Teoremele lui Kirchhoff

Si gruparea rezistoarelor
Legile lui Kirhhoff servesc la calcularea retelelor electrice,si anume,
cunoscandu-se o parte din marimile care intervin intr-o retea, ele permit sa
se determine celelalte marimile necunoscute.
De multe ori, circuitele electrice sunt mai complicate , continand una sau
mai multe surse de energie electrica si mai multe rezistente, legate in
diferite moduri alcatuind retele electrice.
Marimile care intervin intr-o retea elecrica sunt: fortele elecromotoare,
rezistentele diferitelor laturi si curentii prin aceste laturi
In general, circuitele electrice nu sunt formate dintr-un singur
generator si un singur consumator.Un circuit ramificat este circuitul care
contine mai multe generatoare si consumatoare.
Pentru un astfel de cicuit,in mod evident nu se pot folosi legile lui Ohm.
NOD = Punct al unui circuit in care sunt interconectate cel putin trei
elemente de circuit.
LATURA = Portiune de circuit:
1Cuprinsa intre doua noduri;
2Care nu cuprinde nici un nod interior;
3Care este parcursa de acelasi curent.
OCHI = Portiune de circuit:
1Formata dintr-o succesiune de laturi(cel putin doua) care
formeaza o linie poligonala inchisa.
2La parcurgerea careia se trece prin fiecare nod o singura
data.
O categorie deosebita de ochiuri o reprezinta ochiuri simple (fundamentale)
sunt ochiuri care nu au diagonale.

TEOREMA I A LUI KIRCHHOFF

DEMONSTRATIE
Consideram un nod de retea in care se intalnesc cinci laturi.Curentii
din fiecare latura transporta,intr-un interval de timp oarecare, t, sarcinile
electrice Q1,Q2 ,,Q5..
Deoarece sarcina electrica
1nu poate fi creata,
2nu poate sa dispara
3nu se poate acumula in nod,
Rezulta ca sarcina totala care iese din nod trebuie sa fie egala cu sarcina
totala care intra in nod, adica:
Q2+Q3+Q5=Q1+Q4 .Impartind aceasta relatie la t, se obtine:
I1 +I4=I2+I3+I5
Nod de retea
Evidend, acest rezultat se poate generaliza pentru orice nod in care se
intalnesc orcate laturi. Rezultatul este cunoscut sub denumirea de teorema

I a lui Kirchhoff.
Teorema Ia lui Kirchhoff:Suma intensitentilor curentilor care ies dintrun nod este egala cu suma intensitatilor care intra in nodul respective.
Sau
Suma algebrrica a intensitatilor curentilor care se intalnesc intr-un nod
este nula.

TEOREMA A-II-A A LUI KIRCHHOFF

Din legea lui Ohm pentru intregul circuit rezulta:I(R+r)=E Aceasta

relatie cuprinde in membrul stang suma tensiunilor pe rezistentele din circuit
iar in membrul drept-tensiunea electomotoare din ochi.
Suma algebrica a tensiunilor dintr-un ochi de retea este egala cu suma
algebrica a tensiunilor electromotoare din ochiul respectiv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0
800000008000090f9660601000000000000005802000025000000372e9001
ee00020f0502020204030204ff0200e1ffac004009000000000000009f010000
00000000430061006c006900620072000000000000d0af0270a0746212c01b
c52c4c8c022048860038a81e009c3851641f0000000100000074a81e0074a8
1e00e8784f641f0000009ca81e004c4c8c026476000800000000250000000c
00000001000000250000000c00000001000000250000000c0000000100000
0180000000c00000000000002540000005400000000000000000000003500
00006f0000000100000034c98740978387400000000057000000010000004
c0000000400000000000000000000000a0f0000d606000050000000200035
003600000046000000280000001c0000004744494302000000ffffffffffffffff0b
0f0000d706000000000000460000001400000008000000474449430300000
0250000000c0000000e000080250000000c0000000e0000800e0000001400
00000000000010000000140000000400000003010800050000000b0200000
000050000000c02d200ce01040000002e0118001c000000fb0202000100000
00000bc02000000ee0102022253797374656d000000003f3f3f3f3f333f3f3f3f
3f3f030000003f3f3f3f3f00040000002d010000040000002d01000004000000
020101001c000000fb02f5ff0000000000009001000000ee0440002243616c6
9627269000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400
00002d010100040000002d010100040000002d01010005000000090200000
0020d000000320a0a0000000100040000000000cf01d20020000600040000
002d010000040000002d010000030000000000
E=RI
-E1+E2= I1(R1+r)-I2r2-I3(R3+R6)+I4(R4+R5)

APLICAREA TEOREMELOR LUI KIRCHHOFF

Daca se cunosc elementele consecutive ale unui circuit (toate
caracteristicile generatoarelor si consumatoarelor), ecuatiile obtinute prin
aplicarea teoremelor lui Kirchhoff permit aflarea intensitati;lor tuturor
curentilor din acel circuit.
Etapele care trebuie parcurse pentru analiza acestui sistem fizic sunt:
1. Se identifica nodurile circuitului .
2. Se identifica laturile circuitului.Se noteaza curentii si se aleg sensuri
pentru acestia.
3. Se aplica teorema I a lui Kirchhoff pentru n-1 noduri.
4. Se aleg cele f ochiuri pentru care se aplica teorema a II a lui
Kirchhoff.Este recomandabil ca acestea sa fie tocmai ochiurile simple
(fundamentale).Se aleg sensuri de referinta in cele f ochiuri.
5. Se aplica teorema a II a lui Kirchhoff in cele f ochiuri alese.
6. Cu cele n-1ecuatii obtinute se formeaza un sistem de ecuatii obtinut
este egal cu numarul laturilor, deci egal cu numarul necunoscutelor
(intensitatile curentilor).

GRUPAREA REZISTOARELOR
Rezistor echivalent
Consideram o portiune de circuit electric cuprinsa intre doua puncte,A
si B (circuit dipolar) formata numai din consumatori (circuit pasiv). Daca intre
punctele A si B tensiunea este U, atunci intre aceste puncte va circula un
curent de intensitate I.
Acest circuit dipolar pasiv poate fi inlocuit cu un singur resistor
avand rezistenta aleasa astfel incat, la aceeasi tensiune U, curentul sa aiba
aceeasi intensitate I.Rezistor respectiv se numeste resistor echivalent cu
diapolul AB, iar rezistenta lui se numeste rezistenta echivalenta a diapolului
AB.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0
800000008000090f9660601000000000000005802000025000000372e9001
ee00020f0502020204030204ff0200e1ffac004009000000000000009f010000
00000000430061006c006900620072000000000000d0af0270a0746212c01b
c52c4c8c022048860038a81e009c3851641f0000000100000074a81e0074a8
1e00e8784f641f0000009ca81e004c4c8c026476000800000000250000000c

00000001000000250000000c00000001000000250000000c0000000100000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Gruparea serie a rezistoarelor
Doua sau mai multe rezistoare sunt grupate (conectate) in serie daca
sunt pe aceeasi latura a unui circuit electric.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0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020101001c000000fb02f5ff0000000000009001000000ee0440002243616c6
9627269000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400
00002d010100040000002d010100040000002d01010005000000090200000
0020d000000320a0a0000000100040000000000cf01d20020000600040000
002d010000040000002d010000030000000000
Observatie
Fiind pe aceeasi latura,rezistoarele grupate in serie sunt parcurse
de acelasi current.
Consideram o portiune de circuit formata din trei rezistoare grupate in
serie .Pentru calcularea rezistentei echivalente a acestei portiuni de circuit
,procedam astfef:
Presupunem ca portiunea de circuit se conecteaza la un
generator ce asigura la borne o tensiune oarecare, U
.Aceasta furnizeaza energie circuitului , astfel incat
puterea transmisa gruparii formate din cele trei
tranzistoare este egla cu suma puterilor transmise fiecarui
resistor in parte :
P=P1+P2+P3
Deoarece intensitatea curentului este aceeasi prin cele
trei rezistoare, se exprima puterile disipate pe acestea in
functie de intensitate si rezistente:
2
P1=R1I
P2=R2I2
P3=R3I2
Notam cu RS rezistorul echivalent gruparii date. Se
cupleaza acesta un generator care asigura la borne
aceeasi tensiune U (eventual acelasi generator). Fiind
echivalent cu gruparea data, prin acest rezistor,curentul
trebuie sa aiba aceeasi intensitate, I.Puterea primita de
rezistorul echivalent este aceeasi,deci:
2
P=RSI
Inlocuind se obtine:
RS=R1+R2+R3
Acest rezultat poate fi generalizat pentru un numar oarecare de rezistoare
grupate in serie.
Rezistenta a unui grupari in serie:
Rezistenta echivalenta a unui grupari serie de rezistori este egala cu suma
rezistentelor fiecarui rezistor.
Rezistenta echivalenta este egala cu suma rezistentelor fiecarui
rezistor.
Gruparea serie poate fi utilizata la obtinerea unei valori mai mari a
rezistentei electrice.
Rezistoarele fac parte din aceeasi latura.
Rezistoarele sunt parcurse de acelasi curent electric.
Rezistenta echivalenta este mai mare decat cea mai mare dintre
rezistentelee cuplate in serie.
Rezistenta echivalenta a gruparii paralel:
Inversul rezistentei echivalente a unui grupari paralel de rezistoare este egal
cu suma inverselor rezistentelor fiecarui rezistor.

Gruparea paralel
Doua sau mai multe rezistoare sunt grupate in paralel daca sunt conectate
intre aceleasi doua noduri ale unui circuit.
Observatie
Fiind conectate intre aceleasi puncte ale circuitului, rezistoarele grupate in
paralel au aceeasi tensiune la borne.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0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