should be cleaned.
(da monz Lapara bayed jame pake
wi)
p ,ia dt" -q ,V'eyt ,St \

ot
rir5i
.4
Dt-
Excercise
Do you fast? (Tah Rozha Lare) Yes I fast. ( Ho zah rozhalarem) What is that place? ( Haghakom zay dey) that is grave yard.(Hagha Adira da)
That is mosque (Hagha Jomat day) Is your father alive? (Sta plar zhwanday
ipJ
trg.;|
ej
JtS
,>-*':
",l
.)
r5r
os
e|_u
st
I
I
,t l
.j)j-
J-Y,
Cl;.s
6tl f
rysleir
I I
p
6l c:,L, ri,r
day) us ,Jsj
No. He is dead ( nah hagha marr shawey dey).g;r ,s ;, j It is very cold to day.(Nan ddera yakhni da) rs.l,.r- l,r Where arc you going now? (Aus chirta IVhere have you been yesterday?
(Paron chitra
\b
I
r
!
t:
ip
ze)
t sA
t-t
u"l
Nation, tribe (Qaom or Qm) To live on (Guzara kawel)
l;l t ft t- f,
Jl ,.tl
we)
t ,.- ts,
I was here. ( Hamdelta wom) I tell no lies (Zah drogh na wayem)

He tells lies ( Hagha drogh
waye)
f.-lr rJ, ,; _rl, rr.-^
-r..uJ.r-l
ff,
1Y
1T
H
s.
F Pashto the Language of the

F
Afghans
65
'i
i'
To stay to Live
Present tense I stay
You stay He stays V/e stay You stay They sray
Jq*rl
Jt-sl cj
I I
Present perfect
I have stayed
You have stayed He has stayed
#
,9t
,s^b\.,
Ii
E
f' J+;:l
].t;-l
J+'':l s
,gs
l,r
'i
rr
,*:l':
c*tl ,9t
--:l
"-e:l
I I
['
F
ir
,-*,b rtst
has stayed We have stayed You have stayed They have stayed
She
nr,rJ.r*.l
_y-
c-"U.- ,-
J+:l oU
q{ ^bl"
: )+:l n3 e: J:l ' 3 J+:l a
J+rt iy
,9t ).ta"5l tgt
,gtl
I
F
Past
f was staying
You was staying
Past Perfect
I had stayed You had stayed He had stayed
we had stayed
6lr*;-'l u,bl-,
.ta.l
o3
He
was staying
,glo-sl s
o.t*316s
She was staying 'We were staying
tt J+tl ly
S: JJ*-*:l
ss
o.tyl fr
[' 2i
Vl
You had stayed They had stayed
You were staying They were staying (F)

tt
)43|'r55t
'rb
t--.:liy
w
'rS1.al
,*b
rg-5t
Subjunctive
I will,shall,stay
You,will, shall, stay He,will, shall, stay 'We,will, shall, stay You,will, shall, stay Thewi-ll, shall, stay
10'
+-
-sl s
J,'o.ulgr
H
rj
u)t.,sl
Feminine
ur-sl s :
u-jl
5t
p
g.
':l:lY
'u-sl 3 Al;
';
ft
ff'
u-sl 3
r5-9t
1; fr
tj.
j
t,
Pashto the Language of the Afghans
ri
.i.
Pashto the Lanuage of the
Afghans
.67
!j -
Future
I willstay
You will stay
He will stay
r[+t-*
1slt4
tJl
,stsl
s4
J
Vocabulary:
Man (Sarray) Language (Ztreba) Good morning (Salam Alikom)
ti,
rtf . a,
I
: 4 gt
She will stay
u*l s u. l
We will stay You will stay They will stay
t + j:' 'e:l .r,fU' u-sl s 4 sJ

-r-sl
:zl .t .t Question (Poshtena) ,:;u To ask To question (Poshtena kawel) J s .t J3l o To learn (Zdakawel)
r"+lYJ"--)
t'l.J
To read (Lwustel)
Letter (Lik) To write (Likel)

Importent (Mohim) To speak OVaYel) Education (Pohena) To understand (Pohedel) Much, Many (Dder) Less, few (Lag) Sweet (Khog) Bitter (Trikh) Black (Tor) White (Spin) Again (Biya) Another (Bet) Price (Baya) Carpenter (farkann). Carpentry (Tarkanni) Young (Zwan) Young, she,it (Zwana)
1V
Imperative
Stay Stay you
rr,l -
U*sl
,!'
f.it
ul
He should stay
She should stay
J.., - t /-) .j
.-tP
,.r-l .gsl,l -,_tslJ
er
i
t*
4
urg t9
JIP
iK;
^:
11
Phto
ahe
Language of the
ghans
68
uj -
H

v,
K,
Afghans.
69
'i
Auxiliary
Verbs
To become (Shwel) J-,;
Jtl ,-
rJL'
gaa
I
B
'
Present tense
I
become
b
T;
Present perfect
(r#)
You become
. r')
.-
I have become
You have become He has become
She haTc become
'V g' j
r"'
tstJ
He becomes She becomer
,st
" _ v-*
I
t
g'
w
'j'
LSt
LJtt'j
- Lt}
l'
We
bebome
You become They become
. lLf .-fv
,-i
We have become You have become They have become

Past perfect
r,l 5"! l,l
t e-it
c*U-
,- S
LSr
,gtr
rsst
r
H
LS- LtJt
Past tense
6.^tW
.t
became became
You
He
She
/r t _ ti Jp u- c-':
J-*
t-- c .l," t o l
I had become
You hadnbecome He had become
She had become
(,ttr)
e) 'V ti 'i
: t
3
Lt- j
became became
V/e became You became

They
became
r
H
J- L- :- v. -t J- , Ls-,sb
You had become
- Ltr t5 cts,i lt
They had become
c*l: -
C: C-
s
s-b
They (F) became
J- rsr' J# rstt F
u-
- ttst
t+-F
has becamel have became
I
1^
t
i
I
,-Ilr r*
. vi u+
,J
tt-l-aJ
J had became
*Vul
11
Auxiliary To Go (Tlel)
Present tense
Jtl ,-,
Jtr
'Jb
t .L?
rgo
You He goes
go
,:
Past Continuous I was going You were going He was going She was going 'We were going You were going They were going Present Perfect I have gone
6lt
Jt - r1,.;
l,r-
# -*,
l!-
;."eV
- lL'l
Jb -.rt ,rb
,L-rVir.
Jt
./;
tgr
rst
She goes
'We go You go They go Past tense:
j,
''
,1,
V"j.r-rU
f.*'JJ
eE
rstt
i,
Or ,- r:
"
.rb l,
you have gone

He.has gone ShJ!one
",rb o "', " 'r-* ,st 'rst'r-

rr,rlJu
We have gone
uu
lY
r.gT
'Went
oj
You have gone They have gone

Past perfect I had gone' You had gone He had gone She had gone 'We had gone You had gone They had gone
c-"t-
Jb ",rt ..Ur Jb " ,j att laloZV '.,r * tl.,]IJ;"

J rrlJJ " ,,) -n,-)b
$tP
ll-i
t,- " J in
You Went He Went She Went .We Went You'Went They Went (F)
t
lr
I,J'
,gt"-'
"
'")a
1t
.T
,s,
l-
f.r tr-T,-*UJY
J iv
Llv
l-
6r
tt,
'.,'b r,
r.lT g;3r
(F) .s, Jb'.,'l.r,
Y\ V.
Pashto the LanguaFe of the
Fhans
73
'{j
tti-
Auxilliary To Come (Ratlel) Imperative

Go'(thou) Let (him, her) go
_
l-.nt
Jtl ,r-,-
r,
/'/l
dr
,-.rr I
Conditional tense
Had
+- u^bu
I gone
go
Go
,rrr ' "5

,-y'.s jY
'
Had you gone FIad he gone
f':'u 9t
,ll;
dltot*';
Jr L' l
Let them go
Potential
I can go
You can go
He can go We can go You can go They cut go
cJt';tll
iY 'W tt,j ,-'-E ",!b .r, Jtt .rt,j ,st,
-
,; . ss r- tt,! ts' ",,b u-,J
,.*i,,ll; or,rl.,
Had she gione Had we gone Had you gone Had theY gone
.f
,/t -,J
Jtr- rs
*b
JL-
tr-" ^f
Subjunctive
I may - qhall go You maY, will go
He may;
ub;
lT t;
dT.,u
Future
I will go You wilI go(Thou)
He will go She will go 'We will go You will go They will go They will go
;-rrtl-r
t' 'Y + ''i ,y'lT+
.
Y
will go She maY, will go

'We maY, will. go
y' -rY s tr'J l'
1!-*
+ .rt
.,:rT*tt
Y
You'maY, will go They maY, will go
'.r rT g-b
Y rr
+'J.'
ty' T ".'.tb .'Y .1st c, .lI { rr

VT
Jt l ,-l Auxiliary To come (Ratlel) .'llrl,

Present tense I come
You come
He comes
She comes
Past Continuous
I was coming
Jt
You were coming He was coming She coming We were coming You were coming They were coming
(F)
,glt
:-'l V
t-
'
,Jltl,
Jtrb
*t, ';
ulLlt
,.9r
s
l'>
:l;l
(Jrb
dbb - rJbt
b,:
,Jt, u t, at llt
.
Jrli - _*t: -,'

Jttl-, - ',rt-l.rt
Jl,rt
,,lblr.grt
.l
We come You come They come.
PD YY 'r-rl,gE
9t
Present. Perfect tense
\#J "av
e
,-)
Past tense I came You

came
,jl, att
^bu
I have come You have.come

He has come She has come We have eome
'Flr';
&l'
v-,'
),Jli,,
ri ,r[l-lr
-Y-.,lt
He came
She came
We came
#1, '; ,J.Ul, ,, 1, s t*1"'

rLl h
or dtl-,
You have come They hve come'
o-U-
; ,-) 'l.rU
r Jb 3r
You came
They came
Ttey
llF)
- -l*tt r ,'lj - .l: r-rb

,tlb
JUl.r
- JSl, r
F,rllr.rrt
Va
Pashto the LanguaFe of the
Afghans
77
a'j
Past perfect
tot{
"r1.
I had co'me You had come

He had come
She had come
, "b
'9t
re
'j s u[ilt
Subjuntive
Shall, may I come
+-
l,'j
,^l's
l,9t r- ,rl1., ll
You may come

He may come
She may come
We had.come You had come They had. come
:-:gla.jr -l -'A:,l ,-.,b
"lr.gt l
,rl.
'9t
We may- shall come You may shall come They maY shall come
-t:ir
',-jlt,gE ,jl as'
Imperative
Come
'ul - Ll., ^1.,

c
.;stl
Let (hirn, hgt) come Come you

T
lt-,,b
et them come
ci
'st
Potential mood
Can
cJt'.,jlK"l
-Uln;
I come Can You come
He can come She can come We will come You will come They will come
V1
,i ,)l'
cP
t.}-t
l-l
"f l ,l 4crb
+ t'
Past conditional tense If I had come If you had come If he had come If she had come If we had come If you had come If they had come If they had come
#tl, Jttl,
^-b; tU-
,sl',
'; ^f
jsl. s
*t,
tl
rgt
rf ,.Ltrl, - -*lt-,'. Jttl, - 'tib u-1i.5

^lbb
t- rbl- b
Jbl- .r-r,
(F)
,ttl,
+jv
cl
4 tsst
VY
Pashto thelansuage
oftheehans 78
ri .:.3,
Note:
Present. continuous:
f l+
Negative
Sentence corrunences with (ka) ef= if (Ka day razi no zat'ba zem) u. ,: -i ,ib ,st If he keeps on coming, I shall keep on going (first sentence in simple present and second in the simple future)
In the negative pasr the na = i is placed after the following particles:. | .*;bl r J +'. '',r ,rd- rl.;rr ,*U ,. u,
Past:
61" ,.t-
(R)
(dar) (War) (Waw)

(w)
) ))
t'
lr
T
"
Past continuous: Use imperfect in the first sentence and habituai in the second.
(ka hagha mtlu or rata no zah ba tlem) ab . ) -; sl-rt rtl-r - rf If he had kept on coming, I would have kept on going
(L) (Pre) (Pore)

Fle came - (Hagha
Ltt,
)4
RgheY)
',-Pl ti.a
Present Conditional:
(Ka hagha Rashe no zah ba Lalr shem) dY +
r $lt
If he comes I will go.

Past conditional:
The word (way,rlr) after the uninflected past participle in
the
He didnot come. (Hagha R na ghey) I went. (Zah Larrem) I didnot go (Zah L na rrem) I took (M wakhist) I didnot take ( M wa na khist) I saw hirn (M wolid) I did not see him (M wo na lid)
',-f ^jb ti lY ni
t'*LL. 't:-+ rjLt'

ol_L
ei
oj
+J
;L
first sentence: +)
(ka tah raghly way no zah ba talay wom) P
If you had come,I would
have gone.
')
el:
'l
v^
V1
Pashto tlreLanguage of
thegans 80
i
,JL,
Pashto thelanguage
oftheAfghans
.:.L
81
&i-
Vocabulary:
Man (Sarray)
Language (Zhaba) Good morning (Salam Alikom)
Carpentery (Tarkanni)
?
atJ
d'6-l
t
Young (Zwan) Young (she, it) (Zwana)
J.ct)[.i.1 J t
'rlj,
Question (Poshtena) To question- To ask (Poshtena kawel) To learn (Zda kawel) To Read ( Lwustel)
I-etter ( Lik)
JJ
J
t., +L- .f
Acquaintance:
Salam zm nom zarghon deY
',,5>
JJ o
$' l*,j r t ; trXr t-.j tpt.irL^l
J'-J
,d=J
Salam zm nom zarghona da Zah Afghan yem. tase schok Yastey Zah ham a,fghana yem Tah zda krra kawe
To write (Likel) Importent (Mohim) To speak (Wayel)

Education (Pohena)
JTJ
ot 3L-r3
l,r:-U-
ul,rb
rj
,!
g .iJ?
.- lliil rj
To understand (Pohedel)
Much, Many (Der) Less,few (Leg)
Sweet ( khog)
J._ a
t-
rrgf
tf
tti t:
Ho zah da karhenne pohenzi ke zdakrra kawem. ' ? '..l "j .5'!< L;"al u pohenzi ke zdakrra kawem. Zah ham Pa hamdagha
jJt$
u
:t
e-;
-f
.tg
" tu," ra redu

F
Biner (Trikh) Black (Tor) White (Spin) Again ( Biya)

Another ( Bel)
,,;;.;;",r{;f ;;'H.""'':'n - l',ii ei;J.t.J d,r-bl

ttno'rr-,
Manena. Hela da Biya be sara wo Da khday paman.

Pa makha de ha..
4 k L :.
LU, ;htr
t* &
+{
*At-4
kice (Baya)
Carpenter (Tarkann)
f,K;
A\
^.
Phto theLanguage of
theghans 82
'.:.Jg
Afghans
83
&i
ii-'
Read and write

Afghan Afglians Pashton Pashtons Pashto
Boy (halek)
Boys (Halakan) Girl (nageley) Girls (nagune) Name (Baryalay) Name (Torpekey) Good (shq) Friend (malgeray) Table (maiz) Pen (kalam) 'Woman (shaza) Room (kotta) Chair (schawkbyj
: ' -:.
,:-tiji.c+L
':l
:l,Jj:
',til
Excercise:
Modsety
dtr
Utiil
tr.,
ltr;.1
*, zhaba)
e,j Liilr
.tll
(Pashto) Modest (Pashton) To understand (Pohedel) Do you understand? (Tah pohege)

Yes,I understand. (Ho zah pohegenr)
did you'understand? (Poh shwe)
Yes
Say
,r+,
J+,
J=r
The language of the Afghan (da Afghan
VJ.' l,..-.J .
^,
The languag of the Afghans (da Afghanano zhaba) e,j.jUl'xlr
lfl' 'j'J
1. sF oa
-
tll'r
,e
+
I understood
(FIo zah poh shwem)
o4
o3
t*
it again (BYa wowaYa)
,lJ_r?
.,-l
t'''l-l
, l-pl
Jt'
$ay
it
again (Bya wo waYeY)
\ilho
are you ? (Tah schok
ye)
t
""'
lgu
-.
What is your name ? (Sta nom scha
dey) \
; G i 1 ,- ., ':
7.rp
V/hat is your father's name? (sta da plar nom

Where is your home ? (Kor de cherta dey) Is there any one there ? (Flalta schok
a-
ftt
tit"llg..liyl*r.,1 cr ^- ! )4'
,g> tjr;7
tJ
sS
rJ
shta)
)-
,:.
AY
AT
ghans
84
ti :!-
Afghans
85
'i
;*
Read and Write

What is it ? (D scha shaY deY)
'rJJ-t:l
I,.gl ,r^!
.9s
Jj:
lr
Read and Write

We and you (Mung aw tasi)
.r#r:l
Jj:
,9e 5t
,gV sli-'
It is a book @ kitab deY)

What is it ? @a scha shaY deY)
l:fl: l..r,., t
,g 3; tjt
.5s ,Ji
We
and theY (
Mung aw duY)
i:,
,r-b .rrb
You and theY (Iase aw duY) You and I (Tase aw zah) You and he (Tase aw daY) You and we (Tase aw Mung)
.531
It is ink. ( Dagha rang deY)

This
rj
rl.rb
l 'gV $ 2l rgt
is
pen. (D kalam deY)
lr
;rl
This is a pencil. (D Pensil deY) This is an inkwell. @mushwaney da) This is a booklet. ( D kitabcha da) This is a room. (D kotta da) What is that ? ( Hagha scha shaY deY)? That is a booklet. (Hagha kitabcha da) What dose he do? (Hagha scha kawi) He studies. (Hagha durs lwali)
.!r J;,1:
orll3,...1r
i-"
r.tll
You and she, it (Tase aw d) They and I. (DuY aw zah)

They and You (DuY aw Tas) They and we (DuY aw mung) They and he (DuY aw
daY)
l: l .r-b
r:
r;fll
,-.,E
'sst
lU,y' r> ri o -rtf ri

trgT
'j-t sl ,tst
g;.r
elg;r
*| tt
They and she @uY aw d)
lt l .gr
V/hat are you doing? ( Ta scha kawe)
JJ.,r-r !o tr53l ;L
am writing a litter.
(Zakhatlikam.)
f
f'';
,r!i
':
What is he doing? ( DaY scha kawi)

He writes a letter. ( day khat liki).
'SJ .tr ..gy'
We
and (thou) you.
(Mung
aw
tah)
^: l ,5t 5l
i-*
.i-t
We and he. (Mung aw daY) We and she. (Mung aw d)

AL
3lir
o
Pashto theLanguage ri.J
oftheAfghan$ 86
l
.:..1,
Afghans
87
&i L'
'
,.
Duy ; Tasa ; Mung ;Da; Day ;Tah1'Zah
{tr
, in,
'
, rj
lolej
g:11 oj
SgCtiO
fi
4:
;îJ,"JJt
J-l- 6.till
tJ r
tJt
I and you (Zah aw tah) I and he (Zah Aw Day) I and they (Zah Aw Duy) I and you (Zah Avr
Tase)
Demonstrative Pronouns
Proximate He - this (m) dagha
She - this (F) daghe
i 2l ej
u-l:
3l
o;
I and she (Zah aw Da)
h -l o;
These (M+F) dagho Remote He - That (Hagha)

She - That (haghe)
I and you (Tah aw Zah)

You and he (tah aw Day) You and she (tah aw Da) Yqu and we (Tah aw Mung) You and they (tah aw Duy)
He and I me. (day aw Zah) He and you ( Day aw Tah) He and she (Day aw Da)
t3lr.
a)
'
ri
, Jl )i
lr 3l e;
,P
Jr
r.t
i-r':l ':
6es l
oj
Those- that (Iagho)

dagha
-rlg
Hagha
ri ri.l t'" f
t5
c l6s
b -l .9r
Of him, of this Of her, of this Of those
we (Day aw Mung) He and you (Day aw Tase)

He and
J:'
sl ,St
,r-L-
lgl
(M- sing+plural This d l = dagha (Fem + m sing) de c.5 daghe=

of him, of that of her , that of those them
+i
#Lr
i
"il rjj
AV
^1
Afghans
o
88
r grr
Pashto tftt
Lt"gttgt tf
tht Afgh
'i;i-'
' lr
. J*.'-La.-Lilr
.'
rr ' tgt :i1 )b-
t5 ) l' r Ltr ubt Daghe Dagha DaY DuY De Da

Jr -' i
r
(DuY , De , D , Da, DaY) also are considNote: These pronouns (Day - Da - D -De- Duy) ered ai demonstrative Pronouns' = (D) b t- (dagha) r This r da dagha )J da da of this da daghe ,/,, da de J dagha ta dagha lara dagha la daghe ta daghe lara daghe Ia
: ;.Lt
oJ
Hagho Haghe Hagha Dagho

This man (D sarraY) This woman (D shaza) This boY (D Halek)
- lt
4,,
.4b l
This girl (D NjeleY)
ult t. ,?
5
r;,
J -c
This womon (De shaze) This boY (De Halek) He goes (DaY zi) They go ( DUY zi) This boY (Dagha Halek)
to this
,,-..f)
'J #,
,J
.db.gr
,t
J
,l ,
^)+
,t5
rtst
'
la dagha la da la de
r-c
clb
rJ
From thrs
ladana la daghe lade ladena

dagha da dagho dagho ta dagho lara
Lr) J
This girl (DagheNjeleY)

These boYs (Dagho Halekano)
ct
jrd ,t rJ rJ
,.,grd
;\lb is
.r#
J.
That man (Hagha SarraY)
That woman (Haghi shaze)

Those
these=
men (Hagho SarraYo) Those men Women (flagho Shazo)

'
,fe t+
-i,;
*
ri ri
of these=
to these=
ir
*
,) *t
L
t, dl ^ ,J4 s 's rr
^1
^^
Afghans
90
e,j :r,.,, 'rtr
'
Afehans
9l
J"..
^'i
:!-
man. (D Halek dey) This is a boy. He is happy. (Day Khoshala dey) She is happy. (D khoshala da)
(D Sarray dey) This is a
sllr
Conjunctions g.
Simple conjunctions: and
But ( Magar)
'Lt.stb l
.r
dt*:i,r
,r dl,'.!.i lr
.er..,-
(Aw)
rl
: L:'l
Js
dey) That pen is white. (Flagha kalam spin dey) This girl worked. (Dahge Nejeley kar wokerr)
This pen is black. (Dagha kalam tor That girl did not work.(Haghe Nejeley kar wonekerr)
r-r
.' U l- ft Lf* ,,Lt

r
If (Ka)
also, even (ham)
P
t_
Or (ya)
;:.jr; u;o These boys worked. (Dagho Halekano kar wokerr) {-r.rlltllr;r
These boys didnot work. (Hagho Halekano kar woneken)r -rtf
No (Na)
Read and write. (Walwaley
wolikey)
tlbr;.. 1fl:.Jj.t
Compound
conjunctions:
e;; s
,-r
Although (Ka scha ham)

But if not (Ka na )
Just hand me that book please.
@agha Kitab kho rakrra)
a<
ll , -rl5 rs
!r ':='lr
Subordinating conjunctions:
This is true. ( D kho reshtya da)
If (ka)
I will do this. (Zakho da kar kawem)

Does this road go to the city? (Dagha Lar shar ta zi)
JS
'i
fhit-
tT rr
lt,r':!q rrr l
It is very cold today.(Non dera yakhni da) A fortnight ago. (Dwa hafte yxa oney kegi)
Come carefully. (Pa Pam sara raza) Be careful. (Pam kawa)
,s tll,ri rr tllr r- ru,ti J.L - ll

'l rrr
May be Sacrificed. ( Qurban de shem)

1.
Atj
(Che) Because - therefore (Zaka) Because (Zaka che) Despite of (Sara la de che) Because (Wale che) But (Laken) But (Kho) Only (Yawaze)
when 1\
s
,KL
r 'l
r;t
rr."
, r):
r,J'J
-r,
,tt-
theghans
92
r'""rt'
'i*
also......... also
VocabularY ,rtJ
Book (Kitab)
Pen (Kalam) Paper (Kaghaz)
No...........No Or........... or
Some time.....some time
Na.........na
i......j t-......-t-
Ya........ya
.-kl
rr
.-rurtj
.:-l ,J + l tt; tl , s
',J-rl-lJ' l'j
J ^t
i's
)-
tl
-t
House (Kor)
Country (Hewad)
Lesson (Lwust)
Work (Kaar) And (Aw) Also (Ham)

Sun (Lmar)
.Ltr rs
's
Jtl rl
.t, ,S Jl + ,j . cr rl or- DJr-r) At.3 r* L S .or ej rsi t lg -r - a:l g 4;t i ,rt

.r-ls
f'
Room (Kotta) Yes (Ho) No (na) Hand (Las) Foot (Pesha)

Face (Mokh)
'i
I
,tj
.t-ury-t .J- d & t93 j Jt ut
L 'rt
J-b- t{
t*
-:!
tu
t5,:
rL
I
Eye (Sterga)
Nose (Paza)
Neck (Ghana) Finger (Gota)
Nail (nook)
stl ,!i
q
.'
Purhto thrlunguuge of
ttA
,. Pashto thelanguage ofthe Afghans
94
i:i
^La
B: Infinitive on the basis of meaning: :u"Ll !, cl"

.,,,r Jut
-J"at "r-'t
Section
z
5end
a|.
)J*a'o
,lrr'".lJ
rsltrJr .,'iJ.rq
.,3
Jttu ,l rs #1.jT J 'ilt
/.l')'' rl:r,J-'jI 5l 9't'u"93t''rJr *t '1 tJ.,-t
J'!
"r"i:"'f-fr:f-: 6;,'r- tJ' l rJ'r''r rJr

with letters "Lam
J"
Infinitive
' J.*t Jwltg'r*''
Allinfinitivesthatendinletter(LamJ)areconsideredbothtranin ( Yadel J- ) are intrdnsitive and inrransitive. But verbs that end J' ) are transitive' sitive and that end in (V/el
end
All infinitives in Pashto language
,,yadel J-"and "Wal J" for example: Matawal "To break" Likel,,to write" , Auredel "To hear'i
in
(Wel
) are nansitive'
)
tJt',t
r;ra
,Ft) orst-! r'
A: Infinitive on the basis of constnrction and ending: 1- Infinitives ending(Lam J):
:L''Ll
1,
Fll dr
r_,a
:rjll '"r'ae
Regular transitive Verbs: In the present tense the final (U

of the infinitive is changed to
rJr tZ .to't;J ';t'; Jt" r"
Wahel(tobeat) Likel (towrite) ZtlLarrel (to weeP)

Gerzautal (to
g rg.o*rJrr,,
tjlr - 1
J",
g l:, u.- t-,,i c- :dJ '.Jt'.':-l

.SJ^*t
2: Infinitive ending (wal) Matawal (to Break)
J t:
s.) ,gie:;rJ-, -'1
the present tense personal endings:
Infinitives:
,7
ti5.tat
r;t - 2 Ju
Likel: Zah; Ltk + m: Likem

wahel: Zah: Wah +m : Wahem
f:+lJ:rj
t'tf*r3:tj :l'l:j
Tum)
t-l
:llJ.r=.
*J.r,-,
3-Infinitive ending (Yadel)
J+'t' Matedel (to be broken) J'r'a3 Zharredel (to weeP) (Kawel) tb - 4 4- infnitive ending :elJ ,.9' *Jrf , ^', 7 ti::r' (to reconcile) Pakhla kawel J-f ut Porta kawel (to take uP) (Kedel) 5- infinitive ending J g.*.JJ, judakedel (to saPerate) JJ.r prekedel (to be cut)
., ,
i:sYt" - l-
Tarrel:
Jf
ZahTarr + m: Tarrem
Note: (see personal endings page 65)
* *r-rill;
lo
It
Afghans
96 .r"jI
r'i fo
Pashto ttre LanguaFe of the
Afghans
97
\,
{j
r+
Regular Intransitive in "Yadei J-" as:
Verbs:
tJt*t ,.,-d u.rcti
To beat
Present I beat (Zah
All regular intransitive
verbs tLd.rr, .J,
To arrive (Rasedel)
" J-.--.,
,-' t
utt 't'ar \ '''. : .s) tdj tJ sti ur '
-.r r ct Jt- r,
tense:
(Wahel , ,,t tJtt

P"j
""5
'js't
To stay, Live
(Ausedel) Jr*rt
In the present tense: By dropping the infi.nitive :"Lam

rr[
J"
and change the
final
J" of
the
infinitive to "ge
"
wahem) You beat (Tah wahe) He beats (DaY wahi) We beat (Mung waho) You beat (Tase V/aheY) They beat (DuY wahi)
tt i-t'
'-: 'V
't utt
then conjugate with the rules of regular gf51t-9
Infinivite:
;;; -. ,-l*., -- r.P -l'2=P

J'+'.
p!9.- J+.,t
.t^
Future tense
I will bear (Zah ba wahem) You will beat ([ah ba wahe)
He
:rL:i:*'
fs t'. ti tls t
t'
"
Infinitives: To stay, to live: Osedel-Osed----------Oseg + m
will beat
(DaY ba wahi)
cP r
We will beat (Mung ba waho)
t: t.i_t
cP-l r,.rb
You will beat
(Tase ba waheY)
Jr*rl
To arive: Rasedel
i--rl
Osegem (I
live
,staY)
They will beat (DuY ba wahi)
sPs
tt Ll}
Rased------- Rasegem
Raseg + m (I arrive )
J+., ----- r--r --j-- i.-.r

To tremble: Rapedel----- RaPed
Imperative
Beat (wo waha) Beat you (Wo waheY) Prohibitive:
Don't beat (Ma waha)
don't beat you (Ma waheY)
1V
zural
ttJJ
Jra
'q
Rapeg
+m
Rapegem
(I
tremble)
Us:
zu$
ttJ
,: b
T
f
..
theghans 98 Past participle: Formed by adding "ay , "

to
^'ir+
the
I
I
t
Pashto thelanzuage of
theghans 99
43
-;J-
Present
perfect:
the
.'.,*,.; ,s^bV
infinitives:
Wahel + ay
hesent tense of
He has beaten
verb with past participle;
Wahelay Written: Likel + ay

Beat'en:
LikelaY
..J : rr + -r
t,
,J
: +
$J
t
{
Thq
:gi-Lo-" "l ,sla Im perfective tense is formed by adding to the infinitive -, ,j ub r; u
imperfective
past tense Personal endings.

He was beating
me He was beating you He was beating him He was beating her He was beating us He was beating you He was beating them He was beating them(F)
yem) re,r u He has beaten you (hagha tah wahelay ye) c/- .,b-, /'i j He has beaten him ( hagha day wahelay dey) ,.sr c, grr rir' or,rb3 h ri-c He has beaten her (hagha da wahele da) He has beaten us ( hagha mung wahele yoo) ,t'y ^b He has beaten you (hagha tasi waheli yey) A-,-\ .,-b i He has beaten them ( hagha duy waheli di) ,tt ,+r fr rir
me
(Flagha zah wa helay
Past
Perfect:
verb with past pafiiciple:
(Hagha zahwa heley
l..r
.r.i
Past tense of the
"rt,
' -r.j-t,.b
..I,t-
rb-r
ur
r.
fi
He had beaten
me
,br.r, d ,rgls eir

I
we) r.tr ,r-l c r"ir He had beaten him ( hagha day waheley wo) i,: sr ,r.ir e-.rl-r3 h ri-r He had beaten her (hagha da wahele wa) He had beaten us ( hagha mung wahele wo) tt ,ti-t'
He had beaten you (hagha tah waheley He had beaten
wam) , i ".r
Perfective tense: add the prefix waw in to the imperfective . -rt . .e. asrt tense as follow:
He beat me (hagha zah wo wahelam) He beat
you
(hagha'tasi waheli
wey) 'a-t,:,rL-.-n
He had beaten them ( hagha duy waheli
you (hagha tah wowahele) He beat him (hagha day wo wahelo)

He beat her (hagha da wowahela) He beat us (hagha mung wowaheloo) He beat
-r'j I'r ,rlt, i rir
Present
Potential:
b..
rl
rr j
lr /.i
q.r
::!t
'sltJ ,-U'i
you
(hagha tasi wowaheley)

(hagha
He beat
them
duy wowaheloo)
1^
u.gr.i,
sham) You can beat (tah wahelay she) He can beat ( day wahelay shi) We can beat (Mung waheley sho) You can beat (Tasi wahelay shey) They can beat
I can beat (Zah wahelay
11
wo) ': r g!r rir l]Jt" 6ll.U-,1 i,.t o:

, r: r:
,.,,-lnr.rt
t,-,:,eb
d,-Jrr.rt
*,:i-r
pashto the Languase of rtre Afghans 100
gl
Irregular Transitive Verbs

To do ( kawel) Ido (Zah'kawem) To take away (Wnal) I take away (wrrem) To bring (Rawrrel) I bring (Rawrrem) To lead a way (Bewel) I lead a way (Byayem)
Jt-l Jrr rgrcG
i li ghans 101 The.o-pound verbs are formed by adding' Kawel J and kidet J+rto nouns and adjectives: eil-lrr- V-,3l i-t-i ^J.JJI-Jefr'-rJ j-u*t rl' t'fl t :J,.rjY n rs
'j r
I,p rj
J+1,
Intransiiv:
To be given (
c/jY
JJ
Hls'i
Jt'. rj rrt*
Irregular Intransitive
verbs JUI c/jY ,Jti ,

Jtr
To go (Tlal) I go ( Zahzam) To come (Ratlel) I come (Zah Razam) To become (Shwal- kedel)
t t": Jr -J
(,:
Ji."l+. .tJ,f,tJ j
,:
warkdel) To die ( marr kidel) To be made (on kidel) To understand ( Poh kidel) To be irrigated ( Oba kidel) To be shut ( Pore kidel) To be cut ( Pre kidel) To be broken ( mat kidel) To be wounded ( zhobel kidel) To be destroyed ( barbad kidel) Transitive To give (warkawel) To kill (marr kawel) To make build (Jorr kawel) To inform understand ( Poh kawel) To irrigate (Oba kawel) To cut (Pre kawal) To break (Mat kawel) To wound (Zhobel kawel) To destroy (Barbad kawel)
\.\
JrJ
J'rJ-'+
Jl U
J'rJ
r.,-t
JJ
..s.lr*
J'+
J'rJ
c'l'
tu'
J"J .l:
J'r
'tt: J'l'
J-l
J-ls
I become ( Zah kegem To sit (Kshenastel) I sit (Zah Kshenem) Note:
:-j-L-
J''' Jtl ul
J-l
To form fransitive from regular intran jTr el o\J J+' J*i tr't':''r -r' , J+ rJr .l' r<JqJ*i sitive verbs change "yedalJ.,,]'of .!riS J^ r'-t' infinitive in to"Wel" J
the
Transitive
Intansitive To make to get up (Paschawet$r* To get up J.q To arrive J'*, To make to arive (Rasawel) J-,
J a J.5 ot' J '": J 'u
'st
\..
Pashto theLanguage
oftheAfghans 102
Pashto thelangpage
oftheghani
103
'i*'
Infirt,,..:
To do (Kaw) -t l.J To write (Lik) t To go (Z) Jrt To read (Lwal) To drink (Schash) To eat (Khwar) P To take (akhal) J;r 33 To see (Win) To have (Lar) ) To know (Poheg) t'a n3 To beat ( Wah) To say tell (Why) t To stand to rise(paschedel);u, To stop ,stand (Daredel) 'lJ To arrive (Rasydel) tt) To shine (Zalydel) # TO move (Khwazedel) jr
To do pain, To cripple (khoydedl)
t$J*,aa
(kawel) J (Likel) ,lqt (Tlel) (Lwastel) J-"J + (tsashel) J+

(
To hope, wish (Aarzo kawel) To ask (Poshtena kawel) To find (Peda kawel) To watch (Saeyl kawel) To study (Tasil kawel) To make to buid (Jonawel) To weep ( Zharel)
t:'i JS ':*u ..,

J-l
JJ
t.r-a
J/ J*
Jrs
J*i.
Jt.*
U)
^
.t
Khwarrel) (Akhistel) J:";l
Vocabulary
Look (\Magora) Light (Rann)
Dark ( Tayare) Morning (Gaeiz- Sahar) Afternoon ( Maspeshin) Noon (Garma) Day ( Wraz)
tJ
,1
s-
t.
-
(Lidel) (Larel)
J+l J,l
J9
t-
(Pohidel)
-,1-,
I
J++
J'.,
(Wahel) (Wayel) (pasch) (dareg) (ras) (zalig) (khwaz) (badl)
U1,-:{u
ttrit
J
fu
J*it,
J.r,,
Night (Shpa)
To day - Now (Nan)
yesterday (Paron)
c)) +
/
J,t*., J+,tj
itsi
1.,
Jr,;
Tomorrow ( Saba)
evening ( Mascham)
y (khwageg)
J*
To change
To become
J+l* sweet(khwagedel) y;r; (khwageg) J*
(Badledel)
Jr,;
.Llt t.
--r.t"
Sun-set (Mazdeger)
Sun (Lmar)
J
'r/).# ,t
\rr,
Moon (Spogmey) Eafth (Mzeka)
\.7
Pashto the l-anguage of the
Afghans
104
!i Fl:
JK
Year (
kal) Spring (PsarlaY) Summer (Aunay) Auturnn ( ManaY) V/inter (ZhamaY)

Friend (Malgery)
Friend
J*'
:l
Star
(MalgeraY)
Afbhans
105
'i ii
-P
'
.#t
'3Jt
l'
'13
Teacher Home (Kor) People (Khalk) Yes (Ho) Important (Mohim)
(ShowonkeY)
't*
,dJ;
Girlfriend (Malger) Country (Flewad) Faculty (Pohanzey) Law (Qanoon) School (ShowenzeY) Education ( Showana) To see (Katel) To read (Lwustel) To laugh (Khandel)
Letter
49)sgas3ttt
rrl
#l
tt
i*
rU
Water (Obah) Flour (Orrah) Cold (S?rrah)

Grass (Washah)
,L I
+t)
tf'tt
't* t::1
J'-J
J+
"t'J
Milk (shide)
Butter (Kuch)
6-
'F
VocabularY
1ll ( Naogh) Hospital (Roghtun) Hospital (Shafa khana) Pain (Dard) Doctor (Drkter) Medicine (Daw) Chet (Noskha) Cold (WalgY) Surgery (Jarhi) General (Dakhela) Operation (AmalYat)
Ll
U)v l-*-t
jBUi
lJj
. t.
(Lik) Big (Loy) Life (Zhwand) Death (Mnena) To see (Katel) Question (Pushtena) To ask (Pushtena kawel) Mine (Khpul) Exit (Watel) Eat (Khwanel) Poet (Shaier) To teach (Dars warkawel)
\.f.
sj
's3
-Jlt
l:
ti*i
"+ J'f t4 J-,1 "'lr'

':
r,
.-?t
I
lil l ,t.,
Jss st
I am ill I go to hospital My head hursts, "I hav a headache" Docter will give me a chit. I take medicine
Cold is
bad.
4-* afl ';; + 'Jlt l l,' .r) J{ L

,9J
st
'
.-. -2 F it*s
i-rl;'j
\. o
Pashto theLanguage
oftheAfghans 106
theghans
107 .
&i'
To clean by shaking (Schanddel) To leak (Schaschidel) To turn (Scharkhidel) To slep (Schamlastel) 1t To stand (Daridel) To stop (Darawel) To march (Dromel)
J rJ.t t
(Schkolawel) To send (Astawel)

To kiss To take, get
JJri
J'-l
JtL;l
J+,' J"-y-i
J.l,
J-
To To To To To To
have ( Darlodel) frighten, fear (Ddaridel)
J'rr'
J.-r
J.r"l
fill
(Ddakawel) increase (Dderidel) arrive (Ratlel) buy/ to seize (Ranewel)
Jf
Jr."-l
J;t,
J'tu)l)
Jr-t,
(rawastel) carry, to bring To carry (Rawerrel) To run (Zghastel) To run (Zghalidel) To be born (Zegidel) To store (7-erma kawel) To put (Gedel) To burn (Swazel) To burn (Swel) To keep (Satel) To show (Showel) To neutralize (Shanddidel) To drive-away (Sharel) To become a shamed (Sharmidel) To shake (Schorawel)
J+lt J"-U;
J,tJ;
Jr*ri J-l u;
J
,n
JrJFL
Jt
J-+t
Jr--r
J {
Jr*
(Akhistel) To turnover (Avushtel) To loy down (Ishodel) To pull out (Istel) To fly (Alotel) To boil (Ishedeel) To hear (Awredel) To dress (Aghustel) To burn ( Balidel) To set on fire (Balawel) To lose (Bailel) To shine (Breshedel) To call ( Balel) To separate - Divide (Bilawel) To present (Bakhshel) To lead- To take along @iwel) To light To set on fire (Balawel) To load (Barawel) Teknow (pohadel) To conceal, hide (Pattedel) To ask (Poshtedel) To purchase (Perodel) To abandon let (Preshodel) To o.Pen ranistel) toFatt ( prewatel)
\.Y
Jri-l
J:*l
J"ro'i"-l
J-'l
'j'Jlee
J'r',l r/
'l-'l J+l
J*
Jt't{
J+ry'r
Jt{
l#
J+fu
L t{
J''l+
J+
J*
J'rt-q'* J+'
J'''t
t'
J-Jh
's
\r1
Pashto thelanguaFe Pashto the Language of the
oftheghans
109
Afghans 108
"i:l
Excercise
To want (Ghushtel)
#
rrt,: J"r
Vocabutary
To know (Pezhandel)
tJ
Jr,n J+
Ja
To cross ( Porewatel)
To cut ( Frekawel) To hide To conceal (Pattawel) To go (Tle To bind (farrel) To escape - to Flee (Teshtedel) To cough (Ttokhel) To strike (Ttakawel) To make watm (Towdawel) To rise ( Jegedel) To fight (Jangedel) To boil (Joshidet) To laugh (Khandidel) To cause, to Laugh (Khandawel) To sell ( Kharschawel) To laugh (Khandel) To be late (Zanddedel) To make trouble - to harm (Zawrawel) To shine (Zalidel) To eat (Khwarrel) To ascend (Khatel) To bury (Khashawel)
I want ( Zah ghwarrem)

To look, see ( Katel)
#r
I look, see ( Zah ghorem)

To take (Akhestel)
pl
,:
J
Jr+dPJl
t. -
J'l*;l
I take (Zah akhlem)

To say, tell, speak (V/ayel)
l ';
J"
r"-lr
tell speak (Zah wayem) To see (Lidel) I see (Zah winem) To read ( Lwustel) I read (Zah Lwalem)
say ,
tj
a)
J;Jj
J+5+ J+5'
Jr-J
Jr=:rr
dJ,;
J.r,r3l
Jq;
J-r-;
t.'.. P-t
To hear (Auredel)
I hear (Zah aurem)

To recognize (Pejhandel)
ssl
oi
J,j.f"** t; J
J;
J+*;
J
I recognize (Zah Pejhanem) To laugh (Khandel)
I laugh (Zah khandem) To weep , cry (Zharrel) I weep, cry (Zahharrem)
dB
J:
Ht3
J+ti J;
t.. ee
J';
\.^
\.1
.'
Pashto ttre Language of the
Afghans
110
,f
Jr.b ?
&i
:l'
Pashto the LanguaFe of the Afghans
'
r'i
:rl
To speak
(Wayel)
To publish (khparawel) To split (chawdel) To blowup (chawel) To tear (bherawel) To learn (Schodel) To pull (keschel) To sit ( kaynastel) To do (Kawe1) To do
Jt
J*, jl
Ji-L1J Jrr J,r n
J44-f
(Krel)
To place, put
(Kayschodel)
To carry (Wnel) To stand, to, rise (Wlarridel) To kill (Wazhel) To beat, strike (Wahel) To forget (Heridel) To become high, to grow (Haskidel) To unite (Yowkidel) To remember (Yadidel) To break (Matawel) To fear (Yeredel)
J#
J.r,-Y
$5
Jr,
Jr_"+
J.rS.,.n
J,tJr,-
J-t-
Jt,
Jr.,-
To become (kaydel) To dance (Gaddidel) To turn ( Garzawel) To wake (Garzidel) To have
JJJ
J.r,-'6
Acquaintnce
I am an Afghan, who are you? (Zah Afghan yem, tah schok ye,? I am an American. (Zah Yaw Amrekaye yem, Who is he? (Da schok dey) He is a Belgian. (Day Belgekey dey) 'What language do you speak? (Tah pa koina zhaba khabere kawe)
,9-. J;, l,- dji- u ,,'r OL.il rj -.,1-ll-rlroi
J;--l
J,r+3
JJ
(Larel)
r,Jr.r;lr
'J) .,L 'J)
To read (Lwustel)
Jr-J
J+t
J*'1,
To see (Lidel)
T become broken (Matidel)
Torub (Moschel) To find (Mondel)

To enter
hy
J,,
:.F
J,:-U
af ,s* ui u9 '", s
(Nenawatel) To sit (Nastel) To catch seize (Newel) To stick in (Neschtel)

\\.
I speak english.
(Zah paenglesi zhaba khabere kawom) What language does he speak qjay pa koma zhabba khabere kawe)
?
t
-*.
^'i.r'-;lr',
o;
J;
J'#
s-f ,s* *'i utS 2

1
rgt
.;r
He speaks (day pa nederlanz zhaba khabere kawe)
Dutch.
sf ,s* r'j;d."
\\\
Afehans
12
uJ
*'
M.Pj.L
ofthe Afghans
13
Section 6;
'
'*- Ja
g.+ V/hich men (Kom sarri) F.S c.;r, rPWhich woman ( Koma shaza) F.P c;,. g.+Which women (Kome shaze) of which women (da komo shazo) Jr-
Interrogative Pronouns J-l ,-/t i--*,1 tJt-^ ri , t;r., vl rl Jr u Xit+t- ,lr"

Who (Schok or Cok)
By whom. Which (Cah)
What (Scha or Ca)
#,S
t.
4--l
tf
-u
h v'
JJ; ysrt
Oblique- of which people (de komo khalqo)
,t);
Indefinite Pronouns
Someone (Schok -Cok)
Something ,anY thing (Scha) Someone (Zlne)
.l-.b .u t1"..
l,
,!;;
t
|-
tp
Which (Kom) Which one ( Konr yau)

FIow rnuch (Scho- Schomra) -ff
-s
u.S r' l ,-t>
Nothing , any thing (Hisch) No one (his chok)

Is there anybodY? (Schok shta) There is no bodY. (Schok nashta) There is nothing ( hisch nashtit)
.,$ ct' 1. t* r!;;

: lt )g.
.e
How many (Schona) Who (Schok - cok) By whom (Cha) Who is ? (Schok dey) Who is he ? (hagha schok dey)
who ae you? ( Tah schok ye) To whom he speaks? (Cha ta waYi)
tj;
)>
t-
(. gr./j: ( r.Jf i
tu'-dt| t:
f. .-1,
There is nobody at all ( hischok nashta)
{:}: e.Jt -rj dJ;+
, ,-n . Compound Indefinite Pronouns: - Li" l'". tj : *

every one (har schok) every one ( har cha)
Don't tell to any one. (Cha ta ma waya) What are you doing? (Scha- ca kawe)
What ever you do (Scha chi kawe)
b
riL t
-* [- u
...
rrl.
r-
What ever, every thing (har Scha) Nobody, (hischok) No one (hicha)
anyone else (bel schok) anyothers (norschok)
\
trs-f
^)
^>j {) e -
Which man (Kom sarrayJi rr+.)
S- ,-e
l> r.. r l--
's t
\\Y
J.!
oP st
\l'
Pashto thelanguage
oftheAfghans
115
'i-*;l
Every one (har you)

Something more (
nor
scha)
)t
;- '.j
nothing else (nor hisch Another (bel yaw)
Exercise
Who is he ? (Da schok Who comes? (Schok razi) Who came ? (Schok
rrJ
,(Schok) cl
Relative
*'12
Pronouns r-l ,"

.a
a
deY)
. , or -:. \ srt:
1.''lt
r.-er
cJilr
\ tJrrl
-V " -r ,-t
,s-*- o-
Lt , ,ss -l--> l.io 2-* .,,ct {;: 'l -J c'll t,rrl el

.\5J.--,2
RagheY) dey)
'(Cha)
Whose pen is this? (D de ch qalam
The particle (ce or che) combined with interrogative pronouns formed relative pronouns.
frlr khabere kawd/ e'* nr\ To whom do you speak' ? (Ch sara j'-r Who said? (Ch wowaYel)
ur
What is this ? (Da scha shaY deY) What are You writing? (Scha Like) What do You have? (Scha Lare)
When: (Che)
The One who (cok che)
,
,
.gr
Jr
.r?q
"r-1
lr ,Jfu
Ls)
'(Seha)-
Who - he (Cha che)

What - which (co che) What - which (ca che)
,Scho
-
tP
GI
L>
Who
it, he (Kom
che)
, l
How many O.n,
Oo you have? (Scho qlamona lare)'J
'JJ
Who she, it (Kome che)

\/hen (Kala che)
,,-l
t D/-,ettr .,r \:' t tt')5
(Scho kusan How many peope are coming?
Razi)
:(Schomra) ori
';l't
J-
! .erl;u;t 'r'i
(Schomra Afghaney lare) How much Afghani do you have?
As much as (Schomra che) What ever (Schanga che) That much (Domra che)
\\
.'
Afghans
17
'i :j'-
?ashto the Language of the Afghans
16
{rd
.t
Particles:
o-* ,JU1 t.l ;,si tJ
::ll
,s ,p ,sJ-y_ .- ) s)S rl,r- ar
Acquaintance " Pezhendgalwi" e- x

Are you English? (Tase englis
.l.r
r9t;l
d r J Ls:. ohl .jrS;,-tL, ; gtjr-
The Particles in the genitive case always come before the noun. V/ithout joining nouns and verbs the perticles have no meaning.
Yast?) r-L- r**t.,-Ur,r-bl .-,,+t+ t- ''c No. I am a Belgian and you?

(Na zah beljemay yem aw tase) I am an Afghan. (Zah you Afghan
What is your mother
Ye Bya f Ba
Na Ke Pese
Relative particles:
These partictes are
).r_ t* r .
i f,
Da Ta wuta
yem).
I
.fr-
t*l,-
tongue?
r'j
' ,r-L'r
V)
tj-2
(Da tase moraney zhaba scha da)
Wuw
La Lara
Pa
)
J
My mother tongue is Dutch

(Zm moraney zhaba nederlanz da) What is your mother
.r:;sJ--r=j
ui,:v
o)
4J
tongue?
10,
.3 ,.tv .rtrt
che
ct
My mother tongue is Pashto

(Zm morany zhaba pashto da)
or
+, ,i
,-i:-*
t)
usect
like
suffixes.
Bande Lande Zene Schkha
iJr-.,
.r*i:, *
:lJ
,J..Jta
Nice to see you

(Zah stase La lido schakha khushala shwom)
Thank you
(Tashakar)
l- rJt*; Ir+J ,J rb
,JJjY
..
'#
{ *
\\1
\\V
Ke
Pashto the Language of the Af.ehans I l
uj
,t*
Phto thel-anFuaFe
oftheFhans
119
L''r'
i*'
Vocabulary
Sweet (Khog)
:LJ )f
-P UUJ
Cld (Son)
More much (Ziyat)
Major (Loy) Myself, self (Khpul) Some, any, afew ( Zenay) Bitter (Trikh)
Prayer (N'munz)
J ,.'
t
t_
(Mrasta) Joke (Ttoka) Great (Ster) Friend (MalgereY) Friendship (MalgertiYa) 'Store (Plorenzey)
Help
Branch (Schanga)
P
.JL
'ft ,t),
.*
iq
Jr-J
Yoke (Jegh)
Needle. (Sn)
t.. eJJ
ei_
Visit (Dedan) Voilate, Passing (TeraY) Victory Garay)

Valuable(Arzeshtnak) To upset (Naskorawel) Truth (Haqeqat) Winner (Wnonkey)
Eyebrow (Wreza)
Food (Khwarra)
^.! ,-
lt:"-.;,1
White (Spin) Thorn (Aghzey)

Wound (Parhar) Leather (Schirmin)
Husband CVfuy.r
,ty!
-lb/,
J)n*J
3+>
v!
l'.
,F4t
l,
Wise (Poh)
Wife (Mirmon)
Children (Zamon) Eyelash (Banna)
v-l
ulj
tt{.
,:l
.
V/ithin
(Pa Manz)
L) ,4:)
World (Narey)
Worse (Badtar)
i
-i* .{
,t!K
Forlock ( Aurbel) Child (Mashom)
Trick (Palma)
Kabuli (Kabulay)
German (Almanay)
l-t'
\\^
;
jLt*ft,
\\l
Pakistani (Pakistanay)
Pashto the Lansuase of the
Afshans 120
LtJ.
Indian (Hinday) Daily (Wrazanay)

Present (Nenanay)
,:s
L-lJ
Vocabulary :rrt
Newspaper (WrazPnna)
.r19
.9
Current ( Osanay) Former (Pakhwanay)
u-:l
,JtP,
Magazin (lt{ojala)
^l,
,r:.1' Jtr+, ufjza, ,S:
Monthly (MeYshteneY)
Buy, Parchase (PaYrodel) Buyer (PaYrodonkeY) Neighbour (GowanddaY)
-
Motherly (Moranay)
Fatherly (Palaranay) Upper (Portanay) Worship (Abadat kawel) Trust (Etimad )
J3f
)y
,itt,
,F:
c,
t-:l
Near (Nezhde)
_
til).
Far (Lare)
Wool (WanaY) Work ( Kr) View (NazarYa)

Treatment (Chaland)
Dialogue (Khabre Atere)

Can you recognize this man? (Tah da sanay pezhane) .
)ls
LJJJ
t..
4HrJ
,J,
,g-
l:,u i
-"1"
No (nah)
Why can't you recognize him (Wale
ye na pezha ne?)
How old are you? (Tah scho kalan ye)
am 20 years old. (Zah shel kalan yem)
Are you maried? (Wadeh de kaney dey)
# j; 's ' r J'i'j 1. st ef .gr otl

1. ,1,-
J:
Tolerate (Tahamol kawel)

See (katel)
J-,
,y
I - tfi{
Bind (Tarrel). Know (Pezhandel) Truth (ReshtY)

Spectacle (Nandara) Guest (Melma)
tei,
Jr
r-l.uj
No (nah)
Can you sing ?(Sandara
ti
weley - wayeley- she) f 'j .: n:t-
Yes
(Ho)
rt
f+
.2 aJ)
I t'l lt*'r Tell the truth ( Resht'ya waya) If you like, I wil sing a song. f-ls + !-Jin r'r' ,52 *\2
'5t
Important (Mohim)
Agriculture (Karhenna)
Climate (Modrn) Rain (Wrischt)
'"-r'
(ka de khwasha wi yaua sandera ba wowayem)
Q::
\T\
\Y.
Pashto theLanguage of
theAfshans 122
.i
Certainly (Hatman)
Farmer (Bazger)
L=
Cultivate (Karel)
V/heat (Ghanim)
'j JS
.l
Finally (Akhir) First (Lomrray)

Fast (Garanday)
;t
,sJ
Barley (Aurbeshi) To eam,to save (Ganel)
.L|
as
,
,
C
tl
Light (Spek)
Heavy (Drond)
+
'S*
Military (Pauz)
Army (Urdo)
Party (Gund)
Independence (Khpulwki) Education, Training (Rozena) Salvation (Zhghorel)
.Ii-r!
JJ
,-l#tj)ss
Dialogue- Khabere - Atere LSJI

Salam Alay
J*:
Srt
kom Salam AIay kom
J, lY"
"t"Y"
krrem. ff "i ri''io-r Hlf 'i g-f ,tj t'j r>.J5l.:loJ I Uf . l
r
Interview (Maraka)
Game (Loba) Breeze (Wagma) Clear, obvious (Shkra) Excuse (Bakhshena) Support (Mlatarr)
uJ
a'+
Zah ghwarrem da pashto zah ba zda
Der 'sha,sarray pa Lik aw Lwast zhabazdak3u;l.ur.r,-la a

Tah byad hamda
,tfu
/? ''!iry.
I
wakrre' rf -tt
a He
.
octi
n)
Zah poshuna Kawom che kom kiub wa lwalem.
{.
District (Sima)
Once (Zil)
Da pashto zhabe
J:
,'-,1 .'
Age (Sin)
Recommendation (Sprisht)
Qaida Tah pa scho zhabu Pohege. Zahpadwa zhabo pohegem. Kitab plurenzay Chirta dey.
cJ '*r
Mak, affect (Asar)

Later (Wrusta) Before (Pakhw)
jt
tLD)t
l.r-
''i t t, f'P i sst 4 t) lg;r r-.,'r ,t*,*uS S';;tf;r dr Hagha datarkanni ter schang, Spin dukanK) d# ' jt-'r' Mehrabani l't' d;lJir Da khday Pman. *Y"-I Pa makha mu iha.
lltr'- r
\yr
..
Pashto the Lansuase of the Afehan Pashto theLanguage of
s 125
t$
3;'i
theAfghans 124
Section-7
(o) r ,rl.t, ., l ,!- (a)., .9. clcs ef-Y 2-By changing the vowel (O or U) in to (a) and adding (a)
..,
rr;J
\-
ss
a-> tusl
at the end.
Adjective
rr l 3 usl: t).| -o3- ^S1.,-r* .i- S l.',3 4, , .tS*; I':- d:Jt Jl ." Lr"+ - J Jtlt In Pashto the adjective follows the rules of the noun for
gender, number and case. It is generally placed before its noun I
F.S Jiy' I Sarrat ,f 1 fllrrl ,

3-adjectives lose the Vowel (U or and take (a=e ) in ending.
M'S "fY' cold (sorr) 1r

satisfied (mom)
sr.,Y rJ ,"
,r"
.,l ,sr; (n) r ,rf .9 t l A-l
i) in forming
M.S
green , blue
':1"' oU'--f
the femina
Examples: OId man (Zon sarray) Young man (Zwan Sarray) , r, f

part ofa
sentence.
:''(l
ay ui
ey ali ta1us r;J', *n c";-
F.S shnr /*, t Sarat .r D)i 1 Trwa v
(shin)
..'i
fed (Sur)
sour
(Triw)
)Y -t'i
Adjective can also come after the noun,if it is as a nominal This pen is black (Da kalam tor
day)
z-rl.bl,r$
4-by changing ay to ey to the ending ,..,F.J+ h) *t- \tsl -t M.S F.S Kuchney,' ,.J Small c Kuchnay ",:-,rl r" rJ, () d, t () rf -o
5-
Formation of the
feminine;
.
.5r.; tJih lJ-ar-z,+'iJ,-!

(o
by changing the ending (ey to einding

<
e)
I er-,>i'-oJ d -\
Nawe qi
F.S
New (naway) i
M.S
1-By adding (d o)to the adjectives. Feminine
F.s sri, M.S -Su t

(Tora) *, z*û
'
singular
Masculine singular Black (tor) Young (zun)
ThirstY (TagaY) Lsi Note: These adjectives remain unchanged except in oblique plural. Beautiful or FJandsome : (Shyesta) :-,-t+ : (KhaPa) + Complete ( Pora) ,rr, Sad
t
Tager ,tl
t
\Tf,
i t)l;
ri" f' .T-.Srong (rakna) , ;:i:

som
(zine)
: :
lfaroqn) t (Reshtiy) t..-r-,,
wu,,y r+
Hay)
'r
Shameless : (Be
\TO
Pashto the
Formation
of the Plural:
Masculine
Femenine Plural S . Tori' (Tora ' .j

Khwage j?khwaga,uJ
.r , Spine ,r=t",$pina, ^* Sre

f..,,t Sra
PL Singular , Tor: , r; Black (Tor) :u" (khog) , Khwaga, Sweet f r Red (Sur) )-ra . Sruh t Spin , White (Spin) ,r:df [i"a
Good
(sha)
+
J{ rjrt
Bad
(Bad)
//
High (Jeg) High (Lwan)

Plenty ,large number (Gann)
i
t
Low (Ttitt)
Hard (Klak)
Comparison of
adjective:
nu
g""-W
# r
Comparison is expressed by prepositions Ter ; da .r Schakhu ti
Big (Ghatt)
Heatthy (Jon)
#
.
-ra
t
masher dey)
He is older than me. (Day ter m
Dry (Wuch) 5:"':'tLi.t

Good man (Sha sarraY) Good men (Sha sarrYan) Bad boY (Bad halik) Bad boYs (Bad halikan)
er*
U^r
I am younger than him. (Zah la da schakha zwn yem)
,dl .q
'-;:l!'e'; ''J
tr
tlLr.r,
Superlative:
It is expressed by the same preposition together with the
Word (Ttol
High ,tall Young (Jeg zwan) High, tall Youngs (Jeg Zwanan) Big man (Ghatt sarraY) Big men (Ghatt sarryan) Dry lace (Wuch zaY) Dry places (Wuch ZaYona) Health bodY (Jon Zan)
HealthY bodies (Jorr Zanona)
bt&
but-&
J;)
,tf #
t_r
.t ,9v !__
gs
Younger than
all (Ter ttolo zwan) ttl ) ; Stronger than all (Terttolo gheshtelay) "l+rt
,;i(
^;- o * f--
r_.__
\Y1
\rv
Afghans
128
r,i
-il
Afghans
129
JJ.
ti;,
cJ:t sj J,--,
Irregular adjectives
Oblique JtOblique
l
-L PLL'
t=f
Feminine..;r, sg ,. PLL'
^t,
Sinsular v
MasculincJi
Sg .r.
Lt+
Cooked-,pokh,
ots.
b
Pakheh,
Pakho,
J
Pakhy,
, Pakha'
J I
Great state (Loy doulat) Black pencil (Tor Pensil) Red flower (Sur Gul) Large room (Loya kotta)
good man (Sha sarray, good woman (Sha schaza)
rt
,Fr*
+_ r,J
, Marro,
J1f
r
, Marry,
,L
, Marreh,
)v
Satisfied-,Mon,
u
ld
, Marrar
s I
r Sarro,
lst
, Drano,
r Sarry.t
,st
,
fr
,L
. Sarreh, ,JL
.
5
. Sarra'
tjs
Cold-,Sorr,
.li-lr heavy-.Drund,
Drany,
L-r-.
, Drana,
Draneh,
\tj>
.1.
t-'i
,
,j
. Khwaga,
.
tI
Sweet-.khog,
Khwago' ,Khwagy,
)f
.f
.
khwageh,
Ja
t'
)v
Red;.Soor,
'.4
, Sror r
Shro
SrY, tp :
Sra,
Sreh,
PL ,g.a Plural Great states (Loy doulatuna) Black Pencils (Tara Pensilona) Red flowers (Sur Gulona) Large rooms (Loye konae) Good men (Sha sarrai) Good women (Ssh schaze) This is a great State. (Da Loy doulat dey) My pencil is black (Zmapensil tor day)
V/e have black pencils (Mung tor pensilona laro) There are red flowers in the garden.
(Pa bagh ke srah Gulan shta)
u, O 4 +
';-):t cs)
';j;l:i
-'f ,J r * ,,
.er cJ)
'i-F 'Y
J lr es-. J-1 L
Shny,
, Shna,
:) 'jj'
, shneh,
Green 1shin,
_pj rTerkho,
e
.Terkhy,
\'JJ < Terwy,
tj
,Tarkha,
JJ
t'j
osj
( I erweh,
r.Il .
I :
e;
t_i
Sour-freew,
i-4 BlindrRrond'
'*
>3 ry.
j!
",
i 'j'
L.2
.Takheh, Bitter-,Trekh,
ssj . Terwo,
sJi
,Terwa, li. I
c Randa'
Rrando'
J4)
fr- , Rrandy,
,tj
Randehr
ts uJ qllt This room is large. (Da kotta loya da) gt'i eJ ut-f ''t These roont'are not large. (dagha kotte loye na de) Atzak is a good man. (Atzak sha sarray dey) t LJr + 'll-l rr L-" tq rl usl Atzak and Yama are good, people.
,P
t Zafio,
\tj
,Zarreh,
+)
Old-.Zorr,
(Atzak aw yama sha saniyan di)
,Zarry,
,Zar,
\YA
\ Y1
..
Afghans
130
&i :'
'
ghans
131
&i
'
Suffixal Adjectives: ,J, r-I

Aggrieved
I JtnyLl"
tTl."t
Vovabulary
Friend @ost) Enemy (Doshman) Food (Taam) Warm (Tod) Cold (sorr)
I
:otJ
rf
[i ,* 4*L * (Obelan) otrl 'iJ + Obe r,l Lan d Watery

z+.
(ghamjan)
o-l
.t
.b
Useful (Sodman) g"p tv + Sod rr- Man v Dangerous (khatarnak) .Jl;,!i :cJU + Khatar - Nak ,ru r.- to + Khira ,ri N Dirty (Khiran) e:l Nay .' Presently (Osanay) -l:rri + Os Bold (Toryalay) Jutt:fu- + Tora sr Yallay,"ltctJJL :r- + Malga 'r' In ' n Saltish (Malgin) + Kabul tJ ir5 one from llabut (kabul} .*6 "s * Hela 'J., gaf 'l Treacherous (Helag a '
ti
f
To find (Pedakawel)
Event (Paysha)
(Pranistel) Food (Khorak) Expend
JJI/)
\.
-:.J
,-t,
,!b
,i
(Kharsch)
c-P
To sell -to exPend(Kharschaw'
,)y?
tPl-
Vocabulary
To consider (Gunnel) Life (Zhwandun) To abuse (Kanzel kawel) To appear (Shkaridel) To be wounded (Zhobel kidel)
To make water, urinate (Matyaze kawel)
To cough (T tokhel) Appointment (Ttakel) Association (Ttolena)
Jr ,)
JH
J,t5
J*J,J"r: J- rs:V
|'}Jl,
JJ)
Tribe (Ttabar)
Sad (Khafa)
9.
t;t
''ll -
East (Khatiz) V/here(Cherta)

-
Frightened (Warkhata) Bone (Haddokay) Profit (Gatta) Profit (Faida) Mud (Khatta)
ti
,ti'-
Clear (Schargand)
-.'. J-5J
-U
.t:
To Show- To explain(Schargandwel)
_
J'"li
srl_
$-%?_
Heavy (Drund)
To Braze (Scharawel)
Binding (Taron) Decision, pact (Tasmim)
t'i,
\r.
\r\
Afghans 132
3+'
ghans
133
^'i
t;"
Section-8
This year (Sag kaal)
JS?,
atr Jl
I
The Time
Day (Wraz)
(Wakht) c;,
ca
t-
Of this year (Saganey) Dog (Spay)

Base, foundation (Bansitt)
,y
t#
.!
c,.rl
,Yl
Night (Shpa)
Yesterday (Paron)
ty,
V/ide (An)
,Announce (Aalan)
Today (Nan) Tomorrow (Saba) A day (Yawa wraz)
a
l.
'o'"-
Low (Ttett)
:+-
A night (Yawa
shpa) ,Ia
ry.
t.''
rrtl'\u,:sl
try-
One week (Yawa uney - Yawa
oniza) One month (Yawa miYasht)

One week is seven days ( Yawa oniza owa wraze da) n,
c-l''tfil tv-
Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday V/ednesday Thursday Friday

Hour (saat) Hour (Baja) Minute
+
+i'fr1r
t "!" t*t
+-
-rl+t
4,
",
Onehour is sixty minutes (Yaw saat shpetadaqiqedgr.),ljrr:rr.rLv.
'-L
t4
(Daqiqa) Second (Saniya)

Quarter (Paw) What time is it? (Saat scho baje
i.i
l:
! dey)
)
q''L
\ I'Y
\TT
..
Pashto thelaneuase
oftheAfshans
u,Li ::.-Y g;/ Ji
.9-u lr -rl .i- .Jr rl J, ,sr ,*ro;r rf 'U8 gt tv ,- Formation of nouns from Yerbs: By dropping the final letters "L" and 'iwell" of the verbs'and adding the under wrtttt suffxes, nouns can be formed'
Suff,rxes
.w
134
^'3-
Phto the LanFuage of the
Fh3ns
135
commpn suffixes (in pashto and Dari) :.jrT 6. (Kasam) Swearer (Kasam khor) )? e Oath
Chair Seruritymam (Chawkidar) .,1',-e(Chawkey)
";:Khor' ofa Dar 'lr
:"
.p f*l Food :(Khwarak) .lJl,; To eat (khwarrel) Jo

Drink :(Sctrtrt)
,l;
To drink(Schashel)
ll
rl'r:; chi t'7 Spectator (Nandarchi) ,rrlr:';Spectade(Nandara) izan i Fighter ':l;, :Nak cJu (Khatar) Dangerous (khaternak) ,w-Danger
'
(Torzan) 6r,'Sword(Tora)
Expense: (Lagesht)ilJ To spend (Lagawel) J, (Sh To weep (Zhanel) J: Weeping:(Zharra) (u) To ean Benefit:
(Ganel) 'lS Agreement: (Tarrun) : To bind (Tarral) J (un)
It (Gatta)
(a)
t
.r
Afghanistan k-:tlAfghan
Observation:(katena) ,.;.:f To loosee (Katel) J=r leave out (Watel) ,t (zay) Exit point (Watozay)
(na)
,]tto
:
ri-
.r5S
ut t r-J :- -{t.rjYr e.i lLo l -i-t"-i tJ t;':l ;..rr
Wl itt:rJ JJr.j I
and
k' (darmal)) :ton Jt Pharmacy @armalton)L-rs Medicine (Pohena) tte za! Faculty (Pohenzay) rEducation '''' J" uJ Horse (As) Stable: (Asjal) '"i:Jal $ Wheat field (Ghanemgara)'Ji'sWheat(Ghanem) t' Eua
Eil :stn
t,t ti -,ruc,1'L Prefixes: Be *, Na u ..r/ Otalf ur ' ,s r- jL-l 'ii s '4L- r lj:l ''u I
Suffixes of Place
:,ri'I ,'
Formation of Nouns from Nouns and Adjectives: By applying the below .-' Suffixes to - nouns
formed. Suffixes Gardener rrrlHouse ,rl:Ba (Zaryar) Goidsmith i':Gold(Zar) ,:Gar J ' House(Kor)
: adjectives, nouns can be ,r'' Y (Baghwan) b t{ Garden (Bagh) :Wn ol-r . Master of the house (Korba)
(Be and na) to the Nouns are also formed by adding Prefixes adjectives and nouns.
Countryman (Hewadw?rl) Jl.rr Counny (Hewad) :Wl Jl.r Correspendent (Khabaryl) Ju; Newa (Khabar),+yal JuServant (Khedmatgar) rtL-.r;Service (Khedmat) .:..r; GarrK .i Dar-lr Suporter(Tarafd?r) ,ls.,L Side (Taraf) House owner:(Korwl) rl,'r ,rfilalaYl
Without worry
egham)
,r
Grief
(gham) f
(Roghtiy) t;., Illness (Naroghdy) Lru Health
Ill
(Najorr)
el;HealthY
\TO
(Jon) I
\r
theAfshans 136
Phto thc lnFuage of the
ghans
137
!i -r*
rl :rJ
tft
tr,0
Intransitive
c/j};
TO DO (Krrel) Jt'
Suffixes of Abstract nouns

We do (mung You do ( tah
Present tJtI do (zah krrem)
Relationa ship (Khpulwi).rJ+ One's Own (Khpul)Jwi ir
Death
(MarrinI qt' Dead (Marr) :ina c Knowledge (Poha) r.,, Knowing (Poh) ,a lr
(Zhwanday)
krro) krre) You do (tase krraY)

He, She,It, does ( day-d-
rf ': tf iY
'af"f et
kni)
''el
They do (duY
kni)
Past ,sl-,
c{ c:t
'er
Life (Zhwandon) .rij Living

Charm (Shaganna) f
,j i wn,1I was doing

(ma
Goo (tra) :ganna 4f
Brotherhood (lVrorwal
Whiteness (Spinwlay)
r4J Brother (Wror) ,,u lWli
J-
Jl o.'" White (Spin) o*,,: walay ,rtf-
wukerr) We were doing (mung wukerr) You was doing (t wukerr) You were doing (tase wukerr) wukerr)
ftv 't iY
ItE
: et: t
Brotherhood(Wrorgalwi) rs-utBrorher(wror),,:Galwi,r5
tgr 'r'r He, She,It, were doing (da, de, wukerr) *f 'stt They were'doing (duy
Difficulty
Friendship
(Granisht)
Difficult (Gran) 6:trt c.l

L,
@osti) (Belton)
,r.="r Friend (Dost) ,- ur li
Bravery (Zanawar:tiy) i.r Brave(Zarrawaflr:tiya

Separation
,:lc Separate
(Bel) Ja:Ton r-,-,.
Cheapness (Arzantob) ?,'lht Cheap
(Arzan) l:Tob
Present Perfect U tJ Ltr fv I have done (makrreY deY) ttr Lt':! We have done (mung krrey dey) t Ltti You have done(t krrey dey) e e 'tr You have done( tase krrey dey) ) - r He, she, IL have done(da, de, krrey dey) '3r "f They have done (duy kney dey) '3t 'ef 'est
\TY
\11
theAfghans 138
rr .:"L
Pashto thelanguage
oftheAfghans
139
r'i+'
Past
I had done(
m krrey
perfect t,V ,s)

cfv r! f .!
3
wo) we hail done(mung krey wu) You had done (tase krrey wu) you had done( t krrey wo)
He, she, It have done (da, de, krrey They had done (duy krrey wu)
s:
rsf at:
3
To Do(Kawal) JJ Transitive & Lsr'; ' Present Jt

I do ( za kawom)
V/e do ( mung kawu) You do (tah kawe) You do (tase kawey) He, she, It, does (day, d- kawi)
They do (duy kawi)
rt
13
,:
t l
,s t
'rs-
woh)
r-
.9f
- r.r u sf a:'
.es
Future
r
f:L- f u.,3 . tftL- d: +:-*
eU
I will do (za ba lcrrem- wukrrem) lVe will do ( mung ba wukrru) You will do ( ta ba krre - wukrre)
you will do (tase ba kreyHe, she, It,',vill do (day,
,l b - 9r c-f s:t
Past
GU
wukrrey)
,sft\o.f +'t 'aft tr Lrf +,u
I did (ma wukah)

\Me did (mung wukah)
:iy
^lV
d-a ba krri- wakrri) sfrt- ,s{ + - ,9t They will do (duy ba krri- wukrri) sf:\,sf u.,st
You did ( ta wukah) You did (tase wukah)

He, she,It, did (da, de-wukah) They did (duy wukah)
^ft' s r-rb
rf
gtr
tJ
s st
I did (wome
kah)
Second form
)
,-t
-r.-t
We did (wamo kah)
You did (wode kah) You did (womo kah)

He, she, It, did (woye kah) They did (wo:ya.. kah)
,l
,Jt, -r.t
,, 1p
\r^
\rl
Pashto thelaneuage
oftheAfghans
140
Lr-rL
^'ir*
*T-l
rlfL
Afg.hans
141
.
.
a'i
rfr
Continuous ui't
I was doing (m kawoh Vy'e were doing (mung kawoh) You were doing (t kawoh
rG+J JJJtel
.1.
Verbs stems
(Stem) gor
,.).
uv i! tllb
kawoh) He, She, fq was doing (da, de, kawoh) They were doing (duy kawoh) Future #:*.
You were doing (tase
rll,r-b ,lf gr - u
13ll.3,r
win
akhel
alos
, katel ur lidel
Jr
J+l
I will do (zah ba wokem) V/e will do (mung ba woku) You will do (ta ba woke) You will do (tase ba wokey) He' she'it'will do (day- da- ba woki) They will do (duy ba woki)
-: + i-t' ,js +r:

,-t +.rU,-f-t 4lr - .gr ,s 4 sst
fi
+ ,;
bol
khez
khwer
shi
ghwar
waai
baas
Imperative errl
wokawah) (kawey- wokawey) -eV -*l I should do (zah wokam) We should do (mung woku) You should do (ta woke) You should do (tase wokey) He, She, It , should do (day- d woki) They should do (duy woki)
(wokah -
,f-r
t-
do rf,
,s-l.tL-do you.grf
ged
lwal
za.
f:,: -:!:, : ,f:,eb

,rf b -.;r
, rstt
l akhestel J'.;l ,1;Jl Jl alotel Jt* balel J'; khatel p khwarrel J+ ,t! shodel J al* ghwashtel ,H* j" als wayel J.:*,-l ,l eystel l eishodel Jr1'-l Jr lwastel J-"rJ 3 ilal Jtt
\.
\l
:
Pashto thelanguage
oftheAfghans
142
'ii*
LJ
Pashto thelaneuage
oftheghans
143
'i'r+'
L-''J,.
Assistance
(Mrasta)
Vocabulary
Political (Sayasi)
Legal (I{oqoqi)
Recommendation (Sparesht)
Little (Kochnay)
Street (Koscha)
,P.
..r
,j_*
-.1 Ldild
î;
ir-r")
Old (Larghon) Ancient / olden
.- |
(LarghoneY)
*S
,/"
'!a t
Born (Zegedel) Maternity (Zeganton)
J*i
-r'ri
Negative (Manfi)
Living place (MaYna)

Love
Multiplication ( Zarb) Division ( Taqsim)

Division ( V/aysh) To divide (Wayhel)
Nervous (Asabi) Christian (Isawi)
(Mina)
):') ,f
Illness (Maraz)
Palace(Manney)
u
' , _,, "-..,\- .5.+
!
J-t
Motherly (MoraneY)
Hard (Tteng) Vuture (Ttapus) System (Nizam) Republic (Jamhori)
t:Y
S-r+e
u-t
I
To throw (Ghorzawel)
Neighbourhood (Gawandd) Neighbour (Gawanday) West (Lwediz)
$>vs'
r'
rl.. .tr
'
S6
rSss#
s$t6
L.",,
?o t i ti,
Political (sayasatmadar) Help (Komak)

Equal (Masawi)
tr*r
.f.t:-
,!.Jf
,92lr'.r
f.Y
\T
Formation of the Plural A: Masculine nouns:
Pashto thelanguage
oftheAfghans
144 ,
&ir+
J:8 g+r;^tt
ei*jr:'rb:uill
Jta
ghans
145
'
ri i'
, 1;> .rP) ' îtqP With "yan"as: 4- The ending "ay" change to "i" or Sometime
:rlJ .Jrl
.Y rtr
ll .y'
rJr rg;r
-t
.a# ,-trl l -l:Ji.e'r;!r
* e;
t:'l;t
Men (Sarri) u.f man (SarraY)

Doges
The Plural of masculine nouns are formed by adding the
(SPi)
followinsuffixes to nouns and adjectives according to the

rules.
dog ( sPaY)
.+
t-
Men rj3
(Sarryan) t-.- Man (SanaY) ,r
-.rir!
\A:,Fil L i
in
,Sl:qjt
fr L,& /'jri i -\
'&''s'
Youngs (Zalmyal)
t$
young (Zalmay)
,J
"$
A#
t-t- (r) r"
d"; r')"- -
1- Nouns
ending
consonants designating inanimate
5- One Sylable nouns take "a" in plural as: Donkies ( Khra)
objects take the suffix, uo ri

Pens (Qalamuna)
DonkY (Khar)
;
ztiYt tt'i'+
nrr
.;-I
Pen
(Qalam) d
Books (Kitabuna)eru Book (Kitb)
-t:f
rl,JL
-Y
B: Feminine
nouns:
,llJ JJa t,s
:Lr
2- Animate objects take the suffix "an". :dJ .Jil riJ Boys (Flalakan)
rJtprl
d' ,P:-''" -\
of the nouns: 1-: By changing the last letter "4" to"e"

Apples (Manne),r:. APPIe (Manna) + Women (Shaze) r. Women ( shaza)
tlb Boy (halak) .41 Camels UShan) irl Camer U3tr irr
.sJ;li'Y t6r
o-r
C.+r r ,S
; 'il-c u
t$'$
the
'Ll
l.,''-Y
:llJ JBI.i.T
2- The nouns that end
rr:; r rlJ g.")
,;
(l)
'
tlt'i-\
3- Nouns that end in a vowel, take the
suffix' gan'in
in "4" the Plural are formed by suffix "we"
plural.
Fathers (Bbgn) 6t Father (Bb)
tt+
Backs (shawe) .e3Lr Back (sh)
Lights (Rannwe) rr: Light (Rann)
Knives (Chaqugan)
6h
Knife (Chaqu)
\LL
tq
\ f,o
Pashto thelanguage
oftheAfghans
146
: J
!i:i" rr-,;'! r;6rr

-T
Oblique form Plural

i. t
3- The suffix "Gane" Cows (Ghwagne) '61* Cow (Ghw) lr ,dJ

J*rt,
i:,
PL(F)
Rooms (Kote)
:
,.,
u.r
..rt,
,,
(g) JU' rf - Room
Sing (F)
4- Replacing the "ey" last letter of nouns by "ane" suffix:
(Kona)
(Zhaba)
4-
A woman from Kabul (kabuleY)

Women from Kabul (kabulane)
,,l1K
Tongue
rj
Tongues (Zhabe) a.3
i+rf
(.lut
-L
tr tyitLt
t^ .rl-ah o
Sine (M) Man
'
-lL
Men
(PL(M)
,J-rS
,lt-ri'l
(SarraY) ,sr
(Sarri) n*
(Largi) ,J'
5- With real feminine nouns adding the "yande" suffi:
Wood (LargaY)
Woods
Mothers (Mayande) ,..u. Mother (Mor) r

Sisters (khwyande)
sister
,-
(khor) )
t
PL
J'
+ .i'Y r j6r :l .!l:Jl

6- The letter
g.+:l sri. tur =iL'
,rlJ,.r..e
gq Friends: (Dostan) r' 'rr Zhabe (;, .+) ,rrj

Women
Houses
fi.
Obl
Jrit,
(Dostano) (Zhabu)
(Shazu)
lt-t
-PJ
"ey
" does not change for the plural. also
(Sha2e)
,st
PL
"gane g; " makes the plural. (Karrkey) V/indws -rf, Window (s) (Karrkey '-ft' 1 tt
suffix Breads pdoddey).e g @doddey) Bread ltpyJ ,J ,sU, u, itit Jl r g; r tJ.l tl t tis*' 7- Changing "i,J" to "ey.t": Games (B.azey),5la Play, Game (Bazi) .et
Y
(Korona) tl
(Korono)
(Sarrayu)
t4 t:-
Men
(Sarri)
t4
Friends (Malgeri) .L
(Malgeru)
,fL
obl
sgM
Shepherd (ShPun)
Pashton (Pashton) .',,;+, Pashtana lL- ! Pashtanu r'::+,
r.
ShPana
Coal(Skor) .t- Skara Montain (Ghar)_ -P Ghrona tirj Ghru

\Y
ol'; Shpanu 4 ,K- Skaru -t-

tf
Afghans
148
'
-**
Constnction: t' ' " to nouns ,,J. ,-, Lt-; '?/'l-'-o l-Generalyby adding 'h ' r is ,bj-.r ,t ,,s\\j[j.'rl Y'*it and adjectives the feminine
formed.like: rChirg,-Shirga'
Cock - Hen
-' '; '<t Y.1,tt' 3 t=+
'")f- + is'*)
J-rrrtvltjr"l
3l a:r';'3j-,.o
. Zarghon'Zarghonar
Green Green
,J
:..'iJl
Feminine nouns and construction:

A: Real
Feminine
t(,r:JL) otri',rii'
i" Vowels 2-By droppirg the "U and and adjectives' For examPle:
ril-al rr- t'i (') J t\ and adding "4" to nouns
-With a sign of oposite mculine like: Aspa( a mare) Chirga(Chirga- Hen)
-\ ' a): -i ,1,!u, .* '-l
\iloman
.
man
Pashton, Pashtana'
s:'i-
(Pashton) .l;'L-
-Without sign: Mor (Mother) Khor (Sister) Tror (Sunt)
,n*o.:
Green,,f,
(shna)
Green (shin) ..:'
Old
)P
Old (Zon) P) o*U () a-'J.l;rt g (r) '-i 'r' t''- l '' ''f 'su''-o ,":: L') ^r, t'rJrt- ,:
(Zarra)
A rs
ai
,
B- Unreal Feminine:
With feminine sign like: (Ranna) : Light (Sha):Back (Chowkey): Chair Without feminine sign like:
(gomenz): comb (Lamen): skirt (Sten): needle
(,r,*-/[-) 'L* ,r*t+ tr

,rlJ
"fr:)
r"J'1
VJ
l^
(ey) of nouns (i) u"d.l:) to By changing the last lefters 3(muchi) ''"'! Shoemaker (F) (Moche atshoemaker
as
,t-fn :J,r'1r,r' -Y
e4.
l
'
4- By changing cives
(KhitteY) ;P (Khittu) a Ps -L :r(l Jta tt'J*vt r'''r 'Ssi "e"of nouns and adjethe last letter "ai" to
gluttan P}
Tursry G)
Girl friend lMalger ..r'lt'
(Tege) '!i TurstY (TegaY) i (matgeraY).e!'

Friend
\l
\^
-!
..
)ashto t]'r
e of
theAfshans
150
{jr+
ghans
151
i :+l
, ll
-t
l,
l+ (.) Jt't.1=.1 (g;) ,:-,r-u li.al is.tis -o the last letter of nouns and adjectives
ample:
vraoremdre (Lewaney)
fr
rt:iul'iit] uaamate[
-Atere) gjl
t./.
Section Adverbs
The adverbs are divided in
9- 4
)rr
Dialogue (Khabre
Tah chirta aw
g*
:tr,r
rt
]r r"
to the different
Jr rJ:
-.
I r.,+
groups'
J+ S
Js
komkal zegedalay ye
.r"-
&' r to . Jg ,e.2o \t) Zahpa aisawe kaal 1950 pa kabul ke zegedelay yem. t.gr
J+,if
b,r
l+
sn br
Da tase da hewad siyasi nezam scha dey.

.r) r'+ rSt
Zmung da hewad siyasi nezm jamhori dey.
fE.-tr. s jrj
rs-;3U-f .+ s *t-s
JU-Yr
Da taso hewad pa tzo walayato washil shawey dey.
-t
Pa dersh walayatu.
I4-U- Jol
Tase kom welayat ta marbut yastey.
,3 c"-Y3
1.rf,r-b
ei csT
lhtll
of time Today (nan) Yesterday (Paron) Tomorrow (Saba) Now (Os) Always (Tel) Always (Hakala) Never (Heschkala) Up to now (Ter oas) Successively ( Perla pesi) Forever ( Tenela) Once (Yaw zel)
Adverbs
r- c I - \
a
s
,rl
,J';
Îfi+
,*'.sli
,?, t,
l:
,"-
Da Ifubul welayat ta. l.9r cJ* l-Lt

Dagha suray schok dey.
l.9r
Dagha zma gawanddey dey.
gtl ; u, ^t
\o\
\o'
b3
*'
Adverbs of action Quickly (Zher) Slowly (Wro) SuddentY (NaschPa) How (Schanga)
Thus ( Dase)
Adverbs of
Here (delta)
Place
rJ{-e
tr
cJ
)3-'s
'cr'r
:) )
t)t
There (Halta)
Eb
JY $t{
l_PI r
,-titi
Undei (l-ande)
Over, On (Bande)
.t,
+i CJ-cl -O
^<i
Above (Porta)
Far (Lere) Near (Nezhde) Where (Cherta) Before (Wrrande) Behind (Wruste) Evry where (Harcherta)
'S)
Adverbs of cause:
Why (Wale) Because (Zaka) Only (Ywaze) What for @a scha de Para)
J:
'fL
t"o-Lr
)i ->
.ttl.,
J'
t:)t,
l'->
Persian adverbs
r.'
* ,-rH -1
l.-
This side @i khw)
)-j+ tlJ-r'ol.-
Adverbs of quantitY:
Much,more (dder) Few, Less (Leg)
AlwaYs (Hamisha) PerhaPs (Albata) Somedme (Gaha)
'j:ll
,rl6
-'r-
I
l f)t
Arabic ,adverbs
CertainlY (harnan) For examPle (Mesalan) OfficiallY (Rasman)
:) Gf
-V
t.=t 5ti,
How much- How many (Schomra)

As much (Domra)
1-J
- Lt'a' t-t:'l-l
So (Homra)
Greatly (Khwara)
CompletelY (Bekhi)
b
.fu.
from Adverbs are als formed parts ofa sPeech: irorn a distance (De ler SecretlY (Pa Pena)
\T
:llJrfY-r+t+t'
.J
l:) bt rt
Afghaq 154
'i r+
r'"1
Pashto thelansuaee
oftheAfehans
155
:ir'i"
,-,-
,*d J*irr-, ^g .rSlV" -la g'-.l s r"-Z :st Jlr''cJb (') ,rlJ ..rt o, rgf rr r-lJ F) .v,* ul r-,J'L.j -u,rd' I
Stem
ImPerative 'u-rl
Nagative imPerative
Are formed by adding (ma
u" ,';t ( tslLj -.t ( ) l,,' r' ) r'
14\
t"..l"|
rJ
")
and (na
l) to the imperatives'
:rrr".ls^
imp Write (Lika)
: r + Lik u To write (Likel) JfJ (Lidel) J+J S.g See (Wina) .: : + Win r To see
d.J
PL see you (wineY) ,rl-: d r ef d;-l'r'r ^.,.1 ,-aLi ;.4L , r rr tJl- Imperfective
,
Nagative *'t'l u:'

Don't
go
Positive
t lt ta
Go)
('co*")
un)
Don't write Don't do Don't come

(Isn't) t
tu
6lu
. :
(write) '<J Gjka) ,J (Kawa) (do)

,1t, (Raza)
(sg) Take a l,ook (Wagora) 'rJ3To look (Katel) (PL) Take a Look (WagoreY) ',st-t The imperative is formed from the present tense of a verb n (eyu ) in stem by adding the letter (a = ) in singular and
. l.e
sll u
(Is)
,:- (Shta)
(Isn't good)
/j+
(Is good) .er ,* (Sha DeY)
plural. The perfective imperative is formed by addition of the prefrx " waw J " to the imPerfective like: prefix w.w, to the imperfective,like: Look (gora) ryf z * r-lTo look (katel) Jr
(Khat ma
lika) J u '; (Kar ma kawa) 'f .)tS

kaweY)
'rs-f
sg (Khat lika) sg (Kar kawa)
lJ ;
,-l .tll
(kar ma
tS
pl
(Kar kaweY)
'e-l:V
-r)
(Ma
gora)
ntl u
sg (Gora)
,,
Look (ForeY'rst r,+ -
(Sg) tie (Watarra) , : , -i To tie (tarrel) J (PL) tie (Watarrey) 'oit Other imperatives are formed from other stems:
(Drogh ma waYa) u-l u sst
(Reshtiya waYa)
sg (waYa)
r,-l t
:.
e,_l-
it (woka) 'r't-' Become (Wosa ) - To become (Kidel) JJ Take it away (yosa) ' , To take away (Wrral) J.u
Do
\ of'
rf To do (Kawel)
cL:l
waya) (Ma wayeY) (Ma LikeY)

(Ma
.-1, ','
^'-l
pl flilaYeY) pl (LikeY)
',l:
"F
\oo
,I Pashto thelanguage of the
Afghans
157
"ii
Rules of negative
Verbs
r'1,.l
u-or-Sr--^!lrl. r^,i1, '*; ,y" ,--,f j.2 J2 (r,) ,r{rlLil3.l

.Jl, ut t -j
res
'
,^r,,;:T#::ifflfi:i
.oJ u:l-f .,g tt l;* ,tll .Ll, () ,cl3 , (.) ,.t r.U,r*r !t, i) ,s + U trrl ,s u- (3) r r.;; -rl,=,Lr-T
(i)
,J-
.,;r
Dialogue (Khabere - Atere) ,Sl 6-e Q l.rro-l er-r ei

Tah chirta awsege (Osege)
t, -y
..# .+ 1t+:
Da shr pa khatiza barkha ke.
,ls,g,sJly
^t'' j
cni ,-*t,Jtjl
J
';
,g1"-:-l
!;
u,
-t
r,tr )-f JTtltu

Sta khptrl kor deY
:lJ
..t rq
tue3
ti..h
JJ)u-
()
'^lJ .il, ,F e t .i'J ':1- :-* r.;, - ; l rY ssss ^J ,s-ti cr ,;JrJLil ,-*V s' :l ,U d:l..rr -, -1 ,^,it, r;- r;i,J*i .J-"f ..t sl . ) gJ - r e F J.r.J
- s:-'i - Ssr ^) (d) cs:i ,5,r5JLL|;lL
- a,
-6 J*
.sj*7i
der kharsch ghwarri
r rf *.,-v-Jgf , f
o) 't;
jorr krrem' khu Na. Zah tasmim laram che sag kaal yau kor
1,,9l V
Tah-kr kawe.
The Vocative form: cJt,
,r,-1,r,;
,JL.'
yQ Jljl,L-l-rr
.r J, , ,_* t_-i $ l-ur 1rl f (.,r The vocative is used in calling. Masculine nouns receive (a) and feminine nouns take(e) in vocative. The interjection (oh) and (Hey) accompany nouns as: Hey, Brother (Hey Wrora) ,sss: tj Brother (Wror) ,-, Hey, mother (Hey more) Lily Lt Mother (Mor) ), Hey, Son (Hey zoya) uj t! Son (Zoy) s:j Oh, Mother (Oh more) ry tr Mother (Mor) )_,. Oh, Sister (Oh khore) cs osl Sister (Khor)
Ho ,Zahda shagerdano da yawe ttolene masher yem' Igr a-re urkn

Sta dost cherta deY.
'-*,-l.r 'st't;lfu:6I
..Jrl,
Hagha
,.9r
d 3l , ,,5- ') ); l J
,l
ri
4
la m
schakha Leg Khapha shawey aw na dey raghelay
esj24lltl t 'ts
Sha - rza che ddoddeY wa khru.
)p
Tashakur. r
\oY
\01
Pashto theLaneuaee of the
Afehans
158
Vocabulary
V/atermiJl (Zranda)
Hand mill (Mechen) Deep (Zhawar)
a gap in
t-rJ
!J.ri
Section
10-
tJ, *,')
r;r,l-; Jtfl
The Seasons (Da kal faslona)
One year has four Seasons.
::i
l+5
wall (Kanddaw)
Corn storagerbin (Kandu) Abyse (Kanda)
tJS
o5
,r9) r)-i
,-
JV.-
Spring
(PsarlaY)
(Aunay-Dobay)
,JP,
(,r-rr) .rrl
Widow (Kundda)
Fe.ry (Guder) Lang (uwgd)
Short (Landd) Care,attention (Ghawer)
'+3
.t5)
Summer
.t
?l
+rJ
Autumn 'Winter
(MenaY) (Zhemay)
\-rt 3
r J--.
)y
,sr'j
JV,
j*,
Merchant (Sawdager)
Action (Amal)
Medicine (Daru) Illness (Maraz)
Goodness (Neki) Reason (Wahja) \:
ltn J.t
, It
,-e-
Spring is the first season of the year.

es
*l , J*,
lg ,;,;l
tg:l
The weather is good in the sPring.

rg..-t-F
,fr
+J
The weather gets warm in the sulmer.

;2l
rye15. ,3
Good action (Nek amal)
J-r.dJ
Snow falls in the winter.
In Afghanistan four Season have diffirent weather' 'sj

)t" Y? 'U .r ,t-f l'
.
:[il
\o^
\
oi
:
pashto thelanguage of theghans
161 , DIALOGUE :6ril -P

(Khabere - Atere)
l.r)
, tlFi
Day
(Wraz).
, c))
d cr-'rr J6r '

ri"-r IlKr
da Kal mosomuna Kom
di ,J3 , ,? '
,951
Month
yeaf New Year
Hamal
Sawar Jawza
Saratan
(Miyasht)
c-i
JK
's)-*,:,grlr
(Kal)
(NawaY kal) (Mayashte)
Jtl.i
,,.t!ti
ss
Aurray-Manay -Zhemay' Da kal mosomuna da di: Pasarlayu, t.9 rl l
,# i
Pa zhemi ke Hawa schanga wi
March-APril
J")J^
WoraY
GhwrtYaY
.r.t l
l. ^l
r.,
\ (
,-3
L',
April- MaY
May-June
June -JulY
.tP
Pa zhemi
ke Hawa sarra wi
t)*
GhbargolaY
July- August AugustSeP
Assad Sunbela
lLe Chinga3h .ul ZmaraY

^Jt:WagaY
JI.J tq
ej
3s
fY l./l l*;tiilr
r
deY' Pa Afghanistan ke kom mosom sha
.)
f-y * J*,rlJ l':;Uil

1,9
mosom deY. Pa Afghanistan ke PasarlaY der sha
Sep- Oct
Mizan Aqrab
Qaus
ol.. Tala
rl l ,F ,-t' \
|tn
Oct-Nov
-P
"1"
Larram LindeY
J
ngt)
Pa mani ke hawa schanga
wi
Nov -Dec
Dec -Jan
Jan-Feb
uj:
i!
tst
'sY.
c# ct
ui-l
,9l
Z u
Jadi
Dalwa Hut
+ Jr
Marghomi
Salwagha
,* l;l-
PamanikehawasarregiawdawanuPannerazhegi
r.re Pa
rl
I.l
Feb-March
J"
Kab
,3
auri
ke hawa schanga wi
.f,e c*
J'
P t"i Y
Hawa ruda wi, Kho dere miwe ham
pakhegi'
1\
\1.
Afghans
162
rj,cj rrcr
rJl
,j
i+
The cardinal
l-yau
2-dwa
'3-
numbers
dre
sl
,rt
,L:,,
4- Tsalur
5- Pinza
70-Awya 80-Atya 90-Nawi 100-Sel 200-Dwa sawa 1000-Zer

J
I' l
f
LJI
t+Tl
-;
Jr3r
oe)
si
6- Shpag
*-!
7- Owa
l
rl
,j
8-Ata
9- Neh
,I
I I I
The ordinal jrr 3l suffixL- u'I

.r
.
numbers
(emrl) t
^;-tn-y
S
d-i., rJ.cr
d
ty
li
-l:,-,-J
,t*'l' ," t-l
10-Las
11- Yawulas
I
,.Jtt
i.l:*. , crJ ,lt- Jt .t-l '1 (-'l elrr r r-lJ
12-Dwulas 13- Dyarlas 14- Tswarlas

15- Pinzalas
'l:
The ordinal numbers are formed from the cardinal by adding
the
(em and ema) suffixes
for
masculine and feminine
except the first Person.
'-;'
,rJr,
16- Shparras 17- Owulas 18- Atalas

19- Nunas
l "Jy
FM
LumrreY
,.lsi
^tl tP-y
l^
,tfj
Rrumbey tr
LumrraY ,sfj RrmbaY Lfr
20-rShel
21-Yawwisht 22-Dwawisht .30-Dprsh

40- Tsalwesht 50- Pinzos 60- Shpeta
rL!u rt
-,-Y-
,;, J;'
F,
\17
.J.rl Dwayema rr.,-r Dreyema -r Lasema , .,..t Nimayi i Awala
Awal
DwaYem
Jrl
fJr
DreYem rur
Lasam J Nim r*,
Paw
!
\1r
Pashto the Lansuase of the Afehans
L'J jra
nterjections
Vh
,9r
:rU
Lris
fl-.ii'r
,l
To Epress happiness
Ah tl Wh wh ,l,1
oh
Bravo
:r-l'J.r:'tll
To express grief:
,
If I became Ka zah shw4Y Ka mung shwaY Ka tah shwaY

Ka tase shwaY
6l 6 l'r\'j'r S
,-s
+b'
Vhy-Afsus (Atas) b Wkh(Oh) L A h
i
,0.
Ka day - d shwaY
Ka duY shwaY
f;tl'
l 'rl "t 6l rgt
"9
"l'* u'ls
For haising.
Bravo)
,;i
Shabsh (Bravo),,t
't;
: r- JJ,rr
Wishing
Kashki (Wish) ts
r-.
rl.r1r For calling:
If I had become (rt") '-b- e) 6 Ka zah shawdY waY '5. '9' al: g-i'' Ka mung shawaY waY 6l e:'3' s Ka tah shawaY waY a|: s- 'str Ka tase shawaY waY
Ka day - d shaway way wa Ka duY shawi
Jo (hey)
ey (Oh) ,l - V/ay (alas) l
-'sl: s- l:
- gr ef
a! e3
l:
e' st
Auxiliary
To be , to become -i
(Shwet)
Transitive
To bind (Ta:rel)
Present
become" Mung ba wushu " We will became" Tah ba \ryushe" You will become" Tase ba wushey "You will become" Day - da ba wushi"He, She will become"
Zah ba wushem "I will
\1
t't4
-:
J; { ,Po
,ti
+7t
Tarrem Tam
Tarre
d'j :i ?f
tJ
,is +. 1i: + u-V

, +h - gl
Tarey
Tarri Tarri
\10
'rSi,gU
cls 4c-st
i at i est
j
Pashto theLansuaee of theehans
Pashto the Lansuase of the Afehans
1,66
UJ H!
167
3 J'i-
P.Remote
Zah ye Tarreley wom Mung ye Tarreley wou
.*U e)
Ji ,e o) tt Ji d-!r
:
Past
Zahye - watarrelom
,s^bl
fi-t,-o:
Tah ye Tarrelay way

Tase ye Tarreli wast
: ]
3
ut:
Mung ye watarrelu
Tah Ye watarrele
Tase- ye watarreley
!n:
ei:,
,-
,!b fj.-.rb
)
Ji,
Jit,J2
Day ye Tarrelay wu Duy ye Tarreli wu

Da ye Tarrely wa
Ji
,-
rst
u*u
9r
ss
(
Day ye watarra
Duy ye watarrel
ob,rr-
0.2
) 4,32t ) u'-lt
u,_r92,
Duy ye tareli
wa
F,
ctt
Ji .J-)'
Da Ye watarrela Duy ye watarrele
dr-l .rr- ll
Jit
,- rstt
Imperative
imperfective
P.Proximate
Zahye Tarrelay yem Mung ye tarreli yu
Tah ye tarraley ye
Tase ye. tarrelaycy
'
,u
f-
ts
Wutarra dr Wu tarrey ,ti:

Subjunctive
'Wuta:rem 'Wu
Tarra
'.
Tarrey Ui
Ji ,t'-,: Ji,-i.v ,J- Ji ,J-

,-Ji c-,rE Lst Ji ,J- , ,st Ji strr e,r f.r,- lr t i 'J-rr
,J;u-l
ti:
tit 'sit
15t
tam
Day ye tarrelay day
Duy ye tarrelay di D ye ta:relay da Duy ye tarreli di
V/u tare 'wu tarrey

V/u tani
V/u tani
tti: ,ti)
\11
\lV
j
Pashto theLansuase of
theAfshans
168 Phto the Language of the
ghans
Conditional
imperfective
ka zah ye tarrelay ka mung ye tarrelu
ry-/t
ti Jj"* 169 Past uzu
ka tah ye tarelay
ka tase ye tarreley ka day ye tarrelay ka duy ye tarreli
Ji ,-,-*,tr Ji ,' 'st ^s

J ,J-lst
Ji ,-,: s ji c-in i ''t: ^s

j
t* Ji e-it
,z-VJi ,-,eE
Jt-
rv Ji ,-o) Lc- i -)i
Ji
r J ,e-e,
:-6Jr;r.
(Jorrawel) J.,rr.
To build To cure
ka da ye tarelay
Perfective:
ka zah ye tarrelay way ka mung ye tarrelay way
,slt ,slt
^l
Zah jorrawom Mung jorrawu Tah jorrawe
Tase jorrawey
ka tah ye tarrelay way

ka tase ye tarrelay wast ka day ye tarrelay way
ka duy ye tarrelay wuy

ka da ye tarrelay way
,)i i:. slt Ji ,J-t u\ Ji ,-.tV al: Ji ,j- r sb Ji 'J' rs'tt al: Ji -lt
Ji
s* oi s: * it
t * ti
3s
Day jonawi Duy jonawi D jonawi
* eu L9 ;, t* t,st
'tr.lt
Potential form:
present Tarrelay sum
jrlt
,-r
Jt'
su say saey
Past tense
Zahye jon krrem Mung ye jorr krru
Tarrelay Tarrelay Tarrelay
Tar"relay si
Tarrelay si \1^
Ji ,; rli ,s Ji ,f Ji
-*Ji.
r-J+
Tah ye jorr krre Tas ye jorr krreY
L,,slA lf n ,''i *d-i! af :o.,-'

'a n d-,,-li f * ,s- rs,
Day
ye ye
jorr kerr jorr krrel

\11
Duy

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Peshto the Language of tire

,** s-.JJ ;1L'

ThePashtoorLanguageofAfghansiswritteninthe(Naskh) use character of Arabic, which is of the same general

l,March, I 855, H.G.Raverty

t r--l -i*,i. ir:-( I r

The Pashto Alphabet

lr-t L'. :Liil .,-c,.j uns

r:+"ti tL 4.#-v: ,li

tQ,t :l ,s) S;to'i '

million of which nearly

60Vo are Pashto speaking'

He Xe- khe Dal

)., J.f ) )., 2i gtF t

Re-Rre Ze Ze-Zhe Ge Sin Sin-shin Xe,Xin-shin

,rti p J*, . )lji tndep Final Medial. initial or L-L_LrTa Jb JL J- .b z

Pashto special letters:

j4, theghans 9 : (.r3rr) t V -*,5

:(Sanay) man :(Hagey) Egg

:(Zoy) Son :(Zay) Place

n/nn Nun-Nnun wlulo V/aw

hHe ay Ye Maleyin y,i Ye Maruf e Ye Majhul ey ye Tanis-or,saqila

,H J;t r- efJ I. il Ju, J l"'-

oil )r.rLiJ-t r" li' 6l's 6l'o .tJq,IJll -fuSi

JfJf )J J'J' isj

cHe iXe, Khe

JrJ !. i t 1tJ ,9s j j

^3 or- Saqila Lt yaye

,il:s .tl, ;:ti ;.t - LroV t l:

tP. d'l t'L -t

Sin, shin ..ri *e, Strin

. .:i tt.i !:l

it, is (day dey)

da) We are (Mung yu)

They are( Duy - di

Personal ending present tense

Itg r ern zsg e 3 tg t ey (m)s a

,il," ,^i You (rhou) are happy ; ,l,l'",, ,.i

You are happy

2, rg u! ye 3. sg .9r Dey (F) ,' Da

They are happy

- ir{ yey_ yast

You ae (tah ye) Note: sg (singular)

are You are They are

Zah yem Tah ye Day dey D da Mung yu

PTJr thr,L.*grrgr djltr

n.lt-r !, q,) _-.a JU

Z+m,=Zm, Mine-of me S+t=St, yours

of him, of that of her, of that of thern

(Khpul) J ( Khpula),t ' @e khpul) .J.,. (De khpule) ,rr

Meat Tea Water

P$to the Language of the Afghans

.-l ll r$t *SJu,

(Weak Pronouns) can also be used as

r-, vty norr. (zmpaza) 1t'uj t'; ( zrn gh l

(zm shundda) o'unl'e;

Kalam mu wakhist --+b;, Kalam mu wirkhist c--l:,

f f Kalam ye wakhist c--b,rr f

Kalam mewakhist Kalam di wakhist Kalam ye wakhist

This is mY head This is Your face This is mY mouth

(D-a zrnasir deY) (D st mokh deY) (D zm khola da) (D st Paza da)

gr ls"lr rl rJrr t';ll rl r k-' ll ; tr.t ;-t ti'ol

Black hair Black hairs

To make sentences Ie is mY father .)t, t-j.rt

.,-ljl,J (:) Ja, -V