OPEN THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS

U. V. Bhandarkar U. N. Gaitonde Department of Mechanical Engineering I. I. T. Bombay Thermodynamics in Mechanical Engineering 2011 June

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Open Thermodynamic Systems

Illustrations of open thermodynamic systems A specic case for study and derivation Generalisation Application to typical engineering systems Numerical Exercises

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Illustrations

Turbines, compressors, pumps Fans Boilers, condensers, heat exchangers Ducts Rooms and buildings Car Human being ....

An open system is also known as a control volume (CV).

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A schematic open system

The inows and outows could be through ducts or through ports. The ows could also be continuously distributed along the boundary.

me1 mi2 me2 V

me3 mi1 Q WS Q WS

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A schematic open system (contd)

e

CV

WS

It has 1 inlet and 1 outlet.

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The Situation
The state of the control volume: volume V (t), Mass M (t), Energy E(t), Entropy S(t) etc.. The uids at inlet (i) and exit (e) are in local equilibrium. The situation at inlet and exit is 1-dimensional (1D), with everything uniform across the cross-section. Inlet state: area Ai , density i , volume vi , energy ei , velocity Vi , etc.; Vi normal to Ai . Exit state: area Ae , density e , volume ve , energy ee , velocity Ve , etc.; Ve normal to Ae .
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The Situation (contd)

The rate of heat transfer to the CV

from its surroundings is Q(t).

The rate at which work is done by the CV

is WS (t). WS includes all components of work,

except that required for making the uid ow into and out of the CV.

WS may include, e.g. expansion work, stirrer work,

electrical work, etc..

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Inlet and exit plugs

e
t t+t

CV

i
t t+t

WS

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Inlet and exit plugs

d e e f CV i c b a e f

c b

WS

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A closed system

Occupies the space [abcdefa] at time t. Occupies the space [abcdefa] at time t + t. No mass ows across the boundaries of this system during
this period.

So this is a closed system. We apply conservation of mass to this system. Then, the rst
law, and nally, the second law.

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The system intial state

d e e f CV i c b a The system at time t e f

c b

WS

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The system nal state

d e e f CV i c b a The system at time t + t e f

c b

WS

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Process and Interactions

d
M (t)M (t+T ) E(t)E(t+T ) V (t)V (t+T ) S(t)S(t+T )

e e f

e
We

Qt

c b

i c b
Wi

WS t

a Process and interactions from t to t + t

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Conservation of Mass Msystem (t + t) = Msystem (t) Msystem (t) = MCV (t) + M[bccb] Msystem (t + t) = MCV (t + t) + M[effe] M[bccb] = i Ai Vi t M[effe] = e Ae Ve t MCV (t + t) + e Ae Ve t = MCV (t) + i Ai Vi t MCV (t + t) MCV (t) = i Ai Vi e Ae Ve t So, in the limit as t 0, dMCV = i Ai Vi e Ae Ve dt

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Conservation of Mass (contd)

We use the nomenclature: Rate of inow of mass = mi So we have:

= i Ai Vi Rate of outow of mass = me = e Ae Ve dMCV = mi me dt

which is the basic form of conservation of mass.

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First law - for the system E = Q W

But

E = Esystem (t + t) Esystem (t) Esystem (t) = ECV (t) + E[bccb] Esystem (t + t) = ECV (t + t) + E[effe] E[bccb] = (i Ai Vi t)ei E[effe] = (e Ae Ve t)ee E = ECV (t + t) + (e Ae Ve t)ee ECV (t) (i Ai Vi t)ei E = ECV (t + t) ECV (t) + me ee t mi ei t We have: Q = Qt
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First law - for the system (contd) W = WS t + We + Wi We = pe Ae Ve t = pe ve me t Wi = pi Ai Vi t = pi vi mi t We + Wi = me (pe ve )t mi (pi vi )t the rst law becomes ECV (t + t) ECV (t) + me ee t mi ei t = Qt WS t me (pe ve )t + mi (pi vi )t
Transposing and combining terms:

ECV (t + t) ECV (t) = Qt WS t + mi (ei + pi vi )t me (ee + pe ve )t

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First law - for the control volume dECV = Q WS dt + mi (ei + pi vi ) me (ee + pe ve )

We now expand
Vi2 Vi2 ei + pi vi = ui + 2 + gzi + pi vi = hi + 2 + gzi 2 2 Ve Ve ee + pe ve = ue + 2 + gze + pi ve = he + 2 + gze

Thus

dECV Vi2 Ve2 = Q WS + mi (hi + +gzi ) me (he + +gze ) dt 2 2

This is a reasonably general form of the rst law for open systems.
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Open Systems Further Items!

Second law for open systems Special cases of the laws for open systems Application to typical engineering systems Numerical Exercises

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A Review
We have looked at a typical open system with one inlet and one exit. Henceforth, we will be using a simpler schematic for showing an open system.

CV

Q
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WS
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Second law for open systems

Although we can derive an expression using the technique developed so far, we will not do that now. We will use analogy!

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Conservation of Mass
For a closed system we have:

dMsystem =0 dt
For a control volume we have:

dMCV = mi me dt

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The First Law

(Conservation of Energy) For a closed system we have:

dEsystem =QW dt
For a control volume we have:

dECV = Q WS + mi (ei + pi vi ) me (ee + pe ve ) dt

So, in an analogous manner . . .

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The Second Law

(The Entropy Principle) For a closed system we have:

dSsystem Q P ; SP = 0 > = +S dt T
For a control volume we have:

dSCV Q P ; SP = 0 > = + mi (si ) me (se ) + S dt T

Notice the similarities, and the differences.

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Steady State
Often, we have a situation where the ow rates and states do not vary in time. i.e.

Q, WS , mi and me are constants and dMcv =0 dt dEcv =0 dt dScv =0 dt

Such a situation is known as a steady state.

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In a steady state
The conservation of mass becomes:

mi = me = m (mass ow through the system)

The rst law becomes:

Q WS

= =

m(he +

+ gze ) m(hi + + gzi ) Ve2 Vi2 m[(he hi ) + ( ) + g(ze zi )] 2 2

h ek ep

2 Ve 2

Vi2 2

And the second law becomes:

Q P ; SP = 0 > m(se si ) = + S T
We will use these forms very often.
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Simplied forms for special cases

Not all terms in these equations are signicant. We need to make suitable assumptions
. . . often.

Whenever possible, we check whether these assumptions

are valid.

We will now look at some typical classes of devices, and look

at the default assumptions, and the simplied forms that these lead us to.

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Heat transfer devices:

Boilers, condensers, heaters, coolers, heat exchangers, . . . . Purpose: absorb/reject heat, cause signicant h.

There is no WS . Q
i e

WS = 0
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Heat transfer devices (contd) For such devices, WS = 0, and Q and h are signicant. Usually, ek , ep 0 And p is also small.
So the rst law can be reduced to:

Q = m(he hi )
There is no simplication for the second law.

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Work transfer devices:

Turbines, compressors, pumps, fans, blowers, . . . .

Purpose: signicant WS , signicant h. Q 0, the adiabatic assumption is often valid.

i e i e

WS
i pump e

WS

WS

turbine

compressor

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Work transfer devices (contd)

Such devices, are usually adiabatic, and

WS and h are signicant. Usually, ek , ep 0 And p is signicant.

So the rst law can be reduced to:

WS = m(hi he )
And the second law becomes:
> P = 0 m(se si ) = S

se = si
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>

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Adiabatic work transfer devices

Let us look at their

hs diagrams h
e e*

pe

h
i

pi

pe
i

pi

e e* turbine
Open Systems

compressor
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An adiabatic turbine Let us look at its hs diagram h

i

pe se se he

< = = = = =
< < > >

pi si se he hi he WS (both positive)
< S /WS = 1 W

pi

pe
e e*

hi h e WS s,t

s,t : isentropic efciency of turbine

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An adiabatic compressor Let us look at its hs diagram h p

e
e

pe se se he

> = = = = =
< > > >

pi si se he he hi WS (both negative) S /WS = 1 < W

e*

pi

he h i WS s,c

s,c : isentropic efciency of compressor (note the difference)

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Other adiabatic devices: Nozzle

Purpose: reduce enthalpy, increase velocity. i e

Ve

p e p i , he hi , V e V i WS = 0, Q 0 h-s diagram similar to that of a turbine.

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An adiabatic nozzle Let us look at its hs diagram h

i

pi

pe
e e*

2 Ve he + 2 2 Ve he + 2 < he = he ,

= =

s,n s

Vi2 hi + 2 Vi2 hi + 2 > Ve = Ve 2 (Ve /2) < 2 (Ve /2) =

s,n : isentropic efciency of nozzle

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acements

An adiabatic duct

Q=0
e i

WS = 0

The rst law reduces to:

hi +

+ gzi = he + + gze And, if ui = ue , then: Vi2 Ve2 pe pi + + + gzi = + gze i 2 e 2

Vi2 2

2 Ve 2

Which is the Bernoullis equation!

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What next? Exercises!

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